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Abstract: "or the past four &eca&es treatment an& &isposal of sche&ule& 'astes resulting in man# environmental problems such as illegal &umping, illegal e(port an& import of 'astes. Nevertheless, 'ith ne' technolog# &evelopment an& increasing commitment, man# t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes can be recovere& or rec#cle&. Ho'ever, there are three main issues to consi&er 'hen &iscussing sche&ule& 'aste management hierarch#, 'hich are lack of a'areness on the importance of sche&ule& 'aste recover# or rec#cling, regulator# constraints, an& lack of kno'le&ge on the state)of)the)art technolog# for the recover# or rec#cling processes. $he aim of the stu&# is to pro&uce the recover# or rec#cling process flo' for selecte& sche&ule& 'astes. $he ob*ectives are to initiate the possibilit# of sche&ule& 'aste recover# an& rec#cling processes base& on the Environmental +ualit# Act re,uirements that can be recovere& or rec#cle&, organi-e the recover# an& rec#cling process flo' for use& solvent an& to formulate the 'aste acceptance criteria an& material balance calculation for use& solvent. $he stu&# 'as con&ucte& through an evaluation an& comparison on the recover# or rec#cling processes &one b# the relate& in&ustries in %ala#sia an& site visit to rec#cling factor#. "rom the stu&#, out of total .. t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes liste& in the "irst !che&ule, there are /0 t#pes are being recovere& or rec#cle&, the flo' of recover# or rec#cling processes for use& solvent has been pro&uce&. 1n a&&ition, the 'aste acceptance criteria have been i&entifie& from the minimum level of acceptance prior to recover# or rec#cling processes. $he material balance calculation 'hich in&icate the percentage of treate& or recovere& 'aste materials, resi&ual slu&ge material generate& an& 'aste'ater &ischarge& if the plant is operate& at its ma(imum capacit# is also been a&&resse& in or&er to enable the factor# or consultant have the certaint# to invest in the re,uire& ne' technolog# , hence to ensure efficient 'astes recover# activities. Keywords: recovery, recycling, process flow, waste acceptance criteria, material balance
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Accor&ing to the Environmental +ualit# Act, 02./ 3Amen&ment4 0225, 6sche&ule& 'aste7 means an# 'aste prescribe& b# the %inister in the regulations as sche&ule& 'astes. !cientificall#, sche&ule& 'aste is a material or article containing a chemical, or mi(ture of chemicals, e(cee&ing the threshol& concentration an& threshol& ,uantit# 'hich is pro&uce& from certain activities such as in&ustrial, me&ical, service,
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containing organic in nature, resistant to &egra&ation b# chemical, ph#sical or biological means, to(ic to humans, animals, vegetation or a,uatic life an& bioaccumulative in humans, flora an& fauna. Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations :;;< came into operation on 0< August :;;<, an& replaces the Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations 02=2. Un&er these ne' regulations, .. t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes liste& in the "irst !che&ule are &ivi&e& into < categories. !che&ule& 'astes can be store&, recovere& or treate& 'ithin the premises of the 'aste generators. !uch activities &o not re,uire licensing b# the Department of Environment. A 'aste generator ma# store sche&ule& 'astes generate& b# him for 0=; &a#s or less after its generation provi&e& that the ,uantit# of sche&ule& 'astes accumulate& on site shall not e(cee& :; metric tones. Ho'ever, 'aste generators ma# appl# to the Director >eneral in 'riting to store more than :; metric tones of sche&ule& 'astes 3E1A >ui&elines, :;;.4. $he containers that are use& to store sche&ule& 'astes shall be clearl# labele& 'ith the &ate 'hen the sche&ule& 'astes are first generate& an& name, a&&ress an& telephone number of the 'aste generator. On)site incineration of sche&ule& 'astes is not encourage&. 1f it is &eeme& necessar#, application for the installation of such incinerator must strictl# a&here to the >ui&elines on the 1nstallation of On)site 1ncinerator for the Disposal of !che&ule& 8astes in %ala#sia b# the Department of Environment, inclu&ing carr#ing out a &etaile& environmental impact assessment.
