Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Collection of information regarding a phenomena Elforsk report 13:90 controversial

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Margaretha Engstrm, Vattenfall Research

!evelopment

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$ten #ergman, $tone%o&er

1' (ovem)er *013

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Foreword
Elforsk which is electricity industry joint R&D com any! is res onsi"le for gathering the electricity industry on issues that may "e of strategic im ortance and ha#e great im act on tomorrow energy systems$ %he rogram area Surrounding world and Systems in Elforsk scans ongoing research and de#elo ment to "e a"le to re are the industry on im ortant "reakthroughs and "uild necessary knowledge to challenge or affirm further de#elo ment$ Low Energy Nuclear Reactions! LENR! is an area with increased attention o#er the ast two to three years$ &hen a do'en com anies resent that they are engaged in commerciali'ing LENR technology! this may ossi"ly indicate an une( ected disco#ery and that this disco#ery in the future may affect the energy su ly in the community$ For Elforsk it is thus not a"out to decide whether LENR henomena e(ists or not! "ut to "e re ared if the une( ected should occur$ %he theory "ehind the henomena is not yet clear and #erification of its functionality in ractical a lication has "een going on and continues$ %his re ort! which is written "y )argaretha Engstrom on *attenfall Research and De#elo ment and Sten +ergman! Stone ,ower -+! is a general summary of information that in #arious ways is accessi"le a"out LENR technology$ %he re ort makes no e#aluation of scientific #eracity$ Stefan )ontin ,rogram area Surrounding world and Systems ELFORSK ./01200203

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Summary
-re we on the #erge of a new era when it comes to en#ironmental and sustaina"le ower generation4 5s there anything new coming u around the corner! which could re#olutioni'e our way in generating heat and electricity and dri#ing tomorrow6s #ehicles4 %hose are the 7uestions that ha#e arisen owing to the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions 8LENR9 again has "een shown attention$ %his re ort is an o#er#iew of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions or what it sometimes is called :old Fusion$ De#ices and arrangements! which are declared to "e "ased on the LENR technology! are now "eginning to "eing demonstrated at some different locations in the world$ %he energy efficiency of those de#ices is said to su"stantially e(ceed the su lied energy needed to start and sta"ili'e the rocess$ 5f this is right ; which is in 7uestion "y many ; we are confronted with the une( ected! that there is erha s a new rocess which "y far sur asses con#entional fuel "ased energy con#ersion$ Furthermore the de#ices are said to work without any a recia"le en#ironmental disad#antage$ Or are those results now "eing shown conse7uences of error measurements and wishful thinking4 Some of what has ha ened in the area<

-ndrea Rossi! an 5talian in#entor and chemist has de#elo ed a reactor called the E2:at$ 5t=s a seemingly sim le de#ice! consisting of a metal tu"e containing a small catalyst of nickel owder in nano si'e$ -t startu the tu"e is filled with i$a$ small amounts of hydrogen and is stated to roduce a significant e(cess heat for se#eral months$ %he com any that de#elo s Rossi=s de#ice! Leonardo :or oration! claims that their reactors soon are >scientifically> #alidated and ready for market launch$ %he ?reek com any Defkalion! now laced in :anada! had from the "eginning a artnershi with -ndrea Rossi! "ut has later gone its own way in de#elo ing its hydrogen2nickel reactor @y erion$ Defkalion has announced that their technology will "e launched in ./0A$ +rillouin Energy :or oration! an -merican com any! claims to ha#e in#ented what they call! the controlled electron ca ture reaction$

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Bose h ,a already thought in the C/s that energy could "e reco#ered "y com ression and electromagnetic stimulation of an rare gas lasma$ ,a and his latter2day successors as Rohner! Klostermann and &e"er et$ al$ claimed that they could e(tract energy from a con#entional iston engine using hydrogen! rare gases! lightning discharge and o tionally electromagnetic resonance$ Eric Lerner! lasma hysicist in the D$S$! since the early E/=s argued that it is ossi"le to "uild an ine( ensi#e electricity generation lant "y magnetically com ress rotons and the element "oron to directly generate electricity from the formed helium nuclei$ @e calls his de#ice for Dense ,lasma Focus 8D,F9 )achine$ E( eriments ha#e taken lace in :hile and elsewhere and there are also market agents running$ %he research is "ased on ri#ate contri"utions$ Fleischmann and ,ons! descri"ed in 0EFE how they managed to create >:old fusion> using alladium electrodes in an electrolyte of hea#y hydrogen$ @owe#er! it has "een difficult to re eat their e( eriments and the cold fusion cooled further$

&hat has now these in common4 &ell they are ossi"ly different e(am les on LENR technology or #ariants thereof$ Scientific #alidations are now underway in some 7uarters to confirm functions! managing the engineering as ects and understand the underlying hysical mechanisms$ :ha ter . descri"es some of the model e( lanations that a"ound a"out LENR technology and oints at research areas where rogress ossi"ly can "e e( ected$ :ha ter 1 deals with how far #alidations ha#e come 8of those lanning commerciali'ation shortly9! as well as who has #alidated what$ Ske tics argue that much is untrue$ 5n#entors try to hide their secrets from the u"lic "efore they are ready to enter the market$ ,atents taken omits the most essential in the e( lanations$ :ha ter A addresses a #ariety of a lications ! rimarily the nickel2 hydrogen2"ased LENR2technological in#entions$ &hat could "e the result of successful demonstrations and test runs4

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:ha ter 3 deals with s ecific issues that might relate to the electricity industry$ &hat is the conse7uence of small chea heating G electricity roduction units4 5n :ha ter H the authors discuss some of the more general conclusions coming out of the current de#elo ment and also the current situation regarding #alidations$ 5n :ha ters C and F are found some references not gi#en in running te(t

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Summary
-re we on the #erge of a new era when it comes to en#ironmental and sustaina"le ower generation4 5s there anything new coming u around the corner! which could re#olutioni'e our way in generating heat and electricity and dri#ing tomorrow6s #ehicles4 %hose are the 7uestions that ha#e arisen owing to the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions 8LENR9 again has "een shown attention$ %his re ort is an o#er#iew of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions or what it sometimes is called :old Fusion$ De#ices and arrangements! which are declared to "e "ased on the LENR technology! are now "eginning to "eing demonstrated at some different locations in the world$ %he energy efficiency of those de#ices is said to su"stantially e(ceed the su lied energy needed to start and sta"ili'e the rocess$ 5f this is right ; which is in 7uestion "y many ; we are confronted with the une( ected! that there is erha s a new rocess which "y far sur asses con#entional fuel "ased energy con#ersion$ Furthermore the de#ices are said to work without any a recia"le en#ironmental disad#antage$ Or are those results now "eing shown conse7uences of error measurements and wishful thinking4

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:ontents
1 Introduction 1

0$0 5s there a new kind of energy con#ersion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0 0$. @ow it all started $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 0$1 - contro#ersial research $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1

2 State of knowledge of LENR

.$0 &hat is meant "y LENR technology4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$A .$. &hich are the e( lanatory models4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H .$.$0 E( lanatory models on "all lightning and other lasmoids $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$C .$.$. Some e( lanatory models around ultracold neutrons $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$F .$.$1 Other e( lanatory mechanisms around low2energy fusion IIIIIIII$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$E .$.$A Ryd"erg and +ose2Einstein condition as elements in nuclear reactions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0/ .$.$3 @idetsugu 5kegami hy othesis ycnonuclear fusion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0. .$1 @ow much is s ent on LENR de#elo ments4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ III$$01 .$1$0 R & D efforts within the academic world and the authorities IIIIIIIIIIIIII01 .$1$. R & D in com anies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIII$0A .$A Ongoing research in the LENR field $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$03 .$A$0 :redi"ility of ractical e( eriments $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIII$$0H .$3 ED research $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII$$$0C .$H :ommerciali'ation state $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII$$0F .$C - lications of interest $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$./

3 Validated energy plants

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1$0 *alidated lasma e7ui ment $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .0 1$. >*alidated> nickel2hydrogen LENR lants $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIII .. 1$.$0 E2:at Leonardo :or oration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIII$$ .. 1$.$. @y erion Defkalion ?reen %echnologies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .A 1$.$1 +E: +rillouin +oiler %) +rillouin :or $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIII$$ .3 1$.$A :5@% cell 2 +lackLight ,ower $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .H 1$.$3 N-NOR%) Bet Energy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$ .F

4 Possi le applications of LENR tec!nology

A$0 A$. A$1 A$A A$3

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?eneration of electricity and heat $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .E *ehicle a lications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII .E -eros ace and S ace a lications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1/ %ransmutation of radioacti#e waste $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 10 :onsumer roducts $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1.

# $uestions for t!e power industry

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3$0 )arket scenarios $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1A 3$. En#ironmental and safety issues $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 13 3$.$0 Dnknown negati#e characteristics $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1H 3$.$. Security $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIII 1C

% &onclusions

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H$0 &here does the research on LENR technology today4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1F H$. &here is the e( lanation G why4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIII$ 1F H$1 &here are the "iggest challenges4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIII$ 1E

( References

4)

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C$0 -rticles! re orts and rotocols $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A/ C$. &e"sites$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ AA

' *ttac!+ents

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F$0 ,atents $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$AC F$0$0 D$S$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$AC F$0$. -sia $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$AF F$0$1 Euro e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$AF

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0 5ntroduction
5s it ossi"le to "uild de#ices that are ine( ensi#e! safe and generates heat and electricity at a fraction of today=s cost4 :an these de#ices "e used for stationary andGor mo"ile a lications4 -re they safe and sustaina"le4 %his re ort "riefly outlines a handful of such techni7ues! which in a sense can "e classified into the area Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR). @owe#er! since much of what is descri"ed "elow ha#e not yet "een #alidated and acce ted "y the scientific community the are significant 7uestion marks$ +ut the 7uestion is whether now after all new knowledge kee s emerging that might su ort the ho e for LowEnergy Nuclear Reactions4 %he conse7uences of any "reakthrough can "e su"stantial$ 0$0 5s there a new kind of energy con#ersion

%he "reakthrough of Juantum hysics at the "eginning of the last century led to de#elo ment of today=s nuclear technology$ During the ast C/ years has we ha#e learned the technical and commercial mastering of many fissions rocesses and we are now trying to de#elo fusion technology not least "y the 5%ER roject$ -t the same time continued attem ts to LENR de#elo technology has "een made in some arts of the world$ 5t is an area that many regard with great ske ticism and as "asically im ossi"le to reali'e and e#en more im ossi"le to e( lain with current knowledge$ De#elo ment has mainly "een dri#en "y e( erimentalists and entre reneurs$ Knowledge of what has "een achie#ed has not disseminated in the normal academic s heres "ut often through other media$ 5n#entors ha#e often "een ut against esta"lished scientists and LENR technology has more than once "een rejected as ure falsehood or wishful thinking$ Ket some of the results re orted could not straight off "e rejected$ Nuclear reactions can ro"a"ly occur in s ecial en#ironments that we do not yet understand$ %he laws of nuclear hysics a ly of course also in these en#ironments$

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On .1 )arch 0EFE scientists Fleischmann and ,ons featured their sensational disco#ery that energy could "e e(tracted from alladium electrodes in an electrolyte of hea#y hydrogen $Neutrons was stated to lay an im ortant role$ %he term >cold fusion> was minted and many esta"lished research teams 7uickly started to try and re eat and #erify the e( eriments$ *ery few re orted success at the time and the matter cooled down e#entually$ %oday! ./01! a commercial de#elo ment within LENR area is ongoing$ -ndrea Rossi with his Energy :atalyst! E2:at! is one e(am le$ 5n the late 0EF/s! a researcher from Dni#ersity of %urin! 5taly! Don +orghi! ran sim le e( eriments with nickel and hydrogen$ 5n 0EE1 a re ort was released from e( eriments made "y :EN La"oratories in Recife !+ra'il ! around his e( eriments in which! inter alia! neutrons and large energy roduction could "e o"ser#ed$0 Other e( eriments! roughly contem orary! was said to show that nickel and hydrogen on se#eral occasions caused the e( losion of a magnitude! which ro"a"ly could not "e e( lained "y the small hydrogen 7uantity at hand$ %he 7uestion is whether in any ways energy was released! not deri#ed from the chemically "ound energy of the hydrogen$ 0$. @ow it all started &e ha#e chosen to go "ack to the mid20EF/s! when some s ectacular e( eriments were conducted in the D$S$ and then in #arious ways documented$ Bose h ,a conducted e( eriments "ased on a con#entional com"ustion engine$ %he iston s ace in the engine was redesigned and instead of gasoline was fed a no"le gas mi(ture consisting of helium! argon! kry ton and (enon$ %he machine de#elo ed got the name >%he No"le ?as Engine>! name referring the no"le gases$ ,a and colleagues 8including Bohn Rohner9 could show that the machine 8which is well documented in its atents9 could "e run without any fuel additi#es for a"out 1 months$

:$ +orghi! :$ ?iori! -$-$ Dall6Ollio! Experimental Evidence of Emission of Neutrons from Cold Hydrogen Plasma ! -merican 5nstitute of ,hysics 8,hys$ -t$ Nucl$9! #ol 3H! no C! 0EE1$

