Lecture Note On Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete - Victor E.saouma - (2002)

Draft
DRAFT
Lecture Notes in:
Mechanics and Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE

CVEN4555
c VICTOR
E. SAOUMA,
Fall 2001
Dept. of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428
May 18, 2002
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02
Victor Saouma
Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1 Mix Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.1 Constituents . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.2 Preliminary Considerations 1.1.1.1.3 Mix procedure . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.4 Mix Design Example . . . 1.1.1.2 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Design Philosophy, USD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Analysis vs Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Basic Relations and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 ACI Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FLEXURE 2.1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Basic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Working Stress Method . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-2 Cracked Elastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-3 Working Stress Design Method; Analysis . . . E 2-4 Working Stress Design Method; Design . . . 2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method . 2.3.1 Whitney Stress Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Balanced Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Practical Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Minimum Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Beam Sizes, Bar Spacing, Concrete Cover . . 2.4.3 Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 USD Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-5 Ultimate Strength; Review . . . . . . . . . . E 2-6 Ultimate Strength; Design I . . . . . . . . . . E 2-7 Ultimate Strength; Design II . . . . . . . . . 11 . 11 . 11 . 11 . 11 . 15 . 15 . 18 . 19 . 113 . 114 . 115 . 116 . 116 21 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 . 28 . 210 . 211 . 211 . 212 . 212 . 213 . 213 . 215 . 215 . 216 . 217
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02 2.6 2.7 T Beams, (ACI 8.10) . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 Design, (balanced) . . . . . . . . . E 2-8 T Beam; Moment Capacity I . . . E 2-9 T Beam; Moment Capacity II . . . E 2-10 T Beam; Design . . . . . . . . . . Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams . . 2.7.1 Tests for fs and fs . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2 Moment Equations . . . . . . . . . E 2-11 Doubly Reinforced Concrete beam; E 2-12 Doubly Reinforced Concrete beam; Bond & Development Length . . . . . . . 2.8.1 Moment Capacity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 . 219 . 219 . 220 . 221 . 222 . 223 . 224 . 226 . 228 . 230 . 231 . 235 31 . 31 . 32 . 34 . 36 . 37 . 37 . 38 . 311 . 311 . 312 41 41 42 42 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 51 51 53 54 54 55 57
2.8
3 SHEAR 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Shear Strength of Uncracked Section 3.3 Shear Strength of Cracked Sections . 3.4 ACI Code Requirements . . . . . . . 3.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 3-1 Shear Design . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Shear Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 3-2 Shear Friction . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Brackets and Corbels . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Deep Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 CONTINUOUS BEAMS 4.1 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Methods of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Detailed Analysis . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 ACI Approximate Method . . . . 4.3 Eective Span Design Moment . . . . . 4.4 Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Section . 4.4.2 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 4-1 Moment Redistribution . . . . . 4.5 Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SERVICEABILITY 5.1 Control of Cracking . . . . . E 5-1 Crack Width . . . . . 5.2 Deections . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Short Term Deection 5.2.2 Long Term Deection E 5-2 Deections . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 6 APPROXIMATE FRAME ANALYSIS 6.1 Vertical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Portal Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 6-1 Approximate Analysis of a Frame subjected to Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and Horizontal . . . . . . . . .
03 61 . 61 . 64 . 64 . 66
7 ONE WAY SLABS 71 7.1 Types of Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7.2 One Way Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 7.3 Design of a One Way Continuous Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8 COLUMNS 9 COLUMNS 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.1 Types of Columns . . . . . . . . . 9.1.2 Possible Arrangement of Bars . . . 9.2 Short Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 Concentric Loading . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2 Eccentric Columns . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2.1 Balanced Condition . . . 9.2.2.2 Tension Failure . . . . . . 9.2.2.3 Compression Failure . . . 9.2.3 ACI Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.4 Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . . 9.2.5 Design Charts . . . . . . . . . . . E 9-1 R/C Column, c known . . . . . . . E 9-2 R/C Column, e known . . . . . . . E 9-3 R/C Column, Using Design Charts 9.2.6 Biaxial Bending . . . . . . . . . . E 9-4 Biaxially Loaded Column . . . . . 9.3 Long Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Euler Elastic Buckling . . . . . . . 9.3.2 Eective Length . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3 Moment Magnication Factor; ACI E 9-5 Long R/C Column . . . . . . . . . E 9-6 Design of Slender Column . . . . . 10 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.1 Materials . . . . . . . 10.1.2 Prestressing Forces . . 10.1.3 Assumptions . . . . . 10.1.4 Tendon Conguration 10.1.5 Equivalent Load . . . 10.1.6 Load Deformation . . 10.2 Flexural Stresses . . . . . . . 81 91 . 91 . 91 . 91 . 93 . 93 . 93 . 94 . 95 . 96 . 97 . 98 . 98 . 98 . 910 . 914 . 915 . 918 . 919 . 919 . 920 . 922 . 925 . 926 101 . 101 . 101 . 104 . 104 . 104 . 104 . 104 . 106
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04 E 10-1 Prestressed Concrete I Beam 10.3 Case Study: Walnut Lane Bridge . . 10.3.1 Cross-Section Properties . . . 10.3.2 Prestressing . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.3 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.4 Flexural Stresses . . . . . . . 11 FOOTINGS 12 DEEP BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 . 1010 . 1012 . 1012 . 1013 . 1013 111 121
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List of Figures
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 Schematic Representation of Aggregate Gradation MicroCracks in Concrete under Compression . . . Concrete Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of Rupture Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Split Cylinder (Brazilian) Test . . . . . . . . . . . Biaxial Strength of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Dependent Strains in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . 110 . 111 . 111 . 111 . 112 . 113 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 28 . 210 . 215 . 218 . 218 . 218 . 219 . 224 . 224 . 225 . 226 . 227 . 231 . 232 . 232 . 233 . 233 . 235 . 236 . 237 . 238
Strain Diagram Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformed Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stress Diagram Cracked Elastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desired Stress Distribution; WSD Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cracked Section, Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whitney Stress Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beam as Rectangular Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beam Strain and Stress Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decomposition of Steel Reinforcement for T Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doubly Reinforced Beams; Strain and Stress Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dierent Possibilities for Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams . . . . . . . . . . Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? . . . . . . . . . . . . Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Conditions for top and Bottom Steel Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . Bond and Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual Bond Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splitting Along Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar cuto requirements of the ACI code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard cuto or bend points for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25 Moment Capacity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3
Principal Stresses in Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Types of Shear Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Shear Strength of Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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02 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . 34 . 35 . 35 . 37 . 39 . 39 . 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 43 44 44 45 45 46 48 52 54 55 56 56
Mohrs Circle for Shear Strength of Uncracked Section . . . . . . . Shear Strength of Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free Body Diagram of a R/C Section with a Flexural Shear Crack Equilibrium of Shear Forces in Cracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of ACI Code Requirements for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . Corbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shear Friction Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shear Friction Across Inclined Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous R/C Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Positioning on Continuous Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACI Approximate Moment Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Negative Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment Diagram of a Rigidly Connected Uniformly Loaded Beam Moment Curvature of an Elastic-Plastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . Plastic Moments in Uniformly Loaded Rigidly Connected Beam . . Plastic Redistribution in Concrete Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . Block Diagram for R/C Building Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crack Width Equation Parameters . Uncracked Transformed and Cracked Time Dependent Deection . . . . . Time Dependent Strain Distribution Short and long Term Deections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformed X Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Girder Moments . 62 Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Axial Forces63 Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Moments 63 Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Shear . . . 65 Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Girder Moment . . 65 Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Axial Force66 Example; Approximate Analysis of a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Approximate Analysis of a Building; Moments Due to Vertical Loads . . . . . . . 69 Approximate Analysis of a Building; Shears Due to Vertical Loads . . . . . . . . 610 Approximate Analysis for Vertical Loads; Spread-Sheet Format . . . . . . . . . . 612 Approximate Analysis for Vertical Loads; Equations in Spread-Sheet . . . . . . . 613 Approximate Analysis of a Building; Moments Due to Lateral Loads . . . . . . . 614 Portal Method; Spread-Sheet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 Portal Method; Equations in Spread-Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Types of Slabs . . . . . . . . . One vs Two way slabs . . . . . Load Distribution in Slabs . . . Load Transfer in R/C Buildings Types of columns . . . . . . . Tied vs Spiral Reinforcement Possible Bar arrangements . . Sources of Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 72 72 73 91 92 92 93
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9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6
LIST OF FIGURES Load Moment Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strain and Stress Diagram of a R/C Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Column Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Failure Surface of a Biaxially Loaded Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Contour at Plane of Constant Pn , and Nondimensionalized Corresponding plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biaxial Bending Interaction Relations in terms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bilinear Approximation for Load Contour Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns Euler Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Column Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical lengths of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eective length Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Alignment Chart (ACI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Column Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-M Magnication Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
03 . 94 . 95 . 98 . 915 . 916 . 917 . 917 . 919 . 920 . 921 . 922 . 923 . 923 . 924 . 102 . 102 . 103 . 105 . 105 . 106 . 107 . 1011 . 1012 . 111 . 112 . 112 . 113 . 113
Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Wire Prestressing Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative Schemes for Prestressing a Rectangular Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . Determination of Equivalent Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load-Deection Curve and Corresponding Internal Flexural Stresses for a Typical Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 Flexural Stress Distribution for a Beam with Variable Eccentricity; Maximum Moment Section and Support Section, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 Walnut Lane Bridge, Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 Walnut Lane Bridge, Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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List of Tables
ASTM Sieve Designations Nominal Sizes Used for Concrete Aggregates . . . . ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Coarse Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Fine Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . Example of Fineness Modulus Determination for Fine Aggregate . . . . . . . . Recommended Slumps (inches) for Various Types of Construction . . . . . . . Recommended Average Total Air Content as % For Dierent Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates and Levels of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Approximate Mixing Water Requirements, lb/yd3 of Concrete For Dierent Slumps and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Relationship Between Water/Cement Ratio and Compressive Strength . . . . . 1.9 Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Concrete for Different Fineness Moduli of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Creep Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Properties of Reinforcing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Strength Reduction Factors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.2 4.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 . . . . . 13 13 13 15 16
. 16 . 17 . 17 . 18 . 113 . 114 . 114
Total areas for various numbers of reinforcing bars (inch2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Minimum Width (inches) according to ACI Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Building Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Columns Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . 618 Girders Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . . 619 Recommended Minimum Slab and Beam Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
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LIST OF TABLES
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
LIST OF TABLES
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Tentative Schedule Fall 1994

Aug. 28 Aug. 30 Sep. 4 Sep. 6 Sep. 11 Sep. 13 Sep. 18 Sep. 20 Sep. 25 Sep. 27 Oct. 2 Oct. 4 Oct. 9 Oct. 11 Oct. 16 Oct. 18 Oct. 23 Oct. 25 Oct. 30 Nov. 1 Nov. 6 Nov. 8 Nov. 13 Nov. 15 Nov. 20 Nov. 22 Intro; Material Concrete mix design Elastic Uncracked WSD; USD singly reinforced USD singly, examples T Beams T Beams, Doubly Reinf Doubly Reinf Development length Shear Shear TP Lab Fall Break Crack width EXAM I Deection Crack Width-Defelction Deection, Continuous Systems Continuous Systems; One way slabs Columns; Intro Columns LAB Columns Biaxial bending Long column Lab Thanksgiving
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LIST OF TABLES
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.1.1
Material
Concrete
This section is adapted from Concrete by Mindess and Young, Prentice Hall, 1981 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.1 Mix Design Constituents
1 Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregates (usually sand and crushed stone).
Portland cement is a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials which are calcined in a kiln and then pulverized. When mixed with water, cement hardens through a process called hydration.
2 3
Ideal mixture is one in which: 1. A minimum amount of cement-water paste is used to ll the interstices between the particles of aggregates. 2. A minimum amount of water is provided to complete the chemical reaction with cement. Strictly speaking, a water/cement ratio of about 0.25 is needed to complete this reaction, but then the concrete will have a very low workability.
In such a mixture, about 3/4 of the volume is constituted by the aggregates, and the remaining 1/4 being the cement paste.
4 Smaller particles up to 1/4 in. in size are called ne aggregates, and the larger ones being coarse aggregates. 5
Portland Cement has the following ASTM designation I Normal II Moderate sulfate resistant, moderate heat of hydration III High early strength (but releases too much heat)
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INTRODUCTION
0000 1111 111 000 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 000 111 0000 000 1111 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 000 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
111 000 000 111 0000 1111 000 0000 1111 000 11 111 000 000 111 111 00111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 0000 1111 000 000 111 00 11 00 11 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 111 1111 000 000 00 111 00011 111 000 111 000 111 00 11 11 0000 1111 00 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 00 11 000 111 111 000 00 11 000 111 111 000 000 11 111 000 00 111 00 111 11 00 000 11 000 111 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 111 000 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 000 111 000 1111 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 000 1111 111
0 1 0000 1111 00 11 000 111 0 1 0000 0 1111 1 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 1 0 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 00 11 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 00 1 11 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 111 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 000 0 1 0000 1111 0 1 00 11 0 1 0 1 000 111 0 1 0000 1111 0 1 00 1 11 0 1 0 1 000 111 0 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 0000 1111 000 111 000 0 1 0 1 1 0 000 1 111 0111 000 111 0 1 0 1 1 0 000 111 0 1 0 111 1 0000 1111 000 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 00 11 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 00111 11 0 1 000 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 01111 1 1 0 000 111 00 000 111 0000 1111 1 11 1111 00 1 11 0 00 0 11 000 111 0000 11 00 1 0 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0000 1111 0000 000 0 1111 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 11111 00 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 11 00 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 00 11 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 0000 1111 00 11 11 00 0 1 000 111 11 00 00 1 11 0 0000 000 111 11 00 0 1111 1 0000 1111 000 1 111 0111 000 0 1 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 000 1111 111 0000 000 1 111 0111 000 0000 1111 000 111 0000 11 00 1 0 1 0 000 1111 111 11 00 1 0 1 0
11 00 00 11 000 111 00 11 000 111 000 111 000 111 00 11 000 111 000 111 00 111 11 000 00 111 11 000
11 00 00 11 00 11
000 111 000 111 111 000 11 00 000 111 00 11 00 11
111 000 000 11 111 00 000 111 111 00 11 000 000 111 000 111 00 11 000 000 111 00 11 111 111 000 000 111 00 11 000 111
00 11 000 000 111 111 00 11 000 000 111 111 11 00 00111 11 00000 11 000 111 00 11 000 111 00 11 000 111 000 000 111 111 000 111 000 111
00 11 0000 1111 0 1 000 111 00 11 0000 00 11 0 1111 1 000 111 0000 1111 00 11 111 000 0000 1111 11 00 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 00 11 0000 111 1111 000 0 1 0000 1111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 0000 1111 0 1 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 0 1 00 11 000 0000 1111 0000 111 1111 0 00 11 000 111 0000 1 1111 000 111 0000 1111 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 00 111 11 000 111 0000 1111 00 11 000 00 11 0000 1111 00 11 0 1 00 11 00 11 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 00 11 0 1 00 11 00 11 000 111 00 111 11 0000 1111 000 111 000 0000 1111 000 111 000 00 11 00 11 11 00 000 11 111 00111 000 111 00 11 00 11 11 00 000 111 00 11 00 111 11 000 111 000 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 00 11 0000 1111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 00 1 11 0000 1111 000 111 000 00 11 0000 1111 0 00 11 000111 111 000 111 00 11 0000 0111 1 00 11 000 000 111 0000 1111 000 001111 11 11 00 000111 111 0 1 000 111 0000 1111 11 00 1 1111 0 1 0 0 1 000 111 0000 1 0 1 0 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0000 1111 000 11 111 00 11 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 00 00 11 00 11 11 00 0000 1111 000 111 000 00 11 00 11 00 11 11 00 1111 0 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 00111 11 1 0 0000 1111 000 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 0 1 00 11 000 111 0000 1111 000 111 0 1 0 1 00 11 000 111 1 0 0 1 1 0 000 111 000 111 1 0 0 1 000 111 000 111 00111 11 000 0 1 000 111 000 111 00 11 000 111 000 111 000 111 00111 11 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 1 0 11 00 00 11 00 000 00 111 1 0 11 11
11 00 00 11 00 11
00 11 11 11 00 00 111 000 11 00 000 111 000 111
11 00 00 11
00 11 00 11 000 111 11 00 00 11 000 111 11 00 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
Figure 1.1: Schematic Representation of Aggregate Gradation IV Low heat Portland cement, minimizes thermal cracking but must control initial temperature V Sulfate resistant (marine environment)
6 Aggregate usually occupy 70% to 80% of the volume of concrete. They are granular material derived, for the most part, from natural rock, crushed stone, natural gravels and sands.
ASTM C33 (Standard Specications for Concrete Aggregates) governs the types of rock which can produce aggregates.
7 8 9 10
The shape can be rounded, irregular, angular, aky, or elongated. The surface texture can be glassy, smooth, granular, rough, crystalline or honeycombed.
The particle size distribution or grading of aggregates is very important as it determines the amount of paste for a workable concrete, Fig. 1.1. Since cement is the most expensive component, proper gradation is of paramount importance. The grading of an aggregate supply is determined by a sieve analysis. A representative sample of the aggregate is passed through a stack of sieves aranged in order of decreasing size opening of the sieve.
11 12
We divide aggregates in two categories
Coarse aggregate fraction is that retained on the No. 4 sieve, Table 1.1. Fine aggregate fraction is that passing the No. 4 sieve.
13 14
ASTM C33 sets grading limits for coarse and ne aggregates, Table 1.2 and 1.3 respectively.
If a concrete does not comply with these limits, than there will be a need for more paste, and there will be the possibility of aggregate segregation. Since aggregates contain some porosity, water can be absorbed. Also water can be retained on the surface of the particle as a lm or moisture. Hence, it is necessary to quantify the moisture content of the aggregates in order to make adjustments to the water. Because dry aggregates will remove water from the paste, then the w/c is eectively reduced. On the other hand moist aggregates may eectively increase the w/c ratio. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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1.1 Material Size mm Coarse Aggregate 3 in. 75 1 / 2 2 in. 63 2 in. 50 1 / 2 1 in. 37.5 1 in. 25 3/4 in. 19 1/2 in. 12.5 3/8 in. 9.5 Fine Aggregate No. 4 4.75 No. 8 2.36 No. 16 1.18 No. 30 0.60 (600 m) No. 50 300 m No. 100 150 m ASTM Design. in. 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.75 0.50 0.375 0.187 0.0937 0.0469 0.0234 0.0124 0.0059
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Table 1.1: ASTM Sieve Designations Nominal Sizes Used for Concrete Aggregates Sieve Size 11/2 in. 1 in. 3/4 in. 1/2 in. 3/8 in. No. 4 No. 8 % (Nominal Maximum Size) in. 1 in. 3/4 in. 1/2 in. 95-100 100 95-100 100 35-70 90-100 100 25-60 90-100 10-30 20-55 40-70 0-5 0-10 0-10 0-15 0-5 0-5 0-5
11/2
Table 1.2: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Coarse Concrete Aggregates Sieve Size 3/4 in. No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 % Passing 100 95-100 80-100 50-85 25-60 10-30 2-10
Table 1.3: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Fine Concrete Aggregates Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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16
INTRODUCTION
Moisture states are dened as
Oven-dry (OD): all moisture is removed from the aggregate. Air-dry (AD): all moisture is removed from the surface, but internal pores are partially full. Saturated-surface-dry (SSD): All pores are lled with water, but no lm of water on the surface. Wet: All pores are completely lled with a lm of water on the surface.
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Based on the above, we can determine
Absorption capacity (AC): is the maximum amount of water the aggregate can absorb AC = WSSD WOD 100% WOD (1.1)
most normal -weight aggregates (ne and coarse) have an absorption capacity in the range of 1% to 2%. Surface Moisture (SM): is the water in excess of the SSD state SM = WW et WSSD 100% WSSD (1.2)
The neness modulus is a parameter which describe the grading curve and it can be used to check the uniformity of the grading. It is usually computed for ne aggregates on the basis of cumulative percent retained on standard sieves (1.3) F.M. = 100 where the standard sieves used are No. 100, No. 50, No. 30, No. 16, No. 8, and No. 4, and 3/8 in, 3/4 in, 11/2 in and larger.
18 19
The neness modulus for ne aggregate should lie between 2.3 and 3.1 A small number indicates a ne grading, whereas a large number indicates a coarse material. Table 1.4 illustrates the determination of the neness modulus.
20 21
Fineness modulus of ne aggregate is required for mix proportioning since sand gradation has the largest eect on workability. A ne sand (low neness modulus) has much higher paste requirements for good workability. The neness modulus of coarse aggregate is not used for mix design purposes.
22 23
no-nes concrete has little cohesiveness in the frsh state and can not be compacted to a void-free condition. Hence, it will have a low strength, high permeability. Its only advantage is low density, and high thermal insulation which can be used if structural requirements are not high.
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1.1 Material Sieve Size No. No. No. No. No. No. 4 8 16 30 50 100 Weight Retained (g) 9 46 97 99 120 91 Cumulative Cumulative Amount Amount Retained (%) Passing (%) 2 98 11 89 30 70 50 50 74 26 92 8 = 259 Fineness modulus=259/100=2.59 Amount Retained (wt. %) 2 9 19 20 24 18
15
Table 1.4: Example of Fineness Modulus Determination for Fine Aggregate 1.1.1.1.2
24
Preliminary Considerations
There are two fundamental aspects to mix design to keep in mind:
1. Water/Cement ratio: where the strength in inversely proportional to the water to cement ratio, approximately expressed as: fc = A B 1.5w/c (1.4)
For fc in psi, A is usually taken as 14,000 and B depends on the type of cement, but may be taken to be about 4. It should be noted that w/c controls not only the strength, but also the porosity and hence the durability. 2. Aggregate Grading: In order to minimize the amount of cement paste, we must maximize the volume of aggregates. This can be achieved through proper packing of the granular material. The ideal grading curve (with minimum voids) is closely approximated by the Fuller curve d q (1.5) Pt = D where Pt is the fraction of total solids ner than size d, and D is the maximum particle size, q is generally taken as 1/2, hence the parabolic grading. 1.1.1.1.3
25
Mix procedure
Before starting the mix design process, the following material properties should be determined: 1. Sieve analysis of both ne and coarse aggregates 2. Unit weight of the coarse aggregate 3. bulk specic gravities
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16 4. absorption capacities of the aggregates Type of Construction Foundation walls and footings Plain footings, caissons Beams and reinforced walls Building columns Pavement and slabs Mass concrete Max 3 3 4 4 3 3 Min 1 1 1 1 1 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Slump1 must be selected for the particular job to account for the anticipated method of handling and placing concrete, Table 1.5 As a general rule, adopt the lowest possible
Table 1.5: Recommended Slumps (inches) for Various Types of Construction slump. 2. Maximum aggregate size: in general the largest possible size should be adopted. However, it should be noted that: (a) For reinforced concrete, the maximum size may not exceed one-fth of the minimum dimensions between the forms, or three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between bars, or between steel and forms. (b) For slabs on grade, the maximum size may not exceed one-third the slab depth. In general maximum aggregate size is 3/4 in or 1 in. 3. Water and Air content Air content will aect workability (some time it is better to increase air content rather than increasing w/c which will decrease strength). Air content can be increased through the addition of admixtures. Table 1.6 tabulates recommended values of air content (obtained through such admixtures) for dierent conditions (for instance under severe freezing/thawing air content should be high). Recommended water requirements are given by Table 1.7. Sizes of Aggregates 1/2 in. 3/4 in. 1 in. 4.0 3.5 3.5 5.5 5.0 4.5 7.0 6.0 6.05
Exposure Mild Moderate Extreme
3/8
in. 4.5 6.0 7.5
11/2 in. 3.0 4.4 5.5
Table 1.6: Recommended Average Total Air Content as % For Dierent Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates and Levels of Exposure
1 The slump test (ASTM C143) is a measure of the shear resistance of concrete to owing under its own weight. It is a good indicator of the concrete workability. A hollow mold in the form of a frustum of a cone is lled with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is rodded 25 times. The mold is then lifted vertically, and the slump is measured by determining the dierence between the height of the mold and the height of the concrete over the original center of the base of the specimen.
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1.1 Material Slump in. 1-2 3-4 6-7 1-2 3-4 6-7 Sizes of Aggregates 3/8 in. 1/2 in. 3/4 in. 1 in. Non-Air-Entrained Concrete 350 335 315 300 385 365 340 325 410 385 360 340 Air-Entrained Concrete 305 295 280 270 340 325 305 295 365 345 325 310 11/2 in. 275 300 315 250 275 290
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Table 1.7: Approximate Mixing Water Requirements, lb/yd3 of Concrete For Dierent Slumps and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates 4. Water/cement ratio: this is governed by both strength and durability. Table 1.8 provides some guidance in terms of strength. 28 days fc 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 w/c Ratio by Weight Non-air-entrained Air-entrained 0.41 0.48 0.40 0.57 0.48 0.68 0.59 0.82 0.74
Table 1.8: Relationship Between Water/Cement Ratio and Compressive Strength For durability, if there is a severe exposure (freeze/thaw, exposure to sea-water, sulfates), then there are severe restrictions on the W/C ratio (usually to be kept just under 0.5) 5. Cement Content: Once the water content and the w/c ratio are determined, the amount of cement per unit volume of concrete is determined simply by dividing the estimated water requirement by the w/c ratio. 6. Coarse Aggregate Content: Volume of coarse aggregate required per cubic yard of concrete depends on its maximum size and the neness modulus of the ne aggregate, Table 1.9. The oven dry (OD) volume of coarse aggregate in ft3 required per cubic yard is simply equal to the value from Table 1.9 multiplied by 27. This volume can then be converted to an OD weight by multiplying it by the dry-rodded2 weight per cubic foot of coarse aggregate. 7. The ne aggregate content can be estimated by subtracting the volume of cement, water, air and coarse aggregate from the total volume. The weight of the ne aggregate can then be obtained by multiplying this volume by the density of the ne aggregate.
2
Dry Rodded volume (DRV) is the normal volume of space a material occupies.
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18 Agg. Size in
3/8 1/2 3/4
INTRODUCTION Sand Fineness Moduli 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70
1 11/2
Table 1.9: Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Concrete for Dierent Fineness Moduli of Sand 8. Adjustment for moisture in the aggregates: is necessary. If aggregates are air dry, they will absorb some water (thus eectively lowering the w/c), or if aggregates are too wet they will release water (increasing the w/c and the workability but reducing the strength). 1.1.1.1.4 Mix Design Example
Concrete is required for an exterior column to be located above ground in an area where substantial freezing and thawing may occur. The concrete is required to have an average 28day compressive strength of 5,000 psi. For the conditions of placement, the slump should be between 1 and 2 in, the maximum aggregate size should not exceed 3/4 in. and the properties of the materials are as follows: Cement: Type I specic gravity = 3.15 Coarse Aggregates: Bulk specic gravity (SSD) = 2.70; absorption capacity= 1.0%; Total moisture content = 2.5%; Dry-rodded unit weight = 100 lb/ft3 Fine Aggregates: Bulk specic gravity (SSD) = 2.65; absorption capacity = 1.3 %; Total moisture content=5.5%; neness modulus = 2.70 The sieve analyses of both the coarse and ne aggregates fall within the specied limits. With this information, the mix design can proceed: 1. Choice of slump is consistent with Table 1.5. 2. Maximum aggregate size (3/4 in) is governed by reinforcing details. 3. Estimation of mixing water: Because water will be exposed to freeze and thaw, it must be air-entrained. From Table 1.6 the air content recommended for extreme exposure is 6.0%, and from Table 1.7 the water requirement is 280 lb/yd3 4. From Table 1.8, the water to cement ratio estimate is 0.4 5. Cement content, based on steps 4 and 5 is 280/0.4=700 lb/yd3 6. Coarse aggregate content, interpolating from Table 1.9 for the neness modulus of the ne aggregate of 2.70, the volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete is 0.63. Therefore, the coarse aggregate will occupy 0.63 27 = 17.01 ft3 /yd3 . Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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1.1 Material
19
The OD weight of the coarse aggregate is 17.01 100 = 1, 701 lb. The SSD weight is 1, 701 1.01 = 1, 718 lb.
7. Fine aggregate content Knowing the weights and specic gravities of the water, cement, and coarse aggregate, and knowing the air volume, we can calculate the volume per yd3 occupied by the dierent ingredients. Water Cement Coarse Aggregate (SSD) Air 280/62.4 700/(3.15)(62.4) 1,718/(2.70)(62.4) (0.06)(27) = = = = 4.49 3.56 1.62 1.62 19.87 ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3
Hence, the ne aggregate must occupy a volume of 27.0 19.87 = 7.13 ft3 . The required SSD weight of the ne aggregate is 7.13 2.65 62.4 = 1, 179 lb. 8. Adjustment for moisture in the aggregate. Since the aggregate will be neither SSD or OD in the eld, it is necessary to adjust the aggregate weights for the amount of water contained in the aggregate. Only surface water need be considered; absorbed water does not become part of the mix water. For the given moisture contents, the adjusted aggregate weights become: Coarse aggregate (wet)=1,718(1.025-0.01) = 1,744 lb/yd3 Fine aggregate (wet)=1,179(1.055-0.013) = 1,229 lb/yd3 Surface moisture contributed by the coarse aggregate is 2.5-1.0 = 1.5%; by the ne aggregate: 5.5-1.3 = 4.2%; Hence the additional water required is then 280-1,718(0.015)-1,179(0.042) = 205 lb/yd3 . Thus, the estimated batch weight per yd3 are Water Cement Wet coarse aggregate Wet ne aggregate
3,878 27
205 lb 700 lb 1,744 lb 1,229 lb 3,878 lb/yd3 143.6 lb/ft3
1.1.1.2
26
Mechanical Properties
Contrarily to steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete depends on the strength and is given
by E = 57, 000 fc or E = 33 1.5 where both fc and E are in psi and is in lbs/ft3 . Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete fc (1.7) (1.6)
Draft
110
27 28 29
INTRODUCTION
Normal weight and lightweight concrete have equal to 150 and 90-120 lb/ft3 respectively. Poissons ratio = 0.15.
Typical concrete (compressive) strengths range from 3,000 to 6,000 psi; However high strength concrete can go up to 14,000 psi. Stress-strain curve depends on 1. Properties of aggregates 2. Properties of cement 3. Water/cement ratio 4. Strength 5. Age of concrete 6. Rate of loading, as rate , strength
30
31
Non-linear part of stress-strain curve is caused by micro-cracking around the aggregates, Fig. 1.2
f
Non-Linear ~ 0.5 c f Linear
Figure 1.2: MicroCracks in Concrete under Compression