'pacing % lines ! Problem Statement 'pacing 1.) lines $here are three main issues to consi&er 'hen &iscussing sche&ule& 'aste management hierarch# of re&uce, reuse, rec#cle, an& recover. $he three main issues are lack of a'areness on the importance of sche&ule& 'aste recover# an& rec#cling, regulator# constraints an& lack of kno'le&ge on the state)of)the)art technolog# for the recover# an& rec#cling processes.
$he Ninth %ala#sia Plan states the >overnment?s intention to focus its effort on &eveloping the countr#?s agricultural in&ustr#, nevertheless %ala#sia continues to maintain the manufacturing in&ustr# as the main sector for &evelopment process an& economic gro'th. Ho'ever, in&ustrial activit# generates huge amount of 'astes. $he e(isting management s#stems in %ala#sia for in&ustrial 'astes gives priorit# to en&)of) pipe approach, promotes the use of treatment an& &isposal metho&, rather than recover# or rec#cling. @ut this approach has been foun& creating man# environmental problems such as ne' lan& re,uirements for &isposals an& illegal &umping. !che&ule& 'aste management in %ala#sia is 'ell)establishe& after more than A< #ears of e(perience commencing from the enactment of Environmental +ualit# Act 02./. Nonetheless, problems associate& 'ith sche&ule& 'aste management such as illegal &umping as 'ell as lack of enforcement still e(ist that necessitate urgent intervention from relevant stakehol&ers. 9egulation 5 in the Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations :;;< an& the amen&ment 9egulations :;;. &efines in a ver# general manner the recover# of material or pro&uct from sche&ule& 'aste. $he .. t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes liste& in the "irst !che&ule shoul& be &efine& specificall# b# 'aste acceptance criteria prior recover# an& rec#cling processes. A complete &escription of sche&ule& 'aste shoul& i&entif# source, t#pe, categories an& also the process involve& in the generation of the sche&ule& 'aste. $he chemical composition anal#sis such as heav# metals, sulfur, ben-ene, etc shoul& be &efine& as 'ell. $his is important for the local in&ustries to i&entif# the suitable sche&ule& 'aste for recover# an& rec#cling purposes. !$ Aim and ob%ectives
$he aim of the pro*ect is to pro&uce the recover# an& rec#cling process flo' for selecte& sche&ule& 'astes. $he ob*ectives of this stu&# areB 3i4 $o initiate the possibilit# of sche&ule& processes base& on the Environmental 'aste recover# an& rec#cling +ualit# Act re,uirements.
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$o
rec#cling
an& use& rags recover#. $o formulate the 8aste Acceptance Criteria 38AC4 an& %aterial @alance calculation for use& solvent an& use& rags recover#. !& Scope of the Study
$he scope of this stu&# is the recover# an& rec#cling processes practice& b# factories in %ala#sia 'ho are involve& in the sche&ule& 'astes recover# an& rec#cling in&ustries. Assessment on 8aste Acceptance Criteria 38AC4 an& %aterial @alance calculation for use& solvent an& rags 'ill be base& on the current practice an& fin&ings b# the relate& factories. !' #mportance of the Study
!che&ule& 'aste recover# or rec#cling contribute& significantl# to economic benefits an& environmental protection. Currentl#, the amount of sche&ule& 'aste generate& b# the manufacturing in&ustries in %ala#sia sho's increasing tren&s. $herefore, the stu&# 'oul& help the Environmental 1mpact Assessment Consultant, investors an& also private an& government sectors to create an innovative technolog# in recover# or rec#cling processes for sche&ule& 'aste as liste& in the Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations :;;<.