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%he engine de#elo ed A/23/ k& of ower continuously$ Sometimes 0// 2 .// h could "e reco#ered during the months that the machines were tested$ %his s ectacular e( eriment was 7uestioned "y science world$ -fter ,a s death in 0EFE his aide! Bohn Rohner! continued de#elo ment into what came to "e >%he ,lasmic %ransition )achine >$ . -round 0EF3! Dr$ Eric Lerner! lasma scientist from DS-! :ame u with a suggestion a"out a so2called Dense ,lasma Focus )achine8DF,9 1$ %he rinci le was "ased on the acceleration of rotons! magnetic com ression and "om"ardment of "oron atoms in a relati#e small limited #olume$ D,F technology was #alidated only artially$ 5nterestingly! howe#er! was that Lerner=s idea came from astro hysical o"ser#ations how gala(ies rotate and form energy! and that the de#ice was re orted to generate electricity directly$ 0$1 - contro#ersial research

%he LENR henomenon is re orted to ha#e many ro erties similar to su erconducti#ity and su erflow$ %hese henomena consist of a collecti#e "eha#ior of elementary articles which show u as 7uasi articles such as honons! lasmons and olaritroner$ )any of the hy othetical e( lanations for LENR include 7uasi articles such as honons! olaritroner and lasmons$ ,lasma henomena can also artici ate in some of the rocesses$ Electric and magnetic fields can there #ia nonlinearities "e connected together #ia lasma resonances$ Formation of neutrons can occur #ia different hy othetical models$ 5t should "e em hasi'ed that all henomena that are resent must gi#e rise to nuclear reactions to create the kinetic energy$

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. State of knowledge a"out LENR

>:old Fusion> "ecame a hot to ic in the s ring of 0EFE$ Researchers Fleischmann and ,ons came into the s otlight on )arch .1! 0EFE when they claimed that they ha#e "een e( erimentally shown that slow neutrons could "e roduced "y using alladium electrodes in a electrolyte of hea#y hydrogen$ +ut the attem ts ha#e "een challenged and "een difficult to re eat$ 5n recent years it seems that the interest in >:old fusion> or LENR as it is now called! has increased$ -t the end of ./0. a"out 0C// u"lished articles could "e counted within LENR area$ .$0 &hat is meant "y LENR technology4 So far! no #alidated theory or e( lanation model could "e resented which ro#ides su ort for LENR$ One reason may sim ly "e that Low Energy Nuclear Reactions cannot occur$ Other reasons could "e that< E( eriments on LENR ha#e "een erformed in different and non2re eata"le manners! 8which does not follow the ractice of erforming similar e( eriments on se#eral inde endent la"oratories to eliminate measurement errors! etc$9$ %he henomenon is strongly non2linear$ Sometimes it is said the same e( erimental setu has shown great energy e(change! sometimes nothing$ Or it is something entirely else entirely is going on

+y use of heuristics increased knowledge has "een reached on conditions for generating an energy yield from rocesses "y some descri"ed as LENR$ @owe#er! distinct scientific e#aluations of these e( eriments are lacking$ %he results re orted from #arious e( eriments with de#ices that is re ortedly under LENR technology suggests the following< 5t can not "e solely chemical energy as the re orted energy generation is se#eral magnitudes higher than can "e o"tained from chemical "onds$ 5t may not "e nuclear energy of the known ty e as there are no residual radionuclides nor

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measured fast neutrons or gamma radiation$ +oth fission! as we know it from today=s nuclear ower lants! and thermo nuclear fusion! which we know from the sun! can "e e(cluded$ 5t is known that #ery s ecial conditions of nano2 scale metal are re7uired for the reaction$ &hat role has the metal is not known$ :onfidence in the o eration of LENR is thus contro#ersial and within certain grou s se#erely critici'ed$ @owe#er! there is information that indicates that scientists already at the early 0E//s may ha#e created LENR effects$A -s an e(am le! the Swedish hysicist Bohn %and"erg in 0E.C claimed that he had succeeded fusing hydrogen into helium under ressure in an electrolytic cell with alladium electrodes! "ut he did not get his claimed atent$ &hen )artin Fleischmann and Stanley ,ons! made their attem t with cold fusion! they used alladium and deuterium in a electrolytic en#ironment$ %he earliest e( eriments with LENR continued using alladium2deuterium in a electrochemical cell$ Others tested different #ariants with other catalytic materials$ *ery few eo le re orted successful trials and then in a few e( eriments$ %he LENR effect was at that time not re lica"le$ &ith time also other metals demonstrated the same henomena as with hydrogen and alladium$3 )oreo#er the LENR rocess in dry en#ironment de#elo ed in which hydrogen gas is acked into in a metal$ %he com"ination of nickel and hydrogen were first a lied "y rofessor Francesco ,iantelli$ Se#eral other 5talian rofessors ha#e since researched with nickel and hydrogen together with nanomaterials! as Sergio Focardi and Francesco :elani "ut also -merican rofessor ?eorge )iley$ 5f we assume that the LENR henomenon e(ists! then erha s nickel2hydrogen2LENR is the rocess closest to commerciali'ation LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
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for energy a lications$ -gainst this "ackground! this re ort mainly deals with #alidations of nickel2hydrogen reactors! in addition to other information that may "e of interest for further in#estigations of LENR technology from an energy industry ers ecti#e$ Knowledge of LENR2technology from manufacturers is not inde endent $ 8See the cha ter on #alidation studies "elow9$ %he only!"y inde endent researchers ! conducted #alidation is done "y researchers from the Dni#ersity of +ologna together with Swedish researchers from D sala Dni#ersity and K%@$ +ut this one co#ers only the energy e(change$ %his lea#es many 7uestions from an industrial ers ecti#e! in addition to an acce ted theoretical e( lanation of the whole rocess$ 5t should "e of significant interest for the energy market O erators if it is ossi"le to de#elo and commerciali'e LENR$ Such de#elo ment would o en for new "usiness o ortunities! "ut would simultaneously challenge e(isting structure of the energy system$ - central issue is also time rofile of the e7ui ment claimed to "e close commerciali'ation as long lead times stands energy in#estments! from "oth lanning and commissioning as well as de reciation eriods$ %hat the technology a ears to "e down scala"le makes it of course #ery interesting in a lications with distri"uted ower generation$ From energy and climate ers ecti#e could LENR2technology! gi#en that it is ossi"le to de#elo the technology ; ha#e undreamt of im ortance$ .$. &hat are e( lanatory models4 5t has "een s eculated that LENR2 henomena may occur in 7uite different en#ironments$ 5t also means that the e( lanations for these henomena are #ery different$ 5n many cases! there is a lack of scientific stringency$ 5n some cases there are no e( lanations at all$ %o gi#e you a icture how different scientists! in#entors and inno#ators see it! there is "elow a selection of the hy othetical e( lanations which now re#ail$ %he selection is the authors= own choice$ 5f >new hysics> is needed it is a"out henomena that can occur in articular en#ironments$ %he "asic hysics can not "e changed$ %he models of e( lanation descri"ed "elow are not entirely randomly selected$ %hey reflect some models that in one or the other way ossi"ly can su ort each other as there

ELFORSK H

can "e logical connections and ossi"ly causal chains$ Some model a roaches are critici'ed for #iolating esta"lished rinci les$ Some other theoretical e( lanations are "ased on the assum tion that the standard model of elementary articles is not ade7uate! which then contradicts the esta"lished scientific erce tion$H .$.$0 E( lanatory models on flash of "all lightnings and other lasmoids +all lightnings has long fascinated man$ @ow can light glo"es "e formed! mo#e through solid materials such as walls and such4 &hat made that ,a s and other second lasma machines seemed to work4 :lint Seward! at Electron ,ower System in DS! has descri"ed how lasmoids 8"all lightnings9 can ossi"ly "e formed in nature from an initial lighting discharge$C %he resulting magnetic field tra s electrons and gi#es these closed ring characteristics! which in turn creates a rotating current that maintains itself$ 8)a(well=s e7uations takes care of "oth geometries and time deri#ati#es$9 Other researchers! e$g$ Sanduolo#iciu F ha#e e( erimentally demonstrated a #ery unusual henomenon occurring in lasma conte(t$ Namely something that just man is ca a"le of in natureN that entro y decreases in the system$ 5n other words! the lasma has the a"ility to self organi'e and create a system that does not e(hi"it greater disorder when let loose "ut creates order out of chaos$ 5t is interesting to note the lasmoid a"ility to create a negati#e 8dynamic9 resistance$ 5n other words! a lasma! could then "ecome >su erconducting>$ 85s this something that might e( lain the e(tremely high magnetic fields which can sometimes are o"ser#ed in tornados49 5t may also "e mentioned that the D$S$ defense through D-R,- is in#esting in R & D in "all lightning area in which to conduct research into as LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
H

E(em el#is Einstein2:artan2E#ans! E:E! teorin! se htt <GGdrmyrone#ans$files$word ress$comG./01G0/G a er.1/$ df

C

Seward$ : et al$! )all Ligtning explained as a sta#le plasma toroid! htt <GGwww$electron owersystems$comG F Sandulo#iciu et al$! Non"linear p*enomena in plasma as a conse%uence of self" organi+ation! De t$ of ,lasma ,hysics! -l$5$ :u'a Dni#$! HH// lasi! Romania

ELFORSK C

they write >understanding and 7uantifying the interaction of electromagnetic and acoustic wa#es with the lasma in flames$ > D-R,- lan for ./01 says further< >e( erimentally attem t 12D o"ser#ation of @F2induced lasma structures and otentially determine relati#e @F ower a"sor tion for different altitudes! fre7uencies and geo hysical conditions >$ %he Bose h ,a s >No"le ?as Engine> created a toroidal ,lasma "y a com ressed no"le gas! which then ro"a"ly also "ecame ioni'ed$ - high #oltage ulse generates a magnetic field and an electron lasma is formed 8 erha s in the way that Seward claims49 +y a lying a radio fre7uency electromagnetic radiation in the fre7uency range 3/213/ )@' the system resonances are e(ited$ %hese are e( lanatory models a"out the initiation of LENR2 rocess! which howe#er does not say anything a"out what nuclear reactions that ro#ide the energy$ .$.$. Some e( lanatory models around ultra cold neutrons One in the LENR2world rather often referenced e( lanation is ro#ided "y ,re arata! &idom and Larsen! or &2L theory E as it is usually termed$ 5n short it says< +y su ly of energy 8in the form of heat or electro magnetic energy9 so2called surface lasmons are created$ &hen those get in the resonance condition the created lasmons 8hea#y electrons9 interact with rotons or deutrons$ -ccording the resented theory then cold neutrons 8with ultra low momentum9 and neutrinos are formed$ %he cold neutrons transmute surrounding elements! hydrogen and e$g$nickel! which then form new 8unsta"le G or sta"le9 isoto es lus electrons and anti2neutrinos$ From

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E

&L theory! see eg htt <GGnewenergytimes$comG#.GsrG&LG&L%heory$shtml and their e( lanation of neutron roduction in KN Sri#asta#a! -$ &idom! L$ Larsen! - rimer for electro weak induced low2energy nuclear reactions! ,ramana 2 journal of hysics! *ol$ C3! no$ A! Octo"er ./0/! $ H0C2H1C! - &idom! L$ Larsen! Dltra low momentum neutron cataly'ed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces! Euro ean ,hysical Bournal : 2 ,articles and Fields! *ol$ AH! No$ 0! - ril .//H! 0/C200.! and -$ &idom! B$ Swain! KN Sri#asta#a! (ea, -nteraction Neutron Production Rates in .ully -oni+ed Plasmas$ htt <GGarSi#<01/3$AFEE#0 The 2 hU 0E )ay ./01

ELFORSK F

@ydrogen chnage to al ha articles 8ie helium nuclei9$ %heory makers means that electron ca ture in rotons and deutrons rocess "ecomes the rocess when lasmons has high energy! i$e$ in#erse "eta decay$ %he formation of hea#ier unsta"le nuclides leads to further decay and radiation which is a"sor"ed in the material and is assumed to "e con#erted to heat$ %he released amount of energy kee s the system running lea#ing also 7uite a lot which can "e taken out in heat or electricity$ -ny gamma radiation formed in connection with certain transmutations is con#erted "y surface lasmons to 5R hotons 8i$e$ thermal radiation9$ Some soft S2ray radiation may ossi"ly also trans ire$

5t may "e noted that a N-S- scientist! Bose h Vawodny! has taken out a atent on a method of roducing hea#y electrons 8D$S$./00/.33HA3-09$ %his is done "y stimulating the resonance of surface lasmons G olaritons on electrically conducting surfaces$ .$.$1 Other e( lanatory mechanisms around low2energy fusion @anno EssWn! at K%@! has ut forward the following idea G model ossi"le e( lanation "ehind the low2energy nuclear reactions and es ecially for the Rossi2ty e nickel owder2hydrogen< -ll materials emit electrons when heated$ - metal owder will thus contain an electron lasma in the area "etween the metal articles and density will increase with the tem erature$ Such a system will "e highly olari'ed and es ecially nickel! which is well known to dissol#e the @. 2molecules in indi#idual atoms$ 5t is known that lasma can colla se o#er a gi#en density! called ?reenwald "order 0/$ Vuin 00 et$al$ has recently descri"ed that this occurs when the magnetic field energy density comes u on ar with the restmass energy density of the electron$