32 33
Irrespective of fc , maximum strain under compression is 0.003, Fig. 1.3 Full strength of concrete is achieved in about 28 days fct = t f 4.0 + .85t c,28 2 35 4 54 7 70 10 80 15 90
or t (days) %fc,28
34
1 20
Concrete always gain strength in time, but a decreasing rate
Victor Saouma
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1.1 Material
111
f c
f / 2 c
u =
0.003
Figure 1.3: Concrete Stress Strain Curve

35 The tensile strength of concrete ft is very dicult to measure experimentally. Accepted values
ft 0.07 0.11fc 35 fc
(1.8-a) (1.8-b)
36 Rather than the tensile strength, it is common to measure the modulus of rupture fr , Fig. 1.4
11 00 00 11 00 11
11 00 00 11 00 11
Figure 1.4: Modulus of Rupture Test
Figure 1.5: Split Cylinder (Brazilian) Test
fr 7.5 Victor Saouma
fc
(1.9)
Draft
112
1
INTRODUCTION
f t f c 2 1 2 f c 1 f t
~ 20% increase in strength

2
Figure 1.6: Biaxial Strength of Concrete

37 Using split cylinder (or brazilian test), Fig. 1.5 ft 6 8 fc . For this test, a nearly uniform tensile stress 2P = dt where P is the applied compressive load at failure, d and t are diameter and thickness of the specimen respectively. 38
In most cases, concrete is subjected to uniaxial stresses, but it is possible to have biaxial (shells, shear walls) or triaxial (beam/column connections) states of stress. Biaxial strength curve is shown in Fig. 1.6 Concrete has also some time-dependent properties
39 40
Shrinkage: when exposed to air (dry), water tends to evaporate from the concrete surface, shrinkage. It depends on the w/c and relative humidity. sh 0.0002 0.0007. Shrinkage can cause cracking if the structure is restrained, and may cause large secondary stresses. If a simply supported beam is fully restrained against longitudinal deformation, then sh = Esh 3, 000 = 57, 000 3, 000(0.0002) = 624 psi > 10
ft
if the concrete is restrained, then cracking will occur3 . Creep: can be viewed as the squeezing out of water due to long term stresses (analogous to consolidation in clay), Fig. 1.7. Creep coecient, Table 1.10 Cu = Ct =
ct ci 2 t0.6 C 10+t0.6 u
3 For this reason a minimum amount of reinforcement is always necessary in concrete, and a 2% reinforcement, can reduce the shrinkage by 75%.
Victor Saouma
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1.1 Material
113
creep
Elastic recovery Creep recovery
Residual
no load
constant load
no load
Figure 1.7: Time Dependent Strains in Concrete fc Cu 3,000 3.1 4,000 2.9 6,000 2.4 8,000 2.0
Table 1.10: Creep Coecients

41
Coecient of thermal expansion is 0.65 105 /deg F for normal weight concrete.
1.1.2
42 43
Reinforcing Steel
Steel is used as reinforcing bars in concrete, Table 1.11.
Bars have a deformation on their surface to increase the bond with concrete, and usually have a yield stress of 60 ksi. Maximum allowable fy is 80 ksi.
44 45
Stirrups, used as vertical reinforcement to resist shear, usually have a yield stress of only 40 ksi Steel loses its strength rapidly above 700 deg. F (and thus must be properly protected from re), and becomes brittle at 30 deg. F Prestressing Steel cables have an ultimate strength up to 270 ksi.
46
47 48
Welded wire fabric is often used to reinforce slabs and shells. It has both longitudinal and transverse cold-drawn steel. They are designated by A A W B B , such as 6 6 W 1.4 1.4 where spacing of the wire is 6 inch, and a cross section of 0.014 in2 .
Victor Saouma
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114 Bar Designation No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 No. 14 No. 18 Diameter (in.) 2/8=0.250 3/8=0.375 4/8=0.500 5/8=0.625 6/8=0.750 7/8=0.875 8/8=1.000 9/8=1.128 10/8=1.270 11/8=1.410 14/8 =1.693 18/8 =2.257 Area ( in2 ) 0.05 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 Perimeter in 0.79 1.18 1.57 1.96 2.36 2.75 3.14 3.54 3.99 4.43 5.32 7.09
INTRODUCTION Weight lb/ft 0.167 0.376 0.668 1.043 1.5202 2.044 2.670 3.400 4.303 5.313 7.650 13.60
Table 1.11: Properties of Reinforcing Bars
1.2
49
Design Philosophy, USD
ACI refers to this method as the Strength Design Method, (previously referred to as the Ultimate Strength Method). Rn i Qi (1.10)
where is a strength reduction factor, less than 1, and must account for the type of structural element, Table 1.12 (ACI 9.3.2) Type of Member Axial Tension Flexure Axial Compression, spiral reinforcement Axial Compression, other Shear and Torsion Bearing on concrete 0.9 0.9 0.75 0.70 0.85 0.70
Table 1.12: Strength Reduction Factors, Rn is the nominal resistance (or strength). Ru = Rd = Rn is the design strength. i is the load factor corresponding to Qi and is greater than 1. i Qi is the required strength based on the factored load: Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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50 51
1.3 Analysis vs Design i is the type of load Mn Mu Vn Vu Pn Pu Note that the subscript d and u are equivalent. The various factored load combinations which must be considered (ACI: 9.2) are 1. 1.4D+1.7L 2. 0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.7W) 3. 0.9D+1.3W 4. 1.05D+1.275W 5. 0.9D+1.7H 6. 1.4D +1.7L+1.7H 7. 0.75(1.4D+1.4T+1.7L) 8. 1.4(D+T)
115
where D= dead; L= live; Lr= roof live; W= wind; E= earthquake; S= snow; T= temperature; H= soil. We must select the one with the largest limit state load.
52 Serviceability Limit States must be assessed under service loads (not factored). The most important ones being
1. Deections 2. Crack width (for R/C) 3. Stability
1.3
53
Analysis vs Design
In R/C we always consider one of the following problems:
Analysis: Given a certain design, determine what is the maximum moment which can be applied. Design: Given an external moment to be resisted, determine cross sectional dimensions (b and h) as well as reinforcement (As ). Note that in many cases the external dimensions of the beam (b and h) are xed by the architect.
54
We often consider the maximum moment along a member, and design accordingly.
Victor Saouma
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116
INTRODUCTION
1.4
55
Basic Relations and Assumptions
In developing a design/analysis method for reinforced concrete, the following basic relations will be used: 1. Equilibrium: of forces and moment at the cross section. 1) Fx = 0 or Tension in the reinforcement = Compression in concrete; and 2) M = 0 or external moment (that is the one obtained from the moment envelope) equal and opposite to the internal one (tension in steel and compression of the concrete). 2. Material Stress Strain: We recall that all normal strength concrete have a failure strain u = .003 in compression irrespective of fc .
56
Basic assumptions used:
Compatibility of Displacements: Perfect bond between steel and concrete (no slip). Note that those two materials do also have very close coecients of thermal expansion under normal temperature. Plane section remain plane strain is proportional to distance from neutral axis. Neglect tensile strength in all cases.
1.5
ACI Code
Attached is an unauthorized copy of some of the most relevant ACI-318-89 design code provisions. 8.1.1 - In design of reinforced concrete structures, members shall be proportioned for adequate strength in accordance with provisions of this code, using load factors and strength reduction factors specied in Chapter 9. 8.3.1 - All members of frames or continuous construction shall be designed for the maximum eects of factored loads as determined by the theory of elastic analysis, except as modied according to Section 8.4. Simplifying assumptions of Section 8.6 through 8.9 may be used. 8.5.1 - Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete may be taken as Wc1.5 33 fc ( psi) for values of Wc between 90 and 155 lb per cu ft. For normal weight concrete, Ec may be taken as 57, 000 fc . 8.5.2 - Modulus of elasticity Es for non-prestressed reinforcement may be taken as 29,000 psi. 9.1.1 - Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code. 9.2 - Required Strength 9.2.1 - Required strength U to resist dead load D and live load L shall be at least equal to U = 1.4D + 1.7L 9.2.2 - If resistance to structural eects of a specied wind load W are included in design, the following combinations of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W ) Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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1.5 ACI Code
117
where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more severe condition, and U = 0.9D + 1.3W but for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. (9-1). 9.3.1 - Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members, and its cross sections, in terms of exure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal strength calculated in accordance with requirements and assumptions of this code, multiplied by a strength reduction factor . 9.3.2 - Strength reduction factor shall be as follows: 9.3.2.1 - Flexure, without axial load 0.90 9.4 - Design strength for reinforcement Designs shall not be based on a yield strength of reinforcement fy in excess of 80,000 psi, except for prestressing tendons. 10.2.2 - Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except, for deep exural members with overall depth to clear span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a non-linear distribution of strain shall be considered. See Section 10.7. 10.2.3 - Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression ber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. 10.2.4 - Stress in reinforcement below specied yield strength fy for grade of reinforcement used shall be taken as Es times steel strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy , stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy . 10.2.5 - Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in exural calculations of reinforced concrete, except when meeting requirements of Section 18.4. 10.2.6 - Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests. 10.2.7 - Requirements of Section 10.2.5 may be considered satised by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution dened by the following: 10.2.7.1 - Concrete stress of 0.85fc shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance (a = 1 c) from the ber of maximum compressive strain. 10.2.7.2 - Distance c from ber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in a direction perpendicular to that axis. 10.2.7.3 - Factor 1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths fc up to and including 4,000 psi. For strengths above 4,000 psi, 1 shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength in excess of 4,000 psi, but 1 shall not be taken less than 0.65. 10.3.2 - Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to its specied yield strength fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003. 10.3.3 - For exural members, and for members subject to combined exure and compressive axial load when the design axial load strength (Pn ) is less than the smaller of (0.10fc Ag ) or (Pb ), the ratio of reinforcement p provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the ratio b that would produce balanced strain conditions for the section under exure without axial load. For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of b equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor. 10.3.4 - Compression reinforcement in conjunction with additional tension reinforcement may be used to increase the strength of exural members. Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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118
INTRODUCTION
10.5.1 - At any section of a exural member, except as provided in Sections 10.5.2 and 10.5.3, where positive reinforcement is required by analysis, the ratio provided shall not be less than that given by 200 min = fy
Victor Saouma
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Chapter 2
FLEXURE
This is probably the longest chapter in the notes, we shall cover in great details exural design/analysis of R/C beams starting with uncracked section to failure conditions.
1
1. Uncracked elastic (uneconomical) 2. cracked elastic (service stage) 3. Ultimate (failure)
2.1
Uncracked Section
c
d As
Figure 2.1: Strain Diagram Uncracked Section

2
Assuming perfect bond between steel and concrete, we have s = c Fig. 2.1 s = c fs fc Es = fs = fc fs = nfc Es Ec Ec (2.1)
where n is the modular ratio n =

3 4
Es Ec
Tensile force in steel Ts = As fs = As nfc Replace steel by an equivalent area of concrete, Fig. 2.2.
Draft
22
FLEXURE
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 (n-1)A S 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 2 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111
(n-1)A S 2
Figure 2.2: Transformed Section

5
Homogeneous section & under bending fc = Mc fs = nfc I (2.2)
+ Make sure that max < ft
Example 2-1: Uncracked Section

in2
Given fc = 4,000 psi; ft = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; M = 45 ft-k = 540,000 in-lb; As = 2.35
+ , f , and f Determine fmax s max
yt 25" 23" As = 2.35 in 10"

2
yb
Solution:
n = yb yb
29, 000 = 8 (n 1)As = (8 1)(2.35) = 16.45 in2 57 4, 000 (10)(25)( 25 2 ) + (16.45)(2) = (25)(10) + 16.45 = 11.8 in
(2.3-a) (2.3-b) (2.3-c) (2.3-d) (2.3-e) (2.3-f) (2.3-g)
y t = 25 11.8 = 13.2 in (10)(25)3 I = + (25)(10)(13.2 12.5)2 + (16.45)(23 13.2)2 12 = 14, 722 in2 (540, 000) lb.in(13.2)in Mc = = 484 psi fcc = I (14, 722) in4 Victor Saouma
Draft
2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic (540, 000) lb.in(25 13.2) in Mc = = 433 psi < 475 psi 4 I (14, 722) in (540, 000)(23 13.2) in Mc = (8) = 2, 876 psi = n I (14, 722)
23
fct = fs
(2.3-h) (2.3-i)
2.2
Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic
7 This is important not only as an acceptable alternative ACI design method, but also for the later evaluation of crack width under service loads.
2.2.1
8
Basic Relations
If fct > fr , fcc < .5fc and fs < fy we will assume that the crack goes all the way to the N.A and we will use the transformed section, Fig. 2.3
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 (n-1)A S 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 2 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 111111111 000000000 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111
(n-1)A S 2 fc C kd d (1-k/3)d=jd T kd/3
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111

b
Figure 2.3: Stress Diagram Cracked Elastic Section

9 To locate N.A, tension force = compressive force (by def. NA) (Note, for linear stress distribution and with Fx = 0; = by bydA = 0, thus b ydA = 0 and ydA = yA = 0, by denition, gives the location of the neutral axis)
10
Note, N.A. location depends only on geometry & n
Es Ec
Tensile and compressive forces are equal to C = bkd 2 fc & T = As fs and neutral axis is determined by equating the moment of the tension area to the moment of the compression area
11
b(kd)
kd 2
= nAs (d kd)
2nd degree equation
(2.4-a) (2.4-b) (2.4-c)
M = T jd = As fs jd fs M = Cjd = where j = (1 k/3). Victor Saouma
M As jd bkd bd2 M fc jd = kjfc fc = 1 2 2 2 bd kj 2
Draft
24
FLEXURE
2.2.2
12
Working Stress Method
Referred to as Alternate Design Method (ACI Code Appendix A); Based on Working Stress Design method. Places a limit on stresses and uses service loads (ACI A.3). fcc .45fc fst 20 ksi for grade 40 or 50 steel fst 24 ksi for grade 60 steel
13
(2.5)
14
Location of neutral axis depends on whether we are analysing or designing a section.
Review: We seek to locate the N.A by taking the rst moments: s = A bd k = 2n + (n)2 n (kd) b(kd) 2 = nAs (d kd)
(2.6-a)
Design: Objective is to have fc & fs preset & determine As , Fig. 2.4, and we thus seek the optimal value of k in such a way that concrete and steel reach their respective limits simultaneously.
c
kd d (1-k/3)d=jd T fc C kd/3
fs
Figure 2.4: Desired Stress Distribution; WSD Method k=
c s
c s
= = =
kd dkd fc Ec fs Es
f c Es Ec f s
n r
= = =
k 1k Es Ec fs fc
n n+r
(2.7)
15 Balanced design in terms of : What is the value of such that steel and concrete will both reach their maximum allowable stress values simultaneously
C T C Victor Saouma
= bkd 2 fc = As fs = T s = A bd
fc 2 bkd
= b fs bd n k = n+ r
b =
n 2r (n+r )
(2.8-a)
Draft
16
2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic
25
Governing equations
Review Start by determining , If < b steel reaches max. allowable value before concrete, and M = As fs jd If > b concrete reaches max. allowable value before steel and M = fc or 1 M = fc jkbd2 = Rbd2 2 where k= 2n + (n)2 n 1 R = fc kj 2 solve for bd2 from M R assume b and solve for d. Finally we can determine As from bd2 = As = b bd
17
(2.9)
bkd jd 2
(2.10)
(2.11)
Design We dene (2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)
Summary Review b, d, As M? s = A bd k = 2n + (n)2 n s r=f fc n b = 2r(n +r ) < b M = As fs jd 2 > b M = 1 2 fc bkd j Design M b, d, As ? n k = n+ r j =1 k 3 s r=f fc R= 1 2 fc kj n b = 2r(n +r ) bd2 = M R As = b bd or As =
M fs jd
Example 2-2: Cracked Elastic Section Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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26
FLEXURE
Same problem as example 2.1 fc = 4,000 psi; ft = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; As = 2.35 in2 however, M is doubled to M = 90 k.ft (instead of 45). Solution: Based on previous example, fct would be 866 psi >> fr and the solution is thus no longer valid. The neutral axis is obtained from 2.35 As = = 0.0102 bd (10)(23) n = (0.010)(8) = 0.08174 = k = = 2n + (n)2 n 2(0.08174) + (0.08174)2 (0.08174) = 0.33 (2.15-a) (2.15-b) (2.15-c) (2.15-d) (2.15-e) (2.15-f) (2.15-g) (2.15-h) (2.15-i) (2.15-j)
kd = (.33)(23) = 7.6 in 0.33 (23) = 20.47 in jd = 1 3 M fs = As jd (90)(1, 000)(12) = 22, 400 psi = (2.35)(20.47) 2M fc = bjkd2 (2)(90)(12, 000) = 1, 390 psi = (10) (20.47) (7.6)
jd kd
I =
(10)(7.6)3 + (10)(7.6) 12 Uncracked 45 13.2 485 14,710 2,880 1
7.6 2
+ 8(2.35)(23 7.6)2 = 5, 922 in4
(2.15-k)
M N.A fcc I fs
k.ft in psi in4 psi in
Cracked 90 7.6 1,390 (< .5fc ) 5,910 22,400 4
Cracked/uncracked 2 2.9 1 .4 ( I ) ( 7 ) 4
Example 2-3: Working Stress Design Method; Analysis Same problem as example 2.1 fc = 4,000 psi; ft = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; As = 2.35 in2 . Determine Moment capacity. Solution:
Victor Saouma
Draft
= fs k =
2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic
27
2.35 As = = .0102 bd (10)(23) = 24 ksi
(2.16-a) (2.16-b) (2.16-c)
fc = (.45)(4, 000) = 1, 800 psi
2n + (n)2 n = 2(.0102)8 + (.0102)2 (8)(.0102) = .331 (2.16-d) k j = 1 = .889 (2.16-e) 3 (2.16-f) N.A. @ (.331)(23) = 7.61 in 8 n = = .014 > Steel reaches elastic (2.16-g) limit b = 2r(n + r) (2)(13.33)(8 + 13.33) M = As fs jd = (2.35)(24)(.889)(23) = 1, 154 k.in = 96 k.ft (2.16-h)
Note, had we used the alternate equation for moment (wrong) we would have overestimated the design moment: M 1 = = fc bkd2 j 2 1 (1.8)(10)(0.33)(0.89)(23)2 = 1, 397 k.in > 1, 154 k.in = 2 (2.17-a) (2.17-b)
If we dene c = fc /1, 800 and s = fs /24, 000, then as the load increases both c and s increase, but at dierent rates, one of them s reaches 1 before the other.
Load
Example 2-4: Working Stress Design Method; Design Design a beam to carry LL = 1.9 k/ft, DL = 1.0 k/ft with fc = 4, 000 psi, fy = 60, 000 psi, L = 32 ft. Solution:
fc = (.45)(4, 000) = 1, 800 psi Victor Saouma
(2.18-a)
Draft
28 fs = 24, 000 psi 29, 000 Es = =8 n = Ec 57 4, 000 24 fs = 13.33 = r = fc 1.8 8 n = = .375 k = n+r 8 + 13.33 d .375 j = 1 =1 = .875 3 3 1 1 fc kj = (1, 800)(.375)(.875) = 295 psi R = 2 2 8 n = = .01405 b = 2r(n + r) 2(13.33)(8 + 13.33) Estimate beam weight at .5 k/ft, thus M = [(1.9) + (1.0 + .5)] (32)2 = 435 k.ft 8 435 k.ft in2 (12, 000) lb.in M = = 17, 700 in3 R (295) lbs ft k
FLEXURE (2.18-b) (2.18-c) (2.18-d) (2.18-e) (2.18-f) (2.18-g) (2.18-h)
(2.19-a) (2.19-b)
bd2 =
Take b = 18 in & d = 31.4 in h = 36 in in2 ft2 k = .675 k/ft Check beam weight (18)(36) ( . 15) 2 3 145
in ft
As = (.01405)(18)(31.4) = 7.94 in2 use 8# 9 bars in 2 layers As = 8.00 in2
2.3
2.3.1
Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method

Whitney Stress Block
c
c h d As c= a a
f c
a/2 = c
C= fccb
C= fcab
fs
fs
Actual
Figure 2.5: Cracked Section, Limit State Figure Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
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19
2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method
29
18 At failure we have, linear cross strain distribution (ACI 10.2.2) (except for deep beams), non-linear stress strain curve for the concrete, thus a non-linear stress distribution.
Two options: 1. Analytical expression of exact integration 2. Replace exact stress diagram with a simpler and equivalent one, (ACI 10.2.6)
Second approach adopted by most codes.

20
For the equivalent stress distribution, all we we need to know is C & its location, thus and We adopt a rectangular stress, with depth a = 1 c, and stress equal to fc (ACI 10.2.7.1) C = fc bc = fc ab fav = fc a = 1 c Thus = 1 (2.20-a) (2.20-b) (2.20-c)
(2.21)
But the location of the resultant forces must be the same, hence 1 = 2
21
(2.22)
From Experiments fc ( psi) 1 = 2 = /1 <4,000 .72 .425 .85 0.85 5,000 .68 .400 .80 0.85 6,000 .64 .375 .75 0.85 7,000 .60 .350 .70 0.86 8,000 .56 .325 .65 0.86
22
Thus we have, (ACI-318 10.2.7.3): 1 = .85 1 = .85 (.05)(fc 4, 000) 1,000 if fc 4, 000 if 4, 000 < fc < 8, 000 (2.23)
23
Failure can occur by either
yielding of steel: s = y ; Progressive crushing of concrete: c = .003; Sudden; (ACI 10.3.2).
Victor Saouma
Draft
210
h d As
FLEXURE
u=0.003
c 0.85 fc a= 1c C=0.85f c ab
Figure 2.6: Whitney Stress Block
2.3.2
Balanced Design
fs = fy As fs = .85fc ab = .85fc b1 c c= As = bd
Tension Failure:
fy .85fc 1 d
(2.24-a)
Compression Failure: c = .003 fs s = Es .003 c = c= d .003 + s Balanced Design: (2.25-a) (2.25-b)

.003
fs +.003 Es
(2.25-c)
24
Balanced design occurs if we have simultaneous yielding of the steel and crushing of the concrete. Hence, we simply equate the previous two equations
fy .85fc 1 d
.003
fs +.003 Es
bf 2d .85fc 1
.003
fs +.003 E s
fc 87,000 b = .851 f y 87,000+fy
(2.26-a)
25
= b
Es = 29, 000 ksi
(ACI 8.4.3)
To ensure failure by yielding, < .75b (2.27)
26
ACI strength requirements U U Md = M u = = = = 1.4D + 1.7L 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W ) Mn .90 (ACI (ACI (ACI (ACI 9.2.1) 9.2.2) 9.1.1) 9.3.2.2)
(2.28)
Victor Saouma
Draft
27
2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method Also we need to specify a minimum reinforcement ratio min 200 fy (ACI 10.5.1)
211
(2.29)
to account for temperature & shrinkage

28 Note, that need not be as high as 0.75b . If steel is relatively expensive, or deection is of concern, can use lower . 29
As a rule of thumb, if < 0.5b , there is no need to check for deection.
2.3.3
30
Review
Given, b, d, As , fc , fy , determine the moment capacity M .

s act = A bd fc 87 b = (.85)1 f y 87+fy
(2.30)
act < b : Failure by yielding and

s y a = .85 Fx = 0 fc b ) M = 0 Md = As fy (d a 2
A f
(2.31)
act > b is not allowed by code, in this case we have an extra unknown fs . We now have one more unknown fs , and we will need an additional equation (from strain diagram).
31
As f s c = .85 fc b1 c .003 = d .003+s Md = As fs (d
Fx = 0 From strain diagram 1 c 2 ) M = 0
(2.32)
We can solve by iteration, or substitution and solution of a quadratic equation.
2.3.4
32
Design
We consider two cases: I b d and As , unknown; Md known; Fx = 0 a = = or R = fy 1 .59 fy fc (2.34)

As f y 0.85fc b As bd
a = 0.85y fc Md = As fy d
a 2
Md = fy 1 .59
R
fy fc
2 bd (2.33-a)
Victor Saouma
Draft
212 which does not depend on unknown quantities. Then solve for bd2 : bd2 = Md R As = bd
FLEXURE
(2.35)
Solve for b and d (this will require either an assumption on one of the two, or on their ratio). II b & d known & Md known there is no assurance that we can have a design with b If the section is too small, then it will require too much steel resulting in an over-reinforced section. Iterative approach (a) Since we do not know if the steel will be yielding or not, use fs . (b) Assume an initial value for a (a good start is a = d 5) (c) Assume initially that fs = fy (d) Check equilibrium of moments (M = 0) As = Md fs d
a 2
(2.36)
(e) Check equilibrium of forces in the x direction (Fx = 0) a= As fs .85fc b (2.37)
(f) Check assumption of fs by either comparing with b , or from the strain diagram .003 dc s = fs = Es .003 < fy dc c c where c =
a 1 .
(2.38)
(g) Iterate until convergence is reached.
2.4
2.4.1
33
Practical Design Considerations

Minimum Depth
ACI 9.5.2.1 stipulates that the minimum thickness of beams should be Simply supported Solid One way slab Beams or ribbed One way slab L/20 L/16 One end continuous L/24 L/18.5 Both ends continuous L/28 L/21 Cantilever
L/10 L/8
where L is in inches, and members are not supporting partitions.

