Rheology Models

Viscosity of some uids
Models with variable viscosity

Dierential type models
Rate type models
Integral type models
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Some frequently used models for non-Newtonian
uids
Josef Malek
malek@karlin.mff.cuni.cz
Mathematical Institute Charles University
18 March 2011
Josef Malek Non-Newtonian uids
Rate type models
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Fluid Viscosity [cP]
Air (at 18
C) 0.02638
Benzene 0.5
Water (at 18
C) 1
Olive oil (at 20
C) 84
Motor oil SAE 50 540
Honey 20003000
Ketchup 5000070000
Peanut butter 150000250000
Tar 3 10
10
Earth lower mantle 3 10
25
Table: Viscosity of some uids
Rate type models
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Shear dependent viscosity
Models with pressure dependent viscosity
Models with stress dependent viscosity
Models with discontinuous rheology
General form:
T = pI + 2(D, T)D
. .
S
(2.1)
Particular models mainly developed by chemical engineers.
Rate type models
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Ostwaldde Waele power law
Wolfgang Ostwald.

Uber die Geschwindigkeitsfunktion der
Viskositat disperser Systeme. I. Colloid Polym. Sci., 36:99117,
1925
A. de Waele. Viscometry and plastometry. J. Oil Colour Chem.
Assoc., 6:3369, 1923
(D) =
0
|D|
n1
(2.2)
Fits experimental data for: ball point pen ink, molten chocolate,
aqueous dispersion of polymer latex spheres
Rate type models
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Carreau CarreauYasuda
Pierre J. Carreau. Rheological equations from molecular network
theories. J. Rheol., 16(1):99127, 1972
Kenji Yasuda. Investigation of the analogies between viscometric
and linear viscoelastic properties of polystyrene uids. PhD thesis,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical
Engineering., 1979
(D) =
+

0
(1 + |D|
2
)
n
2
(2.3)
(D) =
+ (
0
) (1 + |D|
a
)
n1
a
(2.4)
Fits experimental data for: molten polystyrene
Rate type models
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Eyring
Henry Eyring. Viscosity, plasticity, and diusion as examples of
absolute reaction rates. J. Chem. Phys., 4(4):283291, 1936
Francis Ree, Taikyue Ree, and Henry Eyring. Relaxation theory of
transport problems in condensed systems. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
50(7):10361040, 1958
(D) =
+ (
0
)
arcsinh (|D|)
|D|
(2.5)
(D) =
0
+
1
arcsinh (
1
|D|)
1
|D|
+
2
arcsinh (
2
|D|)
2
|D|
(2.6)
Fits experimental data for: napalm (coprecipitated aluminum salts
of naphthenic and palmitic acids; jellied gasoline), 1% nitrocelulose
in 99% butyl acetate
Rate type models
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Cross
Malcolm M. Cross. Rheology of non-newtonian uids: A new ow
equation for pseudoplastic systems. J. Colloid Sci., 20(5):417437,
1965
(D) =
+

0
1 + |D|
n
(2.7)
Fits experimental data for: aqueous polyvinyl acetate dispersion,
aqueous limestone suspension
Rate type models
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Sisko
A. W. Sisko. The ow of lubricating greases. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
50(12):17891792, 1958
(D) =
+ |D|
n1
(2.8)
Fits experimental data for: lubricating greases
Rate type models
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Barus
C. Barus. Isotherms, isopiestics and isometrics relative to viscosity.
Amer. J. Sci., 45:8796, 1893
(T) =
ref
e
(pp
ref
)
(2.9)
Fits experimental data for: mineral oils
1
, organic liquids
2
1
Michael M. Khonsari and E. Richard Booser. Applied Tribology: Bearing
Design and Lubrication. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, second edition,
2008
2
P. W. Bridgman. The eect of pressure on the viscosity of forty-four pure
liquids. Proc. Am. Acad. Art. Sci., 61(3/12):5799, FEB-NOV 1926
Rate type models
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Ellis
Seikichi Matsuhisa and R. Byron Bird. Analytical and numerical
solutions for laminar ow of the non-Newtonian Ellis uid. AIChE
J., 11(4):588595, 1965
(T) =