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0/ 00

)$ ?reenwald! /ensity limits in toroidal plasmas$ ,lsma ,hys$ :ontrol Fusion AA 8.//.9 R.C2RF/ Vuin )$! et al$ 0 first principles explanation for t*e density limit in !agneti+ed Plasmas$ arSi#< 0//0$AAF/ T hysics$ lasma2,hU 8./0/9

ELFORSK E

EssWn 0. "elie#es that when this ha ens the magnetic energy will greatly dominate o#er the electric energy$ 5n this lasma dominated "y #ery high magnetic energy density! >filamentation> will take lace 01 $ S ontaneous wire resem"led growths of current aths and magnetic fields occur 8,erha s like solar flares49$ %hese growths "ranching out and one could o"ser#e electrons dash off$ Electrons ossi"ly ha#e relati#istic #elocities$ Fast electrons and growths roduce normal so called ,inch 8 inch effect9$ %his inch effect! which is due to the magnetic field com resses the stream! can for sufficiently fast electrons mean that these will cause :oulom" "arrier to "reak for the charged articles resent 0A$ Since :oulom" "arrier is the largest ro"lem in fusion lasma hysics 8and normally re7uires tem eratures of millions of degrees9! this mechanism could then "e of #ery large interest$ 5n the hot fusion lasma ,inch effect is not sta"le$ 5n the metal owder lasma may"e there are ongoing random incher who come and go! "ut enough of them to allow time for one or another fusion to take lace$

%he inch in this case cause electron densities at the cores high enough to allow :oulom" "arrier to "e "y assed for fusion "etween rotons and G or rotons and atomic nuclei! or the occurrence of some other transmutation rocess $03 .$.$A Ryd"erg2 and +ose2Einstein2conditions as elements in nuclear reactions Se#eral theories addresses the conditions for 7uantum tunnelling through :oulum" "arrier to occur$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
0. 01 0A 03

@$ EssWn! Classical diamagnetism$ magnetic interaction energies and repulsive forces in magneti+ed plasmas$ Euro hysics Letters 8E,L9 EA! 8./009 $ AC//12023 htt <GGwww$ lasma2uni#erse$com $ @$ EssWn! 1*e exact /arwin Lagrangian$ Euro hysics Letters 8E,L9 CE! 8.//C9 H///.2021 @$ EssWn! cataly+ing .usion wit* Relativistic Electrons$ arSi#< hysicsG/H/C01F#0 T,hysics$ lasm2 hU! Buly .//H

ELFORSK 0/

Energy ulses of oscillating nano lasma 8 lasmons9 or mechanical oscillations 8 honons9 causes densification of the hydrogento su er hea#y hydrogen$ %here! ioni'ed matter can condense to Ryd"erg state$0H @er di ole moment is "elie#ed to gi#e rise to an electric field 8 le(itrons9 that cataly'e the fusion of the hydrogen nuclei or deuterium nuclei at the right fre7uency "y tunnelling through :oulom" "arrier$ %he Shukla2Eliasson effect means that a new electrical otential occurs screened "y degenerated electrons! which are related with +ohm=s 7uantum otential and other characteristics of electron correlations$ %his negati#ely charged otential allows the ositi#ely charged articles and ions to "e com"ined in the atomic structures of the nano lasma! as well as for critical oints and hase transitions in the nano lasma$ 0C Defkalion @y erion reactor is e( lained "y that hydrogen molecules are ioni'ed into e(cited hydrogen states in which Ryd"erg atoms are included$%he hydrogen is assumed to resol#e into electrons and rotons! where acceleration of the charged articles generates magnetic fields$ %he manufacturer has measured magnetic field eaks at 0$H %esla lasting a few seconds after each high #oltage ulse$ @ere su erconducting +ose2Einstein condensate from rotons assume to "e accelerated from the high #oltage ulses which initiate the rocess$0F %he rotons are said to "e ca a"le to form airs! which interact in integer s in forming "oson clusters$ 5n what is called +oseno#a deuteron2deuteron2reactions occurs that form the @e2A$ %his is done with nano e( losions$ Residual material with se#eral different nuclides suggests that the high energy density in turn can gi#e rise to fissions rocesses$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
0H

@ydrogen in the Ryd"erg state descri"ed eg in Leif @olmlid! Largeion"cluster HN2 of Ryd#erg!atter3 4tac,s of t*e planar cluster H5$ 5nternational Bournal of )ass S ectrometry! *ol$ 1//! 5ssue 0! 1/ Banuary ./00! $ 3/23F! Ryd"erg )aterials will also "e discussed as an e( lanation in ,ekka Soini=s LENR2in#ention descri"ed in atent a lication &O./01/CH1CF -.
0C

,K Shukla! +$ Eliasson! Novel attractive force #etween ions in %uantum plasmas$ ,hys$ Re#$ Lett$ 0/F! 0H3//C 8./0.9! Erratum< ,RL 678$ .0E E/. 8E9 8./0.9N ,RL 679$ /0E E/0 8E9 8./0.9
0F

Keong E$ Kim! Bohn @adjichristos! 1*eoretical 0nalysis and Reaction !ec*anisms for Experimental Resultas of Hydrogen"Nic,el 4ystems$ ,urdue Nuclear and )any +ody %heory ?rou 8,N)+%?9 ,re rint2,N)+%?20/2./01 8Octo"er ./019! 5n#ited a er resented at 5::F20F! Dni#ersity of )issouri! Buly .02.C! ./01

ELFORSK 00

.$.$3 @idetsugu 5kegami hy othesis on ycnonuclear 0E fusion 5n contrast to the thermonuclear fusion that takes lace on the sun! there is a fusion that occurs due to ressure! ycnonuclear fusion$ -stro hysicists ha#e shown in ultra2dense materials fusion reactions may "e o"ser#ed down to the tem erature of 'ero Kel#in$ Furthermore! these nuclear reactions ha#e "een shown to "e noticea"le in the la"oratories where e( losi#e chain reactions of from the fusion are ossi"le$./ Neutron roduction has also "een re orted in the e( eriments erformed with roton "eams against lithium led "y ,rofessor @idetsugu 5kegami from the Dni#ersity of Osaka$ %he result of colla"oration "etween the Dni#ersities of D sala and Osaka is documented in #arious re orts from .//. to .//H$ %he e( eriments resulted in an e(change of energy that could not "e e( lained with ordinary thermonuclear fusion$ %hese are the known e( erimental trials in the LENR area in Sweden as resented in :ltradense Nuclear .usion in !etallic Lit*iumLi%uid. .0 %he descri tion model of ycnonuclear fusion made "y 5kegami in 1*e Nature of t*e C*emonuclear 1ransition ..e( lains how chemo nuclear fusion is a ycno nuclear fusion! which thus is known from astro hysics$ Deuterons in the ke*2range are enetrating the lithium atoms s2or"ital elektron cloud to form intermediate LiD2atoms$ -t this energy nuclear collisions dominate o#er the electric in the attenuation rocess$ Energy of the deuterons is sufficient to com ress the molecule down to a ro(imately CM of the original #olume! hence the name ycno which means dense$ %his leads to a formation of the two cores inside the now common K2 and L2electron shells with a distance of less than 0 m$ %he fusioned atomic state makes an adia"atic transition to nuclear fusion reaction with a certain ro"a"ility as determined "y ?amow factor! i$e$ the ro"a"ility factor of two nuclei o ortunity to "reak :oulom" "arrier to erform a nuclear reaction$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
0E ./ .0

,ycno P dense

S$ Son! NB Fisch! Pycnonuclear reaction and possi#le c*ain reactions in an ultra" dense /1 plasma$ ,hysics Letters - 11C 8.//39 1EC2A/C @$ 5kegami! %$ &atana"e! R$ ,ettersson and K$ Fransson! :ltradense Nuclear .usion in !etallic Lit*ium Li%uid$ - re ort on Research ,erformed at the R & D :enter! Sakaguchi E@ *O: :o$$ under the aus ices of the Swedish Energy -gency! ER .//H<A.
..

@$ 5kegami! 1*e Nature of t*e C*emonuclear 1ransition$ %SL note! D

sala ./0.

ELFORSK 12

%he rocess can "e considered within the framework of thermo dynamics of chemical reactions in dilute solutions$ -rrhenius e7uation for s ontaneous chemical reactions is a lied$ -rrhenius e7uation defines a chemical reaction rate at a certain tem erature "y starting with the acti#ation energy and the likelihood for successful collisions "etween the molecules$ %he change in ?i""s free energy in the e( onent of the am lification factor is negati#e in the case resented "y the reaction of deuterons and lithium to the LiD$ -ccordingly! a gain of e82X?Gk%9with many magnitudes of nuclear fusion reactions in metallic lithium li7uid is achie#ed$ 5t is easy to fall into com le( scientific reasoning including 7uantum hysics! lasma hysics! 7uantum electro dynamics ! etc$ %he a"o#e discussion intents only to descri"e some hy othetical mechanisms that theorists e( lore$ E( erimentalists care may"e slightly less for theories ! as long as things go in the right direction and the e( losions are controlla"le$ -s a summary you can say that among all the e( lanatory models that a"ound around the LENR henomena it may "e ossi"le that the same henomena manifests itself in different ways! or different henomena manifest themsel#es in the same way or in different ways $ 5t is 7uite ossi"le! howe#er! that certain common characteristics can "e distinguished$ %hese will "e discussed at the end$ 5kegami=s model still e( lains how nuclear reactions come a"out! e#en if the road to them is full of am"iguities$ .$1 @ow much is s ent on LENR de#elo ments4 5n#estments on LENR are difficult to estimate! since no u"lic figures are stated with the e(ce tion of a few cases$ %herefore "elow only a few e(am les are mentioned$ .$1$0 R & D efforts in the academic world and "y authorities - uni#ersity with a focus on LENR is the Dni#ersity of )issouri$ %hey ha#e esta"lished the Sidney Kimmel 5nstitute for Nuclear Renaissance 8 SK5NR 9 from a donation of Y 3$3 million made "y hilantro ist Sidney Kimmel $ %he institute was esta"lished in - ril ./0.

ELFORSK 01

as a unit within the De artment of ,hysics and -stronomy at the Dni#ersity of )issouri ! re orting directly to the *ice :hancellor for Research Dr$ Ro"ert *$ Duncan$.1 E(am les of R & D funds for military research are D-R,- 8 D$S$ De artment of Defense 9 "udgets for ./01 and ./0A$ For e(am le! the area .undamentals of Nanoscale and Emergent Effects and Engineered /evices has a "udget of Y 3$03E million for ./01 and Y H$3 million for ./0A$ ,rogram content descri"es! i$ a! the intention to > try to understand and e( loit natural henomena for the de#elo ment of more effecti#e and owerful de#ices $ %his includes the de#elo ment of de#ices and structures to ena"le hotonic de#ices at multi le wa#elengths! construct alladium microstructures with large deuterium loads to study a"sor tion thermodynamics and effects! and ena"le real2time detection as well as the analysis of signals and molecules and origin of emergent "eha#iour in correlated electron systems $ > .$1$. R & D within "usiness com anies -n e(am le of how R & D is financed "y manufacturing enter rises is +rillouin Energy :or $ %hey got the funding for a >second stage> of Y ./ million as a conditional agreement with Sunrise Securities of New Kork ! NK 8 www$sunrisecor $com 9< .A Z 5n Sunrise =s offer is included a urchase of 03M of +E: =s > ost 2money> ! conditional on +E: goes "ack and com letes successful testing of its reactor N@+ [ at SR5 Sunrise also offer conditional ro#isional agreement on ac7uiring at least a > stranded asset> of a con#entional fired small2scale ower lants 8320/ )&9 with e(isting con#entional generation e7ui ment! and re lace old "oiler with +rillouin =s hot reactor N@+ [! along with the renewal of a ower contracts or steamheat contract with an industry or a ower com any$

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.1 .A

htt <GGiccf0F$research$missouri$eduGfilesGday.GSK5NRLO#er#iew$ df htt <GGwww$slideshare$netGssusereeefC/G"rillouin2"us2sumA30.