34
Smaller values can be taken if deections are computed. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
Draft
2.4.2
35
2.4 Practical Design Considerations
213
Beam Sizes, Bar Spacing, Concrete Cover
Beam sizes should be dimensioned as 1. Use whole inches for overall dimensions, except for slabs use
1 2
inch increment.
2. Ideally, the overall depth to width ratio should be between 1.5 to 2.0 (most economical). 3. For T beams, ange thickness should be about 20% of overall depth.
36
Reinforcing bars 1. Minimum spacing between bars, and minimum covers are needed to (a) Prevent Honeycombing of concrete (air pockets) (b) Concrete (usually up to 3/4 in MSA) must pass through the reinforcement (c) Protect reinforcement against corrosion and re 2. Use at least 2 bars for exural reinforcement 3. Use bars #11 or smaller for beams. 4. Use no more than two bar sizes and no more than 2 standard sizes apart (i.e #7 and #9 acceptable; #7 and #8 or #7 and #10 not). 5. Use no more than 5 or 6 bars in one layer. 6. Place longest bars in the layer nearest to face of beam. 7. Clear distance between parallel bars not less that db (to avoid splitting cracks) nor 1 in. (to allow concrete to pass through). 8. Clear distance between longitudinal bars in columns not less that 1.5db or 1.5 in. 9. Minimum cover of 1.5 in. 10. Summaries in Fig. 2.7 and Table 2.1, 2.2.
2.4.3
37
Design Aids
Basic equations developed in this section can be easily graphed.
Review Given b d and known steel ratio and material strength, Mn can be readily obtained from Mn = Rbd2 Design in this case Set Md = Rbd2 From tabulated values, select max and min often 0.5b is a good economical choice. Select R from tabulated values of R in terms of fy , fc and . Solve for bd2 . Select b and d to meet requirements. Usually depth is about 2 to 3 times the width. Using tabulated values select the size and number of bars giving preference to larger bar sizes to reduce placement cost (careful about crack width!). 6. Check from tables that the selected beam width will provide room for the bars chosen with adequate cover and spacing. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
214 Bar Size #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #14 #18 Nominal Diam. 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410 1.693 2.257 1 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 2 0.22 0.40 0.62 0.88 1.20 1.58 2.00 2.54 3.12 4.50 8.00 3 0.33 0.60 0.93 1.32 1.80 2.37 3.00 3.81 4.68 6.75 12.00 Number of Bars 4 5 6 7 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 8 0.88 1.60 2.48 3.52 4.80 6.32 8.00 10.16 12.48 18.00 32.00
FLEXURE
9 0.99 1.80 2.79 3.96 5.40 7.11 9.00 11.43 14.04 20.25 36.00
10 1.10 2.00 3.10 4.40 6.00 7.90 10.00 12.70 15.60 22.50 40.00
Table 2.1: Total areas for various numbers of reinforcing bars (inch2 )
Bar Size #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #14 #18
Number of bars 2 3 4 6.8 8.3 9.8 6.9 8.5 10.2 7.0 8.8 10.5 7.2 9.1 11.0 7.3 9.3 11.3 7.6 9.9 12.1 7.8 10.3 12.9 8.1 10.9 13.7 8.9 12.3 15.7 10.6 15.1 19.6
in single layer of reinf. 5 6 7 8 11.3 12.8 14.3 15.8 11.8 13.4 15.1 16.7 12.3 14.0 15.8 17.5 12.8 14.7 16.6 18.5 13.3 15.3 17.3 19.3 14.4 16.6 18.9 21.2 15.4 18.0 20.5 23.0 16.6 19.4 22.2 25.0 19.1 22.5 25.9 29.3 24.1 28.6 33.2 37.7
Table 2.2: Minimum Width (inches) according to ACI Code
Victor Saouma
Draft
2.5 USD Examples
215
Figure 2.7: Bar Spacing
2.5
USD Examples
Example 2-5: Ultimate Strength; Review Determine the ultimate moment capacity of example 2.1 fc = 4,000 psi; ft = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; As = 2.35 in2
yt 25" 23" As = 2.35 in 10"
2
yb
Solution: 2.35 As = = .0102 bd (10)(23) 87 4 f 87 b = .851 c = .0285 > act = (.85)(.85) fy 87 + fy 60 87 + 60 As fy (2.35)(60) a = = = 4.15 in .85fc b (.85)(4)(10) a 4.15 = (2.35)(60) 23 = 2, 950 k.in Mn = As fy d 2 2 Md = Mn = 0.9(2, 950) = 2, 660 k.in Note: Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
act =
(2.39-a) (2.39-b) (2.39-c) (2.39-d) (2.39-e)
Draft
216 1. From equilibrium, Fx = 0 c = 2. Comparing with previous analysis c M 3. Alternative solution:
FLEXURE
As f y .851 bfc
(2.35)(60) (.85)(.85)(4)(10)
= 4.87 in
uncracked 13.2 45
cracked 7.61 90
ultimate 4.87 245 1.7 = 144
Mn = act fy bd2 (1 .59act = As fy d(1 59act fy ) fc
fy ) fc
(2.40-a) (2.40-b) (2.40-c) (2.40-d)
Md
60 (.0102)] = 2, 950 k.in = 245 k.ft 4 = Mn = (.9)(2, 950) = 2, 660 k.in = (2.35)(60)(23)[1 (.59)
Example 2-6: Ultimate Strength; Design I Design a R/C beam with L = 15 ft; DL = 1.27 k/ft; LL = 2.44 k/ft; fc = 3,000 psi; fy = 40 ksi; Neglect beam owns weight; Select = 0.75b Solution:
Factored load wu = 1.4(1.27) + 1.7(2.44) = 5.92 k/ft 2 2 wu L (5.92)(15) = = 166.5 k.ft(12) in/ft = 1, 998 k.in Md = 8 8 f 87 = 0.75b = (0.75)(0.85)1 c fy 87 + fy 87 3 = .0278 = (0.75)(.85)2 40 87 + 40 fy R = fy 1 .59 fc 40 = 0.869 psi = (.0278)(40) 1 (0.59)(.0278) 3 1, 998 Md = = 2, 555 in3 bd2 = R (0.9)(0.869) Take b = 10 in, d = 16 in As = (.0278)(10)(16) = 4.45 in2 use 3 # 11 Victor Saouma
(2.41-a) (2.41-b) (2.41-c) (2.41-d) (2.41-e) (2.41-f) (2.41-g)
Draft
2.6 T Beams, (ACI 8.10)
217
Example 2-7: Ultimate Strength; Design II Design a R/C beam for b = 11.5 in; d = 20 in; fc = 3 ksi; fy = 40 ksi; Md = 1, 600 k.in Solution: Assume a =
d 5
20 5
= 4 in As = (1, 600) Md = 2.47 in2 a = fy (d 2 ) (.9)(40)(20 4 ) 2 As fy (2.47)(40) = = 3.38 in (.85)fc b (.85)(3)(11.5) (2.42)
check assumption, a= Thus take a = 3.3 in. (1, 600) 2 .3 = 2.42 in (.9)(40)(20 32 ) (2.42)(40) = 3.3 in (.85)(3)(11.5) 2.42 = .011 (11.5)(20) 87 3 = .037 (.85)(.85) 40 87 + 40 .75b = .0278 > act (2.43)
As = a = act = b = max =
(2.44-a) (2.44-b) (2.44-c) (2.44-d) (2.44-e)
2.6
T Beams, (ACI 8.10)
38 Equivalent width for uniform stress, Fig. 2.8 must satisfy the following requirements (ACI 8.10.2):
1.
1 2 (b
bw ) 8hf
2. b < 4bw for isolated T beams only 3. hf > 4. b <

39
bw 2
L 4
Two possibilities: 1. Neutral axis within the anges (c < hf ) rectangular section of width b, Fig. 2.9. 2. Neutral axis in the web (c > hf ) T beam.
Victor Saouma
Draft
218
be b hf
FLEXURE
1111111111 0000000000 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111
bw
Figure 2.8: T Beams
b h h d As
00000000000000000 11111111111111111 11111111111111111 00000000000000000
Figure 2.9: T Beam as Rectangular Section
b hf hd
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111
As
u =0.003 c d s
0.85 fc
a=1 c
C=0.85f a
c
T=A f sy
bw
Figure 2.10: T Beam Strain and Stress Diagram
Victor Saouma
Draft
40 41
2.6 T Beams, (ACI 8.10)
219
For T beams, we have a large concrete area, start by assuming that failure will occur by steel yielding, Fig. 2.10. The approach consists in decomposing As into 2 components Fig. 2.11. 1. Asf resists compression force in (b bw )hf 2. (As Asf ) resists compression force in bw c
2.6.1
42
Review
Given, b, d, hf , As , fc , fy , determine the moment capacity M , Fig. 2.11.

b
hf
00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111

=
00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111

+
11111 00000 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111
As
bw
A sf
(bb w )h f
A s A sf
bw c
Figure 2.11: Decomposition of Steel Reinforcement for T Beams

43
The moment is obtained from

.85fc (bbw )hf fy h Asf fy (d 2f ) )f
Flanges: Asf = Mn1 = Web:
F = 0 M = 0
(2.45)
s sf y F = 0 a = .85fc bw a Mn2 = (As Asf )fy (d 2 ) M = 0
(A A
(2.46)
Total moment: Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 (2.47)
2.6.2
44
Design, (balanced)
Let us derive an expression for b and use it for design

c d
As fy
u = u +y = .85fc 1 cbw + .85fc (b bw )hf
Strain Compatibility F = 0
(2.48)
Asf fy
thus,
b As fy = .85fc 1 cbw + Asf fy u f s w = bA w = .85 c 1 +f (2.49) wd fy u + y Asf f = bwd Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
220 Hence, wb = b + f (2.50) w,max = .75(b + f ) (2.51) Example 2-8: T Beam; Moment Capacity I
FLEXURE
For the following beam: As = 8 # 11 ( 12.48 in2 ); fc =3,000 psi; fy = 50,000 psi. Determine Mn
30" 7"
36"
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111
u=0.003
c
0.85 fc a= 1c C=0.85f ab c
T=Asfy
14"
Solution: 1. Check requirements for isolated T sections (a) bw = 30 in should not exceed 4bw = 4(14) = 56 in u 7 14 (b) hf b2 2 2. Assume Rectangular section a= 3. For a T section Asf = = f = .85fc hf (b bw ) fy (.85)(3)(7)(30 14) = 5.71 in2 50 Asf 5.71 = .0113 = bwd (14)(36) As Asw = 12.48 5.71 = 6.77 in2 12.48 Asw = = .025 bw d (14)(36) f 87 .851 c fy 87 + fy 3 87 (.85)(.85) = .0275 50 87 + 50 (2.53-a) (2.53-b) (2.53-c) (2.53-d) (2.53-e) (2.53-f) (2.53-g) As fy (12.48)(50) = = 8.16 in > hf .85fc b (0.85)(3)(30) (2.52)
Asw = w = b = =
Victor Saouma
Draft
2.6 T Beams, (ACI 8.10) 4. Maximum permissible ratio max = .75(b + f ) = .75(.0275 + .0113) = .029 > w 5. The design moment is then obtained from Mn1 = (5.71)(50) 36 a = 7 2 = 9, 280 k.in
221
(2.54-a) (2.54-b)
(2.55-a) (2.55-b) (2.55-c) (2.55-d) (2.55-e)
Mn2 Md
(As Asf )fy .85fc bw (6.77)(50) = 9.48 in = (.85)(3)(14) 9.48 ) = 10, 580 k.in = (6.77)(50)(36 2 = (.9)(9, 280 + 10, 580) = 17, 890 k.in 17, 900 k.in
Example 2-9: T Beam; Moment Capacity II Determine the moment capacity of the following section, assume ange dimensions to satisfy ACI requirements; As = 6#10 = 7.59 in2 ; fc = 3 ksi; fy =60 ksi.
28" 6"
26"
11111111111111111 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111 00000000000000000 11111111111111111
u=0.003
c
0.85 fc a= 1c C=0.85f c ab
T=Asfy
10"
Solution: Assume rectangular beam 7.59 = .0104 (28)(26) 87 3 b = (.85)(.85) 60 87 + 60 (As Asf )fy a = .85fc bw = Victor Saouma (2.56-a) = .0214 > fs = fy (2.56-b) (2.56-c)
Draft
222 = Asf Asw = = w = f =
FLEXURE (7.59)(60) = 6.37 in > 6 in T beam (.85)(3)(28) (.85)(3)(18)(6) = 4.59 in2 60 7.59 4.59 = 3.00 in2 7.59 = .0292 (26)(10) 4.59 = .0177 (26)(10) .75(.0214 + .0177) = .0294 > .0292 Ductile failure
2
(2.56-d) (2.56-e) (2.56-f) (2.56-g) (2.56-h) (2.56-i) (2.56-j) (2.56-k) (2.56-l) (2.56-m) (2.56-n)
max = As Asf
Mn1 = (4.59)(60)(26 3) = 6, 330 k.in = 7.59 4.59 = 3. in (3)(60) a = = 7.07 in (.85)(3)(10) 7.07 ) = 4, 050 k.in Mn2 = (3.00)(60)(26 2 Md = (.9)(6, 330 + 4, 050) = 9, 350 k.in
Example 2-10: T Beam; Design given L = 24 ft; fy = 60 ksi; fc = 3 ksi; Md = 6, 400 k.in; Design a R/C T beam.
3" 20"
11" 47"
Solution: 1. Determine eective ange width: bw ) 8hf 16hf + bw = (16)(3) + 11 = 59 in L 24 = 72 in 4 = 4 12 Center Line spacing = 47 in
1 2 (b
b = 47 in (2.57-a)
2. Assume a = 3 in As = Victor Saouma 6, 400 Md = 6.40 in2 a = fy (d 2 ) 0.9)(60)(20 3 ) 2 (2.58-a)
Draft
2.7 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams As fy (6.4)(60) = = 3.20 in > hf (.85)fc b (.85)(3)(47)
223
a =
(2.58-b)
3. Thus a T beam analysis is required. Asf Md1 Md2 .85fc (b bw )hf (.85)(3)(47 11)(3) = 4.58 in2 = fy 60 hf 3 ) = (.90)(4.58)(60)(20 ) = 4, 570 k.in = Asf fy (d 2 2 = Md Md1 = 6, 400 4, 570 = 1, 830 k.in = (2.59-a) (2.59-b) (2.59-c) (2.59-d)
4. Now, this is similar to the design of a rectangular section. Assume a = As Asf = 5. check a = 1.88)(60) = 4.02 in 4.00 (.85)(3)(11) 1, 830 (.90)(60) 20
4 2
d 5
20 5
= 4. in (2.60)
= 1.88 in2
(2.61-a) (2.61-b) (2.61-c) (2.61-d) (2.61-e) (2.61-f)
As = 4.58 + 1.88 = 6.46 in2 6.46 = .0294 w = (11)(20) 4.58 = .0208 f = (11)(20) 87 3 = .0214 b = (.85)(.85) 60 87 + 60 max = .75(.0214 + .0208) = .0316 > w
6. Note that 6.46 in2 (T beam) is close to As = 6.40 in2 if rectangular section was assumed.
2.7
45
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
Negative steel reinforcement is needed to 1. Increase internal moment resistance capacity (not very ecient) 2. Support stirrups 3. Reverse moments (moving load) 4. Provide ductility (earthquake) 5. Reduce creep (long term deections)
Victor Saouma
Draft
224
u=0.003
A s h d d As b d
FLEXURE
0.85 fc c 0.85 fc a= 1c dd
A f s s a= 1c
A f s s
=
s
Asfs
+
(As A )f s s
Asfs
Figure 2.12: Doubly Reinforced Beams; Strain and Stress Diagrams

46
Approach will again be based on a strain compatibility analysis & equilibrium equation, Fig. 2.12. If max = .75b we can disregard compression steel As for T beams, we decompose the tension steel into two components 1. As to resist the force in the top steel (assuming both yield) 2. As As to resist compression in the concrete.
47 48
and we dene = As bd (2.62)
2.7.1
49
Tests for fs and fs
Dierent possibilities: Fig. 2.13

Yes As yield? No
Not Allowed by ACI
Yes I f = fy
s s
As yield?
No II f = fy
s s
Yes III f < fy

s
As yield?
No IV f < fy
s s
f = f y
f < f
f = f
y s
f < f y
Figure 2.13: Dierent Possibilities for Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
Test 1 fs = fy ? Assuming s = y , and fs = fy , we have from the strain diagram, Fig. ??
Victor Saouma
Draft
2.7 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
225
d As h d
u =0.003 s
As
s = y
b
Figure 2.14: Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? s = u d (u + y ) d (2.63-a) (2.63-b) (2.63-c) (2.63-d) From equilibrium: bdfy = bdfs + .85fc 1 bc Combining: b = 1 = f fs u + .85 c 1 fy fy u + y
b
fs = Es s u d c = u + y
(2.64)
(2.65)
thus b = 1 = max fs + b fy f = 0.75b + s fy (2.66) (2.67)
Note that 0.75 premultiplies only one term as in the other failure is ipso facto by yielding. We also note the similarity with max of T Beams (where 0.75 premultiplied both terms). Test 2 fs = fy is fs = fy ? We set s = y , and from the strain diagram c= from equilibrium bdfy = bdfy + .85fc 1 cb (2.69) u d u y (2.68)
Victor Saouma
Draft
226
FLEXURE
d As h d
u =0.003 s = y
As
s > y
b
Figure 2.15: Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? combining min 2 = + .851 87 fc d fy d 87 fy (2.70)
which corresponds to the minimum amount of steel to ensure yielding of compression steel at failure. Thus, if < min then fs < fy . Test 3 fs < fy , is fs = fy ? From strain diagram: c = s = From equilibrium bdfs = bdfy + .85fc 1 bc combining = 3 = cd f c + .851 c dc fy d (2.73) (2.72-a) u d u y dc y cd (2.71-a) (2.71-b)
Summary of the tests are shown in Fig. 2.16
2.7.2
Moment Equations
Case I fs = fy and fs = fy , (small bottom and top reinforcement ratios) As fy = As fy + .85fc ab (As As )fy a = .85fc b
I Mn = .85fc ab d
(2.74-a) (2.74-b)
a + As fy (d d ) 2
(2.75)
Victor Saouma
Draft
227
Test 2
Test 1
Test 3
min
II
f < f y
s
III
IV
s
I
f = f y
s
f=fy f <fy s s
f < f y f = f y
s
Figure 2.16: Summary of Conditions for top and Bottom Steel Yielding Case II We have fs = fy and fs < fy (small bottom and large top reinforcement ratios, most common case) cd c = E s s
s = u fs solve for c and fs by iteration. Using a = 1 c
(2.76-a) (2.76-b) (2.76-c)
As fy = As fs + .85fc b1 c
II Mn = .85fc ab d
a + As fs (d d ) 2
(2.77)
Case III fs < fy and fs = fy (large bottom and small top reinforcement ratios, rare) dc c = E s s
s = u fs
(2.78-a) (2.78-b) (2.78-c) (2.78-d)
As fs = As fy + .85fc ab a = 1 c solve for a

III Mn = .85fc ab d
a + As fy (d d ) 2
(2.79)
Case IV fs < fy and fs < fy (large bottom and top reinforcement ratios, rare) cd c dc = u c = As fs + .85fc ab
s = u s As fs
(2.80-a) (2.80-b) (2.80-c) (2.80-d)
a = 1 c Victor Saouma
Draft
228 solve for a
IV Mn = .85fc ab d
FLEXURE
a + As fs (d d ) 2
(2.81)
50 Note that in most beams of normal size and proportions, it will be found that fs < fy when fs = fy . We nevertheless use As in order to ensure ductility, stiness and support for the stirrups.
Example 2-11: Doubly Reinforced Concrete beam; Review Given, fc = 4, 000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi, As = 3 (1.56) = 4.68 in2 , As = 4 (1.56) = 6.24 in2 , determine the moment carrying capacity of the following beam.
As = 3 # 11 3" 27.3" d s 16" As = 4 # 11 As s f As y f (As A ) s s u =0.003
s
0.85 c f c
As fs a= c
1
A sf y
0.85 fc a=1 c
dd
Solution:
1. Determine : b = (.85)1 = 2. Check for min min = + .85 u fc d 1 fy d u y 3 .003 4 = .0278 > = .0107 + (.85) (.85) 60 27.3 .003 2960 ,000 < min < b .0143 < .0278 < .0285 and thus fs = fy and fs < fy and we have case II (2.83-a) (2.83-b) = 4 fc 87 87 = (.85)(.85) = .0285 fy 87 + fy 60 87 + 60 6.24 = .0143 (16)(27.3) 4.68 = .0107 (16)(27.3) (2.82-a) (2.82-b) (2.82-c)
Hence (2.84)
Victor Saouma
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229
3. We have two equations (strain compatibility and summation of forces) and two unknowns c and fs fs = Es u c3 cd = (29, 000)(.003) c c c3 = 87 c = As fs + .85fc b1 c (2.85-a) (2.85-b) (2.85-c) (2.85-d) (2.85-e) (2.85-f)
As fy
(6.24)(60) = (4.68)fs + (.85)(4)(16)(.85)c 374.4 = 4.68fs + 46.24c fs = 9.9c + 80.2 Note that if we were to plott those two equations,
50
25
2 -25
-50
-75
-100
We note that f s increases with c from the strain diagram, but fs decreases with c from equilibrium. Graphically the solution is around 4.9. 4. Combining those two equations1 c2 + .7085c 26.42 = 0 (2.86)
803 we obtain c = 4.80 in a = 0.85(4.8) = 4.078 in, and fs = (.003)(29, 000) 4.4 .80 = 32.6 ksi
5. Substituting into the moment equation a + As fs (d d ) Mn = .85fc ab d 2 4.078 = (.85)(4)(4.078)(16) 27.3 2 = 9, 313 k.in Md = 0.9(9, 313) = 8, 382 k.in = 699 k.ft 6. Check max = .75b + fs fy
(2.87-a) + (4.68)(32.62)(27.3 3) (2.87-b) (2.87-c) (2.87-d)
(2.88-a) 32.6 (.0107) = .027 60
= (.75)(.0285) +
(2.88-b)
In this problem, unfortunately an iterative method diverges if we were to start with a = d . 5
Victor Saouma
Draft
230 Example 2-12: Doubly Reinforced Concrete beam; Design
FLEXURE
Given Md = 505 k.ft, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, b = 12 in, h = 24.5 in, d = 21 in, and d = 2.5 in, determine the reinforcement As and possibly As . Solution: 1. Check if T or rectangular: Md = (505)(12) = 6, 060 k.in 87 4 f 87 = .0285 = (.85)(.85) b = .851 c fy 87 + fy 60 87 + 60 max = .75b = (.75)(.0285) = .0213 = (.0213)(12)(21) = 5.37 in As fy (5.37)(60) = = 7.89 in a = .85fc b (.85)(4)(12) a 7.89 = (.9)(5.37)(60) 21 Mmax = (0.9)As fy d 2 2 Thus compression steel is required. 2. Assuming that fs = fy Md2 = 6, 060 4, 943 = 1, 117 k.in 1, 117 Md2 = = 1.12 in2 As = fy (d d ) (0.9)(60)(21 2.5) As = 1.12 in2 As = 5.37 + 1.12 = 6.49 in2 (2.90-a) (2.90-b) (2.90-c) (2.90-d) Amax s
2
(2.89-a) (2.89-b) (2.89-c) (2.89-d) (2.89-e) = 4, 943 k.in < 6, 060 (2.89-f) k.in
3. Check that fs = fy 1.12 = .00444 (12)(21) 6.49 = .0257 = (12)(21) u f d min = + .851 c fy d u y 87 4 2.5 = .0229 < (.0257) = .00444 + (.85)(.85) 60 21.0 87 60 = (2.91-a) (2.91-b) (2.91-c) (2.91-d)
Note that if it turned out that fs < fy , then we will need to make an assumption on As (such s as As = A 2 , as we will have three equations (2 of equilibrium and one of strain compatibility) and four unknowns (As , As , fs and c).
Victor Saouma
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2.8
51
2.8 Bond & Development Length
231
Bond & Development Length
Considering the equilibrium of forces acting on an innitesimal portion of a rebar, Fig. 2.17, and dening U as the force per unit length, we have
M
111 000
C
111 000 000 111 000 111
M +M
111 000
C + dC Z T T+dT
V+dV
000000000000000000 111111111111111111 000000000000000000 111111111111111111 000000000000000000 111111111111111111

dx
T+dT
dx
Figure 2.17: Bond and Development Length dT dx
U dx = dT U =
52
(2.92)
The tensile force is a function of the moment M dT = T jd dM = jd (2.93-a) (2.93-b)
53
But the shear is related to the moment V = dM dx (2.94)
Combing those equations together, we obtain U=

54
V jd
(2.95)
We dene u as the bond stress, and is equal to u= U 0 (2.96)
where 0 is the sum of all the bars perimeters.

