THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY At the ecosystem level, biodiversity provides the conditions and drives the processes that

sustain the global economy and our very survival as a species. The benefits and services provided by ecosystems include: Generation of soils and maintenan e of soil !"alit# The activities of microbial and animal species including bacteria, algae, fungi, mites, millipedes and worms condition soils, break down organic matter, and release essential nutrients to plants. These processes play a key role in the cycling of such crucial elements as nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous between the living and non-living parts of the biosphere. Maintenan e of air !"alit# Plant species purify the air and regulate the composition of the atmosphere, recycling vital o ygen and filtering harmful particles resulting from industrial activities. Maintenan e of $ater !"alit# !etland ecosystems "swamps, marshes, etc.# absorb and recycle essential nutrients, treat sewage, and cleanse wastes. $n estuaries, molluscs remove nutrients from the water, helping to prevent nutrient over-enrichment and its attendant problems, such as eutrophication arising from fertili%er run-off. Trees and forest soils purify water as it flows through forest ecosystems. $n preventing soils from being washed away, forests also prevent the harmful siltation of rivers and reservoirs that may arise from erosion and landslides. Pest ontrol Around && per cent of potential crop pests are controlled by a variety of other organisms, including insects, birds and fungi. These natural pesticides are in many ways superior to their artificial e'uivalents, since pests can often develop resistance to chemical controls. Deto%ifi ation and de om&osition of $astes (ome )*+ billion metric tons of organic waste is processed every year by earth,s decomposing organisms. -any industrial wastes, including detergents, oils, acids and paper, are also deto ified and decomposed by the activities of living things. $n soils, the end product of these processes a range of simple inorganic chemicals is returned to plants as nutrients. .igher "vascular# plants can themselves serve to remove harmful substances from groundwater. Pollination and ro& &rod" tion -any flowering plants rely on the activities of various animal species bees, butterflies, bats, birds, etc. to help them reproduce through the transportation of pollen. -ore than one-third of humanity,s food crops depend on this process of natural pollination. -any animal species have evolved to perform an additional function in plant reproduction through the dispersal of seeds. Climate sta'ili(ation Plant tissues and other organic materials within land and ocean ecosystems act as repositories of carbon, helping to slow the build-up of atmospheric carbon dio ide, and thus contributing to climate stabili%ation. /cosystems also e ert direct influences on regional and local weather patterns. -oisture released into the atmosphere by rainforests, for e ample, causes regular rainstorms, limiting water loss from the region and helping to control the surface temperature. $n cold climates, meanwhile, forests act as insulators and as windbreaks, helping to mitigate the impacts of free%ing temperatures. Pre)ention and miti*ation of nat"ral disasters 0orests and grasslands protect landscapes against erosion, nutrient loss, and landslides through the

binding action of roots. /cosystems bordering regularly flooding rivers "floodplain forests and wetlands# help to absorb e cess water and thus reduce the damage caused by floods. 1ertain coastal ecosystems "salt marshes, mangrove forests, etc.# prevent the erosion of coastlines. Pro)ision of food se "rit# 2iodiversity provides the vast ma3ority of our foodstuffs. The annual world fish catch, for e ample "averaging )++ million metric tons#, represents humanity,s most important source of wild animal protein, with over 4+ per cent of the population in Africa and Asia dependent on fish as their primary source of protein. Terrestrial animals, meanwhile, supply an array of food products: eggs, milk, meat, etc. !ild biodiversity provides a wide variety of important foodstuffs, including fruits, game meats, nuts, mushrooms, honey, spices and flavorings. These wild foods are especially important when agricultural supplies fail. $ndeed, wild biodiversity guards against the failure of even the most advanced agricultural systems. 0or e ample, the productivity of many of the developed world,s agricultural crops is maintained through the regular assimilation of new genes from wild relatives of these crops. These wild genes offer resistance to the pests and diseases that pose an ever-evolving threat to harvests. Pro)ision of +ealt+ are The !orld .ealth 5rgani%ation estimates that 6+ per cent of people in the developing world rely on traditional medicines derived mainly from plants. $n (outheast Asia, for e ample, traditional healers use some 7,8++ different plant species to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, syphilis, and other diseases. 2iodiversity is also critical to the 9formal9 health sector of the developed world. A recent survey showed that of the top )8+ prescription drugs used in the :nited (tates, ))6 are based on natural sources. 5f these, ;< per cent are derived from plants. -icrobes and animal species have also contributed a range of medicines, including Penicillin "derived from the fungus Pencillium notatum# and several drugs including anesthetics derived from the skin secretions of tree-frog species. The medicinal importance of biodiversity is particularly impressive considering that only a tiny fraction of earth,s species have been thoroughly investigated for medicinal properties. The investigative process is continually turning up new pharmaceuticals of great promise. A recent study of cone snails, for e ample, has identified a painkiller that is up to a thousand times more effective than morphine, but without morphine,s addictive properties. In ome *eneration =eedless to say, the above services are all essential to the functioning of the global economy. >et biodiversity also has great importance as a direct source of incomes and economic development. 5ne e ample is 9bioprospecting9 "the search for previously unknown biotic products of specific utility, such as natural pesticides, anti-fungal to ins and ?oil-eating, en%ymes#. (uch discoveries 3oin an impressive list of ?miscellaneous, goods provided by biodiversity, including many of our most important building materials, fibres, fuels, wa es, resins, aromatics, dyes and gums. /ven in its wholly untapped state, biodiversity does great service to economies through ?ecotourism,. People taking nature-related holidays contribute at least @8++ billion per year to the national incomes of the countries they visit. 0lorida,s coral reefs, for e ample, earn around @).7 billion per year through tourism alone. S&irit"al, "lt"ral )al"e $t,s no mystery why people are prepared to spend so much to get close to nature. .uman beings instinctively derive aesthetic and spiritual satisfaction from biodiversity. Aecent studies have begun to confirm what has always been known: our emotional wellbeing is enhanced by the pro imity of natural beauty. The umbilical bond between humanity and biodiversity is reflected in the art, religions and traditions of diverse human cultures: a spiritual heritage that will be lost for all time if its basis nature itself continues to be destroyed.