ELFORSK 0A

Key e( erts connected to the Sunrise! including former Director of the :alifornia ,u"lic Dtilities :ommission 8 :,D: 9 =s inde endent ower di#ision! has already offered ossi"le candidates for takeo#ers which are a#aila"le at negligi"le cost and who already ha#e ower contracts D on successful testing of N@+ [ at SR5 ! Sunrises offer of Y ./ million will fund a full commercial launch of this model! including>)erchant ower su lyretrofit >

.$A Ongoing research in the LENR field %oday there are o#er 0/// eer2re#iewed articles a"out LENR ! sometimes u to 0C// are mentioned$ )any of these can "e read on the we"site htt <GGlenr2canr$org $ )ost deal with alladium and deuterium in the electrolytic en#ironment! as this was the reaction which in 0EFE was descri"ed "y Fleischmann and ,ons$ %he focus of the disci lines of researchers in the field "elongs to is electrochemistry! solid state hysics! nanotechnology ! analytical chemistry and 7uantum electrodynamics$ LENR is not found in the situations nuclear scientists normally work with namely core rocesses where neutrons are mo#ing retty 7uickly 8.///21/// m G s9$ +y rocess of elimination! one might think that LENR is a com le( hysical rocess 8 erha s including weak interactions 9 .3 and not a normal nuclear hysics strong interaction rocess such as fission and fusion$ 5t ha ens transmutations of hydrogen into helium and e#en hea#ier su"stances in some LENR e( eriments$ @ow this in detail roceeds is difficult to say as the rocess in some cases occurs in crystalline materials at a scale of . to 0/ nanometres! ossi"ly larger! with ulses of the correct fre7uency or > dusty lasma > or no"le gas lasma $ )any com eting e( lanations e(ist$ - #alidated theoretical e( lanation ro"a"ly will take many years to find$ %he rocess! to first find henomena which can not "e e( lained theoretically until later! is the usual way of transformati#e knowledge$ @owe#er the lack of theory on LENR technology does not re#ent it to "e introduced on the market$ %o "ecome market a ro#ed there is a need of a
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.3

-n e(am le of such a com le( interaction is descri"ed in B$ Swain ! -$ &idom ! KN Sri#asta#a! Electro Strong Nuclear Disintegration in :ondensed )atter ! htt <GG arSi#< 01/H$30H3#0 Tnucl2thU 0E Bune./01

ELFORSK 03

security certificate from an a ro#ing organi'ation ! such as Dnderwriters La"oratories! DL$ Leonardo :or oration recei#ed such a safety certificate for the industrial #ersion of the E2:at 0 )& from S?S$ .H .$A$0 :redi"ility of ractical trials &ith the trial2and2error method! researchers ha#e come a long way$ On the 5nternet there are reci es with materials and rocess e( lanation for how LENR e( eriments can "e erformed$ .C -n e(am le is the ,irelli e( eriment in electrochemical en#ironment ! im lemented "y teachers and students at the Leo oldo ,irelli 5ndustrial Dni#ersity in Rome and descri"ed in the &e"$ .F One of the e( eriments in the reactor -thanor achie#ed a sur lus energy of A//M$ 5t is more difficult to inde endently carry out e( eriments with the dry gas #ersion including nickel and hydrogen$ %his re7uires skills on geometric relationshi s of nickel container! grain si'e of the owder and the am litude and fre7uency of electric ulse to start the rocess $ Furthermore! knowledge a"out controlling the rocess so that it does not end in an e( losion 8which ha ened numerous times9$ %herefore! a dee er knowledge should "e ac7uired a"out how this commercial nickel2hydrogen rocess works$ From the "elow descri"ed #alidations of commercial rocesses ! as far as known ! only two were erformed "y researchers not funded "y the com anies whose de#ices were #alidated$ %his in#ol#es e7ui ment from Defkalion and Leonardo :or oration$ %he #alidation of Defkalion @y erion reactor was erformed! howe#er! "y an industrial scientist with the commercial com any ersonnel resent$ )5% has had o en courses on LENR technology in Banuary ./0. and ./01$.E 5n ./0. the course was demonstrated LENR e7ui ment from Bet Energy ! which re ortedly worked during H months$ 1/ -t the conference! 5::F 20F at )issouri Dni#ersity a #ideo test was shown Buly .1 ./01 where Defkalion from )ilan in u"lic demonstrated the function of its
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL .H S?S 5talia S - ! the *oluntary :ertificate of :om liance with Safety Re7uirements of Directi#e .//HGA.GE: 8-nne( S?S 59 .C e$g$ on htt <GG.. assi$"logs ot$seG./0.G/AGlathanor2delliis2 irelli2di2roma20$html .F See "urst of htt <GGroma$re u""lica$itGcronacaG./0.G/AG0EGfotoGilLreattoreL costruitoLdagliLstudenti2113F1/.FG0G .E htt <GGstudent$mit$eduGsearchia Gia 2+DHD/:FFE0C/+.FAE/A//10.F3.FA-H0$html! ./012/F20E 1/ htt <GGcdn$coldfusionnow$orgGw 2contentGu loadsG./0.G0.G@agelstein,demonstra$ df ! ./012/F20E

ELFORSK 0H

@y erion reactor$10%his should "e looked at as a commercial com any showing their roduct under de#elo ment$ %here is a test rotocol from the u"lic demonstration$1. - general acce tance of LENR 2 #alidations comes first when LENR de#ices ha#e "een tested at a! from manufacturer inde endent! site and "y inde endent researchers$ 5n addition! ro"a"ly o enness on all the materials and arameters for inter reting the de#ices= "eha#iour is ro"a"ly needed$ :redi"ility at large comes first if also other LENR manufacturers make demonstrations of their e7ui ment$ So far! no com lete inde endent demonstration of all arameters in a LENR reactor was erformed$ Researchers from +ologna and D sala Dni#ersity only had the o ortunity to study the energy e(change from Leonardo :or oration @ot 2:at reactor in Decem"er ./0. and )arch ./01! see results under >'alidated ; nic,el " *ydrogen LENR plants. .$3 ED research ENE- 85talian National -gency for New %echnologies! Energy and Sustaina"le Economic De#elo ment 9 has in different Euro ean conte(ts rendered needs to in#est ED research on LENR $ E(am les include a ro osal on materials research for LENR in the ED 11 and the meeting arranged "y -malia Sartori ! chairman of the 5%RE :ommittee of the Euro ean ,arliament and ENE- :ommissioner ?io#anni Lelli at 1 Bune ./01$1A %he meeting was hosted "y the mem"er of the 5%RE :ommittee Edit @erc'og $ -t the meeting! coo eration in LENR research "etween ENE- in 5taly! Stanford Research 5nternational and Energetics LL: in the Dnited States since .//A was resented$ %he Na#al Research La"oratory ! NRL ! %he Dnited States joined the colla"oration in .//F and since ./0/ is also the Dni#ersity of )issouri in#ol#ed in research colla"oration$
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10 1.

See the we"cast on htt <GGnew$li#estream$comGtriwu.GDefkalion2DS

@y erion de#ise Functional & ,erformance %est ,lans & %est Results ! %est code< 1$.$1/ ! htt <GGiccf0F$research$missouri$eduGfilesGday.G,rotocolLandLtestLresults$ df ./012/F20E
11

Bohn *eiga +enesch 8 Ed 9 ! Forward Looking &orksho on )aterials for Emerging Energy %echnologies ! EDR .313/ EN! Euro ean Dnion ./0.
1A

See ENE- =s we"site where artici ants= resentations are a#aila"le$

ELFORSK 0C

-t the meeting was also a re#iew of alladium 2 deuterium researchers a"out LENR=s re roduci"ility and real effect$ %he artici ants were from the Dnited States! electro chemist )ichael )cKu"re 8Stanford Research 5nternational! SR59 ! Ro"ert Duncan 8 *ice :hancellor for Research ! Dni#ersity of )issouri 9 and ?raham @u"ler 8Director of the Sidney Kimmel 5nstitute for Nuclear ! Dni#ersity of )issouri 9 ! from 5taly artici ated *ittorio *iolante 8 LENR Research :oordinator ! ENE- and rofessor at Dni#ersit\degli Studi di Roma %or *ergata ! Rome 9 and from ?ermany artici ated Konrad :'erski 8,rofessor at Dniwersytet S'c'eci]ski ! ,oland and the %echnische Dni#ersitQt +erlin9 $ .$H :ommercial status of LENR - num"er of com anies are lanning to commerciali'e roducts that they claim are "ased on LENR technology$ %heir roducts will ro"a"ly "e launched in the energy market "efore a theoretical generally acce ted e( lanation e(ists$ )arket introduction is de endent u on many factors! including functionality and technology maturity! security! atent rights ! economics! en#ironmental "enefits and acce tance among oliticians and the u"lic$ Leonardo &orporation has three ty es of de#ices< E2:at ! @ot2:at 8 high tem erature E2:at 9 and a de#ice that is controlled "y gas$ %he @ot 2:at de#ice is designed for electricity generation com"ined with steam tur"ine$ %hey ha#e launched the 5ndustrial 0 )& lant for heat called the E2:at! which as stated "y the com any! can "e deli#ered four months after order$ %he com any is said! to his -merican artner to ha#e deli#ered three lants! one E2:at for warmth! an E2:at with gascontrol and a @ot2:at for electricity generation$ %hese three lants ha#e the american artner as stated "y the com any further deli#ered to customers! not clear to who$ ,efkalion -reen .ec!nologies has two main tracks in the launch of its technology< de#ices for energy con#ersion and licensing its technology to consumer roduct manufacturers whose roducts re7uire energy for their function $ %hey claim to ha#e licensed its technology to a"out ./ com anies for the o eration of #arious roducts $%wo of these com anies ha#e "een resented as one of Euro e=s largest car manufacturer and the world=s largest mo"ile hone com any$ @y erion is lanned to "e ready for market in

ELFORSK 0F

./0A in the range of 0/ k& to 0 )& ^ with a :O, 8:oefficient of ,erformance9! i$e$ energy yield! of H 2 0F$ -t the u"lic demonstration during the 5::F 20F from )ilan on .. Buly ./01 technology arrangement and instrumentation was under the full control of Defkalion$ Due to ro"lems with degassing the reactor! which was re orted to "e sensiti#e to small amounts of other gases than hydrogen! it ga#e only a :O, of .$ %his is not then taken into account ental i content in heat of #a orisation! which had gi#en a much higher :O,$ /rillouin &orporation0s de#ice is called +E: +rillouin +oiler[$ %hey ha#e recei#ed Y ./ million in #enture ca ital from Sunrise Securities :or oration in New Kork :ity to outfit a coal ower lant with a LENR 2 owered "oiler in si'e 320/ )&$13 %he agreement includes key e( ertise in contact with Sunrise! where re#iously the Director of the inde endent ower di#ision at the :alifornia ,u"lic Dtilities :ommission! :,D: ! has already offered otential ac7uisition candidates a#aila"le for minimal costs ! with the e(isting electricity contracts$ &hen +rillouin has a de#elo ed reactor for industrial use is not known$ /lackLig!t Power0s technology is a wet electrolytic cell ! where hydrogen from water steam is used as the energy source$ %heir techni7ue is said to "e a"le to generate electricity directly without intermediate heat generation $ +lackLight ,ower has also a dry rocess which is ada ted for heat and steam2 owered electricity generation$ -lso here are the lans unknown to market launch$ 1et Energy0s a liance Nanor [ with designer )itchell R$ Swart' is still in the demonstration hase$ LEN2&3 whose de#ice today generates 0//21// &! lans commercial scale of 1 k& to 1/ k& in ./01 G 0A$ Owner ?eorge @$ )iley ! holds the first -merican LENR atent! which was issued Buly .A! ./0. < D$S$ F ..C /./$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
13

See $ 0A in the resentation htt <GGwww$slideshare$netGssusereeefC/G"rillouin2 technical1.C0.

t2

ELFORSK 0E

Nic4Energy ! a R & D com any started "y Francesco ,iantelli ! has e7ui ment which today generates 0/20// &$ )etal Energy is a sister com any that lans to commerciali'e the technology$ .$C lications of interest

5f LENR technology is shown to work and "e re eata"le! controlla"le and scala"le! there are a #ariety of a lication areas where it could "e a lied$ -s we can not yet say anything a"out the cost of the commercial installations that may "e considered 8 at large scale 9 ! we ha#e to make a rough hy othetical a roach$ Regarding in#estment costs! we can assume that manufacturers use market rices for their goods to "ecome #ery com etiti#e com ared with esta"lished energy sources$ %he actual material for reactors as well as hydrogen and nickel ! are howe#er low cost$ O erating costs amounts to! if we start from nickel 2 hydrogen reactions! the cost of nickel owder and hydrogen G deuterium refills$ %he different designs that figure has ro"a"ly different ways of dealing with refills etc$ %he original fuel charge is also likely to "e affected in different a lications$ - stationary ower lant can get more #olume and longer o erating cycle! a #ehicle may"e less$

