TENSE

Tense are used for modification of verb, to show time of action. There are three main tense in English : 1. Presen tense 2. Past tense 3. Future tense And these m be four different t !es : sim!le, continous, !erfect, and !erfect continous. Presen Tense $ see $ am seeing $ have seen $ have been seeing Past Tense $ saw $ was seeing $ had seen $ had been seeing Future Tense $ shall see $ shall be seeing $ shall have seen $ shall have been seeing

"im!le

#ontinous !erfect !erfect tense

I.

PRESENT TENSE

A. The Present "im!le This tense doesn%t indicate definitel whether the action is com!lete or not & bentu' ini. E(: $ see a sna'e. )enun*'an !erbuatan ang tida' !asti untu' di'etahui a!a'ah sem!urna used of sim!le !resent: atau tida' +entah suatu tinda'an sudah dila'u'an belum,. 1. To e(!ress the habitual action +untu' men ata'an !erbuatan ang biasa dila'u'an,.

E(.: )ohon gets u! ever da at five in the morning The comes to see me ever wee' 2. To e(!ress !ermanent truth +untu' men ata'an suatu 'ebenaran ang tida' da!at disng'al, E(.: The sun rises in the east. -ater alwa s free.es / c.+free.es&membe'u, 3. To e(!ress events actuall going on +untu' men ata'an !eristiwa, !eristiwa ang sesungguhn a berlangsung, E(.: 0e !asses ball to 1hon. 0e drives car tastl . 2. Planet action in future +unt' men ata'an tida'an3!eristiwa ang sudah direncana'an dan a'an berlangsung !ada masa ang a'an dating,

E(.: The !resident leaves 1a'arta tomorrow. 0e retarns to 1a'arta ne(t month. 4. -ith the time clauses e(!ressing routine or habitual action & ana' 'alimat ang men ata'an !erbuatan ang biasa dila'u'an3ter*adi. E(.: -henever it rains the rofs lea'. "he ta'es the bab to da care centre +unit untu' !eniti!an dan !emeliharaan ba i, before she goes to wor'.

5. The !resent continous tense +To be67erbing, $t show and action that is going on at the time of s!ea'ing&menun*u'an !erbutan ang sedang berlangsung !ada saat !embicaraan. E(.: "ita is singing a song $ am wraiting a letter 8our are wal'ing fast 9ses of the !resent continous : 1, For am action ha!!ening now&menun*u'an untu' wa'tu !rbuatan ang sedang berlangsung3ter*adi se'arang E(.: 0e is si.ting on the bench $t is raining now 2, For the definite arrangement in the near future&menun*u'an rencana atau !ersia!an tertentu ang a'an dila'u'an nanti. E(.:

 $ am meeting mr.Anton this morning 0e is ta'ing me to the cinema tonigth 3, For an action which a!!ear to be continuous&menun*u'an suatu !erbuatan3'e*adian ang :am!a' dan ter*adi secara terus menerus. E(.: 0e is alwa s wor'ing hard. -e are alwa s losing our hand'erchief.

#. The Present Perfect Tense $t shows an action that has been com!leted&menun*u'an tinda'an atau !erbutan ang sudah selesai dila'u'an3disem!urna'an. E(.: 0e has *ust !ut his coat on The have eaten a!!les 1. The recent action when the time is not mentioned&menun*u'an !erbuatan untu' !eristiwa ang baru dila'u'an namun tida' di'etahui saat ter*adin a. E(.: $ have tal'ed to him. 0e has read bible. 2. For an action which began in the !ast, and finishes at the moment of s!a'ing&menun*u'an suatu 'e*adian3!erbuatan ang mulai ter*adi !ada wa'tu lam!au dan bera'hir !ada saat !embicaraan. E(.: $ haven%t seen ou for si( month. "he hasn%t got the card till this evening

3. For an action which occur ed futher bac' in the !ast, !rovided the conection with the !resent is still mentioned&menun*u'an suatu !erbuatan untu' !eristiwa ang ter*adi sebelumn a !ada masa lam!au namun ada ubungann a dengan saat se'arang 'arena masih di'enang'an dan dibicara'an. E(.: ;amesh has wraitten novels. $ have seen tigers in the forest. 2. For an action began in the !ast and still continuing&menun*u'an !erbuatan ang sudah mulai dila'u'an !ada masa lam!au, dan masih berlangsung hingga se'arang.

E(.: 0e has lived in this house. "he has wor'ed in the girls high school.

NOTE: Present !erfect with adverb: has3have *ust, latel , recentl , et, since,and for. E(.: 0e hasn%t come et The havn%t gone et or the have et not gone or the have not et gone. 0e has been here latel There have been some changes latel . E(.: 0e has had a !athetic condition latel "he has *ust swallowed the !ills -e have lived in <ondon for twent ears "he has been come secentl 0e has wor'ed as a teacher for five ears "he has been here since = o%cloc' -e have been friends since our school da s

>. The Present Perfect #ontinous Tense 1. This is used for an action which began some time in the !ast and is still continuing&menun*u'an suatu !erbuatan ang sudah ter*adi di masa lam!au dan masih ber'elan*utan. E(.: $ have been living in this hose since 1?=/. 0e has been teaching English for ten ears. 2. $f we do not suggest continuation from the !ast , the !resent cont tense is used&a!abila 'ita tida' mem!erhati'an 'elan*utan dari masa lam!au, ma'a guna'an bentu' se'arang. E(.: 0e is learning French. +now, 3. $f we show a relationshi! between the !ast and now , the !resent !erfect is used&A!abila 'ita menun*u'an hubungan antara bentu' lam!au dan masa 'ini ma'a guna'an sa*a @Presnt Perfect #ontinuousA E(.: 0e has been learning English for si( ears. -e have been wor'ing here since 1?=4.