55
If plain bar weak adhesion slip need end anchorage no bond u = 0 dT = 0 max total steel elongation >than if bond steel stress is constant over entire length T = Mjd present large deection and large crack width. Actual stress distribution along steel bar is quite complex, Fig. 2.18. If bond stress is too large splitting along reinforcement, Fig. 2.19. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
56 57
Victor Saouma
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232
M u stresses on concrete M
FLEXURE
u stresses on rebar
1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000

Steel tension slope =dT dx
Bond stress u
Figure 2.18: Actual Bond Distribution
Figure 2.19: Splitting Along Reinforcement
Victor Saouma
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58 59 60 61
2.8 Bond & Development Length Failure will initiate at points of high shear large
dM dx
233 .
It frequently starts at diagonal cracks dowel action increases the tendancy of splitting shear and bond failures are often interrelated. Based on tests with one single bar, ultimate average bond force/inch of length of bar is Un 35 fc .
If we have several bars in one layer spaced 6 in or less, then the ultimate bond capacity is 80% of the single bar case.
62
In terms of bond stress, Fig. 2.20 un = 35 fc 0 (2.97)
1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000
T s=0 Ld Ts= A y f
b
Figure 2.20: Development Length Putting it dierently, the minimum length necessary to develop through bond a force As fy is, Fig. ??. Ab f y Ld = U n 0.028Ab fy Un = un 0 (2.98) ld = fc 35 fc un = 0
63
A sf y
Figure 2.21: Development Length

64
For small bar spacing, we have to decrease the bond stress ld = 0.035Ab fy 1 0.028Ab fy = 0.8 fc fc (2.99-a)
Victor Saouma
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234
65 66
FLEXURE
If actual development length l is smaller than ld , then we must provide anchorage in order to avoid a bond failure. Note: 1. Un is independent of diameter 2. For a given fs T ld = Ab fs d2 ld = = fs 4 b Ab f s = Un
fs d2 b 4Un
(2.100-a)
ld increases with the square of db small bar diameters require shorter development length. Top bars, with more than 12 inch of concrete below them, will have a reduced bond stress (due to rise of water during vibration). This reduction in bond results in an increase of ld by 40%
67
ACI 12.2.2 may be obtained from above but rather than use we increase ld by 15% for safety.
68 b ldb = .04
= =
A fy fc f .085 y fc f .125 y fc
#11 or smaller; and deformed wire #14 #18 (2.101)
> 12 in. in all cases Consult ACI 12.5 code for hooks geometry, and corrections to this basic equation.
69
Check ACI code for modications related to top reinforcement, lightweight aggregate, high strength reinforcement, excess reinforcement, and spiral connement. ld = d dd ldb (2.102)
70
If not enough development length can be provided provide hooks, Fig. 2.22 at 1. 90 degrees: bar must extend by 12db 2. 180 degrees: see code.
where
db lhb = 1200 fc
(2.103)
ldh = d lhb and d is given in the ACI code.
Victor Saouma
Draft

db As in part (b)
235
Critical section ldh (a)
12db
db
Critical section
4db or 2 1/2 in. min.
4db 5db 6db
Nos. 3 through 8 Nos. 9, 10, 11 Nos. 14 and 18
ldh (b)
Figure 2.22: Hooks
2.8.1
71
Moment Capacity Diagram
Ideally, the steel should be everywhere as nearly fully stressed as possible. Since the steel force is proportional to the moment, then the steel area is nearly proportional to the moment diagram. Requirements include, Fig. 2.23:
s 1. At least A 3 in simple beams and in. into support.
72
As 4
for continuous beams should be extended at least 6
2. If negative bars are cut, they must extend at least ld beyond face of support. 3. Negative bars must extend d or 12db beyond theoretical cuto point dened by moment diagram. 4. At least one third of top reinforcement at support must extend at least ld beyond theln oretical cuto point of other bars, and d, 12db or 16 beyond the inection point of the negative moment diagram.
73
Determination of cuto points can be rather tedious, for nearly equal spans uniformly loaded, in which no more than about one half the tensile steel is to be cut o or bent, locations shown in Fig. 2.24 are satisfactory (note that left support is assumed simply supported). Fig. 2.25 is an illustration of the moment capacity diagram for a beam.
74
Victor Saouma
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236
FLEXURE
Face of support
Theoretical positive moment

Inflection point for (+As)
Moment Capacity of bars O
Theoretical negative moment
Inflection point for (-As)
Moment capacity of bars M
Greatest of d, 12 d , ln/16
b
d or 12 db
for at least 1/3 of (-AS)
ld
Bars M
ld
C L
Bars N
Bars L
ld
of span
Bars O
ld
6" for at least 1/4 of (+AS) (1/3 for simple spans)
d or 12 db
Figure 2.23: Bar cuto requirements of the ACI code
Victor Saouma
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237
L1 4
L1 3
L2 3
L2 3
0"
6"
L1
L1 8
0"
6"
6"
L2 8
L2
L2 8
L1 4
L1 3
L2 3
L2 3
6"
L1 7
0"
L1
L1 4
0"
6"
6"
L2 4
L2
L2 4
Figure 2.24: Standard cuto or bend points for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed load
Victor Saouma
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238
FLEXURE
2 bars
4 bars
5 bars
AA
BB Ld Ld Mcap
of 5 bars
CC Mcap of 4 bars
Md=Mn
Ld Mcap
of 2 bars
d or 12
Figure 2.25: Moment Capacity Diagram
Victor Saouma
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Chapter 3
SHEAR
3.1
1
Introduction
Beams are subjected to both exural and shear stresses. Resulting principal stresses (or stress trajectory) are shown in Fig. 3.1.
45
90
Tension trajectories Compression trajectories

45
Figure 3.1: Principal Stresses in Beam

2 3
Due to exure, vertical exural cracks develop from the bottom bers. As a result of the tensile principal stresses, two types of shear cracks may develop, Fig. 3.2:
Large V Small M Large V Large M
Web Shear Cracks
Flexural Cracks
Web Shear Cracks
Flexural Cracks
Figure 3.2: Types of Shear Cracks Web shear cracks: Large V, small M. They initiate in the web & spread up & down at 45o . Flexural shear cracks: Large V, large M. They initiate as an extension of a pre-existing exural crack, initially vertical, then curve.
Draft
32
4 5
SHEAR
Shear failure is sudden = 0.85 Some of the important parameters controlling shear failure: 1. Shear span ratio 2. Steel ratio =
M Vd
As bd
3. ft = 4 fe note that fr = 7.5 fc

6 We shall rst examine the shear strength of uncracked sections, then the one of cracked sections (with shear reinforcement).
3.2
Shear Strength of Uncracked Section
7 Q: What is the maximum shear force which can be applied before a exural crack develop into a exural shear crack?
1. Apply M exural crack 2. Apply V exural shear crack Note that all shear resistance is provided by the concrete. As with exural reinforcement, steel is ineective as long as the section is uncracked.
8
C jd
vc +
Flexure T
Shear
Figure 3.3: Shear Strength of Uncracked Section

9
Solution strategy: 1. Determine the exural compressive stress fc in terms of M 2. Determine shear stress v in terms of V 3. Compute the principal stresses 4. Equate principal tensile stress to the tensile strength
10
Using a semi-analytical approach 1. Assume that fc is directly proportional to steel stress s fc = f f = Mn n c nAs jd s = A Mn bd Mn = As fs jd fs = As jd
fc =
Mn Mn = F1 njbd2 nbd2
(3.1)
Victor Saouma
Draft
3.2 Shear Strength of Uncracked Section 2. Shear stress vn = F2
33
Vn bd
(3.2)
3. From Mohrs circle, the tensile principal stress is
vn
fc f1
Figure 3.4: Mohrs Circle for Shear Strength of Uncracked Section

2 2 + vn
f1 = 4. Set f1 equal to the tensile strength
fc + 2
fc 2
(3.3)
f1 = ft f1 Vn bd = = Combining Eq. 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 Vn = bd F1 Ec 2 Es

C1 Mn Vn d
Vn Vn = ft bd bd
(3.4-a) (3.4-b) (3.4-c)
ft Vn f1 bd ft
f1 bd Vn
ft
2
Mn Vn d
1/2 +
2 F2 C2
(3.5)
F E 1 c + 2 Es
C1
5. set ft = 4 fc Vn = bd fc 1 C1
fc M n Vn d
C1
fc M n Vn d
(3.6) + C2
6. Let the variables be Victor Saouma
V n bd fc
&
M n fc Vn d
Draft
34 8. From 440 tests, Fig. 3.5 it is found that
SHEAR
7. This is how far we can go analytically. To determine the exact factors associated with this equation, one has to undertake a series of tests.
Vn bd f c 3.5 2.0 1.9
Vn d M f n c
Figure 3.5: Shear Strength of Uncracked Section
Vn d Vn = 1.9 + 2, 500 3.5 bd fc Mn fc or if we set vc =

Vn bd ,
(3.7)
then Vn d 3.5 Mn fc (ACI 11.3.2.1) (3.8)
vc = 1.9 fc + 2, 500 9. Note that vc is in terms of

Vn d M
or inverse of shear span ( M V )
10. This equation is usually found acceptable for predicting the exure shear cracking load Mn of 2.5 to 6 & is found to be very conservative for lower for shear span/depth ratio V nd values 11. Increasing has a benecial eort as a larger amount of steel results in narrower & smaller exural tension cracks before formation of diagonal cracks larger area of uncracked concrete can resist the shear. 12. Use of Vu & Mu instead of Vn =
Vu
& Mn =
Mu
3.3
11
Shear Strength of Cracked Sections
nd If the shear stress exceeds 1.9 fc + 2, 500 V Md , then the exural crack will extend into a exural shear crack, Fig. 3.6. and if
1. No shear reinforcements failure Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
3.3 Shear Strength of Cracked Sections
35
C Vc A v fv z
Va
Vd
f T=A s s
p
Figure 3.6: Free Body Diagram of a R/C Section with a Flexural Shear Crack 2. Stirrups are present stirrups will carry part of shear force
12
If the section is cracked, Fig. 3.7 Vext = Vc + n Av fv + Vd + Vay

Vint
(3.9)
where Vc n Av fv Vd Va
Shear resisted by uncracked section # of stirrup traversing the crack n = Area of shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement stress Dowel force in steel Aggregate interlock
p s
V int
V cz
in
Vd V ay Vs
Flexural cracking
Inclined cracking
Yield of stirups
Figure 3.7: Equilibrium of Shear Forces in Cracked Section

13
We must determine the internal (resisting) shear forces at failure where fv = fy Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
Failure
V ext
Draft
36
SHEAR
1. Due to yielding large separation between 2 sides of cracks Va 0
2. Neglect Vd 3. Vext = Vn = Vc unknown 4. We will assume that at failure the shear force provided by concrete is equal to the one nd which caused the diagonal crack to form va = 1.9 fc + 2, 500 V Md . Thus, Vc = va bw d 5. Finally, if we assume p = d (implying a crack at 45 ) Vn = Vc + Av fy
Vs
+nAv fy
d s
(ACI 11.1.1)
(3.10)
3.4
14
ACI Code Requirements
The ACI code requirements ( 11) are summarized by Fig. 3.8: 1. Design for Vu (factored shear) rather than Vn =
Vu
(ACI 11.1.1), plot Vu diagram.
2. Determine Vc (nominal shear carried by the concrete) where Vc Vc

Vu d Mu
= 2 fc bw d or ud = [1.9 fc + 2, 500w V Mu ]bw d 3.5 where < 1
(ACI 11.3.1.1) fc bw d (ACI 11.3.2.1) (3.11)
3. If Vu <0.5 Vc no shear reinforcement is needed (ACI 11.5.5.1) 4. If 0.5Vc < Vu Vc use minimum shear reinforcement; select Av (usually #3 bars) and determine Av f y s = 50 (ACI 11.5.5.3) bw d (3.12) s < 2 (ACI 11.5.4.1) s < 24 in (ACI 11.5.4.1) 5. If Vu > Vc provide stirrup such that Vu = Vn = Vc + Vs = Vc + or
Vu
Av fy d s
(ACI 11.17)
(3.13)
s =
Av fy Av fy d = (vu vc )b Vc
d 4
(3.14)
6. If Vu Vc > 4 fc bw d, then s < 7. Upper limit:
and s < 12 in, (ACI 11.5.4.3). (ACI 11.5.6.8) (3.15)
Vu Vc < 8 fc bw d 8. fy 60 ksi, (ACI 11.5.2)
9. Critical section is at d from support (reduces design shear force), (ACI 11.1.3.1) Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
3.5 Examples
d V b wd
37
Vu
10 f c
f c
f c
Steel
f c
f c f c Concrete
A v fy min. stirups 50b w s =
s=
A vfy d Vu Vc
Avfy v c) b (v u
distance from support
Figure 3.8: Summary of ACI Code Requirements for Shear
3.5
Examples
Example 3-1: Shear Design b = 12 in.; d=22 in.; wu = 8.8 k/ft; L= 20 ft.; As = 3# 11; fc = 4 ksi; fy = 40 ksi; Design vertical stirrup Solution: 1. At support: Vu = 8.8 (20) 2 = 88 k and vu = 2. At d from support Vu = 88
22 12 (8.8) 88 (12)(22)
= .333 ksi
71.9 (12)(22)
= 71.9 k and vu =
= .272 ksi
3. vc = 2 fc = 2 4, 000 = 126 psi; vc = (0.85)(126) = 107.1 psi 4. vc = 4 fc = 2(126) = 252 psi; = 53.6 psi 5. vu vc = 272 126 = 146 psi < 4 fc
vc 2
Victor Saouma
no stirups
not allowable
s max=d/4 or 12"
s max=d/2 or 24"
Draft
38
SHEAR
psi 333
Vu
272 107.1 v c v c 2 19" min. reinforcement no reinforcement
53.6 x
38.6"
6. vu vc = 0 7. vu
vc 2
333 (10)(12) x 333 (10)(12) x
= 107.1 x = 38.6 in = 3.2 ft from mid-span = 53.6 x = 19.3 in = 1.6 ft
=0
8. Selecting #3 bars, Av = 2(.11) = .22 in2 smax =

Av f y 50bw
(.22)(40,000) = 14.66 (50)(12) d 22 2 = 2 = 11
in in
smax = 11 in
(3.16)
9. at support s = = =
Vu
Av fy d Av fy = ( v Vc u vc )b
(3.17-a) (3.17-b) (3.17-c) (3.17-d)
(.85)(.22)(40, 000) (272 107.1)(12) 3.78 in
3.6
15
Shear Friction
Previous design procedure was applicable to diagonal tension cracks (where tension was induced by shear), for those cases where we do have large pure shear, Fig. 3.9 use shear friction concept. The crack for which shear-friction reinforcement is required may not have been caused by shear. However once the crack has occurred a shear transfer mechanism must be provided, Fig. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
16
Victor Saouma
Draft
3.6 Shear Friction
39
An=
N uc fy
#7
V u weld Nuc
A n part of A v f
close sriru
(usually #3)
assumed crack + shear plane remainder of A v f
Avf
assumed crack
V u
Figure 3.9: Corbel
Vn
Vn
Vn
crack separation due to slip
crack
A vf f y
Vn
Sheartransfer reinforcement
Vn
A Avf f y 2
Figure 3.10: Shear Friction Mechanism
vf
fy
Avf f y 2
Victor Saouma
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310
17
SHEAR
3.10. The shear friction theory is based on the assumption that a crack will occur and then reinforcement across it will resist relative displacement along the crack. If we assume separation to be sucient steel will yield Vn = Avf fy
18
(3.18)
If the shear reinforcement is inclined with respect to the crack, Fig. 3.11
Tsin f Tcos f
assumed crack
applied shear=V n
A vf fy f T
C=Tsin f
Figure 3.11: Shear Friction Across Inclined Reinforcement

19
Component of tensile force in reinforcement gives rise to compression force at interface C c vertical force due to friction; Vn = T cos f + C C = T sin f Vn = T (cos f sin f ) T = Avf fy Vn = Avf fy (cos f + sin (3.19-a) f
20 21
Note: Vu = Vn and = 0.85 The preceding equation can be rewritten as Avf Avf = = Vu fy (3.20)
Vu ACI 11.27 (3.21) fy (cos f + sin f )
22
ACI-11.7.4.3 species as such that concrete cast monolithically = 1.4 concrete against hardened concrete = 1.0 concrete against steel = 0.7 where = 1.0 for normal weight concrete and = .75 for lightweight concrete. and Vn < 0.2fc Ac 800Ac (3.22)
Victor Saouma
Draft
3.7 Brackets and Corbels and Ac ( in2 ) is the area of concrete resisting shear. Example 3-2: Shear Friction
311
Design reinforcement needed at the bearing region of a precast beam 14 wide & 28 deep supported on a 4 bearing pad. Vu = 105k, horizontal force due to restraint, shrinkage, creep is 0.3 Vu
possible crack
20
vf
15
3#6 2#6
15
N uc V u
4" 24"
N uc
Vuc
Solution: 1. Assume all the shear Vu will be acting parallel to crack (small angle 20 ) 2. Assume all Vu is parallel to crack required Avf =
Vu fy
105 (0.85)(60)(1.4)
= 1.47 in2
(0.3)(105) 2 ac 3. As = N fy = (0.85)(60) = 0.62 in for horizontal force As = Avf + An = 1.47 + 0.62 in2 = 2.09 in2 use 5# 6 (As = 2.20 in2 )
4. Note: ACI 11-9-3-4 Nuc > 0.2 Vu for Corbels;
3.7
23
Brackets and Corbels
Nu might be due to shrinkage, prestressing Design based on truss analogy A.C.I. provisions (Chapter 11) 1. For 2. For 3. For
a d a d 1 2
24 25
<1 2 , use shear friction theory > 1, use ordinary beam theory
a d
1 Nu 3 Nuc ](1 0.5 ) 1 + [64 + 160 ( ) ] Vu d Vu fc bw d (3.23)
Vn = [6.5 5.1
fc N u s where = A ?? ; and 0.13 fy ; Vu not to be taken < 0.20 in calculating vu ; Nu = (+ve) compression, and (-ve) tension; Ah < As also Ah 0.50As distributed uniformly; thru fc As 2 3 d adjacent to As ; = bd .04 fy .
Victor Saouma
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312
SHEAR
3.8
Deep Beams
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 4
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
4.1
1
Continuity
R/C bldgs constructions commonly have oor slabs, beams, girders and columns continuously placed to form a monolithic system Figure 4.1: Continuous R/C Structures
+ve In a continuous system, load must be placed in such a way to maximize desired eect (Mmax ve V Mmax max , Fig. 4.2
2
Max +ve M @ AB_CD_EF Max -ve M @ B
Min -ve @ B
Max -ve @ C
Min -ve @ C
Max -ve @ D
Min -ve @ D
Figure 4.2: Load Positioning on Continuous Beams Given the moment diagram for various load cases, a designer should draw the moment enveloppe and design for the maximum negative and positive moments (eventhough they may not be caused by the same load case).
3
Draft
42
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
4.2
4
Methods of Analysis
Two approaches: 1. Detailed analysis (a) Moment distribution (b) Computer analysis 2. Approximate (but conservative) based on ACI 8.3.3 moment coecients
4.2.1
5
Detailed Analysis
Refer to CVEN3525/3535/4525
4.2.2
6
ACI Approximate Method
This method, Fig. 4.3 can be used if: 1. 2 or more spans 2. Spans are approximately equals, and the larger of adjacent ones not greater than the shorter by more than 20% 3. Loads are uniformably distributed 4. LL < 3DL 5. Prismatic members Positive Moment End Spans Continuous end unrestrained Continuous end integral with support Interior spans Negative Moment Negative moment at exterior face of rst of rst interior support Two spans > Two spans Negative moment at other faces of interior support ...................................... Shear Shear in end member at face of rst interior support Shear at face of all other supports
1 2 11 wu Ln 1 2 14 wu Ln 1 2 16 wu Ln
1 2 9 wu Ln 1 2 10 wu Ln 1 2 11 wu Ln
...... 1.15 wu2Ln

wu Ln 2
where wu is the factored load, and Ln is the cleas span.

7 8
These moment coecients take into account some inelastic action. They are conservative compared to an exact analysis. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
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4.2 Methods of Analysis
43
Figure 4.3: ACI Approximate Moment Coecients
Victor Saouma
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44
C L column C L span VaL 3 V
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
C L column
aL 2 Column width aL
L 2 Moment curve based on prismatic member VaL 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 6 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 Adjusted Moment Curve 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 C beam 0000000000000000000000000 L 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 L beam 0000000000000000000000000 C 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111
111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111
VaL 6
VaL 3
C L beam
VaL 2
VaL 6
aL 2
Figure 4.4: Design Negative Moment
4.3
9
Eective Span Design Moment
Negative moments should be the one at the face of the columns which is, Fig. 4.4
ve ve Md Mmax
Vb 3
(4.1)
10
This can substantially reduce high M ve .
4.4
4.4.1
11
Moment Redistribution
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Section
Let us consider a uniformly loaded rigidly connected beam, Fig. 4.5

2
WL 24
1 0 0 1 0 1
11 00 00 11 00 11
WL 12
WL 12
Figure 4.5: Moment Diagram of a Rigidly Connected Uniformly Loaded Beam
Victor Saouma
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4.4 Moment Redistribution

M Mp
X
45
Curvature
Figure 4.6: Moment Curvature of an Elastic-Plastic Section

12 13
The beam has an elastic plastic moment curvature relation, Fig. 4.6 |M ve | > |M +ve | as w , M ve Mp rst 12Mp wL2 = Mp w = 12 L2
14 15
Thus we will have a plastic hinge at the support however this is not synonymous with collapse.
Collapse or failure occurs when we have a mechanism or 3 adjacent hinges (plastic or otherwise). This can be easily determined from statics, Fig. 4.7
M
p
Figure 4.7: Plastic Moments in Uniformly Loaded Rigidly Connected Beam 2Mp = wu =
16 17
wu L2 8 16Mp L2
Thus capacity was increased 33% after rst plastic hinge occurred.
This is accompanied by large rotation of the plastic hinges at the supports, and when compared with the linear elastic solution M ve and M +ve The section must be designed to accomodate this rotation.
18
4.4.2
19
Concrete
Concrete is brittle hence by itself no appreciable plastic deformation can occur, however in R/C, Fig. 4.8
If certain rotation capacity exists (i.e., if is low) M is controlled by yielding of the steel while the concrete strain is still low compared to 0.003 reserve rotation capacity u y is then available for a redistribution of moment to occur before 0.003
20
Victor Saouma
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46
ce fc kd dkd s= y M M M
y cr First crack u Steel yielding
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
ce fc c dc
Asf y .003 c
s> y
Asf y
cr y
Unit rotation
Strain caused by moment redistribution
y y u
Figure 4.8: Plastic Redistribution in Concrete Sections M ve moment at support of continuous exural members calculated by elastic theory can be decreased by no more than
21
M = 20(1
fc ( 87 ) provided that where b = 0.851 f y 87+fy
)% ACI 8.4.1 b
(4.2)
1. Moments are exactly determined (i.e., not ACI coecients) 2. or < 0.5b
22 23
M +ve must be increased accordingly.
This capacity to redistribute moments (reduce M ve and increase M +ve ) is a characterisitc of ductile members.
24
Earthquake resistant structures must have a certain ductility to absorb the lateral oscillating load large amount of reinforcement at the joints. Example 4-1: Moment Redistribution Determine the moment redistribution for the following singly reinforced beam with = 0.5b
2
WL 24
2
WL 20
2 2
WL 12
WL 12
0.9
WL 12
0.9 W L 12
Victor Saouma
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4.5 Buildings Solution: From above, amout of redistribution M M ve M +ve = 20(1
b
47
)%
= 20(1 0.5) = 10% 2 = 0.9 wL 12 2 wL2 = 1.2 wL 24 = 20
4.5
25
Buildings
Building types, Table 4.1 Structural System Frame Shear Wall-Frame Single framed tube Tube in Tube Number of Stories Up to 15 up to 40 up to 40 up to 80
Table 4.1: Building Structural Systems

26
We analyse separately for vertical and horizontal loads.
Vertical loads: DL and LL. This is typically done for a oor, through a grid analysis. No need to model the entire structure. We can use ACI Approximate equations Exact (Moment distribution, computer) Lateral laod: WL, EL. This requires the analysis of a 2D or 3D frame. Two approaches: Approximate method: Portal method, or cantilever method. Exact Moment distribution, computer.
27
Recommended analysis/design procedures 1. Use ACI approximate equations for the design of the slab. Then, there is no need to worry about optimal placement of load to maximize positive or negative moments, or moment redistribution. 2. Once the slab is designed, use exact method for beams, girders. Reduce negative moments. 3. Tabulate maximum +ve and -ve moments for each beam. 4. Determine the column loads, tabulate.
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48 7. Design accordingly.
28
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
5. Can use approximate or exact method of analysis for frames. Tabulate results. 6. Add maximum positive and negative moments due to vertical and lateral loads.
A block diagram for the various steps is shown in Fig. 4.9
E-W SLAB
N-S BEAM
E-W GIRDER
N-S GIRDER
b h hf
w0
wu
L b
w0
wu
h
w0
DL
LL
w0
wu
PW
PW
WL
wu
PW
WL
M
L hf h M V R PW WL W0 Wa Col Fou
V
Span Slab thickness Beam/girder depth Flexure Shear Reation Partition wall Wind load Self weight Total factored load Column Foundation
V
N
Col
W E
Fou
S
R/C Bldg Design
Figure 4.9: Block Diagram for R/C Building Design
Victor Saouma
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Chapter 5
SERVICEABILITY
So far we have focused on the ultimate structural behaviour (failure), Vu & Mu , i.e the strength of a member.
1 2 It is important to also control the behaviour of structural elements under service load (unfactored)
1. Cracking 2. Deection
5.1
Control of Cracking
3 As y , y larger crack width is associated with large fy . This is why the ACI code places a limitation on max fy = 80ksi. (ACI 9.4) 4 5
The concern is not the # of crack (we can not control it) but rather the crack width. Crack width should be minimized because: 1. Appearance 2. Corrosion of steel 3. Redistributions of internal stresses 4. Eect on deection
The controlling parameters are: 1. Surface of the reinforcing bar (a) Round & smooth few wide cracks (bad) (b) Irregular & deformed many small cracks (better) 2. Steel stress 3. Concrete cover
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52
7
SERVICEABILITY
4. Distribution of steel over the tensile zone of concrete
Based on purely experimental research, the following emperical relation was determined, Fig. 5.1: w = .076fs where w fs dc A
3
dc A
Gergely & Lutz Eq.
(5.1)
width in 1/1,000 in Steel service stress ksi (if not computed can be assumed as 0.6 fy ) Thickness of concrete cover measured from tension face to center of bar closest to this face, in. Area of concrete surrounding one bar = Total eective tensile area in2 # of bars
h2 h1
Neutral Axis
2y y
111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111
h1
Steel Centroid
w
Figure 5.1: Crack Width Equation Parameters
8
ACI 1. Expresses the crack width indirectly by z where z= and assumes = Interior beams Exterior beams
h2 h1
w = fs .076
dc A
(ACI 10.6.4)
(5.2)
= 1.2 w = .091z (w = .016 in) (w = .013 in)
z 175 z 145
2. Only deformed bars can be used 3. Bars should be well distributed in tension zone 4. fy < 80ksi 5. In lieu of an accurate evaluation, fs = 0.6fy .
9
Maximum acceptable crack width (ACI Committee 224). Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
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5.1 Control of Cracking Exposure dry air, or protective membrane humidity, moist air, soil deicing chemicals seawater, salt water retaining structures wmax (in.) .016 .012 .007 .006 .004
53
Example 5-1: Crack Width fc = 3,000 ksi; fy = 40 ksi; As = 4 # 8; LL = 2.44 k/ft; DL = 1.27 k/ft; L = 15 ft.; Determine z and crack width
22.5"
20"
11.5"
Solution: 1. w = .076fs 3 dc A 2. Ec = 57 3, 000 = 3, 120 ksi 3. n = 4.

