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In order to develop a continuous torque, the two fields must be stationary with respect to each other. As we now appreciate, this occur only when the rotor is also turning at synchronous speed. It is only then when stator and rotor fields "lock in", hence the name synchronous motor. Figure shows this condition ; the south pole of the rotor will lock in with the stator north pole, and vice versa. There may be momentary fluctuations in speed, but on the average the speed is constant. If the average speed of the rotor is different from synchronous value, even by a small amount, the poles lose their "grip" and the machine will come to a standstill. The bond between stator and rotor poles is then lost, which is the essential criterion for the development of torque.
wound rotor with slip rings or a squirrel cage rotor. Rotor current is ac and 2. is induced by magnetic induction.
rotor energized by excitation system. The field current (excitation current) can be changed to vary the power factors.
These motors run at less than synchronous speed. These motors always run at 3. Full load slip is about synchronous speed without slip. 4%. These motors take 4. lagging power factor current. 5. These motors take different p.f. currents depending upon the excitation level.
These motors have These motors do not have any, inherent starting torque. inherent starting torque. These motors start unaided. These motors have to be started by suitable means and brought to synchronous speed and then synchronized. These motors are used for constant speed and constant load drives.
6.
These motors are used 7. for variable speed and variable load drives. 8.
These motors are costly due to For the same size, these additional cost of excitation motors are cheaper. system.
METHODS OF STARTING
starting. When the rotor reaches more than 95% of the synchronous speed, the dc circuit breaker for field excitation is switched on and the field current is gradually increased. The rotor pulls into synchronism. Change of direction of rotation. For this a running motor may be stopped. By interchanging any two phase sequences of stator terminals, the motor will run in reverse direction.
TORQUE DEFINITIONS
Losses. Various losses occurring in the motor are : 1. Armature Copper Loss Ia2Ra
Pm =( Eb.V)/ Zs cos ( - ) Eb2 / Zs cos () Since the speed of the motor is always constant, above expression also expresses the torque developed by the motor.
Hunting:
Due to sudden change of load, the angle changes causing oscillations of rotor about the mean position due to inertia of the rotor. Thus hunting is usually of low frequency oscillations superimposed on normal synchronous speed.
Synchronous reactance:
A synchronous machine can be represented as an emf source in series with internal impedance of the machine. This internal impedance, Zs is called synchronous impedance. The synchronous reactance takes into account the effect of armature reactions and the flux produced by the armature current. The emf takes into account the flux produced by field excitation.
Change in excitation currents does not change the load or power output of the synchronous motor. To change the power output, the mechanical load should change.
The power factor of a synchronous motor is controlled by the variation of the filed current. Increasing the field current from small value, the line current decreases until a minimum line current occurs showing that the motor is operating at unity power factor. If we go on increasing the field current, the line current increases again operating the motor at leading power factor.
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS:
It is a synchronous motor used for power factor correction which is operated at no load but at greatly over excited field. Such conditions cause the motor to take a current that leads the voltage by 90 which is equivalent to a capacitor.