Asnienex BAsu FOUNDATION DESIGN MANUAL PRACTISING ENGINEERS and CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS NARAYAN V. NAYAK BE. (Civ), M. Tech, PhD. (Univ. of Wisconsin, U.S.A.) CChief Executive, Gammon Nirman Limited and Senior Vice President, Gammon Tadia Limited Formerly, Executive Director, Asia Foundations and Constructions Ld Principal Enginer (Civil-Geotechnical) Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay and also Professor, University of Panama Panaina, Central America Foust Fully Revised and Enlarged Edition @ DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. FIRST FLOOR, 67/4, MADRAS HOUSE, DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHI-110 002 Phone : $27 4073All rights reserved by the Author ‘This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced without the written permission ofthe Author and Publishers First Edition: 1979 Second Euition : 1982 Third Edition: 1985 Fourth Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Reprint : 2001 Price : Rs. 170/- Published by: Ish Kapur, for Daanpat Ral Publications (P) Li, Duryagan), New Deli 110002 Typesetby — EPTECH, Mayur Vihar PhasI, Dehi1 10091 Primed at: To) ress, A35! Mayopar Industral Ara, Phase, New Deki PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION ‘The fourth edition of the book has been folly revised and enlarged, particularly the chapters on “SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS’ and "PILE FOUNDATIONS” PoblishersM/s. Dhanpat Rai and Sons have also taken additional pains to improve the quality of publication. The author believes hat hisfourth ¢dition will be equally well received by civilgeotectnical enginces ‘The author takes this opportunity to invite constructive criticism on this fourth edition. This will go along ‘ay in making further improvement during the fith edition. BOMBAY, 1996 N.v. NAYAK PREFACE 10 THE THIRD EDITION ‘The response to the second edition ofthe book has also been encouraging and the third edition has o be ‘brought out in three years ‘The third edition of the book has been fally revised and enlarged. An Annexure on Geotechnical Instrumentation has been added. The author believes that tis tied edition vl be equally well received by sivil/geotechnica engineers ‘The author lakes this opportunity to invite constructive eriicism on this third edition, Ths wil goa long ‘ay in making further improvement during the fourth edition. BOMBAY, 1985 N.V. NAYAK PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ‘The first edition ofthis book was completely sold out in just one year ater its publication. The second dition of the book could not be brought out immediately thereafter, For this delay the author conveys his sincere regrets, ‘The second edition ofthe book hasbeen fully revised and enlarged. An Annexe on Prestressed Achors as been added. It is believed that this second edition will be equally well received by civil/geotehnical engineers. ‘The author takes this opportunity to invite constructive citcism,ifany, on this second edition. This wil ‘0a long way in making further improvement during the third edition. BOMBAY, 1982 NV. NAYAKPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION “This book has bedn written to serve primarily asa foundston design manualto practising geotechnical and civilengincers and asa text boo for postgraduate studens in geotechnical engineeing Ik ilalsoserveas ‘reference book on foundation engineering for undergraduate students in civil engineering. “The subjectmate ofthis manval as been divided into sx chapters and eleven Annexures. The mamtal covers wide rangeef topics interest for practising civil enginersas wouldbe evident from the contents. Some ofthe opie covered in Axxexures ae dificult find in books on foundation egincering but the knowledge of which i esseatial in overall eotechnical recommendations on foundation engineering, "The material in the manual hasbeen treated in Metric System of Units, the system widely used in India at presot, and SI System of Units (Le System Intemational de Units), theinternational system prescsbed by the ‘General Conference of Weighs and Measures of 1960, “The subject mtr inthe manual es been so presented as offi the following objectives: “The manval brings out the vasious approaches as usd in practice of foundation engineering Both the rationalised and empirical approaches found valuable have been inched inthis manual. Geotechnical ‘engineering, although great strides have been made init in recent year, i il a less precise science Structural engineering, IC emains, to an important extent, an art ased on experience and judgement. The ‘material inthis manual ispresented, therefore, asaseries