29103 3,120
= 9.29
k 3
b(kd)2 2
nAs (d kd) = 0 k = .393 j = 1

2
= .869 kd = 7.85 in
.27+2.44)(15) (12) 5. fs = AM fs = (18(3 .14)(.869)(20) = 22.9 ksi s jd Note that ACI allows 0.6fy = (0.6)(40) = 24 ksi conservative
6. = 7. A =
22.57.85 207.85
14.65 12.15
= 1.206 (note ACI stipulates 1.2)
(2.5)(2)(11.5) 4
= 14.38 in2
1 8. w = (.076)(1.206)(22.9) 3 (2.5)(14.38) 1,000 = .00696 in .
3 d A = (22.9) 3 (2.5)(14.38) = 75.64 9. or z = fs c
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54
SERVICEABILITY
5.2
10 11 12
Deections
ACI Code Sect. 9.5 Every structural design must satisfy requirements of strength, stiness & stability
With the increased usuage of: a) high strength material (resulting in smaller cross section) & b) use of rened design methods, we can no longer rely on the factor of safety to take care of deection, we but must detemine it Deection should be controlled because of: 1. Visually unacceptable 2. Possible ponding of water 3. Cracking in partition walls 4. Functional diculties (windows, doors, etc ) 5. Machine misalignment 6. Vibration
13
14 15 16
Deection are computed for service loads only Both long term & short term deection should be considered. As a rule of thumb, deections seldom control if < 0.5b
5.2.1
17 18
Short Term Deection

f (w,L) EI ,
In general =
i.e., uniform load over simply supported beam in
5wL4 384EI
f (w, l) and E are known, but how do we determine I ?, Fig. 5.2

c ut 2 1 cr
B B B B B
c e 1 c e 2 c cr
Figure 5.2: Uncracked Transformed and Cracked Transformed X Sections

19
It would be too complicated to have I = I (M )
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20
5.2 Deections ACI recommends to use a weighted average expression for I Ie Ie = Mcr Ma
3
55
Ig + 1
Mcr Ma
Icr (ACI 9.5.2.3)
(5.3)
where
Ie Ig I Mcr = fr yg b fr = 7.5 fc
and Ma is the maximum (service) moment at stage in which deection is computed

21
For continuous beams average Ie = 0.70Im + 0.15(Ie1 + Ie2 )
22 For beams with one end continuous Ie = 0.85Im + 15(Icon ) where Im , Ie are the moment of inertia at the middle and the end respectively. 23 24
Note that Ig may be substituted for Iut M

Mcr Ma
Deection evaluation is a nonlinear problem, as w ous beam 5 wL4 w = I 384 EI
Ie
and for a continu-
5.2.2
Long Term Deection
inst.
Figure 5.3: Time Dependent Deection

25
Creep coecient: Cc = t = Ec
f i = i (1+Cc )
Ec 1+Cc
Creep tends to reduce the elastic modulus of concrete, Fig. 5.4

26
From Strain diagram: 1. Steel strain remains unchanged 2. As concrete undergoes creep, the N.A. moves down larger area of concrete is under compression but since C = T stress in concrete is slightly reduced
Victor Saouma
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56
SERVICEABILITY
b
Cracked elastic neutral axis
i i t kd
fci
fct
As s
Figure 5.4: Time Dependent Strain Distribution
A s fs
3. But since C is now lower and we still satisfy Mext = Mint both stresses in steel & concrete must increase with time
27
According to ACI section 9.5.2.5: 1. Additional long term deection t t = i where = and Time (months) 3 1.0 6 1.2 12 1.4 60 2.0 = (5.4)
1+50 As bd
Thus compressive reinforcement can substantially reduce long term deections total = initial (1 + ) (5.5)
A
LL short DL sustained
1111 0000 0000 1111
1111 0000 1111 0000
Figure 5.5: Short and long Term Deections Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
28
5.2 Deections Short and long term deections, Fig. 5.5 A i,sust B i,sust + t,sust C sust + i,short and i, short = i, sust + short i, sust
Ie (DL+LL)
29
57
(5.6)
Ie (DL)
ACI max. deections (ACI 9.5.2.6) i,sh i,sh t,sust + i,sh t,sus + i,sh < < < <
L 180 L 360 L 480 L 240
Flat roof not supporting nonstructural elements likely to be damaged Floors not supporting nonstructural elements likely to be damaged Roofs or oors supporting nonstructural elements likely to be damaged Floors not supporting nonstructural elements not likely to be damaged
Example 5-2: Deections b = 11.5 in.; h = 22.5 in,; d = 20 in.; As = 4 # 8; fc = 3,000 psi; fy = 40 ksi; DL = 1.27 k/ft; LL = 2.44 k/ft; L = 15 ft. 1. Determine the short term deection 2. Find the creep portion of the sustained load deection & immediate live load deections Solution: 1. i, short = i,short + sust i, sust
2.44 1.27
1.27
2. Moment of inertias: Ie = Ig =
Mcr Ma bh3 12 3
Ig + 1
Mcr Ma
Ict
(11.5)(22.5)3 12
= 10, 916 in4
3. to nd Ict , need to locate N.A @ service
Victor Saouma
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58
11.5" 7.85"
SERVICEABILITY
20" 12.15"
Ict =
b(kd)2 nAs (d kd) = 0 k = 2 (11.5)(7.85)3 85 2 + (11.5)(7.85) 7.2 12
.393 kd = 7.85 in + (9.29) (3.14)(12.152 ) = 6, 130 in4

n As
fr = 7.5 3, 000 = 410.8 psi f Ig Mcr = r yb =

(410.8)(10,916) 11.25
= 33.2 k.ft = 399 k.in
4. Ma for sustained load

sust = Ma
(1.27)(15)2 (12) = 428.6 k.in = 35.72 k.ft 8 (1.27 + 2.44)(15)2 (12) = 1, 252 k.in = 104 k.ft 8
33.2 3 (10, 916) + 104.3 3 33.2 (10, 916) + 35.7 33.2 3 (6, 130) = 6, 209 in4 104.3 33.2 3 (6, 130) = 9, 993 in4 35.7
5. Ma for sustained and short load

sust+short = Ma
6. Moment of inertias Ie, sust + short = Ie, sust = 7. Deections 1 1
E = 57 3, 000 = 3, 120 ksi 5 wL4 = 384 EI 5 (1.27+2.44)[(15)(12)]4 i, short + sust = 384 = .218 in (3,120)(6,209)
5 (1.27)[(15)(12)] i, sust = 384 (3,120)(9,993) = .046 in i = .218 .046 = .172 in
4
8. creep = i, sust = 2. = 2. creep = (2)(.046) = .092 in 1+0
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 6
APPROXIMATE FRAME ANALYSIS

1 Despite the widespread availability of computers, approximate methods of analysis are justied by
1. Inherent assumption made regarding the validity of a linear elastic analysis vis a vis of an ultimate failure design. 2. Ability of structures to redistribute internal forces. 3. Uncertainties in load and material properties
2 3 4 5
Vertical loads are treated separately from the horizontal ones. We use the design sign convention for moments (+ve tension below), and for shear (ccw +ve). Assume girders to be numbered from left to right. In all free body diagrams assume positivee forces/moments, and take algeebraic sums.
6.1
Vertical Loads
6 The girders at each oor are assumed to be continuous beams, and columns are assumed to resist the resulting unbalanced moments from the girders. 7
Basic assumptions 1. Girders at each oor act as continous beams supporting a uniform load. 2. Inection points are assumed to be at (a) One tenth the span from both ends of each girder. (b) Mid-height of the columns 3. Axial forces and deformation in the girder are negligibly small. 4. Unbalanced end moments from the girders at each joint is distributed to the columns above and below the oor.
Draft
62
8 9
Based on the rst assumption, all beams are statically determinate and have a span, Ls equal to 0.8 the original length of the girder, L. (Note that for a rigidly connected member, the inection point is at 0.211 L, and at the support for a simply supported beam; hence, depending on the nature of the connection one could consider those values as upper and lower bounds for the approximate location of the hinge). End forces are given by
Maximum positive moment at the center of each beam is, Fig. 6.1
w M
lft
M V
rgt
rgt
lft
0.1L
0.8L L
0.1L
111 000 000 111 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0000 1111 0000 1111 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
Figure 6.1: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Girder Moments
1 1 2 2 2 M + = wL2 s = w (0.8) L = 0.08wL 8 8 Maximum negative moment at each end of the girder is given by, Fig. 6.1 w w M lef t = M rgt = (0.1L)2 (0.8L)(0.1L) = 0.045wL2 2 2 Girder Shear are obtained from the free body diagram, Fig. 6.2 V lf t = wL 2 V rgt = wL 2
(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
Column axial force is obtained by summing all the girder shears to the axial force transmitted by the column above it. Fig. 6.2
lf t P dwn = P up + Virgt 1 V i
(6.4)
Victor Saouma
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6.1 Vertical Loads
63
above
V i1
rgt
Vi
lft
below
Figure 6.2: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Axial Forces
h/2
h/2
lft i1
M col
above rgt
Mi1 Vi1
Li1
rgt
Mi
lft
rgt
M
V
Vlft
i1
lft i
V Li
rgt i
Mbelow col
h/2
h/2
Figure 6.3: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Moments
Victor Saouma
Draft
64
Column Moment are obtained by considering the free body diagram of columns Fig. 6.3
lf t bot M top = Mabove Mirgt 1 + Mi
M bot = top
(6.5)
Column Shear Points of inection are at mid-height, with possible exception when the columns on the rst oor are hinged at the base, Fig. 6.3 V = M top
h 2
(6.6)
Girder axial forces are assumed to be negligible eventhough the unbalanced column shears above and below a oor will be resisted by girders at the oor.
6.2
10
Horizontal Loads
We must dierentiate between low and high rise buildings.
Low rise buidlings, where the height is at least samller than the hrizontal dimension, the deected shape is characterized by shear deformations. High rise buildings, where the height is several times greater than its least horizontal dimension, the deected shape is dominated by overall exural deformation.
6.2.1
11
Portal Method
Low rise buildings under lateral loads, have predominantly shear deformations. Thus, the approximate analysis of this type of structure is based on 1. Distribution of horizontal shear forces. 2. Location of inection points.
12
The portal method is based on the following assumptions 1. Inection points are located at (a) Mid-height of all columns above the second oor. (b) Mid-height of oor columns if rigid support, or at the base if hinged. (c) At the center of each girder. 2. Total horizontal shear at the mid-height of all columns at any oor level will be distributed among these columns so that each of the two exterior columns carry half as much horizontal shear as each interior columns of the frame.
13
Forces are obtained from
Victor Saouma
Draft
6.2 Horizontal Loads
65
H/2
H/2
Figure 6.4: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Shear Column Shear is obtained by passing a horizontal section through the mid-height of the columns at each oor and summing the lateral forces above it, then Fig. 6.4 V ext = F lateral 2No. of bays V int = 2V ext (6.7)
Column Moments at the end of each column is equal to the shear at the column times half the height of the corresponding column, Fig. 6.4 M top = V h 2 M bot = M top (6.8)
Girder Moments is obtained from the columns connected to the girder, Fig. 6.5
h/2
h/2
M i1 Vilft 1
Li1/2
lft
M col
rgt
above
M i1 V
Li1/2
rgt below
Mi
lft
Mi Vlft
i
rgt
i1
Vi
Li /2 Li /2
rgt
M col
h/2
h/2
Figure 6.5: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Girder Moment
Victor Saouma
Draft
66 V lf t = 2M L
above below Milf t = Mcol Mcol + Mirgt 1
Mirgt = Milf t
(6.9)
Girder Shears Since there is an inection point at the center of the girder, the girder shear is obtained by considering the sum of moments about that point, Fig. 6.5 V rgt = V lf t (6.10)
Column Axial Forces are obtained by summing girder shears and the axial force from the column above, Fig. ??
P
above
V i1
rgt
Vi
lft
below
Figure 6.6: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Axial Force P = P above + P rgt + P lf t (6.11)
Example 6-1: Approximate Analysis of a Frame subjected to Vertical and Horizontal Loads
Draw the shear, and moment diagram for the following frame. Solution: Vertical Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
67
15 k 5 12 30 k 9 1
11 00
0.25 k/ft 13 7 6 0.5 k/ft 10 2

11 00
14 11
8 4
11 00
14 16
3
11 00
20
30
24
Figure 6.7: Example; Approximate Analysis of a Building 1. Top Girder Moments

lf t M12 cnt M12 rgt M12 lf t M13 cnt M13 rgt M13 lf t M14 cnt M14 rgt M14
= = = = = = = = =
2 0.045w12 L2 12 = (0.045)(0.25)(20) 2 0.08w12 L2 12 = (0.08)(0.25)(20) lf t M12 2 0.045w13 L2 13 = (0.045)(0.25)(30) 2 0.08w13 L2 13 = (0.08)(0.25)(30) lf t M13 2 0.045w14 L2 14 = (0.045)(0.25)(24) 2 2 0.08w14 L14 = (0.08)(0.25)(24) lf t M14
= = = = = = = = =
4.5 k.ft 8.0 k.ft 4.5 k.ft 10.1 k.ft 18.0 k.ft 10.1 k.ft 6.5 k.ft 11.5 k.ft 6.5 k.ft
2. Bottom Girder Moments

lf t M9 cnt M9 rgt M9 lf t M10 cnt M10 rgt M10 lf t M11 cnt M11 rgt M11
= = = = = = = = =
2 0.045w9 L2 9 = (0.045)(0.5)(20) 2 2 0.08w9 L9 = (0.08)(0.5)(20) lf t M9 2 0.045w10 L2 10 = (0.045)(0.5)(30) 2 2 0.08w10 L10 = (0.08)(0.5)(30) lf t M11 2 0.045w12 L2 12 = (0.045)(0.5)(24) 2 2 0.08w12 L12 = (0.08)(0.5)(24) lf t M12
= = = = = = = = =
9.0 k.ft 16.0 k.ft 9.0 k.ft 20.3 k.ft 36.0 k.ft 20.3 k.ft 13.0 k.ft 23.0 k.ft 13.0 k.ft
3. Top Column Moments

top M5 bot M5 top M6 bot M6 top M7 bot M7 top M8 bot M8
= = = = = = = =
lf t +M12 top M5 rgt lf t M12 + M13 = (4.5) + (10.1) top M6 rgt lf t M13 + M14 = (10.1) + (6.5) top M7 rgt M14 = (6.5) top M8
= = = = = = = =
4.5 4.5 5.6 5.6 3.6 3.6 6.5 6.5
k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft
Victor Saouma
Draft
68 4. Bottom Column Moments
top M1 bot M1 top M2 bot M2 top M3 bot M3 top M4 bot M4
= = = = = = = =
bot + M lf t = 4.5 9.0 +M5 9 top M1 bot M rgt + M lf t = 5.6 (9.0) + (20.3) +M6 9 10 top M2 bot M rgt + M lf t = 3.6 (20.3) + (13.0) +M7 10 11 top M3 bot M rgt = 6.5 (13.0) +M8 11 top M4
= = = = = = = =
4.5 4.5 5.6 5.6 3.6 3.6 6.5 6.5
k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft
5. Top Girder Shear

lf t V12 rgt V12 lf t V13 rgt V13 lf t V14 rgt V14
= w122L12 = lf t = V12 = w132L13 = lf t = V13 = w142L14 = lf t = V14
(0.25)(20) 2 (0.25)(30) 2 (0.25)(24) 2
= = = = = =
2.5 k 2.5 k 3.75 k 3.75 k 3.0 k 3.0 k
6. Bottom Girder Shear V9lf t V9rgt lf t V10 rgt V10 lf t V11 rgt V11 7. Column Shears V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 = V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = 8. Top Column Axial Forces P5 P6 P7 P8 = = = =
lf t V12 = 2.50 k rgt lf t V12 + V13 = (2.50) + 3.75 = 6.25 k rgt lf t V13 + V14 = (3.75) + 3.00 = 6.75 k rgt V14 Mechanics and Design of =Reinforced 3.00 k Concrete
= w92L9 = (0.5)(20) 2 = V9lf t = w102L10 = (0.5)(30) 2 lf t = V10 = w112L11 = (0.5)(24) 2 lf t = V11

top M5 H5 2 top M6 H6 2 top M7 H7 2 top M8 H8 2 top M1 H1 2 top M2 H2 2 top M3 H3 2 top M4 H4 2
= = = = = =
5.00 5.00 7.50 7.50 6.00 6.00
k k k k k k
= = = = = = = =
4.5
14 2 14 2
= 0.64 k = 0.80 k = = 0.52 k 0.93 k
5.6 3.6
14 2 14 2
6.5 4.5
16 2 16 2
= 0.56 k = 0.70 k = = 0.46 k 0.81 k
5.6 3.6
16 2 16 2
6.5
Victor Saouma
Draft
69
0.25K/ft
12 9
0.50K/ft
13
14 11
14 16
10 2 3
20
+8.0k -4.5k -9.0k -4.5k
+16.0k
30
+18.0k
24
+11.5k
k
-10.1k -10.1k -6.5

+32.0k
-6.5k -13.0k
+23.0k
-9.0k -20.2
k
k -13.0 -20.2 k
-4.5k +5.6k -4.5k +5.6k
-5.6k
+3.6k
+6.5k
+4.5k +4.5k
-5.6k
-3.6k -6.5k +3.6k +6.5k -3.6k -6.5k
Figure 6.8: Approximate Analysis of a Building; Moments Due to Vertical Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
610
+2.5K
+3.75K -2.5K
+3.0K -3.75K +6.0

K
+5.0
+7.5
-3.0K
-5.0K
-7.5K
-6.0K
-0.64K
-0.80K
+0.51K
+0.93K
-0.56K
-0.70K
+0.45K
+0.81K
Figure 6.9: Approximate Analysis of a Building; Shears Due to Vertical Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
6.2 Horizontal Loads 9. Bottom Column Axial Forces P1 P2 P3 P4 = = = = P5 + V9lf t = 2.50 + 5.0 rgt P6 V10 + V9lf t = 6.25 (5.00) + 7.50 rgt lf t P7 V11 + V10 = 6.75 (7.50) + 6.0 rgt P8 V11 = 3.00 (6.00) = = = = 7.5 k 18.75 k 20.25 k 9.00 k
611
Horizontal Loads, Portal Method 1. Column Shears V5 V6 V7 V8 V1 V2 V3 V4 2. Top Column Moments

top M5 bot M5 top M6 bot M6 H5 = V12 = top = M5 H6 = V62 = top = M6 V up H (2.5)(14) 2 (5)(14) 2 (5)(14) 2 (2.5)(14) 2
= = = = = = = =
15 (2)(3)
2(V5 ) = (2)(2.5) 2(V5 ) = (2)(2.5) V5

15+30 (2)(3)
2(V1 ) = (2)(7.5) 2(V1 ) = (2)(2.5) V1
= = = = = = = =
2.5 k 5k 5k 2.5 k 7.5 k 15 k 15 k 7.5 k 17.5 17.5 35.0 35.0

k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft
= = = =
top M7 = 72 7 = bot = M top M7 7 top M8 = 82 8 = bot = M top M8 8 V up H
= 35.0 k.ft = 35.0 k.ft = 17.5 k.ft = 17.5 k.ft
3. Bottom Column Moments

top = 1 2 1 = M1 bot = M top M1 1 top M2 = 2 2 2 = top bot M2 = M2 top M3 = 3 2 3 = bot = M top M3 3 top M4 = 4 2 4 = bot = M top M4 4 V dwn H V dwn H V dwn H V dwn H (7.5)(16) 2 (15)(16) 2 (15)(16) 2 (7.5)(16) 2
= 60 k.ft = 60 k.ft = 120 k.ft = 120 k.ft = 120 k.ft = 120 k.ft = 60 k.ft = 60 k.ft
4. Top Girder Moments

lf t M12 rgt M12 lf t M13 rgt M13 lf t M14 rgt M14
= = = = = =
top M5 lf t M12 rgt top M12 + M6 = 17.5 + 35 lf t M13 rgt top M13 + M7 = 17.5 + 35 lf t M14
= = = = = =
17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft
Victor Saouma
Draft
612
Approximate Analysis Vertical Loads A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 B C D E L1 20 0.25 0.5 F G H
APROXVER.XLS
Victor E. Saouma
Height 14 16
Span Load Load
L2 L3 30 24 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.5 MOMENTS Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Cnt Rgt Lft Cnr Rgt Lft Cnt Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA 8.0 -4.5 AAAA 11.5 -6.5 AAAA A -4.5 AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA -10.1 18.0 -10.1AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A -6.5 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA -4.5 AAAA -5.6 3.6 6.5 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA 4.5 AAAA 5.6 -3.6 -6.5 AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A -9.0 16.0 AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA -20.3 36.0 -20.3AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A -13.0 23.0 -13.0 AAAA -9.0 AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAA AA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA -4.5 AAAA -5.6 3.6 6.5 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 4.5 AAAA 5.6 -3.6 -6.5 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA SHEAR Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Rgt Lft Rgt Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA A 2.50AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA -2.50 AAAAAAAA AAAA 3.75 AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA -3.00 AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA -3.75AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A 3.00 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA -0.64 AAAA -0.80 0.52 0.93 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A 5.00AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA -5.00 AAAAAAAA AAAA 7.50 AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA -6.00 AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A 6.00 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA -7.50AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA -0.56 AAAA -0.70 0.46 0.81 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAA AXIAL FORCE Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA 2.50 6.25 6.75 3.00 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA 7.50 AAAA 18.75 20.25 9.00 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Figure 6.10: Approximate Analysis for Vertical Loads; Spread-Sheet Format
Victor Saouma
Approximate Analysis Vertical Loads
APROXVER.XLS
Victor E. Saouma
Draft
Victor Saouma
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q L1 20 0.25 0.5 MOMENTS Bay 1 Col L2 30 0.25 0.5 L3 24 0.25 0.5 Bay 2 Bay 3 Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Cnt Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALft Cnr Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft Cnt Rgt AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA =-0.045*D4*D3^2 =0.08*D4*D3*D3 =+D10 =-0.045*I4*I3^2 =0.08*I4*I3*I3 =+I10 =-0.045*N4*N3^2 =0.08*N4*N3*N3 =N10 AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A =+D10 =-F10+I10 =-K10+N10 =-P10 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA A=-Q11 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA =-C11 =-G11 =-L11 AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA A =-0.045*D5*D3^2 =0.08*D5*D3*D3 =+D13 =-0.045*I5*I3^2 =0.08*I5*I3*I3 =+I13 =-0.045*N5*N3^2 =0.08*N5*N3*N3 =+N13
AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A 1 2 3 Height 4 14 5 16 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 =+D13+C12 =-C14 =-F13+I13+G12 =-G14 =-K13+N13+L12 =-L14
Span Load Load
13 14 15 SHEAR Bay 1 Col
=-P13+Q12 =-Q14
16 17 18 19 20 21 =+D3*D5/2 =-D22 =+I3*I5/2 =-I22 =2*C14/A5 =2*G14/A5
Bay 2 Bay 3 Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Rgt Lft Rgt Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=-I20 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA =+N3*N4/2 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA =+D3*D4/2 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA=-D20 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA =-N20 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA=+I3*I4/2 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A A AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A =2*L11/A4 AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA =2*G11/A4 AAAA =2*C11/A4 A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=2*Q11/A4 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA A =+N3*N5/2 =-N22
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A A A AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
22 23 AXIAL FORCE Bay 1 Col Bay 2 Beam 0 Column Beam 0
=2*L14/A5
=2*Q14/A5
Bay 3 Column Beam 0 Col
24 25 26 27 28 =+D20 =-F20+I20 0 0 =+C28+D22 =+G28-F22+I22
=-K20+N20
=-P20
Figure 6.11: Approximate Analysis for Vertical Loads; Equations in Spread-Sheet

0 =+L28-K22+N22
29 30
AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA A AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
=+Q28-P22
613
Draft
614 5. Bottom Girder Moments
lf t M9 rgt M9 lf t M10 rgt M10 lf t M11 rgt M11
= = = = = =
top bot = 60 (17.5) M1 M5 lf t M9 rgt top bot = 77.5 + 120 (35) M9 + M2 M6 lf t M10 rgt top bot = 77.5 + 120 (35) M10 + M3 M7 lf t M11
= = = = = =
77.5 77.5 77.5 77.5 77.5 77.5
k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft k.ft
15K 30K
12 9
13 10
14 11
14
16
20
30
24
+17.5K
+35K
+35K
+17.5K
+60
-17.5K +120K
-35K +120K
-35K +60K
-17.5K
-60K
-120K +17.5K -17.5K +77.5

K
-120K +17.5K -17.5K +77.5

K
-60K
+17.5K +77.5
K
-17.5K
-77.5K
-77.5K
-77.5K
Figure 6.12: Approximate Analysis of a Building; Moments Due to Lateral Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
6.2 Horizontal Loads 6. Top Girder Shear

.5) lf t 12 = L12 = (2)(17 V12 20 rgt lf t V12 = +V12 .5) lf t 13 V13 = L13 = (2)(17 30 rgt lf t V13 = +V13 .5) lf t 14 V14 = L14 = (2)(17 24 rgt lf t V14 = +V14 2M lf t 2M lf t 2M lf t
615
= 1.75 k = 1.75 k = 1.17 k = 1.17 k = 1.46 k = 1.46 k
7. Bottom Girder Shear