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(iterature Review A high volume of sche&ule& 'aste generate& &ail# &eman&s goo& management
infrastructure.
b# %ala#sian in&ustries for the past three &eca&es provi&es enough suppl# of 'astes for recover# purposes 3A-ni et.al., :;;/4. 8ith re&ucing number of lan&fill able to han&le increasing 'astes, there is nee& to recover or rec#cle 'astes for other uses. !che&ule&
'astes such as spent solvent, spent oil, slag an& &ross, contaminate& rag, etc. generate& &uring manufacturing or packaging has been foun& having significant values. 1n a&&ition, recover# an& rec#cling of 'aste catal#st, photographic solutions, contaminate& rag, paper an& plastic, use& &rum, use& HDPE container, etc. has become an important support in&ustr#. Hence, recover# an& rec#cling of sche&ule& 'aste can offer a number of environmental in terms of re&ucing the volume of sche&ule& 'aste that nee&s to be finall# &ispose&. @esi&es, recover# an& rec#cling 'oul& help in&ustr# to obtain alternative resources, 'hich is also able to re&uce their manufacturing cost. As pollution is ba& for business, innovative environmental management metho&s are &esigne& to satisf# all regulator# re,uirements, to protect an& enhance the value of ph#sical assets as 'ell as corporate reputations. $his is in line 'ith the increasing &eman& for limite& natural resource, hence sche&ule& 'aste metal for &rum. !olvents particularl# have man# &iverse uses from paints an& coatings, personal care pro&ucts an& pharmaceuticals to pestici&es, cleaners an& inks. $housan&s of pro&ucers an& manufacturers, an& millions of 'orkers, rel# on solvents ever# &a# to provi&e solutions to ne' manufacturing nee&s an& to sustain e(cellence in functional performance. 1n the form of li,ui&, solvent has the abilit# to &issolve, suspen&, or e(tract other materials 'ithout causing a chemical change to the material or solvent. !olvents make it possible to process, appl#, clean, or separate materials. $he American !olvents Council 3:;;:4 states that solvents operate on the principle of 6like &issolves like7C therefore, for a solvent to 'ork it nee&s to have similar chemical characteristics to the substance that it is tr#ing to &issolve. Halogenate& solvent is a s#nthetic solvents containing mi(ture of elements such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, io&ine, an& astatine. Nevertheless non)halogenate& solvent is a petroleum solvent 3Dee, :;;=4. $he use& solvents can be recovere& b# &istillation or evaporation to separate the more volatile materials from less volatile materials b# a process of vaporisation an& con&ensation. recover# an& rec#cling provi&es alternative resources an& re&uces &epen&enc# on natural resource such as oil for plastic an&
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Research )ethodology $o achieve this research ob*ectives, e(plorator# case stu&# approach 'ere
implemente&. $he recover# an& rec#cling processes &one b# factories in %ala#sia 'ere stu&ie&. !econ&ar# &ata 'ere collecte& from the Department of Environment at ohor @ahru, Putra*a#a an& 1poh. Data gathere& for the stu&# areB 0. :. A. $#pes of sche&ule& 'astes as classifie& in the Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations :;;< that being recovere& or rec#cle&. $he recover# an& rec#cling processes technolog# for use& solvent an& use& rags 'hich are currentl# practice& $he 8aste Acceptance Criteria an& %aterial @alance calculation for the recover# an& rec#cling of use& solvent an& rags.
Primar# &ata 'ere obtaine& through site visit to Eilang Eitar !emula, 9anama 9esource !&n. @h&., Dot :=0., 0=.< Em Debuhra#a Pasir >u&ang, $an !an Estate, =0.<; Plentong, ohor @ahru, ohor 'hich 'as con&ucte& in "ebruar# :;;2. $he purpose of the visit 'as to observe an& stu&# solvent recover# an& rec#cling processes &one in the premise.
