Appendix I

Summary of stability formulae*

Form coefficients
Area of waterplane Area of amidships Volume of displacement Cb L B Cw B d Cm L B d Cb Cm C p

Drafts
When displacement is constant (for box shapes): Old density New draft Old draft New density When draft is constant: New density New displacement Old density Old displacement TPCSW FWA WPA 97.56 W 4 TPCSW FWA (1025 DW ) 25

Change of draft or dock water allowance Homogeneous log:

Relative density of log Draft Depth Relative density of water * See Note at end of the Appendix

486

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Variable immersion hydrometer: Density My My Mx My x L

Trim
W GM L 100 L Trimming moment Change of trim or MCTC W (LCB foap LCG foap ) MCTC MCTC l Change of trim L Change of draft forward Change of trim Change of draft aft Change of draft aft Effect of trim on tank soundings: Head when full Trim Length of tank Length of ship True mean draft: Correction Trim FY Length To keep the draft aft constant: d To find GML: GM L L GG1 t MCTC L TPC l

Simpsons rules
1st rule: Area h/3 (a 4b 2c 4d e) or
1 3

CI 1

Summary of stability formulae

487

2nd rule: Area 3h/8 (a 3b 3c 2d 3e 3f g) 3rd rule: Area h/12 (5a 8b c) or

1 12

or

3 8

CI 2

CI 3

KB and BM
Transverse stability For rectangular waterplanes: LB 3 12 BM I/V I For box shapes: BM B 2/12d KB d/2 KM min B/ 6 For triangular prisms: BM B 2/6d KB 2d/3 Depth of centre of buoyancy 1 d V below the waterline 32 A Longitudinal stability For rectangular waterplanes: BL3 12 I BM L L V IL For box shapes: BM L L2 12d

488

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

For triangular prisms: BM L Transverse statical stability Moment of statical stability W GZ At small angles of heel: GZ GM sin By wall-sided formula: GZ (GM By Attwoods formula: GZ Stability curves: New GZ Old GZ GG1 sin heel or New GZ KN KG sin heel Dynamical stability W Area under stability curve v(gh g1 h1 ) W BG(1 cos ) V lo Total VHM SF W l40 lo 0.8 Actual HM Total VHM SF v hh1 BG sin V
1 2

L2 6d

BM tan 2 ) sin

Approx angle of heel

Actual HM 12 Maximum permissible HM Approx angle of due to grain shift

Reduction in GZ (GG H cos ) (GG V sin ) W ship displacement in tonnes GG H horiz movement of G GG V vert movement of G lo righting arm @ 0 (if upright ship) l40 righting arm @ 40 HM heeling moment SF stowage factor VHM volumetric heeling moment

Summary of stability formulae

489

List
Final KG GG1 Final moment Final displacement

wd Final W GG1 tan list GM Increase in draft due to list:

New draft b sin (d) cos . . . Rise of floor is zero put r in if rise of floor exists. (measured at full Br. Mld)
1 2

Inclining experiment: Length of plumbline GM GG1 Deflection

Effect of free surface

Virtual loss of GM Drydocking and grounding Upthrust at stern: P or P Old New displacement Virtual loss of GM or P KM W P KG WP MCTC t l lb3 1 2 12 W n

Pressure of liquids
Pressure (P) Dwg Thrust P Area Depth of centre of pressure I WL AZ

490

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Bilging and permeability

S 100 per cent SF v Increase in draft A a Permeability

Strength of ships
Stress Strain Youngs modulus: E Bending moment: M Section modulus Shearing stress: q Stress: f E y R Fy It E I R I Y Stress Strain Load Area Change in length y Original length R

Freeboard marks
Distance Summer LL to Winter LL
1 48

Summer draft

Distance Summer LL to Tropical LL 418 Summer draft

Ship squat
Blockage factor max bT BH 2.08 C S 0.81 Vk b 20

Summary of stability formulae

491

yo H T y 2 y o max As b T Ac B H In open water: max In confined channel:

2 C b Vk 50 Width of influence 7.7 20 (1 C b)2 2 C b Vk 100

max

Miscellaneous Angle of loll:

tan loll GM Heel due to turning: tan heel Rolling period: T 2 Zero GM: tan list Theorem of parallel axes: I CG I OZ Ay 2
3

2 GM BM T 2 initial GM cos loll

v 2 BG g r GM

k g GM

2k GM

approx

2wd W BM

492

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

or I NA I xx Ay 2 Permeability () Permeability BS 100 per cent SF Increase in draft A a

Permeability () Permeability () Solid factor Sinkage Tan 1 RD

Volume available for water 100 Volume available for cargo SF of cargo solid factor 100 SF of cargo Effective length l

Volume of bilged compartment Intact waterplane area

BB H GM bilged

Drafts and trim considerations Correction to observed drafts l1 Trim L1

Midships draft corrected for deflection

d FP (6 d m ) d AP 8

Correction of midships draft Distance of LCF from midships Trim to true mean draft when LBP LCF is not at amidships Second trim correction for position of LCF, if trimmed hydrostatics are not supplied a (form correction) True trim (MCTC2 MCTC1 ) 2 TPC LBP Alternative form correction 50 (True trim )2 (MCTC2 MCTC1 ) LBP

Summary of stability formulae

493

Note
These formulae and symbols are for guidance only and other formulae which give equally valid results are acceptable. Mass Volume substance FW

RD

(L B d) Cb DWT light AW (L B) CW TPC AW 100 W TPC

Sinkage/rise FWA DWA

Summer 4 TPCSW (1025 dock ) FWA 25

MSS GZ GZ GM sin
2 GZ [GM 1 2 BM tan ]sin

GZ KN (KG sin ) Dynamic stability Area under GZ curve Area under curve (SR1) Area under curve (SR2) lo Total VHM SF 1 h (y1 4y 2 y 3 ) 3 3 h (y1 3y 2 3y 3 y 4 ) 8

l40 lo 0.8 Actual HM Total VHM SF

494

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Approx angle of heel

Actual HM 12 Max permissible HM

Reduction in GZ (GGH cos ) (GGv sin ) Rolling period T (sec) 2K g GM or ws 2 or 2 K2 gGM T

K2 seconds GM T

GG H/V FSC

i T l b3 T 12 FSM GG H GM

FSC

FSC

tan

KG

Moments Weights Moments Weights

GG H

GM

w s length deflection 2 GM BM T 2 initial GM cos

tan angle of loll

GM at angle of loll 2ws BM T

tan

Summary of stability formulae

495

Draft when heeled (Upright draft cos ) ( 1 beam sin ) 2 Position of the metacentre KM T KB BM T lT L B3 BM T ( box) 12 BM T Distance Summer LL to Winter LL 1 Summer draft 48 1 Summer draft 48 8

Distance Summer LL to Tropical LL KM L KB BM L BM L IL L3 B 12

BM L ( box)

MCTC

GM L 100 LBP

CoT

Trimming moment MCTC LCF LBP

Change of trim aft Change of trim

Change of trim fwd Change of trim

LBP LCF LBP LCF trim Turn mean draft Draft aft LBP (LCG LCB) MCTC

Trim

Trim MCTC LCF

P Reduction in TMD TPC Loss of GM P KM T or P KG P

496

Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

tan

v 2 BG g R GM Volume available for water 100 Volume available for cargo

Permeability () 1 RD

Solid factor

Permeability ()

SF of cargo solid factor 100 SF of cargo

Effective length l Sinkage Volume of bilged compartment permea bility () Intact water plane area

I parallel axis I centroidal axis As 2 Tan BB H GM bilged l1 Trim L1 d FP (6 d M ) d AP 8

Correction to observed drafts

Midships draft corrected for deflection

Correction of midships draft to true mean dr raft when CF not midships Distance of CF from midships trim (true trim at perps) LBP Second trim correction for position of CF if f trimmed hydrostatics are not supplied (form correction) True trim (MCTC2 MCTC1 ) 2 TPC LBP Alternative form correction 50 true trim 2 (M MCTC2 MCTC1 ) LBP

Summary
Always write your formula first in letters. If you then make a mathematical error you will at least obtain some marks for a correct formula.