ELFORSK ./

1 *alidated energy facilities

Since many e( eriments are carried out for a long time! "ut only recently "egun to "e classified as LENR ! we ha#e chosen to descri"e the #alidation of some energy facilities ! which can "e attri"uted to the class unknown henomena ! "ut with a ossi"le connection to nuclear rocesses$ &e also take u some of the initial e( eriments! which ha#e ure lasma hysical "ackground and some later e( eriments ! which are collecti#ely termed LENR technology$ 1$0 *alidated lasma machinery One of the machines that are documented and artly officially #alidated is Bose h ,a 6s >No"le ?as Engine>$ ,a ! as in C/ 2 and F/=s worked with "rothers Ro"ert and %om Rohner$ >%he Rohner ?rou > has continued to work with ,a 6s machine and some #ideo footage is a#aila"le$1H 5n the scientific #alidation! conducted "y Richard Feymann at :al%ech ! ,a worked with Bimmy Sa"ori and "rothers %om and Ro"ert Rohner$ %he #alidation was de"ated when the machine e( loded$ )achine de#elo ment continued after ,a s death 0EFE med different mechanical #ariants of ,a s original machine$ 5t is unclear whether these were #alidated$ Bohn Rohner was granted a atent on a > ,lasmic %ransition ,rocess Engine > on No#em"er 0F! .//E 8 DS./00/001CC.-0 9 @ein' Klostermann e#entually came into the icture and took in .//H also his own atent 8DSC/CHE3/+.9 $ Se#eral different de#elo ment com anies ha#e "een rele#ant "ut it is unclear what su"stance has come out$ 5n Decem"er ./0.! a lasma machine! rather like Rohner later models was seen in a ?erman atent$ %his atent 8DE0/./000/1F1.-09! "y B_rgen &e"er is "ased on a nickel iston and hydrogen$ &hether this has "een "uilt or not is unclear$ &hat is clear howe#er is that the hydrogen gas must "e heated to tem eratures "etween 03/23// `:$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
1H

htt <GG a

engine$comG#ideos$htm

ELFORSK .0

1$. > *alidated > nickel2hydrogen LENR facilities &e ha#e in our screening found eight >sur#eys> of the LENR rocess as such$ One of these was conducted "y Edmund Storms and u"lished in ./0/ in Naturwissenschaften$1C 5n addition to these rocess#alidations there are a num"er of #alidations of more or less de#elo ed lants for commerciali'ation! which are those resented "elow$ *alidation of energy generation in the "elow re orts concerns :O, 8:oefficient Of ,erformance9! out"ound useful energy di#ided "y the energy in ut$ 1$.$0 E2:at Leonardo :or oration Leonardo :or oration has se#eral u"lic #alidations of their LENR de#ices! of which only the last one was made "y an inde endent third arty$ %he #arious de#ices are descri"ed on their we"site$ 1F %he industrial 0 )& E2:at has a safety certification "y S?S 5talia S$ $-$ %he first #alidation is not erformed "y an inde endent third arty "ut u"lished "y Leonardo :or oration$ %he re ort named Report on t*e internal test Performed on t*e <Hot"Cat > is dated 0H Buly ./0.$ E(ecutors of the #alidation was Fa"io ,enon ! )$Eng$ in nuclear ower ! roduct s ecialist Ful#io Fa"iani ! )$Eng$ ! and Da#id +ianchini! )$Sc$ in hysics and s ecialist in measuring radiation$ %he test lasted for H$AF hours with an a#erage ower density "etween 3F and 00C k& G kg and an energy density of 1CF2C3F k&h G kg :O, is not calculated in the re ort! "ut it is mentioned that the energy emitted can not come from chemical reactions$ %he ne(t re ort from the Leonardo :or oration is dated Octo"er E! ./0. and the test is conducted "y Fa"io ,enon $ %he reactor was studied in self2sufficient state for 00F hours$ %he ower density was calculated to 0H1$A )& G kg$ Energy in ut was .CF$A k&h of energy roduced 1 13C k&h! gi#ing a :O, of 00$C$ Leonardo :or oration=s own @ot :at tests ha#e "een 7uestioned in terms of electrical measurement of the in ut ower to the
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1C

Edmund Storms ! Status of cold fusion! Naturwissenschaften Octo"er ./0/ ! *olume EC ! 5ssue 0/! $ FH02FF0
1F

Leonardo :or oration roduct descri tions on htt <GGecat$comGecat2 roductsGecat202mw

and htt <GGecat$comGecat2 roductsGecat2ht2hot2cat2 rototy e

ELFORSK ..

rocess$ &hen the rocess is running in stand2alone mode this counter argument is not #alid$ %he #alidation made "y inde endent scientists is carried out with res ect to the energy e(change in the eriod from 01 to 0C Decem"er ./0. "y ?iuse e Le#i ! +ologna Dni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi ! +ologna! and during 0F to .1 )arch ./01 of the ?iuse e Le#i ! +ologna Dni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi ! +ologna !%or"jRrn @artman ! +o @Ristad ! Roland ,ettersson and Lars %egnWr ! D sala Dni#ersity and @anno EssWn ! K%@$1E %he result of this #alidation included i$a the high energy e(change ! high energy density and no detected radiation$ %he #alidation showed that energy from @ot2:at can not only "e of a chemical nature$ 5t should "e noted that for commercial reasons researchers was not allowed to access all facts$ %herefore the scientific community criticism of how the tests were erformed$ 1*e first test3 %he e7ui ment was o erated with an energy consum tion of 13 k&h and generated net 0H/ k&h$ %he heat in the form of con#ection and radiation from a @ot :at was calculated$ -s result ower density of C k& G kg and energy density of HF/ k&h G kg was reached$%his means that a @ot2:at generates more than con#entional energy sources$ 5n this test :O, P 3$H a /$F$ 1*e second test3 %he e7ui ment was o erated with 11 k&h and H. k&h generated net$ %he estimated ower density was 31/ k& G kg! and energy density H0 $0/1 k&h G kg $ 5n this test :O, P .$H a /$3$ 5n "oth tests! the reactor was sto ed intentionally and not "ecause of fuel consum tion $%hus! the calculated energy density units should "e considered as lower than the actual #alues $ %he @ot2:at that scientists #alidated ro#ed with conser#ati#e assum tions to ha#e an energy density of around 0// ///
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1E

?iuse e Le#i ! +ologna Dni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi ! +ologna! %or"jRrn @artman ! +o @Ristad ! Roland ,ettersson and Lars %egnWr ! D sala Dni#ersity! and @anno EssWn ! K%@! 5ndication of anomalous heat energy roduction in a reactor de#ice ! htt <GGar(i#$orgGa"sG01/3$1E01#1

ELFORSK .1

times that of gasoline and a ower density of a"out 0 /// times that of gasoline$ For"es has u"lished a Ragonediagram where the +ologna result is lotted! see< htt <GGwww$for"es$comGsitesGmarkgi""sG./01G/3G./Gfinally2 inde endent2testing2of2rossis2e2cat2cold2fusion2de#ice2may"e2the2 world2will2change2after2allG 1$.$. @y erion Defkalion ?reen %echnologies Defkalion ?reen %echnologies @y erion reactor was tested "y )ichael -$ Nelson! who is an inde endent energy consultant! with a "ackground as a N-S- em loyee for 1/^ years$ @e conducted the test not as N-S- em loyee! "ut as a re resentati#e of the New Energy Foundation 8 a non2 rofit organisation which was esta"lished in .//. and "ased in the state of New @am shire9 and who aid the test$ @y erion has also "een demonstrated for the ?reek go#ernment$ 5n )ichael -$ Nelson test summary! u"lished Octo"er 0F! ./0. the following is stated< 0$ %he de#ice generated sur lus energy$ .$ Demonstration showed that Defkalion could ha#e full control o#er the reaction to start it! sto it! increase and decrease$ 1$ %he reaction is de endent of hydrogen$ A$ %he reactor contents were remo#ed and weighed to 3E grams! most of which were ceramic containers$ Reaction was found to emit more energy than a chemical reaction from the known amount of the corres onding mass! suggesting that a nuclear reaction is in#ol#ed$ 3$ %here were error ranges associated with all the data that are not yet fully secured$ H$ Defkalion is sincere in their efforts with accurate measurements and to demonstrate their technology=s erformance with its confidence that they can achie#e a :O, b 0 for a sufficiently long time in order to e(clude the ossi"ility of a chemical reaction$ - reliminary glance at the facts reactor has had a good o eration on :O, b 1$

ELFORSK .A

%he roduct sheet from Defkalion highlights the selling oints <

A/

cNickel and hydrogen! electric ower heating! chemical assisting reheating media not to "e disclosed! ma( ressure 03/ "ar! continuous use tem erature ma( 00// :! :O, "etter than 0<.3 for 3200 k& series - and :! "etter than 0<13 for 0/2A3 k& series + and D$d %hese high rates of energy e(change ha#e not "een #erified u"lic yet $Not #erified information mentions that re#ious tests ha#e shown a :O, b ./$ 1$.$1 +E: +rillouin +oiler%)+rillouin :or $ Se#eral researchers ha#e suggested that deuterium fusion may ha#e occurred in certain metal hydrides$ +E: means that there may "e other mechanisms that release the "inding energy of the e$g$ helium$ - lot of e( erimental results are reminiscent of those that can "e aired with deuterium fusion! for e(am le! the amount of helium formed! heat roduction etc$ and also the roduction of tritium$ Deterium fusion is 7uite close as hy othesis$ No gamma ray formed$ No fast neutrons can "e o"ser#ed$ -lso there is no need for energy le#els to "reak down :oulom" "arrier$ +rillouins hy othesis among other things says that it would "e ossi"le to< Z Run the reaction at significantly fewer rotons in the metal matri( than the F3 M ^ that other grou s need Z Start the reaction rocess in milliseconds! rather than wait for unknown factors that cosmic rays Z Free e(cess heat and roduce helium using rotons instead of deutrons Z Run the reaction in normal alladium! nickel or tungsten Z 5ncrease the ower out ut of the high ressure G high tem erature designs
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A/

Defkalion ?reen %echnologies leaflet a"out @y erion Series -! +! : and D are a#aila"le on htt <GGaroma ress$comG e defkalioGw 2contentGu loadsG./01G/0G./0020021/L@y erion2 S ec2Sheet$ df

ELFORSK .3

+rillouin Energy :or oration a aratus! +E: +rillouin +oiler [! has two #alidations of inde endent testers $A0 @owe#er! they are ro"a"ly aid "y +rillouin Energy :or $ and therefore not ranked as >third arty #alidations$ One of them is conducted "y Los -lamos National La"oratories$ %he other of DR$ )ichael )cKu"re from Stanford Research 5nternational 8 SR59 ! which also thereafter joined their ad#isory "oard$ A. 1$.$A :5@%2cell 2 +lackLight ,ower +lackLight ,ower=s continuous rocess for ower generation con#erts regular water #a our 8@.O9 into electricity! o(ygen! and a new! more sta"le form of hydrogen which the com any calls hydrino$ %his releases more than .// times more energy than ure hydrogen at incineration! according to Dr$ Randell )ills! :hairman! :EO and ,resident of +lackLight ,ower! 5nc$! and in#entor of +lackLight ,ower rocess$ Dr )ills says +lackLight ,ower has reached an im ortant milestone in the u scaling of the rocess! which ty ically roduces a gain 8:O,9 of more than 0/ times o#er a long eriod and in the scale 0/ &$ Now the com any re ortedly lans a 0//& system and "elie#es that a 0$3 k& unit for household use will "e in o eration as early as ./01$A1 +lackLight ,ower=s cell has "een #alidated for 1/ to C/ days of continuous o eration of si( different configurations of indi#idual and grou s of researchers! which they consider to "e inde endent$ %hey ha#e their doctorates from uni#ersities such as )5% and :altech $ &hence these researchers ha#e recei#ed ayment for their #alidations are not known $ %herefore! the following result from si( #alidation rotocol are not considered third arty #alidations$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
A0

See htt <GGne(t"igfuture$comG./0.G/AG"rillouin2had2los2alamos2and2sri$html ./012/F2 0E ! image 01 in the resentation< htt <GGwww$slideshare$netGssusereeefC/G+rillouin2 t2 technical1.C0. and htt <GGe isin$"logs ot$seG./00G/CG"rillouin2energy2reactor2"eing2 tested$html! ./012/F20E
A. A1

+oard of +rillouin Energy resented on htt <GG"rillouinenergy$com See +lackLight ,ower=s we"site htt <GGwww$"lacklight ower$com

ELFORSK .H

K$*$ Ramanajachary was a rofessor of chemistry and "iochemistry at Rowan Dni#ersity$ @is areas of e( ertise are metals o(idation chemistry ! electrical and magnetic ro erties of materials ! and ion2 conducting olymers and o(ides$ ,rofessor Ramanajachary found that :5@%2cells had a :O, "etween 0$H and C$13$ %erry :o eland! a chemical engineer from )5%! who has worked at Duracell and other "attery manufacturers and at -ltair Nanotechnologies 5nc$! e#aluated :5@% cells during two occasions in No#em"er and Decem"er ./00$ Dr$ :o eland found that the :O, was "etween . and 3$3$ @enry &ein"erg was during the #alidation currently rofessor of chemical engineering and chemical hysics and a rofessor of materials engineering at the :alifornia 5nstitute of %echnology ! and has a long resume in academia with #arious rofessorshi s at #arious uni#ersities$ ,rofessor &ein"erg found that :5@% cell had a :O, P 0/$ - team from the Fortune 3// com anies list of D$S$ DOD ad#isers! which consisted of an R & D rogram director who has worked for N-S-! a ,h$D$ in ,hysics and a ,h$D$ in chemistry with fuel cell e( ertise$ %hese researchers found that :5@%2cells with nickel had for 3 2 .C days :O, b . after sta"ili'ation! "ut some e#en o#er 1//$ :ells with moly"denum instead of nickel had a :O, of u to .A./$ Nick ?lumac was a rofessor at the Dni#ersity of 5llinois in )echanical Engineering since -ugust .//C$ @e conducted the #alidation as a technology consultant at )ahomet$ ,rofessor ?lumac found the energy yields from 0/ and u $ :ells with moly"denum ga#e a :O, e ./// while nickel cells had after 0C days :O, "etween E$0 and 0A$A$ %wo ,h$D$ from the Enser :or $ ha#e made an e#aluation$ Enser is a com any working for the D$S$ military with missile "atteries$ %hey ha#e .3 researchers in electrochemistry$ Bames K$ ,ugh is ENSERs technical director$ @e is an e( ert in hysical organic chemistry and electrochemistry$ Ethirajulu Dayalan is a research fellow in electrochemistry who worked for! among other things N-S- and the D$S$ -rmy$ %he two researchers found that :5@% cells had a :O, e