.5) = (2)(77 V9lf t = L12 20 9 V9rgt = +V9lf t .5) lf t 10 V10 = L10 = (2)(77 30 rgt lf t V10 = +V10 .5) lf t 11 V11 = L11 = (2)(77 24 rgt lf t V11 = +V11 2M lf t 2M lf t 2M lf t
= 7.75 k = 7.75 k = 5.17 k = 5.17 k = 6.46 k = 6.46 k
8. Top Column Axial Forces (+ve tension, -ve compression) P5 P6 P7 P8 = = = =

lf t V12 = (1.75) k rgt lf t +V12 V13 = 1.75 (1.17) = 0.58 k rgt lf t +V13 V14 = 1.17 (1.46) = 0.29 k rgt V14 = 1.46 k
9. Bottom Column Axial Forces (+ve tension, -ve compression) P1 P2 P3 P4 = = = = P5 + V9lf t = 1.75 (7.75) rgt P6 + V10 + V9lf t = 0.58 7.75 (5.17) rgt lf t P7 + V11 + V10 = 0.29 5.17 (6.46) rgt P8 + V11 = 1.46 6.46 = = = = 9.5 k 3.16 k 1.58 k 7.66 k
Design Parameters On the basis of the two approximate analyses, vertical and lateral load, we now seek the design parameters for the frame, Table 6.2.
Victor Saouma
Draft
616
Portal Method A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 B C D E F 3 G H I L1 20 J
PORTAL.XLS
Victor E. Saouma
PORTAL METHOD
# of Bays L2 L3 30 24 MOMENTS Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA 17.5 -17.5 17.5 -17.5AAAA A 17.5 -17.5 AAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA 17.5 AAAA 35.0 35.0 17.5 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA -17.5 AAAA -35.0 -35.0 -17.5 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA 77.5 -77.5 AAAAAAAA AAAA 77.5 -77.5AAAAAAAA A 77.5 -77.5 AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA 60.0 AAAA 120.0 120.0 60.0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA -60.0 AAAA -120.0 -120.0 -60.0 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA SHEAR Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col Lft Rgt Lft Rgt Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAA AAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA A -1.75 -1.75 AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA -1.17 -1.17 AAAAAAAA AAAA -1.46 -1.46AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA 2.50 AAAA 5.00 5.00 2.50 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA 2.50 AAAA 5.00 5.00 2.50 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA A -7.75 -7.75 AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA -5.17 -5.17 AAAAAAAA AAAA -6.46 -6.46AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA 7.50 AAAA 15.00 15.00 7.50 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 7.50 AAAA 15.00 15.00 7.50 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AXIAL FORCE Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA 1.75 -0.58 0.29 -1.46 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA 9.50 AAAA -3.17 1.58 -7.92 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA
# of Storeys 2 Force Shear H Lat. Tot Ext Int H1 14 15 15 2.5 5
H2
16 30 45 7.5 15
Figure 6.13: Portal Method; Spread-Sheet Format
Victor Saouma
Draft
4

Portal Method A 1 PORTAL METHOD
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
PORTAL.XLS
617
K
A A A A A
Victor E. Saouma
A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A MOMENTS A A A A AA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A Bay 1 Bay 2 AA Bay 3 A A A A2 A A A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAA A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Force A Shear Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col 6 A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A Tot AInt A Rgt A Rgt A Rgt H Lat. A Ext Lft Lft Lft 7 A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA A A AAAAAAAA AAAA=+H9 AAAAAAAA AAA =+N8+O9 AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAA AAAA A A =-I8 =+J8+K9 =-M8 =-Q8 8 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+F9*B9/2 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+H9 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AA =+K9 AAAAAAAA AAAAA A=2*E9 H1 14 AAAA 15 =+C9 =+D9/(2*$F$2) 9 AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA =+E9*B9/2 A A AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA=-K9 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+H10 A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA =-H9 =+K10 10 A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+H12-H10 =-I11 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA =+O12-O10+N11 =-Q11 AAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A =+K12-K10+J11 =-M11 AAAA 11 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+F12*B12/2 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+H12 A A H2 16 30 =+E12*B12/2 12 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A =SUM($C$9:C12) A=+D12/(2*$F$2) A=2*E12 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA =+K12 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA A A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=-K12 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+H13 A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA =+K13 =-H12 13 AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A AA A AAAAAA A A A A AAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A 14 A SHEAR A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A Bay 1 Bay 2 AA Bay 3 15 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col 16 A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Lft Rgt Lft Rgt Lft Rgt 17 A A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA=-2*I8/I$3 =+I18 AAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A A A A A A =-2*M8/M$3 =+M18AAAA =-2*Q8/Q$3 =+Q18AAAA 18 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAA A A A A A A =+E9 19 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA=+F9 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA =+E9 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AA =+F9 AAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA A A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A A A A A =+H19 20 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+K19 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA =+O19 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+S19 A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAA=-2*I11/I$3 =+I21 AAAA AAAAAAAA AAA =-2*Q11/Q$3 AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA A A A A A A =-2*M11/M$3 =+M21AAAA =+Q21AAAAAAAA 21 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+F12 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA =+E12 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA =+F12 A A A A A A =+E12 22 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA=+K22 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA=+S22 AAAA A A A A A A =+H22 =+O22 23 AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A AA A AAAAAA A A A A AAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A AXIAL FORCE A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A 24 A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Bay 1 Bay 2 AA Bay 3 25 A A A AA A A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A A A Col Beam Column Beam Column Beam Col 26 A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA A A A A A A 0 27 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAA=+J18-M18 AAAAAAAA AAA=+R18 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA A A A A A A =-I18 =+N18-Q18 28 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAA AAAA A A A A A 0 0 0 29 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AA =+H28-I21 =+O28+N21-Q21 30 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+K28+J21-M21 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=+S28+R21 A A A A A A AAAA AAAA AAAA A A A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A3 AL1 A AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2 AAAA # of Bays L2 AAAAAAAAAAAAA L3 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA A AAAA A AAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA A A AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A20 A A AA A A A 24 A 3 30 A A A A A A A A AA A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A
A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
AA AA AA AA AA AA
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A
A A A A A A
5 # of Storeys
Figure 6.14: Portal Method; Equations in Spread-Sheet
Victor Saouma
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618
Mem. Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear
Vert. 4.50 7.50 0.56 5.60 18.75 0.70 3.60 20.25 0.45 6.50 9.00 0.81 4.50 2.50 0.64 5.60 6.25 0.80 3.60 6.75 0.51 6.50 3.00 0.93
Hor. 60.00 9.50 7.50 120.00 15.83 15.00 120.00 14.25 15.00 60.00 7.92 7.50 17.50 1.75 2.50 35.00 2.92 5.00 35.00 2.63 5.00 17.50 1.46 2.50
Design Values 64.50 17.00 8.06 125.60 34.58 15.70 123.60 34.50 15.45 66.50 16.92 8.31 22.00 4.25 3.14 40.60 9.17 5.80 38.60 9.38 5.51 24.00 4.46 3.43
Table 6.1: Columns Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads
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619
Mem. -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear -ve Moment +ve Moment Shear
Vert. 9.00 16.00 5.00 20.20 36.00 7.50 13.0 23.00 6.00 4.50 8.00 2.50 10.10 18.00 3.75 6.50 11.50 3.00
Hor. 77.50 0.00 7.75 77.50 0.00 5.17 77.50 0.00 6.46 17.50 0.00 1.75 17.50 0.00 1.17 17.50 0.00 1.46
10
11
12
13
14
Design Values 86.50 16.00 12.75 97.70 36.00 12.67 90.50 23.00 12.46 22.00 8.00 4.25 27.60 18.00 4.92 24.00 11.50 4.46
Table 6.2: Girders Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads
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Victor Saouma
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Chapter 7
ONE WAY SLABS

7.1
1
Types of Slabs
Types of slabs, Fig. 7.1
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
oneway slab
twoway slab
Beam
Grid slab
Flat slab oneway slab Flat plate slab
Figure 7.1: Types of Slabs

2
Two types of slabs, Fig. 7.2 1. One way slab: long span/short span > 2. Load is transmitted along the short span. 2. Two Way slab: Long span/short span <2. Load is transmitted along two orthogonal directions.
If
L s
> 2 than most of the load ( 5%) is carried in the short directions, Fig. 7.3
4 Load transfer in one way slabs is accomplished hierarchically through an interaction of slab, beam, girder, column and foundations, Fig. 7.4
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72
1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 11111 00000 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111
ONE WAY SLABS
Beam 1
11111 00000 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111
Beam 2
Beam 1
Beam 2
Beam 1
1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111
10"
Strip B S
10"
Strip B L S
0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 11111 00000 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111
Beam 1
11111 00000 00000 11111 11111 00000 11111 00000
Figure 7.2: One vs Two way slabs
111 000 000 111
P A
0 A1 0 1 0 1 1 0 A 0 1 0 1
000 111 B
000 111
Figure 7.3: Load Distribution in Slabs
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7.1 Types of Slabs
73
Figure 7.4: Load Transfer in R/C Buildings
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74 Simply supported Solid One way slab Beams or ribbed One way slab L/20 L/16 One end continuous L/24 L/18.5 Both ends continuous L/28 L/21
ONE WAY SLABS Cantilever
L/10 L/8
Table 7.1: Recommended Minimum Slab and Beam Depths
7.2
5
One Way Slabs
Preliminary considerations for one way slabs: 1. Load on slabs ksf. 2. Design an imaginary 12 in strip. 3. The area of reinforcement is As /ft of width or As = Ab ft where Ab is the area of one bar. or Bar spacing in inches = 12Ab As (7.2) 12 in
bar spacing in inches
(7.1)
4. Slab thickness t is usually assumed, and we design reinforcement. ACI 9.5.2.1 recommended minimum thickness of beams/slabs are given by Table 7.1. where L is in inches, and members are not supporting partitions. If a slab is so dimensioned (a) Deection need not be checked (b) Usually, neither exure, nor shear controls 5. In reinforcement design, a good initial guess for
a d
is 0.15.
6. Slab thickness are rounded to the neares 1/4 inch for slabs less than 6 inch, and 1/2 for thicker ones. 7. ACI Sect. 7.7.1 gives minimum cover for corrosion control (a) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, No.11 or smaller 3/4 inch. (b) Concrete exposed to weather or in contact with ground: i. No. 5 bars and smaller, 1.5 inch. ii. No. 6 and larger, 2. inch. 8. Transverse reinforcement (shrinkage, temperature) must be provided 0.002 Grade 40 and 50 bars As ACI 7.12.2.1 = bh 0.0018 Grade 60 and welded wire fabric Victor Saouma
(7.3)
Draft
7.3 Design of a One Way Continuous Slab 9. Shear does not usually control & no minimum reinforcement is needed (vc = 2 fc )
75
10. Principal reinforcement shall not be spaced at more than 3 times the slab thickness nor 18 in (ACI 7.6.5). 11. Usually No. 4 and larger bars are used for exural reinforcement, as No. 3 may be bent out of position by workers walking on it. This is more critical for top than bottom reinforcement. 12. Sometimes, No.3 is used for bottom, and No. 4 for top. 13. Shrinkage/temperature reinforcement shall not be spaced at more than 5 times the slab thickness nor 18 in (ACI 7.12.2.2).
7.3
Design of a One Way Continuous Slab
Design an 8 span oor slab. Each span is 15 ft long, fc = 3, 750 psi, fy = 60 ksi, wl =100 psf, oor cover is 0.5 psf, mechanical equipment 4 psf, and ceiling 2 psf. Interior supporting beams have a width of 14 inch, and exterior ones 16 inches. First span is measured from exterior of exterior beam to center of rst interior beam. Thickness: of the oor is based on ACI recommendation: le = (15)(12) li he min hi min 16 14 = 165 in 2 2 14 = (15)(12) 2 = 166 in 2 165 l = = 6.88 in = 24 24 166 l = = 5.93 in = 28 28 (7.4-a) (7.4-b) (7.4-c) (7.4-d)
We round h up to h = 7.25 in. Assuming 3/4 in. cover and No. 4 bars d = 7.25 0.75 + Factored Loads Slab wd = 7.25 (150) = 90.6 psf of oor surface 12 (7.6) 0.5 2 = 6.25 in (7.5)
Total dead load 90.6 + 0.5 + 4 + 2 = 97.1 psf Factored load wu = 1.4(97.1) + 1.7(100) = 306 psf The load per foot of strip is 306 lbs/ft Since wl < 3wd we can use the ACI 8.3.3 coecients to compute the moments. Net spans 1. First interior span ln = (15)(12) Victor Saouma
16 2
(7.7)
14 2
= 165 in = 13.75 ft
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76
ONE WAY SLABS
2. Second interior span ln = (15)(12) 14 = 166 in = 13.83 ft

1 3. Average span ln = 1 2 (165 + 166) 12 = 13.79 ft
Flexural Design ai = 0.15d = 0.15(6.25) = 0.9375 in Mu 12Mu 0.222 As = Mu = a = fy (d a ) 0 . 9(60)(6 . 25 ) 6 . 25 a 2 2 2 As fy 60 a = = As = 1.569As 0.85fc b (0.85)(3.75)(12) = 0.0018bh = 0.0018(12)(7.25) = 0.157 in2 /f t Amin s (7.8-a) (7.8-b) (7.8-c) (7.8-d)
For maximum spacing, ACI species 3h = 3(7.25) = 21.75 in but no more than 18 in, smax = 18 in.
ln , ft 2 wu l n M Coe. Mu ft-kip/ft a As a As a As Amin s Reinf. Aprov s
Support 13.75 57.85 1/24 2.41 0.937 0.092 0.145 0.087 0.136 0.087 0.157 #4@15 0.16
Midspan 13.75 57.85 1/14 4.13 0.937 0.159 0.249 0.150 0.235 0.150 0.157 #4 @15 0.16
Support 13.79 58.19 1/10 5.82 5.82 0.937 0.223 0.351 0.213 0.334 0.212 0.157 #4@12 0.20 1/11 5.29
Midspan 13.83 58.53 1/16 3.66 0.937 0.141 0.221 0.132 0.207 0.132 0.157 #4@15 0.16
Support 13.83 58.53 1/11 5.32 0.937 0.204 0.320 0.194 0.304 0.194 0.157 #4@12 0.20
Midspan 13.83 1/16 3.66
Shear Since we have unequal spans we must check at 1. Exterior face of the rst interior support Vu = 1.15wu 2. Typical interior span Vu = 1.0wu The shear resistance is Vc = (0.85)2 f cbw d = (0.85)(2) 3, 750(12)(6.25) = 7, 808lb/f t (7.11) (1.0)(306)(166) ln = = 2, 117 lb/ft of width 2 2 (7.10) (1.15)(306)(157) ln = = 2, 302 lb/ft of width 2 2 (7.9)
hence the slab is adequate for shear.
Victor Saouma
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7.3 Design of a One Way Continuous Slab
77
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement must be provided perpendicular to the span of the slab (7.12) As = 0.0018bh = 0.0018(12)(7.25) = 0.157 in2 /f t and maximum spacing is 18 in. Therefore, we can provide # 4 bars at 15 in. as shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. They should be placed on top of the lower layer of steel. Note that in this problem a 6.5 in. thickness was acceptablee for the six interior spans, but a 7.25 in. thickness was required for the end spans. If the entire oor were made of 6. in. thick slab instead of 7.25 in. about 45 cubic yards of concrete could have been saved (for a total oor width of about 90 ft) per or or 180 kips of dead load per oor. This would represent a considerable saving in say a 20 story building. In this case, it would be advisable to use 6., and check for delfections in the end spans.
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78
ONE WAY SLABS
Victor Saouma
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Chapter 8
COLUMNS
Draft
Chapter 9
COLUMNS
9.1
1
Introduction
Columns resist a combination of axial P and exural load M , (or M = P e for eccentrically applied load).
9.1.1
Types of Columns
Types of columns, Fig. 9.1

Tied column
tie steel main longitudinal steel reinforcement
Composite colu
Pipe column Spiral column
Figure 9.1: Types of columns

2
Lateral reinforcement, Fig. 9.2 1. Restrains longitudinal steel from outward buckling 2. Restrains Poissons expansion of concrete 3. Acts as shear reinforcement for horizontal (wind & earthquake) load 4. Provide ductility
very important to resist earthquake load.
9.1.2
3
Possible Arrangement of Bars
Bar arrangements, Fig. 9.3
Draft
92
P Spiral X Tied X
COLUMNS
Figure 9.2: Tied vs Spiral Reinforcement
4 bars
6 bars
8 bars
Corner column
10 bars 12 bars
Wall column
16 bars 14 bars
Figure 9.3: Possible Bar arrangements
Victor Saouma
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9.2
9.2.1
4
9.2 Short Columns
93
Short Columns
Concentric Loading
No moment applied, P = fc Ac + fs As = fc (Ac + nAs )
Elastic Behaviour
Ultimate Strength Pd = Pn Pn = .85fc Ac + fy As note: 1. 0.85 is obtained also from test data 2. Matches with beam theory using rect. stress block 3. Provides an adequate factor of safety
9.2.2
5
Eccentric Columns
Sources of exure, Fig. 9.4

P
n
P
M
M L
M R
e=
Figure 9.4: Sources of Bending 1. Unsymmetric moments M L = M R 2. Uncertainty of loads (must assume a minimum eccentricity) 3. Unsymmetrical reinforcement
6
Types of Failure, Fig. 9.5 1. Large eccentricity of load failure by yielding of steel 2. Small eccentricity of load failure by crushing of concrete 3. Balanced condition
Assumptions As = As ; =
As bd
As bd
= fs = fy Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
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94
P 8
0
COLUMNS
Pn
cu cu
Compression failure range
e = 0; a = h; c =
Radial lines show constant e= e small Mn Pn Balanced Failure cu
Load path for givin e
eb
e large
Tension failure range
cu
M
c ~ h; e=
Mn
0
su
> y
Figure 9.5: Load Moment Interaction Diagram 9.2.2.1

8
Balanced Condition
M P
There is one specic eccentricity eb = 1. steel yielding 2. concrete crushing
such that failure will be triggered by simultaneous
From the strain diagram (and compatibility of concrete and steel strains), Fig. 9.6 c = .003 fy y = Es u c = d= u + y (9.1-a) (9.1-b) .003
fy Es
+ .003
(9.1-c) (9.1-d)
Furthermore, s cd = c c cd c c (9.2-a) (9.2-b)
s =
thus the compression steel will be yielding (i.e. s = y ) for c = .003 and d = 2 in if c > 6 in
10
Equilibrium: Pn Pn = .85fc ab + As fy As fs a = .85fc b a = 1 cb fs = fy .003 c = d b fy As = As +.003

Es
Pn,b = .851 fc bd fy
Es
.003 + .003
(9.3)
Victor Saouma
Draft
9.2 Short Columns

d d h/2 A
s
95
A
s
s
A sf y A sf s
c
cs
s
Pn c
A sf s
0.85f c sf s A a e e sf y A
Figure 9.6: Strain and Stress Diagram of a R/C Column or Pnb = .851 fc bd
11
87, 000 fy + 87, 000
(9.4)
To obtain Mnb we take moment about centroid of tension steel As of internal forces, this must be equal and opposite to the externally applied moment, Fig. 9.6. a Mnb = Pnb eb = .85fc ab(d ) + As fy (d d ) 2
Mext Mint
(9.5)
12
Note: Internal moments due to As fy and As fy cancel each other for symmetric columns. Tension Failure
9.2.2.2
Case I, e is known and e > eb In this case a and Pn are unknowns, and for failure to be triggered by fy in As we must have e > eb . Can still assume As fy = As fy Fy = 0 Pn = .85fc ab a = Victor Saouma Pn .85fc b (9.6-a)
Draft
96 M = 0 Pn e Two approaches (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
COLUMNS a = Pn (d ) + As fy (d d ) 2 (9.6-b)
1. Solve iteratively for those two equations Assume a (a < h 2) From strain compatibility solve for fsc , center steel stress if applicable. Fy = 0 solve for Pn M = 0 with respect to tensile reinforcement, solve for Pn If no convergence among the two Pn , iterate by solving for a from Fy = 0 e + d
2. Combine them into a quadratic equation in Pn e 2 d e 1 Pn = .85fc bd ( 1) + + 2 1 d d d where = = Case II c is known and c < cb ; Pn is unknown In this case, we only have two unknown, Pn and fs . a fs fs C Pn Mn e= Mn Pn =
def As As bd = bd fy .85fc
(9.7)
1 c fy c E s cd c 0.85fc ab fy
(9.8-a) (9.8-b) (9.8-c) (9.8-d) (9.8-e) + As fs d h 2 (9.8-f) (9.8-g)
= =
= = =
C + As fs As fy h ha C + as fs d 2 2
Note this approach is favoured when determining the interaction diagram. 9.2.2.3 Compression Failure
Case I e is known and e < eb ; Pn , a and fs are unknown Compression failure occurs if e < eb u = .003, assume fs = fy , and fs < fy From geometry c = Victor Saouma u
fs Es
+ u
Draft
9.2 Short Columns fs = Es u = E s u dc c a d 1

a 1
97
(9.9-a) (9.9-b) (9.9-c)
Pn = .85fc ab + As fy As fs a Pn e = .85fc ab(d ) + As fy (d d ) 2
this would yield a cubic equation in Pn , which can be solved analytically or by iteration. 1. Assume a (a h)
2. Solve for M = 0 with respect to tensile reinforcement & solve for Pn 3. From strain compatibility solve for fs 4. Check that Fy = 0 & solve for a 5. If ai+1 = ai go to step 2 Case II: c is known and c > cb ; fs , fs , and Pn are unknown In this case a = 1 c dc c cd fs = c Es c C = 0.85fc ab fs = c Es fy fy (9.10-a) (9.10-b) (9.10-c) (9.10-d) (9.10-e) + As fs d h 2 (9.10-f)
Pn = C + As fs + As fs h ha + As fs d Mn = C 2 2
9.2.3
ACI Provisions
1. Governing equations min max s = = = = = 1% 8% A fc 0.45( Ag 1) f c y 0.7 for tied columns 0.75 for spiral columns ACI 10.9.1 ACI 10.5 (9.11)
where s minimum ratio of spiral reinforcement Ag gross area of section Ac area of core 2. A minimum of 4 bars for tied circular and rect Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
98 3. A minimum of 6 bars for spirals (ACI10.9.2)
COLUMNS
4. increases linearly to 0.9 as Pn decreases from 0.10fc Ag or P0 , whichever is smaller, to zero (ACI 9.3.2). 5. Maximum strength is 0.8P0 for tied columns ( = 0.7) and 0.85P0 for spirally reinforced columns ( = 0.75).
9.2.4
13
Interaction Diagrams
Each column is characterized by its own interaction diagram, Fig. 9.7

P
Tied: Pn(max) = 0.80 P 0 Spir. reinf: P n(max) = 0.85 P 0

A
e
Compression control region

1
P0 P n(max) P n(max)
mi n
P nM n
(M
n Pn )
Bal
df nce
ailu
re
P d M d (M
eb
nb
Pnb )
Tension control region
0.10f c A g
M n
Mn
Figure 9.7: Column Interaction Diagram
9.2.5
14
Design Charts
To assist in the design of R.C. columns, design charts have been generated by ACI in term As + A s e Pn Mn of non dimensionalized parameters = bhf vs bh and 2 f = h for various t where t = bh
fy .85fc
c c
Example 9-1: R/C Column, c known A 12 by 20 in. column is reinforced with four No. 4 bars of area 1.0 in2 each, at each corner. fc = 3.5 ksi, fy = 50 ksi, d = 2.5 in. Determne: 1) Pb and Mb ; 2) The load and moment for c = 5 in; 3) load and moment for c = 18 in. Solution:
Victor Saouma
Draft
d cb a fs fs C Pnb Mnb
9.2 Short Columns
99
Balanced Conditions is derived by revisiting the fundamental equations, rather than mere substitution into previously derived equation. = = =
def
h d = 20 2.5 = 17.5 in .003 .003 17.5 = 11.1 in d = 50 fy + . 003 + . 003 29 , 000 E