0
1 + |T
|
n1
(2.10)
Fits experimental data for: 0.6% w/w carboxymethyl cellulose
(CMC) solution in water, poly(vynil chloride)
3
3
T. A. Savvas, N. C. Markatos, and C. D. Papaspyrides. On the ow of
non-newtonian polymer solutions. Appl. Math. Modelling, 18(1):1422, 1994
Rate type models
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Glen
J. W. Glen. The creep of polycrystalline ice. Proc. R. Soc. A-Math.
Phys. Eng. Sci., 228(1175):519538, 1955
(T) = |T
|
n1
(2.11)
Fits experimental data for: ice
Rate type models
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Seely
Gilbert R. Seely. Non-newtonian viscosity of polybutadiene
solutions. AIChE J., 10(1):5660, 1964
(T) =
+ (
0
) e
|T
0
(2.12)
Fits experimental data for: polybutadiene solutions
Rate type models
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Blatter
Erin C. Pettit and Edwin D. Waddington. Ice ow at low deviatoric
stress. J. Glaciol., 49(166):359369, 2003
H Blatter. Velocity and stress-elds in grounded glaciers a simple
algorithm for including deviatoric stress gradients. J. Glaciol.,
41(138):333344, 1995
(T) =
A
_
|T
|
2
+
2
0
_
n1
2
(2.13)
Fits experimental data for: ice
Rate type models
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Bingham HerschelBulkley
C. E. Bingham. Fluidity and plasticity. McGrawHill, New York,
1922
Winslow H. Herschel and Ronald Bulkley. Konsistenzmessungen
von Gummi-Benzoll osungen. Colloid Polym. Sci., 39(4):291300,
August 1926
|T
| >
if and only if T
D
|D|
+ 2(|D|)D
|T
if and only if D = 0
(2.14)
Fits experimental data for: paints, toothpaste, mango jam
4
4
Santanu Basu and U.S. Shivhare. Rheological, textural, micro-structural
and sensory properties of mango jam. J. Food Eng., 100(2):357365, 2010
Rate type models
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RivlinEricksen uids
RivlinEricksen
R. S. Rivlin and J. L. Ericksen. Stress-deformation relations for
isotropic materials. J. Ration. Mech. Anal., 4:323425, 1955
R. S. Rivlin and K. N. Sawyers. Nonlinear continuum mechanics of
viscoelastic uids. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 3:117146, 1971
General form:
T = pI + f(A
1
A
2
A
3
. . . ) (3.1)
where
A
1
= 2D (3.2a)
A
n
=
dA
n1
dt
+A
n1
L +L
A
n1
(3.2b)
where
d
dt
denotes the usual Lagrangean time derivative and L is
the velocity gradient.
Rate type models
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RivlinEricksen uids
CriminaleEricksenFilbey
William O. Criminale, J. L. Ericksen, and G. L. Filbey. Steady
shear ow of non-Newtonian uids. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal.,
1:410417, 1957
T = pI +
1
A
1
+
2
A
2
+
3
A
2
1
(3.3)
Fits experimental data for: polymer melts (explains mormal stress
dierences)
Rate type models
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RivlinEricksen uids
ReinerRivlin
M. Reiner. A mathematical theory of dilatancy. Am. J. Math.,
67(3):350362, 1945
T = pI + 2D +
1
D
2
(3.4)
Fits experimental data for: N/A
Rate type models
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Maxwell, Oldroyd, Burgers
Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Maxwell
J. Clerk Maxwell. On the dynamical theory of gases. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc., 157:4988, 1867
T = pI +S (4.1a)
S +
1
S = 2D (4.1b)
M=
def
dM
dt
LMML
(4.2)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Oldroyd-B
J. G. Oldroyd. On the formulation of rheological equations of state.
Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 200(1063):523541, 1950
T = I +S (4.3a)
S +
S =
1
A
1
+
2
A
1
(4.3b)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Oldroyd 8-constants
J. G. Oldroyd. On the formulation of rheological equations of state.
Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 200(1063):523541, 1950
T = I +S (4.4a)
S +
1
S +

3
2
(DS +SD) +

5
2
(Tr S) D +

6
2
(S : D) I
=
_
D +
2
D +
4
D
2
+

7
2
(D : D) I
_
(4.4b)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Burgers
J. M. Burgers. Mechanical considerations model systems
phenomenological theories of relaxation and viscosity. In First
report on viscosity and plasticity, chapter 1, pages 567.
Nordemann Publishing, New York, 1939
T = I +S (4.5a)
S +
1
S +
2
S =
1
A
1
+
2
A
1
(4.5b)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Giesekus
H. Giesekus. A simple constitutive equation for polymer uids
based on the concept of deformation-dependent tensorial mobility.
J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech., 11(1-2):69109, 1982
T = I +S (4.6a)
S +
S

2
S
2
= D (4.6b)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
Phan-ThienTanner
N. Phan Thien. Non-linear network viscoelastic model. J. Rheol.,
22(3):259283, 1978
N. Phan Thien and Roger I. Tanner. A new constitutive equation
derived from network theory. J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech.,
2(4):353365, 1977
T = I +S (4.7a)
YS +
S +

2
(DS +SD) = D (4.7b)
Y = e
Tr S
(4.7c)
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
JohnsonSegalman
M. W. Johnson and D. Segalman. A model for viscoelastic uid
behavior which allows non-ane deformation. J. Non-Newton.
Fluid Mech., 2(3):255270, 1977
T = pI +S (4.8a)
S = 2D +S
(4.8b)
S
+
_
dS
dt
+S
(WaD) + (WaD)
_
= 2D (4.8c)
Fits experimental data for: spurt
Rate type models
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Giesekus
Phan-ThienTanner
JohnsonSegalman
JohnsonTevaarwerk
JohnsonTevaarwerk
K. L. Johnson and J. L. Tevaarwerk. Shear behaviour of
elastohydrodynamic oil lms. Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng.
Sci., 356(1685):215236, 1977
T = pI +S (4.9a)
S + sinh
S
s
0
= 2D (4.9b)
Fits experimental data for: lubricants
Rate type models
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KayeBernsteinKearsleyZapas
KayeBernsteinKearsleyZapas
B. Bernstein, E. A. Kearsley, and L. J. Zapas. A study of stress
relaxation with nite strain. Trans. Soc. Rheol., 7(1):391410, 1963
I-Jen Chen and D. C. Bogue. Time-dependent stress in polymer
melts and review of viscoelastic theory. Trans. Soc. Rheol.,
16(1):5978, 1972
T =
_
t
=
W
I
C +
W
II
C
1
d (5.1)
Fits experimental data for: polyisobutylene, vulcanised rubber
Rate type models
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Rheology Models

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Viscosity of some uids

Models with variable viscosity

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