of suggested ratherthan mandatory procedures which reflectsoundandsafe techniques, The limitations and applicability ofeachof ne approaches have been brough ‘ut This itisbetieved, would guard agains the danger of misjudgement and misapplication by enginecrs less experienced inthe field of soil mechanics and foundation enginecrng "There can be certain shortcomings in the foilment of the above cited objectives. Some of these shortcomings can result from thelinitediteraure, imeand space available; some othe mutations result from the fact that some par of the subjet-matter may be overstressed or unde-sresse for some ofthe readers as resentation ofthe subject-matter sclary affected by personal views, judgement andexperience ofthe author. "The author invites constructive criticism and suggestions as aids to Future improvements. “The author wishes to acknowledge that information fortis manoal is gathered from many publications. An atempt is made o acknowledge these publications at appropriate places in the test and under references, However, thereare bound tobe omissions, but such omissions are unintentional. Als, the author has used the material generously from hisproposed text book on Soi! Mechanicsand Foundation Enginceringandalso fom the Review Paper an Expansive Soils which are currently under preparation “The author expreses his sincere thanks to the management of M/S Tata Consulting Engincers for their encouragement in writing such a manual. In this connection the author would particularly express his indebtedness to Mr. MR. Ranga Rao and Mr. F-S.A, Pavama, Engineering Managers; Mr. S.N. Manohar, ‘Additonal Chief Civil Engineer: Mr. S.P. Joshi, Deputy Chief Civil Engineer of Tata Consulting Engineers fortheircontinvous encouragement. Their encouragementin wsingsoil mechanics based approachesin solving, seotechnical probiemsoffoundation engineering ndalso ther receptiveness oapplicationof new rationalised {ideas on jobs engincered by Tata Consulting Engineers helped greatly inthe author's efforts to bring this ‘manual ‘Theuthoris especialy indebted to Prof Dinesh Moke, Director Central Building Research insite ‘Vice President (Asia) International Society Soil of Mechanics and Foundation Engineecig for his pains- taking sortny ofthe manuscript and his Foreword Thanks ae also de to Publisets Mls. Dhanpat Rai and Sons for bringing this manual. Finally, dhe author thanks his wife Suman. This manoal has seen the light of the day only because of silent series curing his heavy involvement with writing ofthis manual BOMBAY, 1979 N.V. NAYAK FOREWORD ‘The past thirty years have witnessed explosion ofliteratue inthe eld of Geotechnical Engineering. A host ‘of new ideas, concepts and theories have been born as a result of intensive geotechnical activites the world ‘over. The hiatus between the scientific temper and the operating temper however contindes. This is because ‘the recent developments have failed to convince the practising foundation engineer who is often faced with the dtemma of selecting between the best solution according othe current state-of-the art andthe engineering solution feasible within the ambit of his know-how, time and resource, What is more, conflicting answers 10 2 given problem provided by application on diffrent theories create confusion mich the same as wen discrepancies are seen between in situ and laboratory test results or between theoretical prediction and actual performance. Design Aids and Manuals ply an important role in clearing the confusion created by new theories. They ‘expose the engineer tothe scieafic methodology of tackling a problem. Dr. Nayak's Foundation Design ‘Manual possesses the above characteristics in a good measure. It should therefore serve asa source book of facts, formulas and design methods otherwise scattered inthe maze of literature. It should also serve a & ‘eference book and guide tothe practising geotechnical engineers. Clarity of presentation and comprehensive coverage of the subject have combined 19 preduce this Manual which should fulfil the needs ofthe stadent ‘community as wel ‘The text of the Manval covers subsurface exploration; shallow and deep foundations; foundations subjected to dynamic loading; earth pressure; and stability of slopes which when coupled with attendent informatio famished inannexutestothe Mana produceatotal picrueshortof‘engineeringjudgement’,Andtatshould never have a substitute, for without it geotechnical engineering willbe lifeless and the geotechnical engineer ‘will lose his individuality or even identi, : Dinesh Mohan ROORKEE Director 15 March, 1979 Central Building Research nstsue and ‘Vice President [Asia], ISSMFE