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*ata +ollection and Analysis "rom the secon&ar# &ata gathere&, out of total .. t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes as
liste& in the "irst !che&ule, there are /0 3<AF4 t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes are being recovere& an& rec#cle&. '! ,sed Solvent Recovery
$he solvents recovere& have purit# greater than 2<F, varie& from times to times &epen&s on the nature of the spent solvents 39anama 9esources !&n @h&, :;;.4. $o
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purif# spent solvents 'hich contain single solvent is simple. 8hereas to separate mi(e& solvents like thinner re,uires more te&ious process like longer con&ensing columns an& longer evaporation time. $he solvents that use& in plating process ma# contain oil an& grease that nee&s to be remove& as this contributes to inefficient in plating process. $here are various t#pes of solvent 'hich can be collecte& from in&ustries. '!$ Solvent Waste Acceptance +riteria $he solvent 'aste ma# be supplie& from electronics manufacturer 3PC@, 1C an& parts4, paint in&ustr#, solvent base& paint manufacturers an& paint packing factories, ink in&ustr# from ink manufacturer an& printing companies an& other in&ustr# inclu&ing a&hesive in&ustries an& factories using paint an& ink pro&ucts. Upon receiving, the 'aste 'ill be anal#-e& to reconfirm their characteristic base& on the information furnishe& b# the spent solvent 'aste generators. $he 'aste spent solvent must meet the acceptance criteria prior rec#cling. '!& Solvent Recovery Process *escription 8aste solvent coul& be recovere& through separation an& evaporation. After conforming to the 'aste acceptance criteria, the 'aste solvent 'ill be fe& into the !eparator to separate oil an& 'ater or li,ui& b# separating the heav# soli&s an& oil from solvents. $he coalescers in the !eparator 'oul& trap an# free 'ater an& act as pre)filter to other processes. $he heavier soli&s 'ill settle at the bottom of the !eparator an& 'ill be e(tracte& out to be &rie&, thickene& an& &ispose& at Eualiti Alam !&n. @h&. $he solvent is then being &irecte& through soli& removal &evice such as a couple of stainless steel 'ire mesh bag filters to eliminate un'ante& suspen&e& soli&s ranging from 0 to :< micron 'ith the help of a pressure pump. $he stainless steel 'ire cloth bag filters is 'ashable for reuse. $he slu&ge 'ill be remove& for thickening an& &isposal. After separation process, 'hich is the removal of soli& contaminants an& oil, the solvent 'ill be fe& into vacuum evaporation chamber for moisture removal. $he
vapori-er is use& to preheat the solvent to the re,uire& temperature 'hen it starts boiling 'hile the pressure in the chamber is kept belo' the atmospheric pressure. $he vapori-e& solvent is then &ra'n to'ar&s the refrigerate& coole& con&enser 'here it is con&ense& to li,ui& form. $he air gets sucke& insi&e the vacuum pump is &irecte& out into the atmosphere. $he process is continue& till the solvent is completel# evaporate& 'hile the non)volatile resi&ue or slu&ge 'ill be scrappe& out through a valve s#stem from the vacuum vapori-er. $he evaporation process 'orks in an entirel# close& s#stem. $he capacit# of cooling s#stem shoul& 'ell enough to con&ense all the vapor hence the fume emitte& into the air is negligible. '!' Solvent Recovery )aterial -alance Depen&s on the plant capacit#, from 0;;F of 'aste solvent collecte&, about ;.;:F 'ill be the settable soli&. $hroughout the recover# process, it is estimate& to recover about =AF of treate& solvent an& generate about :.;F of resi&ual slu&ge material an& 0<.;F is estimate& to be oil# 'aste'ater &epen&ing on the purit# of the 'aste solvent use& as the fee&stock an& consi&ering the plant is operate& at its ma(imum capacit#.
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+onclusions and Recommendations $he stu&# has met the aim an& ob*ectives setup earlier as the follo'ing
conclusions can be &ra'n base& on the fin&ingsB 0. @ase& on the Environmental +ualit# Act re,uirements, /0 t#pes of sche&ule& 'astes generate& from / categories 'hich are !8 0, !8 :, !8 A an& !8 / can be rec#cle& an& recovere&. :. $hrough evaluation an& comparison on the recover# an& rec#cling processes &one b# the relate& manufacturers in %ala#sia, the recover# an& rec#cling process flo' for use& solvent has been pro&uce&.