ELFORSK 0//$ .C

1$.$3 N-NOR%) Bet Energy Bet Energy=s de#ice N-NOR [ in m& range was tested at )5% in Banuary 2 Bune ./0. and was dis layed u"licly$ %he e7ui ment was claimed to ha#e a :O, of 0.20A during test erioden$AA %heir LENR reactor shows similar energy and ower densities as Leonardo :or oration=s @ot2:at! as e#idenced "y Ragone diagram on their we"site< htt <GGworld$std$comGemicaGcft$html! entitled >&hy is cold fusion so im ortant 4 >%he diagram was resented Buly .1! ./01 at the :onference 5::F0F$

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AA

htt <GGne(t"igfuture$comG./0.G/HGmit2lenr2de#ice2 u"licly2running2for2H$html ./012/F20E

ELFORSK .F

A ,ossi"le a technology

lications of LENR

A$0 Electricity and heat roduction 5f LENR technology works as it is said today highly concei#a"le a lications are district heat roduction and heat2 and steam generation for industrial rocesses$ %he reason why the e7ui ment would likely come first to engineer fre7uent customers is safety$ Leonardo :or oration has only security certificates to 0 )& machines and still has a rocess underway for the security certificate for small lants to residential customers$ %he com any e( ects that retail market is taking off if the e( eriences of the industrial customer facilities are good$ LENR de#ices! if they work ! would in the future "e a"le to com ete against "oth the central heating side as the retail side! including "e alternati#es to heat um s and "io energy$ E#en lants for electric ower generation could "e ossi"le$ One e(am le is the @ot :at for electricity generation tested in +ologna$ -gain! one can e( ect that the industrial customer e( eriences are e( ected to under in security certification for the consumer market$ D$S$ re orts concerning lans to rein#est in old coal lants "y re lacing coal "oilers against LENR2reactors$ LENR2de#ices might in the future com ete with fossil2and nuclear ower generation as well as electricity sales to retail and industrial customers$ %he com any Kresenn re ort de#elo ment underway for LENR 2 o eration of datacentraler$A3 A$. *ehicle a lications

5f LENR technology works one im ortant a lication might "e #ehicle fuelling$ ,a 6s original machine was "ased on a con#entional com"ustion engine$ Rohner! Klostermann and &e"er=s designs are all motor a lications with istons and flywheel$ %he e( losion cham"er! howe#er! is re laced with the lasma com artment$ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
A3

See htt <GGwww$kresenn$comG ./012/F20E

ELFORSK .E LENR2reactors for #ehicle dri#e are also studied "y LENR :ars S\rl in Lausanne$AH %he construction dis layed on this site reminds of other LENR2de#ices with the difference that it will ro#ide electricity$ ,ossi"ly this is done #ia the thermoelectric con#ersion$ O tions as a heat source in Stirling engines are also mentioned in terms of #ehicle dri#es$ LENR :ars S\rl has a atent a lication "y the name of Low Energy Nuclear 1*ermoelectric 4ystems $ :.4. =76> ? 7=@>A95 06 ! u"lication date 0/ Octo"er ./01$ %here are re orts that %oyota and @onda ha#e in#estments in LENR research to roduce LENR owered cars$AC %oyota has also colla"oration with researchers at the Dni#ersities of Osaka and Ko"e$AF 5f and so! when the a lication in #ehicles arises! it will "e in com etition with electricity! "iogas and hy"rid #ehicles$ S,-&-R ! NRL ! D-R,- ! D%R- and D5- ha#e conducted research on LENR! i$a$ for military trans orts$AE D5- u"lished No#$ 01! .//E re ort! 1ec*nology .orecast3 (orldwide Researc* on Low" Energy Nuclear Reactions -ncreasing and Baining 0cceptance ! and they conclude < > $$$ the military otential of Such high2energy 2density ower sources is enormous $ -nd since the D$S$ military is Dnmatched user of li7uid fuel for trans ortation! LENR ower sources could roduce the greatest transformation of the "attlefield for D$S$ forces since the transition from horse ower to gasoline ower$> 3/ A$1 -eros ace and S ace lications N-S- and +oeing are e( loring o ortunities with future LENR 2 o eration for eco2friendly o eration of the flight! as descri"ed in the N-S- re ort< N-S-G:R2./0.2.0C33HSu"sonic Dltra ?reen -ircraft Research ,hase 55< N ^A -d#anced :once t De#elo ment$30 -n im ortant
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AH

Nicolas :hau#in ! LENR ,owered Electric *ehicles ! ,roceedings 5LENRS 20.! &illiams"urg! DS- ! Buly 021 ! ./0.
AC AF

htt <GGcoldfusionde#ices$comGcold2fusionGcold2fusion2de#ices2to2 ower2cars2in2the2future

htt <GGenergycataly'er1$comGnewsGtoyota2is2acti#e2in2cold2fusion2research2again! ./0.2 0/2/0

AE

%hese organi'ations are the S ace and Na#al &arfare Systems :ommand ! D$S$ Na#alResearch La"oratory ! the Defense -d#anced Research ,rojects -gency ! Defense %hreat Reduction -gency and Defense 5ntelligence -gency whose u"lications can "e downloaded from www$lenr2canr$org
3/ 30

D5- 2 /F E00//1 ! $ H

%he re ort is a#aila"le on htt <GGntrs$nasa$go#Garchi#eGnasaGcasi$ntrs$nasa$go#G./0.///E/1FL./0.//FE1A$ df

ELFORSK 1/

as ect is how a#iation could "e de#elo ed if the fuel weight is reduced to almost 'ero$ For military flight a lications it is seen the ossi"ility of de#elo ing a su ersonic lane that has almost unlimited mileage$ For s ace a lications ! reusa"le launch #ehicle with increased ayload 83/M more 9! no maintenance and the a"ility to "uild e#er smaller s aceshi $ N-S- is therefore studying LENR 2 o eration of rymdsonder$3. A$A %ransmutation of radioacti#e waste %ransmutation of nuclides resent in used nuclear fuel into sta"le nuclides ha#e "een erformed at )itsu"ishi @ea#y 5ndustries "y Kasuhiro 5wamura$31 %hese e( eriments ha#e "een inde endently re licated "y %oyota :entral Research and De#elo ment La"oratories$3A -lthough Osaka and 5wate Dni#ersity in Ba an has re licated fRrsRken$33 -mong others ! successful e( eriments were conducted with the transmutation of toEH)oA. $
011

:s33 to

0A0

,r3E and

FF

Sr1F

Francesco ,iantelli has a atent a lication for the treatment of radioacti#e waste! &OG./01G/AH0FF 20 !et*od and a device for treating radioactive material ! with u"lication date A - ril ./01$ S,-&-R has - ril 0H! ./01 recei#ed atent D$S$ F!A0E!E0E ! entitled 4ystem and met*od for generating particles where >?enerated articles may "e ca tured "y other nuclei to create new elements! to remediate nuclear waste $$$>$ 5f this transmutation method can "e carried out in a larger scale and with reasona"le economy! there may "e a ossi"ility of neutrali'ing the nuclides
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3.

Siaoling Kang and ?eorge @$ )iley ! - ?ame2 :hanging ,ower Source +ased on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions 8 LENRs 9 ! resentation at NE%S ./0.! )arch 0E2.1! ./0.
31

K$ 5wamura ! O"ser#ation of Nuclear %ransmutation Reactions induced "y D. ?as ,ermeation through ,d :om le(es ! in Ele#enth 5nternational :onference on :ondensed )atter Nuclear Science ! )arseille! France .//A and htt <GGindico$cern$chGgetFile$ yGaccess4res5dP3&material5dPslides&conf5dP0CC1CE
3A

5ntroducing the Kasuhiro 5wamura at the -merican Nuclear Society LENR session ./0.2 0020A San Diego! which can "e #iewed on #ideo to htt <GGwww$lenr2 coldfusion$comG./0.G0.G/EGyasuhiro2iwamura2ans2 resentation 2 LENR transmutationG and scientific u"lishing < %$ @ioki ! N$ %akahashi! S$ Kosaka ! %$ Nishi! @$ -'uma ! S$ @i"i ! K$ @iguchi ! -$ )urase ! %$ )otohiro ! 5nducti#ely :ou led ,lasma )ass s ectrometry Study on the 5ncrease in the -mount of ,r -toms for :s 25on 2 5m lanted ,d G :aO )ultilayer :om le( with Deuterium ,ermeation! B n $ B$ - l$ ,hys$ 3. 8./019 0/C1/0 8F ages 9 ! DO5< 0/$C3HCGBB-,$3.$0/C1/0
33

htt <GGwww$e2catworld$comG./0.G0.Gre ort2toyota2re licates2mitsu"ishi2lenr2 transmutation2e( erimentG ./0.20.2/C

ELFORSK 10

from today=s nuclear fuel that can not "e used as fuel for generation 5* reactors $ A$3 :onsumer roducts Defkalion has stated that they license their technology to #arious manufacturers of consumer roducts$ %hemsel#es! they will re ortedly commerciali'e their technology for sea #ehicles$ 5f successful! it means a com etition with electricity for charging mo"ile hones and o eration of orta"le consumer roducts of all kinds$ -le( Santhoulis ! :EO of Defkalion ! has stated that < 3H Z :olla"oration is ongoing with si( com anies for the de#elo ment of s ecial a lications$ )any of these com anies are included in the to 0/ com anies in the world in their field$ - lications co#ered include< unmanned aerial #ehicles ! com uters ! water heaters! electric ower generation ! greenhouse ! shi management! cars! water desalination G urification and large tur"ines $ Z License agreement for the manufacture of consumer roducts are signed with com anies in 5taly! France ! ?reece 8 Defkalion 3/M9! :anada and South -frica$ 0!1// com anies in a"out CF countries are interested $ License rice has re#iously "een f A/$3 million$

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
htt <GGmatslew$word ress$comG./01G/CG.AGcomments2on2defkalion2reactor2demo2in2 milanG ./012/F203
3H

ELFORSK 1.

3 Juestions for the ower industry

LENR 2 effects a ears to "e demonstrated in la"oratory e( eriments$ Now lacking is e#idence that the energy con#ersion rocess is suita"le for industrial electricity2 and heat 2 roduction$ E( eriences from de#elo ment of other techni7ues show that ractical ro"lems can arise on the way to commerciali'ation$ %herefore! there is considera"le uncertainty a"out if and when commerciali'ation will occur$ %he #alidation of the Leonardo :or oration=s @ot :at was conducted "y se#eral uni#ersity researchers together$ &hile academic criticism has "een directed at uni#ersity researchers #alidation! it seems still #ery thrustworthy$3C - @ot2:at is o erating at high tem erature with much its energy emitted as radiation$ Earlier LENR 2 de#ices ha#e "een measured with calorimetry! where fluid calorimetry has ro#en to ro#ide the most accurate results$ :alorimetry is well suited for lower tem eratures that emit energy in the form of con#ection$ ,resuma"ly! therefore! the more com licated method of measurement with measuring radiation was chosen for #alidation of @ot2:at $%he researchers stated in the article that they ha#e made conser#ati#e estimates so no dou"t e(ists that a large energy out ut resulted from the @ot2:at they measured $ )any 7uestions remain a"out LENR de#elo ment$ 5f the de#elo ment is successful! these 7uestions are #alid< Z &hat erformance #ariations could "e e( ected at the mass roduced de#ices4 Z &hich erformance #alues can "e guaranteed in addition to a net energy gain4 Z @ow does the rocess work4
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
3C

?Rran Ericsson ! Ste han ,om ! Comments on t*e report ; -ndications of anomalous *eat energy production in a reactor device containing *ydrogen loaded nic,el powder; C arDiv 3 6>7A.>96> E #y B. Levi $ E. .osc*i $ 1. Hartman $ ). HFistad $ R. . Pettersson$ L.1egner $ H. EssGn $ arDiv 3 6>7@.@>@Hv6 C p*ysics.gen "p* E

ELFORSK 11

Z @ow safe is the e7ui ment4 Z :an you trust an certain u time4 Z 5s the e7ui ment controlla"le4 Z &hat skills are needed to o erate and maintain a LENR facility4 Z &ill LENR "e rimarily used for electricity2 and heat2 roduction for sale or in e7ui ment that re7uires energy4 Z &hat cost of roduction of electricity and heat can "e e( ected4 Z @ow fast can LENR technology "e introduced in the energy market 4 Z &hat o ortunities and threats does it re resent for the different layers in the market4 3$0 )arket scenarios 5s it ossi"le to s eculate on the future market scenarios at this oint4 )ay"e it is ossi"le! "ut the conditions are unclear$ Does LENR e(ist in ractice4 5s the techni7ue ro"ust4 5s it safe that no e(ternal neutrons! magnetic! gamma rays! etc$ comes out 4 :an the e7ui ment "e o erated without running amok4 ?i#en that the engineers sol#e the a"o#e ro"lems! a rough sketch of an imaginary market could "e ainted$ )ost likely in the first hase! heat roduction will "e interesting for industries! residential areas and erha s e#entually later for indi#idual households$ Similarly!in the third world e$g$ in desalination of seawater at low costs$ ,ower generation! either directly or indirectly may "e interesting in ste two$ @ere direct con#ersion or transformation #ia Stirling engines! or thermionic con#erter may "e considered$ )ay"e magneto hydrodynamic 8)@D9 ower con#ersion will "e considered4 E#erything de ends on the cost of creating high tem eratures$