s
(9.12-a) (9.12-b) (9.12-c)
1 cb = (0.85)(11.1) = 9.44 in
= =
= = = =
fy = 50 ksi (9.12-d) 11.1 2.5 cd c = (29, 000)( (0.003) = 67.4 ksi > fy fs = 50 Es (9.12-e) ksi c 11.1 (9.12-f) 0.85fc ab = (0.85)(3.5)(9.44)(12) = 337 k C + As fs As fs = 337 + (2.0)(50) + (2.0)(50) = 337 k (9.12-g) a Pnb e = .85fc ab(d ) + As fy (d d ) (9.12-h) 2 9.44 + (2.0)(50)(17.5 2.5) = 5, 807 k.in = 484 k.ft (9.12-i) 337 17.5 2 5, 807 (9.12-j) = 17.23 in 337
eb
Tension failure, c = 5 in fs fs
def
= =
= a C Pn = = = = = Mn = = = e =
5.0 2.5 = 43.5 ksi 5.0 1 c = 0.85(5.0) = 4.25 in (0.003)(29, 000) 0.85fc ab (0.85)(3.5)(4.25)(12) = 152 k C + As fs As fy
fy = 50 ksi cd c E s c
(9.13-a) fy (9.13-b) (9.13-c) (9.13-d) (9.13-e) (9.13-f) (9.13-g)
(9.13-h) 152 + (2.0)(43.5) (2.0)(50) = 139 k h h ha + As fs d + As fs d about section centroid (9.13-i) C 2 2 2 20 4.25 20 20 (152) + (2.0)(43.5) 2.5 + (2.0)(50) 17.5 (9.13-j) 2 2 2 2, 598 k.in = 217 k.ft 2, 598 = 18.69 in 139 (9.13-k) (9.13-l)
Compression failure, c = 18 in a = 1 c = 0.85(18) = 15.3 in dc fy fs = c Es c Victor Saouma (9.14-a) (9.14-b)
Draft
910 = (0.003)(29, 000) fs = c Es cd c = (0.003)(29, 000)
COLUMNS 17.5 18.0 = 2.42 ksi As is under compression 18.0 (9.14-c) (9.14-d) (9.14-e) (9.14-f) (9.14-g)
fy
18.0 2.5 = 75 ksi > fy fs = 50 ksi 18.0 C = 0.85fc ab = (0.85)(3.5)(15.3)(12) = 546 k Pn = C + As fs + As fs
Mn
= 546 + (2.0)(50) + (2.42)(2) = 650 k (9.14-h) ha h h + As fs d + As fs d = C about section centroid (9.14-i) 2 2 2 20 20 20 15.3 + (2.0)(50) 2.5 + (2.0)(2.42) 17.5 (9.14-j) = (546) 2 2 2 = 2, 000 k.in = 167 k.ft 2, 000 = 3.07 in 650 (9.14-k) (9.14-l)
e =
Example 9-2: R/C Column, e known For the following column, determine eb , Pb , Mb ; Pn and Mn for e = 0.1h and e = h. fc = 3, 000 psi and fy = 40, 000 psi. The area of each bar is 1.56 in2 .
12"
20"
3"
3"
24"
.003
Cc
Balanced Condition: y = Victor Saouma fy 40 = .001379 = Es 29, 000 (9.15-a)
Draft
9.2 Short Columns cb = u .003 .003 = 14.4 in d= u + y .003 + .001379 a = 1 cb = (.85)(14.4) = 12.2 in
911 (9.15-b) (9.15-c) (9.15-d) (9.15-e) (9.15-f) (9.15-g) (9.15-h)
Cc = .85fc ab = (.85)(3)(12.2)(20) = 624 k 14.4 12 .003 = .0005 sc = 14.4 fsc = (29, 000)(.0005) = 15 ksi center bars Cs = (.0005)(29, 000)(2)(1.56) = 46.8 k Pnb = 624 + 46.8 = 670.8 k
Note that the co0mpression steel is yielding because d > 2 and c > 6 (as previously proven) Taking moment about centroid of section Mnb = Pnb e = .85fc ab h h d + As fy d 2 2 12.2 + 4(1.56)(9)(40) = (.85)(3)(12.2)(20) 12 2 +4(1.56)(40 .85 3)(12 3) + As fy 8, 164 k.in; 680 k.ft 8, 164 = 12.2 in 670.8 h a 2 2 (9.16-a) (9.16-b)
(9.16-c) (9.16-d) (9.16-e) (9.16-f)
= 3, 671 + 2, 246 + 2, 246 = eb =
e= .1 h e = (.1)(24) = 2.4 in < eb failure by compression. Pn , a and fs are unknown
Victor Saouma
Draft
912
COLUMNS
12"
20"
3"
3"
hcd
24" c=23.5"
s
9" e=11.4
sc
.003
e=2.4"
Pn h/2=12" .85fc
A sf
A sc f
sc
Cc
A sf a/2
a=20"
1. Assume a = 20 in c= 2. For center steel (from geometry) sc c h 2 = .003 c
a 20 = 23.5 in = 1 .85
(9.17)
(9.18-a) (9.18-b) (9.18-c) (9.18-d) (9.18-e)
sc = fsc
c h 2 .003 c = Es sc
h 2
c .003 c 23.5 12 .003 = 42.5 ksi > fy fsc = fy = 29, 000 23.5 = Es 3. Take moment about centroid of tensile steel bar Pn e Victor Saouma a h = 0.85fc ab(d ) + As fy (h 2d ) + Asc fy ( d ) 2 2
(9.19-a)
Draft
9.2 Short Columns Pn (9 + 2.4) = (.85)(3)(20)(20)(21 Pn = 1, 476 k 4. Get s in tension bar s h d 23.5 s .003 c .003 (24 3 23.5) = 23.5 = .000319 =
913 20 ) + 4(1.56)(40)(24 6) + 2(1.56)(40)(9) (9.19-b) 2 = 11, 220 + 4, 493 + 259.7 (9.19-c) (9.19-d)
(9.20-a) (9.20-b) (9.20-c) (9.20-d)
fs = Es = (29, 000)(0.000319) = 9.25 ksi 5. Take F = 0 to check assumption of a Pn = 0.85fc ab + As fy + Asc fsc + As fy 1, 476 = 51a + 432.1 a = 20.4 in Pn = 1, 476 k Mn = (1, 476)(2.4) = 3, 542 k.in = 295 k.ft
(9.21-a) (9.21-c) (9.21-d) (9.21-e) (9.21-f)
(9.21-b) .25) 1, 476 k = (.85)(3)(a)(20) + (4)(1.56)(40) + (2)(1.56)(40) + (4)(1.56)(9
e=h
1. In this case e = 24 in > eb failure by tension. Pn and a are unknown. 2. Assume a = 7.9 in c = 3. Steel stress at centroid c .003 sc fsc 4. Iterate F = 0 Pn = (.85)fc ab + Asc fsc = (.85)(3)(7.9)(20) 2(1.56)(25.3) (9.23-a) (9.23-b) = 12 c sc 12 9.3 .003 = .00087 = 9.3 = (29, 000)(0.00087) = 25.3 ksi (9.22-a) (9.22-b) (9.22-c)
a 1
7.9 .85
= 9.3 in
(9.23-c) = 403 79 = 324 k a M = 0 Pn (e + h/2 d ) = .85fc ab(d ) + As fy (d d ) 2 dd Asc fsc ( ) (9.23-d) 2 7.9 ) + 4(1.56)(40)(21 3) Pn (24 + 9) = (.85)(3)(7.9)(20)(21 2 +2(1.56)(25.3)(9) (9.23-e) Pn (33) = 6, 870 + 4, 493 710 = 10, 653 k.in Pn = 323 k Victor Saouma (9.23-f) (9.23-g)
Draft
914 5. Determine Mn Mn = Pn e = (323)(24) = 7, 752 k.in = 646 k.ft
COLUMNS
(9.24)
Example 9-3: R/C Column, Using Design Charts Design the reinforcement for a column with h = 20 in, b = 12 in, d = 2.5 in, fc = 4, 000 psi, fy = 60, 000 psi, to support PDL = 56 k, PLL = 72 k, MDL = 88 k.ft, MLL = 75 k.ft, Solution: 1. Ultimate loads Pu = (1.4)(56) + (1.7)(72) = 201 k Pn = Mu 201 = 287 k 0.7 251 = 358 k.ft = (1.4)(88) + (1.7)(75) = 251 k.ft Mn = 0.7 (9.25-a) (9.25-b)
2. Chart parameters e h = (358)(12) = 0.75 (9.26-a) (287)(20) h 2d 20 (2)(2.5) = 0.75 interpolate between A3 and A(9.26-b) 4 h 20 287 Pn = 0.3 (9.26-c) = bhfc (12)(20)(4) (9.26-d)
= = e h
= (0.3)(0.75) = 0.225
3. Interpolating between A.3 and A.4 t = 0.4 4. Reinforcement t = =

At bh fy .85fc
At =
(0.4)(b)(h)(.85)(fc ) 1 2 = 5.45 in = (0.4)(12)(20)(.85)(4) (9.27-a) fy (60)
use 4 # 9 & 2 # 8, At = 5.57 in2
Victor Saouma
Draft
9.2 Short Columns
915
Pn
M0x
1111111 0000000 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111
M0y
Mny
Mnx
Figure 9.8: Failure Surface of a Biaxially Loaded Column
9.2.6
15 16
Biaxial Bending
Often columns are subjected to biaxial moments (such as corner columns)
An exact approach entails the trial and eror determination of an inclined neutral axis, this is an exact method but too cumbersome to use in practice.
Hence, we seek an approximate solution, the most widely used method is the load contour method or Bresler-Parme method.
17 18
The failure surface of a biaxialy loaded column is shown in Fig. 9.8, and the general nondimensional equation for the moment contour at a constant Pn may be expressed as Mnx M0x
1
Mny M0y
= 1.0
where Mnx Mny M0x M0y and 1

19
= = = = and
Pn ey Pn ex Mnx capacity at axial load Pn when Mny (or ex ) is zero Mny capacity at axial load Pn when Mnx (or ey ) is zero 2 are exponent which depend on geometry and strength.
Bresler suggested that we set 1 = 2 = . For practical purposes, a value of = 1.5 for rectangular columns, and between 1.5 and 2.0 for square sections has proven acceptable. An improvement of Bresler equation was devised by Parme. The main assumption is that at any load Pn , Fig. 9.9 M0y Mny = Mnx M0x or Mny = M0y Mnx = M0x ;
20
Victor Saouma
Draft
916
COLUMNS
M 0y
M ny M 0x C B M 0y M0x M 0y
M ny /M0y 1.0 C
A M0x M nx
45
A 1.0Mnx /M0x
Figure 9.9: Load Contour at Plane of Constant Pn , and Nondimensionalized Corresponding plots
21
Thus, is the portion of the uniaxial moment strength permitted to act simultaneously on the column section. It depends on the cross section, strength, and layout. The usual range is between 0.55 and 0.70, with a recommended value of 0.65 for design. Hence, once is selected, we can substitute in Breslers equation
M 0x M 0x
0y + M0 y
22 23
= 1.0
= 1 2 log = log 0.5 0.5 = log log

log 0.5/log
thus, Mnx M0x

24 25
log 0.5/log
Mny M0y
= 1.0
(9.28)
Eect of is shown in Fig. 9.10. Gouwens proposed to replace the above curves, by a bilinear model, Fig. 9.11
Review of a section Mny Mnx + M0y M0x Mnx Mny + M0x M0y Design of a column Mny + Mnx Mnx + Mny M0y M0x M0x M0y 1 1 = M0y If = M0x Mny M0y Mnx M0x Mny M0y If Mnx M0x (9.30-a) (9.30-b) 1 1 Mny Mnx M0y M0x Mny Mnx = 1 If M0y M0x = 1 If (9.29-a) (9.29-b)
Victor Saouma
Draft
9.2 Short Columns
917
Biaxial Bending Interaction Diagram 1.0
0.8
0. 0.8 85 0 0.7 5 0.7 0 0.6 5
0.90
0.6
0.6
be
ta
0.
Nny/M0y
=0
55
.5 0
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4 Mnx/M0x
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 9.10: Biaxial Bending Interaction Relations in terms of
Pn
M0x
111111 000000 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111
C 1.0 1 (M nx /M 0x ) +(M ny /M 0y) =1 B

M ny /M 0y + M nx /M 0x (1 / ) =1
M0y
M ny /M
0y
M nx /M 0x + M ny /M 0y (1 / ) =1 1 45
o
Mny
M nx /M 0x
A 1.0
Mnx
Figure 9.11: Bilinear Approximation for Load Contour Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns
Victor Saouma
Draft
918
26
COLUMNS
Note, circular or square columns with symmetric reinforcement should always be considered rst for biaxially loaded columns. Example 9-4: Biaxially Loaded Column
Determine the adequacy of a 16 in. square tied column with 8 # 9 bars. d = 2.5in, and there are 3 bars on each side. The section is to carry factored loads of Pu = 144 k, Mux = 120 k.ft and Muy = 54 k.ft, fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi. P0 = 952 k, M0x = M0y = 207 k.ft. Solution: ey = ex =
Mux Pu Muy Pu
= =
(120)(12) = 10.0 in 144 (54)(12) = 4.5 in 144
The interaction diagram for e = 10 in, e = 4.5 in and e = 0 will give Pn equal to 254, 486, and 952 kips respectively. The required load Pn = 144 0.7 = 205 k, the corresponding moments are M0x = M0y = 207 k.ft from the interaction diagram. Using = 0.65
Required Mnx Required Mny
M 0y M 0x
= =
207 207
54 0.7
120 0.7
= 0.828 = 0.373
We shall use both solutions Bresler-Parme which is exact solution

log 0.5/log log(0.5) log log 0.5/log
= = =
log 0.5 log 0.65
= 1.609
Mny M 0y
Mnx M 0x
M + Mny 0y (0.828)1.609 + (0.373)1.609 Mnx M 0x ,
0.943
Note that we could have rst solved for This would have given is safe.
Mny M 0y
and then determined
from Fig. 9.10.
0.45 which is greater than the actual value, hence the design
Gouwens which is an approximate solution

Mnx M 0x
Mny M 0y
0.828 +
1 1 0.65 0.337 1 0.65
= 0.828 + 0.1815 = 1.0095
which indicates a slight overstress. We note that the approximate method is on the conservative side.
Victor Saouma
Draft
9.3
9.3.1
27 28
9.3 Long Columns
919
Long Columns
Euler Elastic Buckling
Column buckling theory originated with Leonhard Euler in 1744. An initially straight member is concentrically loaded, and all bers remain elastic until buckling occur. For buckling to occur, it must be assumed that the column is slightly bent as shown in Fig. 9.12. Note, in reality no column is either perfectly straight, and in all cases a minor imperfection
P P x and y are principal axes x
Slightly bent position L
Figure 9.12: Euler Column is present.

29
At any location x along the column, the imperfection in the column compounded by the concentric load P , gives rise to a moment Mz = P y (9.31)
Note that the value of y is irrelevant.

30
Recalling that (9.32)
d2 y Mz = 2 dx EI upon substitution, we obtain the following dierential equation d2 y P =0 2 dx EI

31
(9.33)
Letting k 2 =
P EI ,
the solution to this second-order linear dierential equation is y = A sin kx B cos kx (9.34)
32
The two constants are determined by applying the essential boundary conditions 1. y = 0 at x = 0, thus B = 0 2. y = 0 at x = L, thus A sin kL = 0 (9.35)
Victor Saouma
Draft
920 Thus buckling will occur if
P EI
COLUMNS
This last equation can e satised if: 1) A = 0, that is there is no deection; 2) kL = 0, that is no applied load; or 3) kL = n (9.36) =
n 2 L
or P = n2 2 EI L2
33
The fundamental buckling mode, i.e. a single curvature deection, will occur for n = 1; Thus Euler critical load for a pinned column is Pcr = 2 EI L2 (9.37)
The corresponding critical stress is cr = where I = Ar.

34
2E
L 2 r
(9.38)
Note that buckling will take place with respect to the weakest of the two axis.
9.3.2
35
Eective Length
kL r
Large
column buckling, small

f tan E fp
1 t
kL r
column crushing, Fig. 9.13.

Pfail Pn
Pcr Crushing tan

1
Buckling
E (kl/r) lim (kl/r)
Figure 9.13: Column Failures

36
Recall from strength of material slenderness ratio = Le r

I A ).
where Le is the eective length and is equal to Le = kL and r the radius of gyration (r =
37
Le is the distance between two adjacent (ctitious or actual) inection points, Fig. 9.13
Victor Saouma
Draft
P cr
i.p.
9.3 Long Columns
921
P cr
Pcr
l/4
i.p.
i.p.
kl=l
i.p.
kl= l 2
<kl<l
l/4
i.p.
i.p.
P cr
Pcr
P cr
k=1
k=1/2
1/2<k<1
P
i.p.
l 2
cr
Pcr
cr
l kl=21
i.p.
l<kl<
kl=1
Pcr
Pcr
i.p.
P cr
i.p.
l<kl< k=1
Figure 9.14: Critical lengths of columns
k=2
Victor Saouma
Draft
922
38
COLUMNS
k is known for some simple highly idealized cases, but for most cases k depends on A + B (relative stinesses of columns to connected beams), Fig. 9.15 = ( EI L )of columns EI ( L )of oor members (9.39)
and k is then determined from the chart shown in Fig. 9.16.

( ( EI ln (
P
1
( EI ln
A
( ( EI ln
2
Single curvature Braced
9.3.3
39
Moment Magnication Factor; ACI Provisions
The critical stress in a column is given by P A =

cr
40
Code recommends some minimum eccentricity to account for imperfectly placed load, Fig. 9.17 For an eccentrically placed load Mmax = M0 1 1
P 1Pcr
41
42 The moment magnication factor reects the amount by which the beam moment M0 is magnied by the presence of an axial load, Fig. 9.18 43
The previous equation assumes the presence of hinges at each end (Euler column). In the most general case we will have Mmax = M0 Cm P 1 P cr (9.41-a)
Victor Saouma
( EI ln
MA M A M B MB
MA MB
Double curvature Unbraced
Figure 9.15: Eective length Factors
2E
kL 2 r
(9.40)
Moment magnication factor
Draft
9.3 Long Columns
923
Sidesway Inhibited
50. 10. 5. 3. 2. 0.8 1. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 1. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Ga K 1.0 Gb 50. 10. 5. 3. 2.
Sidesway Uninhibited
100. 50. 30. 20. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.5 1. 0.1 1. Ga K 20.
10.
0.9
5. 4. 3.
Gb 100. 50. 30. 20. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
0.7
2.
0.
0.5
0.
1.
Figure 9.16: Standard Alignment Chart (ACI)
Figure 9.17: Minimum Column Eccentricity
Victor Saouma
Draft
924
M P P cr M Pn P M 0 M 0 kl/r M0 Mn M
COLUMNS
P
P
0
P0(max)
C
Pu
Pu e Pu
em
in
M c = M 2 0 M2 Mc
Figure 9.18: P-M Magnication Interaction Diagram Cm = .6 + .4 where M1 >0 <0 Cm < 1 Cm =1
44
M1 .4 M2
(9.41-b)
M1 M2 M1 M2
is numerically smaller than M2 (not algebracially) if single curvature if double curvature if members are braced against sidesway if members are not braced against sidesway unsupported length ACI 10.11.1 braced columns ACI 10.11.2 unbraced columns ACI 10.11.2 rectangular x section ACI 10.11.3 circular cross section braced, neglect slenderness ACI 10.11.4 unbraced, neglect slenderness
ACI Code Lu k 1.0 k 1.0 r = .3h r = .25d M1 kLu r < 34 12 M2 kL r < 22
45
From conventional elastic analysis get Pn &Mn Mc = M2 (9.42) Cm = 1.0 (9.43) Pn 1 P cr Pn = Cm 2 EI 10.11.5 (kLu )2 M1 = .6 + 4 M2
Ec Ig 5
(9.44) (9.45) (9.46) (9.47) (9.48)
EI = or EI = d =
+ Es Is 1 + d
Ec Ig 2.5
1 + d MD MD + ML
d is the ratio of maximum design load moment to maximum design total load moment (always Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
+ve) as
9.3 Long Columns EI dead load has a detrimental eect (creep)
925
Example 9-5: Long R/C Column A 15 ft long, 14 circular column is connected to 40 ft long 14 by 22 beams. The column is on the last oor, below it the column is circular and has a 16 diameter. Given, Pn = 500 k, 14 22 has = .015, fc = 5, 000 psi, fy = 40, 000 psi Solution:
Lu = 15 ft
22 = 13.17 ft 12 r = .25d = (.25)(14 in) = 3.5 in
(9.49-a) (9.49-b) (9.49-c) (9.49-d)
Ec = 57, 000 fc = 57, 000 5, 000 = 4, 030 ksi (14)4 d4 = = 1, 886 in4 Ig = 64 64
Ec Ig 2.5
EIcol =
1+d
d = 0 EI L
EIcol = (4, 030)(1, 886)
1 = 3, 040, 000 ksi 2.5
(9.50-a)
=
c
3, 040, 000 = 16, 890 k.in (15)(12) Ig (14)(22)3 1 = = 6, 210 in4 2 12 2 (4, 030)(6, 210) = 52, 140 k.in (12)(40) (EI/L)col 2(16, 890) = .324 = (EI/L)beam 2(52, 140)
(9.51-a) (9.51-b) (9.51-c) (9.51-d)
Ibeam = Icr EI L =
beam
A = bottom column I =
(16)4 64
= 3, 217 in4 EI = EI L =
col
B =
(4, 030)(3, 217) = 5, 186, 000 2.5 5, 186, 000 = 28, 800 k.in (15)(12) 16, 890 + 28, 800 = .438 2(52, 140) .65 and
(9.52-a) (9.52-b) (9.52-c)
From ACI commentary A = .324, B = .438, k kLu r M1 34 12 M2 kL r Victor Saouma =
(.65)(13.16)(12) = 29.3 3.5
(9.53-a) (9.53-b) (9.53-c)
= 34 12 = 22 assuming M1 = M2 > 22 consider column instability
Draft
926
COLUMNS 2 EI 2 (3, 040, 000) = = 2, 848 k 2 (kl) [(.65)(13.16)(12)]2 M1 =1 CM = .6 + .4 M2 1 1 = = = 1.3 500 Pu 1 (.75)(2 1 Pcr ,848) Pcr =
(9.53-d) (9.53-e) (9.53-f)
Example 9-6: Design of Slender Column Given: frame not braced, design AB as square column. PD = 46 k, MD = 92 k.ft, PL = 94 k, ML = 230 k.ft, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
L u =18
L 3 l =43.3in
111 000 000 111 000 111
111 000 000 111 000 111
Solution:
Pu = 1.4 46 + 1.7 94 = 224 k Mu = 1.4 92 + 1.7 230 = 520 k.ft (1.4)92 = .24 d = 520 Assume a 22 22 inch column and t = .03
2.5 8.5 22"
(9.54-a) (9.54-b) (9.54-c)
22"
Victor Saouma
Draft
9.3 Long Columns 224 = 19, 500 in4 12 = (2)(.015)(22)2 (8.5)2 = 1, 050 in4 = 4, 000 = 3.6 10 psi
6 6
927
If Is
(9.55-a) (9.55-b) (9.55-c) (9.55-d)
Ec = 57, 000
Ec Ig 5
Es = 29 10 ksi EI = = EIc L EIb L = + Es Is 1 + d + (29 106 )(1, 050) = 3.59 1010 1 + .24
(3.6106 )(19,500) 5
(9.55-e) (9.55-f) (9.55-g) (9.55-h)
3.59 1010 = 1.66 108 12 18
= (3.6 106 )(43.3) = 1.56 108 2(1.66 108 ) = 2.13 from ACI commentary k = 1.65 1.56 108
AtA&B = if
kL r
= 22 neglect slenderness r = (.3)(22) = 6.6 (1.65)(18)(12) kL = = 54 > 22 r 6.6 2 EI 2 (3.59 1010 ) Pcr = = = 279 106 lbs (kL)2 [(1.65)(18)(12)]2 Pu = 2.24 105 lb Cm = 1.0(unbraced) 1 = Moment Magnication = Pu 1 P 1 cr = 1.13 1
(2.24105 ) (.7)(2.79106 )
(9.56-a) (9.56-b) (9.56-c) (9.56-d) (9.56-e) (9.56-f) (9.56-g)
Moment for which the column is to be designed (1.13) (520) = 587 k.ft and Pu = 224
Victor Saouma
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928
COLUMNS
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 10
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
10.1
1
Introduction
Beams with longer spans are architecturally more appealing than those with short ones. However, for a reinforced concrete beam to span long distances, it would have to have to be relatively deep (and at some point the self weight may become too large relative to the live load), or higher grade steel and concrete must be used.
2 However, if we were to use a steel with fy much higher than 60 ksi in reinforced concrete (R/C), then to take full advantage of this higher yield stress while maintaining full bond between concrete and steel, will result in unacceptably wide crack widths. Large crack widths will in turn result in corrosion of the rebars and poor protection against re.
One way to control the concrete cracking and reduce the tensile stresses in a beam is to prestress the beam by applying an initial state of stress which is opposite to the one which will be induced by the load.
3
For a simply supported beam, we would then seek to apply an initial tensile stress at the top and compressive stress at the bottom. In prestressed concrete (P/C) this can be achieved through prestressing of a tendon placed below the elastic neutral axis.
4 5 Main advantages of P/C: Economy, deection & crack control, durability, fatigue strength, longer spans. 6
There two type of Prestressed Concrete beams:
Pretensioning: Steel is rst stressed, concrete is then poured around the stressed bars. When enough concrete strength has been reached the steel restraints are released, Fig. 10.1. Postensioning: Concrete is rst poured, then when enough strength has been reached a steel cable is passed thru a hollow core inside and stressed, Fig. 10.2.
10.1.1
Materials
7 P/C beams usually have higher compressive strength than R/C. Prestressed beams can have fc as high as 8,000 psi. 8
The importance of high yield stress for the steel is illustrated by the following simple example.
Draft
102
Vertical bulkhead Harping hold-up point Harping hold-down point
Anchorage
Jacks
Prestressing bed slab
Precast Concrete element Jacks Tendon anchorage
Continuous tendon
Casting bed
Jacks
Support force
Hold-down force
Casting bed
Tendon
Figure 10.1: Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?)
Anchorage
Intermediate diaphragms
Anchorage Jack
Beam
Jack
Tendon in conduct
Anchorage Slab Jack
Wrapped tendon
Figure 10.2: Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?)
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.1 Introduction If we consider the following: 1. An unstressed steel cable of length Ls 2. A concrete beam of length Lc
103
3. Prestress the beam with the cable, resulting in a stressed length of concrete and steel equal to Ls = Lc . 4. Due to shrinkage and creep, there will be a change in length Lc = (sh + cr )Lc (10.1) we want to make sure that this amout of deformation is substantially smaller than the stretch of the steel (for prestressing to be eective). 5. Assuming ordinary steel: fs = 30 ksi, Es = 29, 000 ksi, s = 6. The total steel elongation is s Ls = 1.03 103 Ls 7. The creep and shrinkage strains are about cr + sh .9 103
30 29,000
= 1.03 103 in/ in
8. The residual stress which is left in the steel after creep and shrinkage took place is thus (1.03 .90) 103 (29 103 ) = 4 ksi Thus the total loss is
304 30
(10.2)
= 87% which is unacceptably too high.
9. Alternatively if initial stress was 150 ksi after losses we would be left with 124 ksi or a 17% loss. 10. Note that the actual loss is (.90 103 )(29 103 ) = 26 ksi in each case
9
Having shown that losses would be too high for low strength steel, we will use
0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 000000 111111 0000000 1111111 111111 000000 0000000 1111111
Strands usually composed of 7 wires. Grade 250 or 270 ksi, Fig. 10.3.
Figure 10.3: 7 Wire Prestressing Tendon Tendon have diameters ranging from 1/2 to 1 3/8 of an inch. Grade 145 or 160 ksi. Wires come in bundles of 8 to 52. Note that yield stress is not well dened for steel used in prestressed concrete, usually we take 1% strain as eective yield. Steel relaxation is the reduction in stress at constant strain (as opposed to creep which is reduction of strain at constant stress) occurs. Relaxation occurs indenitely and produces signicant prestress loss. If we denote by fp the nal stress after t hours, fpi the initial stress, and fpy the yield stress, then
10
fp log t =1 fpi 10 Victor Saouma
fpi .55 fpy
(10.3)
Draft
104
10.1.2
11
Prestressing Forces
Prestress force varies with time, so we must recognize 3 stages: 1. Pj Jacking force. But then due to (a) friction and anchorage slip in post-tension (b) elastic shortening in pretension is reduced to: 2. Pi Initial prestress force; But then due to time dependent losses caused by (a) relaxation of steel (b) shrinkage of concrete (c) creep of concrete is reduced to: 3. Pe Eective force
10.1.3
12
Assumptions
The following assumptions are made; 1. Materials are both in the elastic range 2. section is uncracked 3. sign convention: +ve tension, ve compression 4. Subscript 1 refers to the top and 2 to the bottom 5. I, S1 =
I c1 ,
S2 =
I c2 ,
(section modulus)
6. e + ve if downward from concrete neutral axis
10.1.4
13
Tendon Conguration
Through proper arrangement of the tendon (eccentricity at both support and midspan) various internal exural stress distribution can be obtained, Fig. 10.4.
10.1.5
14
Equivalent Load
An equivalent load for prestressing can be usually determined from the tendon conguration and the prestressing force, Fig. 10.5.
10.1.6
15
Load Deformation
The load-deformation curve for a prestressed concrete beam is illustrated in Fig. 10.6. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.1 Introduction
105
W
111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 fy
fc 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 fc fc 111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 fc =f t 2f c 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
Q P 2Q P
h/2
2h/3
2f c 0 11 00 0000000 00 +1111111 11 0000000 1111111 00 11 0000000 1111111 = 00 11 0000000 1111111 00 1111111 11 0000000 2f c 2f =2f t c 0 2f c 11 00 0000000 1111111 00 + 11 0000000 1111111 00 11 0000000 1111111 = 00 11 0000000 00 1111111 11 0000000 1111111 2f c 2f t =2f c fc Midspan 000 111 000 + 111 = 0 000 111 111 000 111 000 Ends fc 0 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 2f c
2f c 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 0 2f c 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 0 fc 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 fc fc 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 fc fc 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 fc
2Q P
h/3
P
h/2
Q P
h/2 h/3
f c 000 111 111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 ft =f c
fc 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 fc
Midspan + 0 Ends =
Figure 10.4: Alternative Schemes for Prestressing a Rectangular Concrete Beam, (?)
Member
Equivalent load on concrete from tendon
Moment from prestressing
(a) P
P P sin P cos P P sin P cos
P sin P cos 2P sin P sin P cos
(b) P
(c) P (d) P e
P P
Pe
Pe
P M P cos
P sin
P sin M P cos P sin 2P sin P cos
(e) P
PP P sin P cos
None
(f) P
P None
(g) P
Figure 10.5: Determination of Equivalent Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
106
Load
Ru
Steel yielding Service load limit including tolerable overload First cracking load Decompression Balanced Full dead load
cgs (f=0)
ptu
re
Overload
Tn
Service load range
f cr
or higher
Deformation (deflection of camber)

pi = Initial prestress camber pe = Effective prestress camber O = Selfweight deflection D= Dead load deflection L= Live load deflection
pe
pi
Figure 10.6: Load-Deection Curve and Corresponding Internal Flexural Stresses for a Typical Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?)
10.2
16
Flexural Stresses
We now identify the following 4 stages:

I Ac
Initial Stage when the beam is being prestressed (recalling that r2 = force, Pi only f1 = f2 Pi Pi Pi ec1 ec1 = + 1 2 Ac I Ac r Pi ec2 Pi Pi ec2 = 1+ 2 = Ac I Ac r
1. the prestressing
(10.4) (10.5)
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment the beam cambers due to prestressing) f1 = f2 ec1 M0 Pi 1 2 Ac r S1 ec2 M0 Pi 1+ 2 + = Ac r S2 (10.6) (10.7)
Service Load when the prestressing force was reduced from Pi to Pe beacause of the losses, and the actual service (not factored) load is apllied 3. Pe and M0
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.2 Flexural Stresses ec1 M0 Pe 1 2 Ac r S1 ec2 M0 Pe 1+ 2 + = Ac r S2
107
f1 = f2 4. Pe and M0 + MDL + MLL f1 = f2
(10.8) (10.9)
ec1 M0 + MDL + MLL Pe 1 2 Ac r S1 ec2 M0 + MDL + MLL Pe 1+ 2 + = Ac r S2
(10.10) (10.11)
The internal stress distribution at each one of those four stages is illustrated by Fig. 10.7.
Pi Ac Pi e c 1 Ic Pi (1Ac e c1 ) r2
c1 e c2
11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
11111 00000 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111 00000 11111
111111111 000000000 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111
Stage 1
Pi Ac
Pi e c 2 Ic
Pi (1+ Ac
e c2 ) r2
Pi (1Ac
111111111 000000000 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111 000000000 111111111
e c1 ) r2
111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111
Mo S1
Pi (1Ac
111111 000000 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111
e c1 Mo )r2 S1
Stage 2
Pi (1+ Ac
e c2 ) r2
Mo S2
Pi (1+ Ac
e c2 Mo )+ r2 S2
Pe (1Ac
e c1 Mo )r2 S1
111111 000000 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111
1 11111111111 00000000000 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111 00000000000 11111111111
Md + Ml S
111111 000000 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111
Pe (1Ac
e c1 Mt )r2 S1
Stage 4
Pe (1+ Ac
e c2 Mo )+ r2 S2
Md + Ml S2
Pe (1+ Ac
e c2 Mt )+ r2 S2
Figure 10.7: Flexural Stress Distribution for a Beam with Variable Eccentricity; Maximum Moment Section and Support Section, (?)
17
Those (service) exural stresses must be below those specied by the ACI code (where the subscripts c, t, i and s refer to compression, tension, initial and service respectively):
Victor Saouma
Draft
108 fci permitted concrete fti permitted concrete fcs permitted concrete fts permitted concrete Note that fts can reach 12 would be cracked.
18
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE compression stress at initial stage .60fci tensile stress at initial stage < 3 fci compressive stress at service stage .45fc tensile stress at initial stage 6 fc or 12 fc fc only if appropriate deection analysis is done, because section
Based on the above, we identify two types of prestressing:
Full prestressing (pioneered by Freysinet), no tensile stresses, no crack, but there are some problems with excessive camber when unloaded. Partial prestressing (pioneered by Leonhardt, Abeles, Thurliman), cracks are allowed to occur (just as in R/C), and they are easier to control in P/C than in R/C.
19 The ACI code imposes the following limits on the steel stresses in terms of fpu which is the ultimate strength of the cable: Pj < .80fpu As and Pi < .70fpu As . No limits are specied for Pe .
Example 10-1: Prestressed Concrete I Beam Adapted from (?) The following I Beam has fc = 4, 000 psi, L = 40 ft, DL+LL =0.55 k/ft, concrete density = 150 lb/ft3 and multiple 7 wire strands with constant eccentricity e = 5.19 in. Pi = 169 k, and the total losses due to creep, shinkage, relaxation are 15%.
12" 4" 5" 2" 6" 24" 7" 6" 2" 5" 4"
7" 4"
The section properties for this beam are Ic = 12, 000 in4 , Ac = 176 in2 , S1 = S2 = 1, 000 in3 , I =A = 68.2 in2 . Determine exural stresses at midspan and at support at initial and nal conditions. Solution: r2
1. Prestressing force, Pi only f1 = Pi ec1 1 2 Ac r (5.19)(12) 169, 000 1 = 176 68.2 (10.12-a) = 83 psi (10.12-b)
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.2 Flexural Stresses f2 = ec2 Pi 1+ 2 Ac r 169, 000 (5.19)(12) = 1+ 176 68.21
109 (10.12-c) = 1, 837 psi (10.12-d)
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment the beam cambers due to prestressing) w0 = M0 = (176) in2 (.150) k/ ft3 = .183 k/ft (144) in2 / ft2 (.183)(40)2 = 36.6 k.ft 8 (10.13-a) (10.13-b)
The exural stresses will thus be equal to:

w0 f1 ,2 =
M0 (36.6)(12, 000) = 439 psi = S1,2 1, 000 Pi ec1 M0 1 2 Ac r S1 83 439 = 522 psi 3 fc = +190 ec2 M0 Pi 1+ 2 + Ac r S2 1, 837 + 439 = 1, 398 psi .6fc = 2, 400
(10.14)
f1 = = fti = f2 = = fci =
(10.15-a) (10.15-b) (10.15-c) (10.15-d) (10.15-e) (10.15-f)
3. Pe and M0 . If we have 15% losses, then the eective force Pe is equal to (1 0.15)169 = 144 k f1 = ec1 M0 Pe 1 2 Ac r S1 (5.19)(12) 144, 000 1 = 176 68.2 = 71 439 = 510 psi f2 = ec2 M0 Pe 1+ 2 + Ac r S2 (5.19)(12) 144, 000 1+ = 176 68.2 (10.16-a) 439 (10.16-b) (10.16-c) (10.16-d) + 439 (10.16-e) (10.16-f)
= 1, 561 + 439 = 1, 122 psi
note that 71 and 1, 561 are respectively equal to (0.85)(83) and (0.85)(1, 837) respectively. 4. Pe and M0 + MDL + MLL MDL + MLL = Victor Saouma (0.55)(40)2 = 110 k.ft 8 (10.17)
Draft
1010 and corresponding stresses f1,2 = Thus, f1 = = fcs = f2 = = fts =
(110)(12, 000) = 1, 320 psi 1, 000
(10.18)
Pe ec1 M0 + MDL + MLL 1 2 Ac r S1 510 1, 320 = 1, 830 psi .45fc = 2, 700 Pe ec2 M0 + MDL + MLL 1+ 2 + Ac r S2 1, 122 + 1, 320 = +198 psi 6 fc = +380
(10.19-a) (10.19-b) (10.19-c) (10.19-d) (10.19-e) (10.19-f)
5. The stress distribution at each one of the four stages is shown below.
-1830 -83 -510 -522
4
+198
3
-1122
2
-1398
1
-1837
10.3
Case Study: Walnut Lane Bridge
Adapted from (?)

20
The historical Walnut Lane Bridge (rst major prestressed concrete bridge in the USA) is made of three spans, two side ones with lengths of 74 ft and a middle one of length 160 feet. Thirteen prestressed cocnrete beams are placed side by side to make up a total width of 44 fet of roadway and two 9.25 feet of sidewalk. In between the beams, and cast with them, are transverse stieners which connect the beams laterally, Fig. 10.8
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.3 Case Study: Walnut Lane Bridge
1011
80 ft CENTER LINE
ELEVATION OF BEAM HALF
9.25
44
ROAD
9.25
SIDEWALK
BEAM CROSS SECTIONS
TRANSVERSE DIAPHRAGMS
CROSS - SECTION OF BRIDGE
52" 10" 3" 7" 3-3" 6 1/2" 3 1/2" 7" 30"

CROSS - SECTION OF BEAM TRANSVERSE DIAPHRAGM 10"
7"
6-7"
SLOTS FOR CABLES
Figure 10.8: Walnut Lane Bridge, Plan View
Victor Saouma
Draft
1012
52" 8.9" 22.5" 7" 22.5"
61.2"
6-7" = 79"
8.9"
SIMPLIFIED CROSS - SECTION OF BEAM
Figure 10.9: Walnut Lane Bridge, Cross Section
10.3.1
21
Cross-Section Properties
The beam cross section is shown in Fig. 10.9 and is simplied Ac = 2(8.9)(52) + (7)(61.2) = 1, 354 in2 I = 2 (52)(8.9)3 + (52)(8.9) 12 79 8.9 2 2
2
(10.20-a) + (7)(61.2)3 12 (10.20-b) (10.20-c) (10.20-d) (10.20-e) (10.20-f)
c 1 = c2 S1 = S2 r2
= = 1, 277 103 in4 79 h = = 39.5 in = 2 2 I 1, 277 103 = = = 32, 329 in3 c 39.5 I 1, 277 103 = = = 943. in2 A 1, 354
10.3.2
22
Prestressing
Each beam is prestressed by two middle parabolic cables, and two outer horizontal ones along the anges. All four have approximately the same eccentricity at midspan of 2.65 ft. or 31.8 inch. Each prestressing cable is made up 64 wires each with a diameter of 0.27 inches. Thus the total area of prestressing steel is given by: Awire = (d/2)2 = 3.14( 0.276 in 2 ) = 0.0598 in2 2 (10.21-a)
23
Victor Saouma
Draft
24
10.3 Case Study: Walnut Lane Bridge Acable = 64(0.0598) in2 = 3.83 in2 Atotal = 4(3.83) in = 15.32 in
2 2
1013 (10.21-b) (10.21-c)
Whereas the ultimate tensile strength of the steel used is 247 ksi, the cables have been stressed only to 131 ksi, thus the initial prestressing force Pi is equal to Pi = (131) ksi(15.32) in2 = 2, 000 k (10.22)
25
The losses are reported ot be 13%, thus the eective force is Pe = (1 0.13)(2, 000) k = 1, 740 k (10.23)
10.3.3
26 27
Loads
The self weight of the beam is q0 = 1.72 k/ft.
The concrete (density=.15 k/ ft3 ) road has a thickness of 0.45 feet. Thus for a 44 foot width, the total load over one single beam is 1 (10.24) qr,tot = (44) ft(0.45) ft(0.15) k/ ft3 = 0.23 k/ft 13 Similarly for the sidewalks which are 9.25 feet wide and 0.6 feet thick: 1 qs,tot = (2)(9.25) ft(0.60) ft(0.15) k/ ft3 = 0.13 k/ft (10.25) 13 We note that the weight can be evenly spread over the 13 beams beacause of the lateral diaphragms.
28 29
The total dead load is qDL = 0.23 + 0.13 = 0.36 k/ft (10.26)
30
The live load is created by the trac, and is estimated to be 94 psf, thus over a width of 62.5 feet this gives a uniform live load of 1 (10.27) wLL = (0.094) k/f t2 (62.5) ft = 0.45 k/ft 13 Finally, the combined dead and live load per beam is wDL+LL = 0.36 + 0.45 = 0.81 k/ft (10.28)
31
10.3.4
Flexural Stresses
ec1 Pi 1 2 Ac r 6 (31.8)(39.5) (2 10 ) 1 = 1, 354 943. Pi ec2 = 1+ 2 Ac r (31.8)(39.5) (2 106 ) 1+ = 1, 354 943.
1. Prestressing force, Pi only f1 = (10.29-a) = 490. psi (10.29-b) (10.29-c) = 3, 445. psi (10.29-d)
f2
Victor Saouma
Draft
1014 M0 =
w0 f1 ,2 =
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment the beam cambers due to prestressing) (1.72)(160)2 = 5, 504 k.ft 8 The exural stresses will thus be equal to: M0 (5, 50.4)(12, 000) = 2, 043 psi = S1,2 943. ec1 M0 Pi 1 2 Ac r S1 490 2, 043 = 1, 553 psi 3 fc = +190 Pi ec2 M0 1+ 2 + Ac r S2 3, 445 + 2, 043 = 1, 402. psi .6fc = 2, 400 (10.30)
(10.31)
f1 = = fti = f2 = = fci =
(10.32-a) (10.32-b) (10.32-c) (10.32-d) (10.32-e) (10.32-f)
3. Pe and M0 . If we have 13% losses, then the eective force Pe is equal to (10.13)(2106 ) = 1.74 106 lbs Pe ec1 M0 f1 = (10.33-a) 1 2 Ac r S1 (31.8)(39.5) 1.74 106 (10.33-b) 1 2, 043. = 1, 616 psi = 1, 354 943. ec2 M0 Pe 1+ 2 + (10.33-c) f2 = Ac r S2 (31.8)(39.5) 1.74 106 1+ + 2, 043. = 954. psi (10.33-d) = 1, 354 943. 4. Pe and M0 + MDL + MLL MDL + MLL = and corresponding stresses f1,2 = Thus, f1 = = fcs = f2 = = fts = Victor Saouma ec1 M0 + MDL + MLL Pe 1 2 Ac r S1 1, 616 962. = 2, 578. psi .45fc = 2, 700 ec2 M0 + MDL + MLL Pe 1+ 2 + Ac r S2 954 + 962. = +8. psi 6 fc = +380 (10.36-a) (10.36-b) (10.36-c) (10.36-d) (10.36-e) (10.36-f) (2, 592)(12, 000) = 962. psi 32, 329 (10.35) (0.81)(160)2 = 2, 592 k.ft 8 (10.34)
Draft
10.3 Case Study: Walnut Lane Bridge
1015
Victor Saouma
Draft
1016
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 11
FOOTINGS
Read Text 12.1 to 12.4, ACI - Ch. 15, 11.12 31-1/5
Unedited
property line
Figure 11.1: xxx
Draft
112
FOOTINGS
Figure 11.2: xxx
45
Figure 11.3: xxx
Victor Saouma
Draft
113
g
Two-way
4 Vc fc b0d 4 Vc= 2+ c
f b c d/2
f c b 0 d
Beam
Cl
Cs
d
1.0
d d/2
0.5
Figure 11.4: xxx
A2
A1
Figure 11.5: xxx
Victor Saouma
Draft
114
f g a 9.5" b
9-6"
FOOTINGS
9.5" Column 18"x18"
d 2.42 e 19" h
c 4.00
9-6"
11-#8 each way 9-0" long
18" 8- 8 dowels 3-6" long

18"
#
9-6"
18"
2-0"
3" clear
9-6"
9-6"
Victor Saouma
Draft
8-#7-6-0"
13-#7-6-0"
115
11-#9 19-6" top
18"x24" Column
6-6"
24" sq. col.
16-#7-6-3" Bottom
9"
18-0"
Dowels same as col. bars
4-6"
Grade 3" clear 6-0"
3" clear
3-5"
2-6" 3-0" 23-3"
2-6"
1,149,000 23.25 =
49,400lb./ft.
3-6" 418,000 lb 2-0"
1-6"
16-3"
9.30
173,000 lb 385,000 lb Shear Diagram
0.05
3,630,000 in.-lb.
3,460,000 in.-lb.
21,400,000 in.-lb.
Moment diagram
REWRITE AND TAKE EXAMPLES FROM NILSON Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
116 Footings
FOOTINGS
gure
Isolated spread footing Wall footing
Combined footing
Bearing capacity of soil qa = 2, 000 psf soft clay 12, 000 psf Safety factor of 2.5 3.0
Wall Footings Similar to the design of a cantilever slab. Example DL = 10 k/f t (including the wall weight) LL + 5 k/f t Masonry wall
Reinforced & concrete fc = 3, 000 psi fy = 40, 000 psi qa = 4, 000 psf Design the footing Assume hf wf = = 10 in. 10 12 150 pct = 125 psf
Eective bearing capacity qe = 4, 000 125 = 3, 875 psf Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
Consider a unit length of 12 no need to apply ke overload fact or XXee safety factor is already including in qa .
15 3.875
117
Required b
use b
= =
3.87 f t 4 f t.
Determine thickness hf controlled by shear Wu = 10 (1.4) + 5 (1.7) = 22.5 k/f t
qu =
22.5 4
= 5.625 ksf = 5, 625 psf
V u = Vc = 2 Vu
fc bw d
= Vc 5, 000)(12)(12)inf t (d)
1 ( 4 2 d)(5625) = 0.85 (2
1.5 d d = 0.44 f t = 5.32 in. hf = 5.32 +
= 2.38 d
3 (cover) + 0.5 (radius 5/bar) ACI 7.7.1 Assume # 8
= 8.82 in. Use hf = 9 in. Determine exural Steel critical section from masonary walls ACI critical section 15.4.2 for concrete columns or walls Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
118 For Masonry Wall, Mu = =
1 2 1 2
FOOTINGS
qu
b 2
a 2 4 1 2 4
(5.625) 2
= 8.61 f t kips Mn =
Mu
8.61 0.9
= 9.57 f t kips 1 0.59

fy fc (40) 3
Mn = (b)(d)2 fy
9.57 12 = (12)(5.32)2 (40) 1 0.59 93142 118 + 1 = 0 = 0.0091
As = (0.0291)(12)(5.32) = 0.58 in2 Use # 6 bars S =

Ab As /12
12 As /Ab
0.44 12 0.58
= 9.1
Smax = 3hf = 27 in. or 18 in ak Use # 6 @ 9
Development length
ab
= =
0.04 Ab y fc
0.04(0.44)(40,000) 3,000
= 12.85 in.
d
= 12.85 0.8 = 10.3 in. < 2/in. bar spacing from critical section to end
Column footings
gure
Failure Modes Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
1. Shear Failure Punching Shear - two-way action Beam Shear - one-way action Bending in each direction 2. Flexure Failure Shear Strength Punching Shear ACI 11.12.2 Vc c b0 = =
b a
119
2+
4 c
fc b0 d
for b > a
= [(a + d) + (b + d)]
s d b0
or Vc
+ 2
fc b0 d
s = 40 30 20
int. cols. edge cols. corner cols.
or Vc
= 4
fc b0 d
Shear strength is larger under two-way action than under one-way action because of tri-axial stress. As e very large, Beam Shear Ve = 2 fc bd Ve = 2 fc b d for beams
critical section V u Vc Moment Strength (ACI: Ch. 15)
gure
Victor Saouma
Draft
1110 Reinf. in Band Width Total Reinf. in short direction = Example
2 1
FOOTINGS =
2 +1
DL = 235 k, LL = 115 k 18 square
hf
fc fy qc
= 3, 000 psi = 40, 000 psi = 5, 500 psf
7f t.
(max.)
Assume
hf Wf
= 2 = (2)(150) = 300 psf
qe = 5, 500 300 = 5, 200 psf Required Use Determine hf Pu = 235 (1.4) + 115 (1.7) = 525 kips qu Punching Shear =
Pu A
(235+115)1,000 5,200 (7)
= 9.6
= 9 8
525 1,000 (7)(9.67)
= 7.756 psf
Victor Saouma
Draft
Vu = 7756 (7)(267) Vc = (2 +
4 c ) 18 12
1111
+ d
fc b0 d or 4
fc b0
c = 1 Vc = (0.85)(4) 3, 000 (4)(18 + 12d)(12) or Vc = Vc = Vu

2 10 (7)(9.67) ( 18 12 + d)
s d + 2 b0
will not be critical
fc b0 d
= (18 + 12d)(12d)
154 d2 + 246 d 677 = 0 d = 1.4 f t = 17.3 in. Beam Shear Vu = 7, 756 Vc = 2

467 2
9 12
d (7)
f bd 3, 000 (7 12)(12d)
= (0.85)(2)
0.528(4.085 d) = d d = 1.5 f t = 18 in. use d = 18 in hf = 18 + 3 (cover) + 0.5 (upper layer) + 1.0 (bottom layer) = 22.5 in Select hf Bending: = 23 in
gure
Long direction:
Victor Saouma
Draft
1112 Mu = 7.76 (7) Mn =
Mu (4.085)2 2
FOOTINGS
= 453 f t. kips = 8.5 in2 14 #7
= 504 f t. kips As
Short direction:
Mu = 7.76 (9 67) Mn =
284 0.9
(2.75)2 2
= 284 f t. kips
= 315 f t kips = 5.5 in2 9 #7
Min Reinf. ACI - 7.12 g = 0.002
For one short direction, min As = 0.002 (9.67)(12)(23) = 5.3 in2

Reinf . as Band Width Total Reinf .
2 1+
2 67 1+ 9.7
= 0.84
9 bars 8 #7
gure
Check development length min As = 0.005 Ag gross area of column ACI 15.8.2.1
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 12
DEEP BEAMS
DEEP BEAMS Examples of occurance tanks folded plates Shear wall & diaphragms
gure
All of these are plane stress problems, and stresses can not be found by classical elastic theory because plane sections do not remain plane after bending (Bernoville-Novier Hypothesis is not valid any more). need 20 analysis i) ii) iii) elasticity nite dierence nite element
Deep beam design
gure
Main dierences between deep & shallow beams: i) internal stress distribution before cracking ii) location & orientation of cracks iii) strength iv) optimum reinforcement pattern Usually deep beams are shear critical & not exure critical by reducing the span, momentum reduced but shear remains constant
Draft
122
DEEP BEAMS
Capacity to redistribute stresses is much higher in deep beams

Q are wrong plane section do not remain plane r = Iy + y = VIb XX XX & we have a warping of the x sections tend to relieve compressive stresse @ top might get more than one neutral ones M
stress trajectary if no vertical compression tension is much reduced with vertical compression
<
45
cracks will form at almost vertical directions & thus web reinforcement are not very ecient horz. steel more ecient main steel mostly distributed @ bottoms 1 3 depth After cracking, stress redistributions occurs crack stopped by high ve stresses behaviour becomes similar to that of a tied crack.
J becomes irrelevant what cracking there is, as long as we have this mechanism. before cracking fs =
m As J d
after cracking (arch mechanism) deection for tied arch is larger than for beam (because stress is larger): but we need to watch out for bond failure, are hooks or to be the steel out & nd against the plate. better to use horizontal hook XXXXX instead of vertical hook because might have a failure along weak face
gure
FAILURE by 1. yielding of main longitudinal steel preferred use < < bal. 2. crushing in high moment region .008 on the basis of test for beam beams cu > > > .003 mostly because simultaneous actions in compression XXXX in any case beams would be underreinforced. Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
3. crushing of the concrete over the reactions XXXXXXXXXX 4. bond splitting failure compare for normal beams = s =
Av f y ( v u v c ) bw vu vc fy d
123
bw
or
Av s
vu v c fy
bw
n for very deep beams 1 small Arch is most eective n eect of horzonital steel as d
Ln d
Av .0015 bw S Avh .0025 bw S2 SHEAR WALLS ACI 10.10 of very high better to incorporate shear walls. Introduction Basic relations used: a) Equilibrium S S2
d 5 d 3
+ 18 d 18 A.C.I. 11.9
i) ii)
Tension = compression Mint = Mext
Fx M
= =
0 0
b) c)
Material Stress Strain Compatibility of displacements (no slip)
Basic assumptions used: a) Perfect bond between steel & concrete s = c b) Plain section remain plane strain is proportional to distance from N.A. c) Neglect shrinkage & creep (for strength). Design: we are going to consider a reinforced concrete beam subjected to an increasing load with: a) sections uncracked b) sections cracked, elastic u.s.o. c) sections cracked, inelastic U.s.o. Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Lecture Note On Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete - Victor E.saouma - (2002)

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Mechanics and Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 . 1010 . 1012 . 1012 . 1013 . 1013 111 121

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

. 16 . 17 . 17 . 18 . 113 . 114 . 114

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Tentative Schedule Fall 1994

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

000 111 000 111 111 000 11 00 000 111 00 11 00 11

00 11 11 11 00 00 111 000 11 00 000 111 000 111

00 11 00 11 000 111 11 00 00 11 000 111 11 00 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11

We divide aggregates in two categories

Moisture states are dened as

Based on the above, we can determine

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

There are two fundamental aspects to mix design to keep in mind:

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Exposure Mild Moderate Extreme

in. 4.5 6.0 7.5

11/2 in. 3.0 4.4 5.5

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

205 lb 700 lb 1,744 lb 1,229 lb 3,878 lb/yd3 143.6 lb/ft3

Non-Linear ~ 0.5 c f Linear

Figure 1.2: MicroCracks in Concrete under Compression

Concrete always gain strength in time, but a decreasing rate

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Figure 1.3: Concrete Stress Strain Curve

Figure 1.4: Modulus of Rupture Test

Figure 1.5: Split Cylinder (Brazilian) Test

fr 7.5 Victor Saouma

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

~ 20% increase in strength

Figure 1.6: Biaxial Strength of Concrete

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Elastic recovery Creep recovery

Table 1.10: Creep Coecients

Steel is used as reinforcing bars in concrete, Table 1.11.

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Table 1.11: Properties of Reinforcing Bars

Design Philosophy, USD

1. Deections 2. Crack width (for R/C) 3. Stability

In R/C we always consider one of the following problems:

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Basic Relations and Assumptions

Basic assumptions used:

1.5 ACI Code

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

1. Uncracked elastic (uneconomical) 2. cracked elastic (service stage) 3. Ultimate (failure)

Figure 2.1: Strain Diagram Uncracked Section

where n is the modular ratio n =

Figure 2.2: Transformed Section

Homogeneous section & under bending fc = Mc fs = nfc I (2.2)

+ Make sure that max < ft

Example 2-1: Uncracked Section