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@# comparison, the 8aste Acceptance Criteria have been i&entifie& from the minimum level of acceptance prior to recover# an& rec#cling processes an& the %aterial @alance calculation in&icate the percentage of treate& or recovere& 'aste materials, resi&ual slu&ge material generate& an& 'aste'ater &ischarge& if the plant is operate& at its ma(imum capacit#.
1n line 'ith the concept of /9 3re&uction, reuse, rec#cling an& recover#4 an& 6from cra&le to grave7 'aste management, a greener environmental solution, thereb# enabling the rec#cling in&ustries to achieve A;F of total soli& an& sche&ule& 'aste rec#cling in :;:; besi&es <F currentl# 3Utusan %ala#sia, :;;24. Hence, the follo'ing recommen&ations shoul& be carrie& out to improve the stu&#B 0. $he general recover# an& rec#cling process flo' for another 50 t#pes or the most 'aste generate& from the "irst !che&ule Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8astes4 9egulations :;;< shoul& be pro&uce&. :. $he costs associate& 'ith the price &iscover# for the technolog# 'hich give NPG 3Net Present Galue4 coul& be another element that shoul& be enhance& in the stu&# in or&er to give value a&&e& to the rec#cling in&ustr#.
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References
A-ni 1&ris, @ulent 1nanc an& %oh& Nasir Hasan, 3:;;/4. Overview of Waste Disposal and Landfills/Dumps in Asian Countries. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. Volume , No.:, pp 0;/)00; Department of Environment 3:;;.4. !nvironmental "mpact Assessment #uidance Document for $%e Construction of &c%eduled Waste 'ecovery (lant )Off*&ite+, Department of Environment, %ala#sia Department of Environment, %ala#sia 3:;;.4. !nvironmental "mpact Assessment, Containers 'ecycling, &olvent and Oil 'ecovery, J-arrels . Drums "ndustry &dn -%d Lot /011 Jalan 2empas Lama, 2m 33 &eelong Jaya, Mu4im &4udai, Jo%or -a%ru, Jo%or , Department of Environment, %ala#sia Department of Environment, %ala#sia 3:;;.4. !nvironmental "mpact Assessment, 9ags 9ec#cling an& Paint 9ecover#, 'anama 'esources &dn -%d Dots 0;:/:, 30156 and 30155, Mu4im (lentong, Daera% Jo%or -a%ru, Jo%or, Department of Environment, %ala#sia Department of Environment, %ala#sia 3:;;.4. !nvironmental "mpact Assessment, 'ecycling Containers and &olvent 'ecovery, 'anama 'esources &dn -%d Dots 0;:/:, 30156 and 30155, Mu4im (lentong, Daera% Jo%or -a%ru, Jo%or, Department of Environment, %ala#sia Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8aste4 9egulations, :;;< PU3A4:2/H:;;< Environmental +ualit# 3!che&ule& 8aste4 3Amen&ment4 9egulations, :;;. PU3A4 0<=H:;;. %aterial !afet# Data !heet %.E. Carol Dee 3:;;=4. 7on*8alogenated &olvent Dry Cleaning M.2. Unite& !tates of America Utusan %ala#sia, 3:;;24. 6%ala#sia mahu capai A; peratus ka&ar kitar semula7, :AH;:H:;;2
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+ontents of Technical Paper 0(ength 1 " 2 . pages3 $itle Name of researcher I institution Name of !upervisor I institution Abstract 0.; 1ntro&uction 0.0 Problem !tatement 0.: Aim an& bo*ectives 0.A !cope of stu&# 0./ 1mportance of the !tu&#
Diterature 9evie' 9esearch %etho&olog# Data Collection an& Anal#sis Conclusions an& 9ecommen&ations 9eferences