ELFORSK 1A

%oday there is a trend towards electrification of the #ehicle fleet$ %he scenarios ainted oint towards a large ercentage "attery cars and lug2in hy"rids in ./1/$ ,erha s a "reakthrough for LENR should change the image$ 3$. En#ironmental and safety issues LENR technology=s ositi#e attri"utes 8whether it o erates commercially9 are gi#en as the reason for that at least a do'en com anies are de#elo ing it$ 5f LENR technology is successful! it has ossi"ly the following "enefits< Z No car"on dio(ide emissions Z No ha'ardous chemical su"stances Z No distri"ution of radioacti#ity Z No ioni'ing radiation 8at least not outside a liances9

Z *irtually sustaina"le 8e(tremely small amount is needed! and LENR de#ices are owered "y nickel with the ad#antage that the world=s nickel resources are a"undant 9 Z Low roduction cost 8the in uts nickel and water has low cost9 Z Small and com act de#ices 8easy to lace on different locations9 Z )odular technology and suita"le for large scale ower generation 8easy to scale u and down9 %he matri( on the ne(t age com ares the different ty es of energy in terms of the degree of car"on neutrality! renewa"ility and sustaina"ility$

ELFORSK 13

:ar"on dio(ide
Fossil fuels Nuclear ower 8fission9 +iomass wood without ash return No Kes Kes! with re lanting

Renewa"ility
No No! "ut lenty uranium in oceans Kes! "ut change mineral "alans in soil

Endurance
No No NoGKes De ends on soil and yes at no social "arriers Kes! at no social "arriers Kes! at no social "arriers Kes! at no social "arriers Kes! at no social "arriers

+iomass wood with ash return LENR Sun and wind &ater ower

Kes! with re lanting Kes Kes Kes

Kes No! "ut no limits Kes Kes

3$.$0 Dnknown negati#e characteristics &hich are the negati#e characteristics with LENR remain unknown until industrial users gain access to reactors for testing in the a lications that the technology might "e used for$ La"oratory tests at uni#ersities are not enough to find the technology "ack side! e#en if they needs to "e done "efore the industrial testing$ %he disad#antages are to "e studied as these so far are not u"licly in#estigated$ %here are few data a"out rocess details 8"ecause of atents and intellectual ro erties9$ LENR rocess seems to re7uire s ecific conditions to work! making the security issues to "e clarified$ Some information e(its that high electric and magnetic fields are generated! which may mean a need for shieldning$3F &hat technology status different LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
3F

See Figure 3 "y K$ Kim and B$ @adjichristos on htt s<GGmos ace$umsystem$eduG(mluiGhandleG0/133G1HCF1 ! ./012/F20.

ELFORSK 1H

constructions of LENR de#ices ha#e ! is an area that will "e discussed in energy community if LENR com anies manage to launch their roducts $ LENR technology=s otential com etiti#eness with other energy sources is not only de endent on economic conditions! "ut also the en#ironmental and how they are #alued$ %he ta"le on the re#ious age "rings u com arisons of different en#ironmental as ects$ 5n addition to these LENR is re orted "e free of harmful emissions into air and soil and no en#ironmentally ha'ardous #aste remains$ 3$.$. Security issues -n im ortant as ect a"out LENR technology is of course the le#el of safety of the technology$ &hat effects might occur4 :an neutrons "e formed and how much gamma radiation can come out4 -re there any ro"lems with e( losions and how do you kee a aratus sta"le with ade7uate safety margins4 -ll these 7uestions must surely "e resol#ed in an engineering acce ta"le way "efore the technology can "e ut to use$

ELFORSK 1C

H :onclusions
&hich conclusions can "e drawn from the ongoing research and de#elo ment when it comes to henomena that ha#e something to do with LENR4 H$0 &here do we stand concerning LENR technology today4 -t resent! LENR technology is no longer a"out "elie#ing or not "elie#ing! "ut rather a"out ha#ing a constructi#ely sce tical a roach and to acce t that certain LENR de#ices a ear to out ut more energy than they reasona"ly should with classical assum tions a"out the underlying rocesses$ 5t will certainly take time "efore all as ects around this "ranch of technology ha#e "een e(hausted$ "unch of #alidations of LENR technology is going on$ *arious de#ices ha#e "een atented$ Some of them ha#e "een "uilt$ - lot ha#e "een tested "y more or less inde endent attem ts$ Studies are going on in defence industries! s ace industry and others$ *arious com anies are su orting tests$ Some uni#ersities are "eginning to gi#e courses and others get to gri s with other "asic studies that can ha#e a connection with LENR$ &hich com anies will first commercialise the technology remains to "e seen! though$ H$. &here to find the e( lanation8s94 -t this moment it is difficult to judge the degree of >scientificity> "ehind the roofs! #alidations and results that are "eing resented$ +ut may"e that is of secondary im ortance4 >Results are results> and theories will come later$ LENR technology should ossi"ly "e a"le to stand for a "reakthrough aradigm shift in the energy sector$ %he in#estments that are now "eing made should urge us to reflect and to "e careful with ositi#e sce ticism$ %he material that we went through in this study indicates that the re orted LENR henomena can "e interconnected with< Strongly nonlinear rocesses ,resence of electromagnetic fields Stimulation of the systems= #arious single resonances in lasma state or solid state

ELFORSK 1F

,lasma henomena in totally or artially ionised gases and in so2called dusty lasmas @igh energy e(change through #arious concei#a"le nuclear reactions! transmutations! etc$

H$1 &here are the "iggest challenges4 5f LENR de ends on 7uantum mechanical rocesses! it=s ro"a"le that some nonlinear effect is in#ol#ed$ )ost likely also some electro dynamical effect with resonances is in#ol#ed$ %his im lies that scaling u can "e difficult to control$ Likewise! it a ears that the num"er of control arameters and guidance are not so easy to get consistent with each other$ @ow do thermal and electrical rocesses interact4 %he E2cat reactor which was de#elo ed "y Leonardo :or oration needs e(ternal heat to o erate$ %he e(ternal source also a ears to "e necessary for running the de#ice safely$ Other LENR de#ices are "uilding on e(citation of the system=s resonances$ %he knowledge of how these are selected! dri#en and controlled are still com any secrets that do not a ear in atent descri tions$ -t the same time! this shows that challenges of the LENR technology! should it work! are that the rocess is com le(! "ut not necessarily com licated$ likely de#elo ment scenario is that a whole lot of trial and error e( eriments remains to "e erformed to ossi"ly master recise control and re eata"ility$ Safety issues must "e meticulously studied! es ecially a T ossi"leU a earance of high energy articles and radiation! magnetic fields etc$

ELFORSK 1E

C References
C$0 -rticles! re orts and rotocols
Bohan *eiga+enesch 8Ed9! .orward Loo,ing (or,s*op on !aterials for Emerging Energy 1ec*nologies ! EDR .313/ EN! Euro ean Dnion ./0. :$ +orghi! :$ ?iori! -$-$ Dall6Ollio $ Experimental Evidence of Emission of Neutrons from Cold Hydrogen Plasma ! -merican 5nstitute of ,hysics 8,hys$ -t$ Nucl$9! #ol 3H! no C! 0EE1$ F$ :elanis resentation O :ERN :ollo7uium den .. mars ./0.! htt <GGindico$cern$chGgetFile$ yGaccess4res5dP1&material5dPslid es&conf5dP0CC1CE! dQr Q#en R#riga resentationer finns O htt <GGindico$cern$chGconferenceDis lay$ y4conf5dP0CC1CE Nicolas :hau#in! LENR Powered Electric 'e*icles! ,roceedings 5LENRS 20.! &illiams"urg! DS-! Buly 021! ./0. %erry :o eland! Catalyst Hydrino 1ransition (C-H1) Electroc*emical Cell 'alidation! No#em"er and Decem"er ./00 D5- /F2/E00//1! .//E200201! with the title 1ec*nology .orecast3 (orldwide Researc* on Low"Energy Nuclear reactions -ncreasing and Baining 0cceptance D5S Scientific & %echnical )emorandum 33G.G// :lemmow Dougherty! Electrodynamics of Particles and Plasmans ! Bohn &iley& Son! 0EHE ?Rran Ericsson! Ste han ,om ! Comments on t*e report ;-ndications of anomalous *eat energy production in a reactor device containing *ydrogen loaded nic,el powder; CarDiv36>7A.>96>E #y B.Levi$ E..osc*i$ 1.Hartman$ ).HFistad$ R.Pettersson$ L.1egnGr$ H.EssGn$ arSi#<01/H$H1HA#0 T hysics$gen2 hU
@$ EssWn! Cataly+ing .usion wit* Relativistic Electrons! arSi#< hysicsG/H/C01F#0 T hysics$ lasm2 hU! Buly .//H

ELFORSK

40

@$ EssWn! Classical diamagnetism$ magnetic interaction energies and repulsive forces in magneti+ed plasmas ! Euro hysics Letters 8E,L9 EA! 8./009 $ AC//12023 @$ EssWn! 1*e exact /arwin Lagrangian! Euro hysics Letters 8E,L9 CE! 8.//C9 $ H///.2021 )$&$E#ans! @$ Eckardt! D$&$ Lindstrom! New ECE e%uation from t*e fundamental definition of t*e tetrad and application to low energy nuclear reaction$ a#seddatt u"licerasi Bournal of Foundations of ,hysics and :hemistry ./01 . 809 Fit'gerald )$! Iuarterly Journal of t*e !eteorological 4ociety$ .irst Iuarter 6858! ,u"lisher %he Royal Society! London! 0FCF! 0H/20H0$ Nick ?lumac! .inal Consultant Report! Banuary ./0. )$ ?reenwald! /ensity limits in toroidal plasmas ! ,lsma ,hys$ :ontrol Fusion AA 8.//.9 R.C2RF/ %$ @ioki! N$ %akahashi! S$ Kosaka! %$ Nishi! @$ -'uma! S$ @i"i! K$ @iguchi! -$ )urase! %$ )otohiro! -nductively Coupled Plasma !ass 4pectrometry 4tudy on t*e -ncrease in t*e 0mount of Pr 0toms for Cs"-on"-mplanted Pd?CaK !ultilayer Complex wit* /euterium Permeation! B n$ B$ - l$ ,hys$ 3. 8./019 0/C1/0 8F ages9! DO5< 0/$C3HCGBB-,$3.$0/C1/0 Leif @olmlid! Large ion"cluster HN of Ryd#erg !atter3 4tac,s of planar clusters H 5$ 5nternational Bournal of )ass S ectrometry!*ol$ 1//! 5ssue 0! 1/ Banuary ./00! ,ages 3/;3F @y erion de#ice Functional & ,erformance %est ,lans & %est Results!testcode<1$.$1/! htt <GGiccf0F$research$missouri$eduGfilesGday.G,rotocolLandLtest Lresults$ df @$ 5kegami! %$ &atana"e! R$ ,ettersson och K$ Fransson! :ltradense Nuclear .usion in !etallic Lit*ium Li%uid ! - re ort on research erformed at the R&D :enter! Sakaguchi E$@ *O: :o$ under the aus ices of the Swedish Energy -gency! ER .//H<A.
2

41

ELFORSK

@$ 5kegami! 1*e Nature of t*e C*emonuclear 1ransition ! %SL note! D sala ./0. -ndependent 1ec*nology Evaluation 4tudy$ P*ase 6 L 1est Plan /evelopment for )lac,Lig*t Power C-H1 1ec*nology ! Banuary ./0. K$ 5wamura! K#servation of Nuclear 1ransmutation Reactions induced #y /= Bas Permeation t*roug* Pd Complexes ! in Ele#enth 5nternational :onference on :ondensed )atter Nuclear Science! )arseille! France .//A Keong E$ Kim! Bohn @adjichristos! 1*eoretical 0nalysis and Reaction !ec*anisms for Experimental Results of Hydrogen" Nic,el 4ystems! ,urdue Nuclear and )any +ody %heory ?rou 8,N)+%?9 ,re rint2,N)+%?20/2./01 8Octo"er ./019 5n#ited a er resented at 5::F20F! Dni#ersity of )issouri! Buly .02.C! ./01 Lerner E$! !agnetic self"compression in la#oratory plasmas$ %uasars and radio galaxesM Part -$ Laser and ,article +eams 80EFH9 #ol A! art .N 0E12.01 ?iuse e Le#i! +ologna Dni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi! +ologna! %or"jRrn @artman! +o @Ristad! Roland ,ettersson och Lars %egnWr! D sala Dni#ersitet! samt @anno EssWn! K%@! -ndication of anomalous *eat energy production in a reactor device ! ./012 /320H med senaste re#ideringen./012/H2/C! htt <GGar(i#$orgGa"sG01/3$1E01#1 T hysics$gen2 hU Lewis E$! Consideration a#out plasmoid 4upercondictivityP*enomena! htt <GG adrak$comGineGELE&5S3$html P*enomena and

)atsumoto %$! Experiments of Kne"Point Cold .usion ! Fusion technology! .A! 11. 8No# 0EE19 )ichael -$ Nelson! Bohn @adjichristos m$fl$! 1est Plans N test Results$ Hyperion la# devise .unctional N Performance 1est Protocol! Se tem"er ./0. Friedrich ,anethand Kurt ,eters! &#er die 'erwandlung von (asserstoff in Helium! Naturwissenschaften 0A 8A19< E3H;EH.$

42

ELFORSK

Fa"io ,enon! Report on t*e internal test performed on t*e O*ot catO! ./0.2/C20H Fa"io ,enon! %est rotokoll utgi#et a# Leonardo :or oration ./0.20/2/E Bames K$ ,ugh! EthirajuluDayalan! Evaluation of Electrical Power Beneration #y )lac,Lig*t PowerPs Catalyst -nduced Hydrino 1ransition (C-H1) Cells! - ril ./0. K$*$ Ramanujachary! 'alidation of Electrical Power Beneration #y 4econd"Beneration C-H1 1ec*nology! No#em"er ./00 S?S 5talia S$ $-$! *oluntary :ertificate of :om liance with Safety Re7uirements of Directi#e .//HGA.GE: 8-nne( 59 Sandulo#iciu et al$! Non"linear p*enomena in plasma as aconse%uence of self"organi+ation! De t$ Of ,lasma ,hysics! -l$5$:u'a Dni#$! HH// lasi! Romania Seward$ : et al$! +all Ligtning explained as a sta#le plasma toroid! htt <GGwww$electron owersystems$comG ,$ K$ Shukla and +$ Eliasson! Novel attractive force #etween ions in %uantum plasmas! ,hys$ Re#$ Lett$ 0/F! 0H3//C 8./0.9N Erratum< ,RL 678! .0EE/.8E9 8./0.9N ,RL 679! /0EE/0 8E9 8./0.9! DO5< 0/$00/1G,hysRe#Lett$0/F$0H3//C S$ Son! N$B$ Fisch! Pycnonuclear reaction and possi#le c*ain reactions in an ultra"dense /1 plasma! ,hysics Letters - 11C 8.//39 1EC;A/C K$ N$ Sri#asta#a! - &idom! L Larsen! 0 primer for electrowea, induced low"energy nuclear reactions! ,R-)-N- ; journal of hysics! #ol$ C3! No$ A! Octo"er ./0/! sid$ H0C2H1C! DO5< 0/$0//CGs0./A12/0/2/0A121 Edmund Storms! 4tatus of cold fusion! Naturwissenschaften Octo"er ./0/! *olume EC! 5ssue 0/! FH02FF0

43

ELFORSK B$ Swain! -$ &idom! K$ N$ Sri#asta#a! Electrostrong Nuclear /isintegration in Condensed !atter ! htt <GG arSi#<01/H$30H3#0 Tnucl2thU 0E Bune ./01 @enry &ein"erg! C-H1 'alidation Report! Banuary ./0. - &idom! L Larsen! :ltra low momentum neutrons cataly+ed nuclear reactions on metallic *ydride surfaces ! Euro ean ,hysical Bournal : ; ,articles and Fields! #ol$ AH! No 0! - ril .//H! 0/C2 00.! DO5< 0/$00A/Ge jcGs.//H2/.ACE2F -$ &idom! B$ Swain! K$N$ Sri#asta#a! (ea, -nteraction Neutron Production Rates in .ully -oni+ed Plasmas ! htt <GGarSi#<01/3$AFEE#0 The 2 hU 0E )ay ./01 S$ Kang! ?$ @$ )iley! 0 Bame"C*anging Power 4ource )ased on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)$ resentation at NE%S ./0.! )arch 0E2.1! ./0. )$ Vuin et al$! 0 first principles explanation for t*e density limit in magneti+ed plasmas! arSi#<0//0$AAF/ T hysics$ lasma2 hU 8./0/9

C$. &e" ages

htt <GGaroma ress$comGedefkalioGw 2 contentGu loadsG./01G/0G./0020021/L@y erion2S ec2Sheet$ df htt <GGwww$"lacklight ower$com htt <GG"rillouinenergy$comG htt <GGcdn$coldfusionnow$orgGw 2 contentGu loadsG./0.G0.G@agelstein,demonstra$ df htt <GGcoldfusionde#ices$comGcold2fusionGcold2fusion2de#ices2to2 ower2cars2in2the2future htt <GGdrmyrone#ans$files$word ress$comG./01G0/G a er.1/$ df htt <GGecat$comGecat2 roductsGecat202mw htt <GGecat$comGecat2 roductsGecat2ht2hot2cat rototy e

44

ELFORSK htt <GGwww$e2catworld$comG./0.G0.Gre ort2toyota2re licates2 mitsu"ishi2lenr2transmutation2e( erimentG ! ./0.20.2/C htt <GGwww$e2catworld$comG./01G/AGcelani2warns2of2lenr2 e( losions2at2low2tem eraturesG htt <GGwww$enea$itGitGDfficio2+ru(ellesGnewsGnew2 ad#ancements2on2the2fleischmann2 ons2effect2 a#ing2the2way2 for2a2 otential2new2clean2renewa"le2energy2source

htt <GGenergycataly'er1$comGnewsGtoyota2is2acti#e2in2cold2 fusion2research2again htt <GGe isin$"logs ot$seG./00G/CG"rillouin2energy2reactor2 "eing2tested$html htt <GGwww$for"es$comGsitesGmarkgi""sG./01G/3G./Gfinally2 inde endent2testing2of2rossis2e2cat2cold2fusion2de#ice2may"e2 the2world2will2change2after2allG htt <GGindico$cern$chGgetFile$ yGaccess4res5dP3&material5dP slides&conf5dP0CC1CE
htt <GGiccf0F$research$missouri$eduGfilesGday.GSK5NRLO#er#iew$ df

htt <GGjet$(#m$mit$eduG htt <GGwww$kresenn$comG htt <GGlenr2canr$org htt <GGwww$lenr2coldfusion$comG./0.G0.G/EGyasuhiro2iwamura2 ans2 resentation2lenr2transmutationG htt <GGmatslew$word ress$comG./01G/CG.AGcomments2on2 defkalion2reactor2demo2in2milanG htt s<GGmos ace$umsystem$eduG(mluiGhandleG0/133G1HCF1 htt <GGnewenergytimes$comG#.GsrG&LG&L%heory$shtml

45

ELFORSK htt <GGnew$li#estream$comGtriwu.GDefkalion2DS htt <GGne(t"igfuture$comG./0.G/AG"rillouin2had2los2alamos2and2 sri$html htt <GGne(t"igfuture$comG./0.G/HGmit2lenr2de#ice2 u"licly2 running2for2H$html htt <GGntrs$nasa$go#Garchi#eGnasaGcasi$ntrs$nasa$go#G./0.///E/ 1FL./0.//FE1A$ df htt <GGold$enea$itGcomGinglGNewLinglG u"licationsG dfG:oldLFusio nL5taly$ df htt <GG a engine$comG#ideos$htm

htt <GG eswiki$comGenergyG,ower,edia<Bose hL,a M.CsLNo"leL?asLEngine htt <GGwww$ lasma2uni#erse$com htt <GGroma$re u""lica$itGcronacaG./0.G/AG0EGfotoGilLreattoreLc ostruitoLdagliLstudenti2113F1/.FG0G htt <GGwww$slideshare$netGssusereeefC/G"rillouin2"us2sumA30. htt <GGwww$slideshare$netGssusereeefC/G"rillouin2 technical1.C0. t2

htt <GGstudent$mit$eduGsearchia Gia +DHD/:FFE0C/+.FAE/A//1 0.F3.FA-H0$html htt <GGworld$std$comGemicaGcft$html htt <GG.. assi$"logs ot$seG./0.G/AGlathanor2delliis2 irelli2di2 roma20$html

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ELFORSK

F -ttachments
F$0 ,atents ,atenting in the LENR area has "een going on for two decades$ %he following is a selection that has a "earing on the rocess that is near commerciali'ation$ &hen functioning facilities are a#aila"le for u"lic ins ection in the market! one can assume that the atent a lications filed are granted$ F$0$0 DS)5% announced - ril 0.! 0EFE their a lication for a atent "ased on the theoretical work of ,eter L$ @agelstein where .usion apparatus&O0EE//010.E -1 with u"lication date No#em"er .E! 0EE/ is included$ ,eter L$ @agelstein has also a lied for atents !et*ods and apparatus for energy conversion using materials comp rising molecular deuterium and molecular *ydrogen " deuterium &O.//H0.F0/E -1 ! u"lication date Octo"er 00! .//C ! &O.//H/33.EA -1 ! u"lication date 01 Decem"er .//C! !et*od of and apparatus for t*ermal energy "to"electrical energy conversion (K=7787659=H 0>$ 68 Decem"er .//F$ Dni#ersity of Dtah licensed Decem"er .! 0EE1! all of its LENR atents to ENE:O ! a new com any created to conduct "usiness on LENR 2 disco#eries! "ut said in )arch 0EEF that it would no longer defend its atents$ Leonardo :or oration has a atent in the D$S.$ !et*od and apparatus for carryingout nic,el and *ydrogen exot*ermal reaction! u"lication num"er D$S$ ./00 G ///33/H -0 and date 01 Banuary ./00$ Francesco ,iantellis D$S$ atent a lication has the name 1*in nano structured layers wit* *ig* catalytic activity on t*e nic,el or nic,el alloy surfaces and process for t*eir preparation$ ./0./01AE03! with the date 10 )ay ./0.$ +rillouin Energy has atent a lications< /rive circuit and met*od for semiconductor devices :4=7757=@87HA 06$ == No#em"er .//C and &O.//C01C.HF -1! 0/ - ril .//F! Energy H5

ELFORSK generation apparatus and met*od &O.//C01/03H -0! -. ! res ecti#ely $ -1! Se tem"er H! .//C! No#em"er 03! .//C! res ecti#ely $ 10 Banuary .//F E,0EC0EF3 -.! Se tem"er .A! .//F ! DS./00/0..EFA -0 ! .H )ay ./00$ +lackLight ,ower=s electrolytic rocess is atent filed 0F )arch ./0/! 0C )arch ./00 and 1/ )arch ./0.$ %heir dry rocess is atent filed - ril .F! .//F Buly .E! .//E! 0F )arch ./0/! 0C )arch ./00 and 1/ )arch ./0.$ @owe#er! the D$S$ ,atent Office DS,%O rejected all atents in the LENR field$ Des ite this! ?eorge @$ )iley with com any LEND:O managed to get a atent! D$S$ F!..C!/./ +0 ! entitled /islocation site formation tec*ni%ues ! issued .A Buly ./0.$ F$0$. -sia %he D$S$ com any +rillouin Energy has atented their LENR ; reaktor in :hina< ,atents Registry! 5ntellectual ,ro erty De artment! %he ?o#ernment of the @ong Kong S ecial -dministrati#e Region ! - lication No$ /E0/F/H3$A! ,u"lication No $ @K001.3F/! at htt <GGi search$i d$go#$hkG atentGeregGfssr/.0//$js 4-@LNOP /E0/F/H3 F$0$1 Euro e Francesco ,iantelli along with Sergio Focardi and Ro"erto @a"el ha#e a lied for atent with Energy generation and generator #y means of an *armonic stimulated fusion u"lication num"er ,:%G5%E3G////F and Date 1 -ugust 0EE3$ Ne(t atent a lication is !et*od for producing energy and apparatus t*ere fore ! ,u"lication Num"er &O./0/G/3F.FF and Date .C )ay ./0/! which was granted Banuary 0H! ./01 as E, .1HF.3. +0 $ %he third atent "y Francesco ,iantelli entitled !et*od and apparatus for generating energy #y nuclear reactions of *ydrogen adsor#ed #y or#ital capture on a nanocrystalline structure of a metal! &OG./01G//F.G0E! Banuary 0C! ./01 with com letion C )arch ./01$ %he atent !et*od for producing energy and apparatus t*ere fore it is only LENR atent for nickel2 hydrogen a lica"le throughout Euro e$

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ELFORSK Franscesco :elani has an Euro ean atent a lication on nano structured nickel < Nanostructured t*in layers *aving *ig* catalytic activity on surfaces of nic,el and its alloys and a process for o#taining t*em &O./00G/0H/0A-. ! Fe"$ C ./0.$ -ndrea Rossi! Leonardo :or oration ! has "een denied an Euro ean atent for his E2:at ! "ut has a D$S$ atent a lication for the DS./00G//33/H -0 ! ,u"lication Date 01 Banuary ./00$ @owe#er! he has an 5talian atent Processo ed apparecc*iatura per ottenere rea+ioni esotermic*e$ in particolare da nic,el ed idrogeno)5.//F-///H.E issued - ril H! ./00 with a #alidity until E - ril! ./.F$ Etiam OK has a atent a lication %hermal"energyproducing system and met*od! &O./01/CH1CF -.! ,u"lication Date 1/ )ay ./01$ LENR :ars S\rl! has a atent a lication "y the name of Low Energy Nuclear 1*ermoelectric 4ystems ! D$S$ ./01 G /.H13EC -0 ! ,u"lication Date 0/ Octo"er ./01$

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