II.

PAST TENSE

1. The Past "im!le +verb 6 ed3d, $t is used for an action com!leted in the !ast at definite tissue&bentu' ini diguna'an untu' suatu !erbuatan ang sudah dila'u'an 3disem!urna'an !ada masa lam!au dalam wa'tu tertentu.

1, For !ast action when time is given&menunu*u'an tinda'an !erbutan3!eristiwa ang dila'u'an !ada masa lam!au ang di'etahui !ula wa'tu 'a!an ter*adin a E(.: $ saw him esterda ) grandmother died in 1?B2 2, -hen the time as'ed about&menun*u'an 'eterangan wa'tu E(.: -hen did ou see himC -hen our father dieC -hen did ou comeC 3, -hen the action clearl too' !lace at a definite time, eventhough this time is not mentioned& menun*u'an !erbuatan3!eristiwa ang telah berlangsung secara n ata !ada wa'tu tertentu, walau!un saat ter*adi tida' di'etahui secara *elas. E(.: The train was one hour late. +$sland E(!ress, The first mass in "T 1ose!h church was one hour late. $ bougth the scooter in 1a'arta 2, For a !ast habit&'ebiasaan ang biasa dila'u'an !ada masa lam!au. E(.: "he alwa s carried umbrella The never drun' bier 4, For habitual or regular action&'ebiasaan 3!erbuatan ang dila'u'an secara teratur. E(.: Ever da he read a few cha!terof the bible

 Ever da he sweet for a wal' =, The sim!le !as also is uaed in conditional sentences&bentu' lam!au diguna'an *uga dalam 'alimatD'alimat !engandaian. E(.: $f $ 'now her address , $ would write to her $f she studied well, she could !ass the e(amination 2. The !ast continuos tense +was3were 6 verbing, )ain uses of the !ast cont tense: 1, $t is chiefl used for !ast actions which continued for sometime, but whose e(act limits are not 'nown and are im!ortant.& bentu' ini biasa diguna'an untu' !eristiwa ang ter*adi !ada masa lam!au, namun dalam batas wa'tu tertentu ang tida' di'etahui 'a!an ter*adin a. 5entu' ini diguna'an dalam !ergaulan sehariDhari. E(: The were !la ing chess. "he was listening to the cric'et commentar : ia sedang mendengar !en*elasan !ermainan bola 'asti. 2, For a continuing action at the same !oint of time in the !ast, when another action too' !laces.& untu' 'e*adian 3!eristiwa lam!au ang berlangsung dalam satu 'esatuan wa'tu dimana tinda'an lain !un ter*adi. E(: The train was crossingthe bridge, when the bridge gave awa & 'eti'a *embatan itu dibu'a, 'ereta a!i !un lewat. 0e was wal'ing across the road, when the bic cle hit him& se!eda itu menabra'n a 'eti'a ia men eberangi *alan itu. ) mother was defending me when m father angried me. 3, For two or more actions going on at the same time& untu' dua 'ata atau lebih tinda'an3'e*adian ang berlangsung dalam satu 'esatuan wa'tu.

E(: -hile some bo s were reading in the librar , some others were !la ing in the ground and the rest of them watched. -hile the !riest was teaching the sermon, some !eo!le were loo'ing out of the window. 2, To e(!ress a definite future arrangement&untu' men ata'an !ersia!an ang a'an berlangsung dalam wa'tu tertentu. E(.: 0e was bus !ac'ing, for he was leaving that night. 4, Past cont, can be used as an alternative +!ilihan, to he sim!le !ast , to indicate a move casual less deliberate action&!ast cont bias diguna'an sebagai suatu !ilihan ang menun*u'an bahwa tinda'an itu senga*a dila'u'an atau ter*adi secara 'ebetulan. 5entu' ini 'urang di!a'ai dalam !ergaulan. E(.: $ was tal'ing to 1hon the other the . =, Past cont with: alwa s, continuall , constanll , forever. $t e(!ress a habit. E(.: "he was alwa s com!laining. "he was continuall coming late. The itch on his leg was constantl irritating "he was wor'ing hard forever. 3. The !ast !erfect tense +had6!ast !artici!le, The !ast !erfect denotes an action com!leted at the some !oint in the !ast, before some other !ast actions commenced&bentu' ini menun*u'an suatu tinda'an ang sudah dila'u'an !ada suatu wa'tu dimasa lam!au, sebelum tinda'an lain dimulai. E(.:

 $ had seen him twice before he left for >ubai. After we had e(!lained the situation, there was a long silence. )ain uses of the !ast !erfect tense : !enggunaan utama bentu' @!ast !erfect tenseA 1, $t e(!resses an action in the !ast com!leted before another action, also in the !ast&men ata'an suatu tinda'an ang sudah dila'u'an !ada masa lam!au, sebelum tinda'an lain, ang ter*adi *uga !ada masa lam!au. E(.: The thief had esca!ed, as soon as the !olice arrived. 9ntil her fether%s death, she had livedin 5ali. 2, An action or an event in the !ast which denotes causes for later actions in the !ast&sutu tinda'an atau !eristiwa ang etr*adi !ada masa lam!au, dan menerang'an alas anDalasan terhada! tinda'anDtinda'an beri'utn a. E(.: $ did not 'now the man, because $ had not see him before. "he couldn%n a!!ear the e(a mination, because she had gone to 9"A to meet her !arents. 3, An unfulfilled wsh referring to the !ast&untu' 'einginan ang ta' ter!enuhi, ter*adi !ada masa lam!au. E(.: $ wish $ had invited him to m brith da . "he wisles she had become rich. 2, An unfulfilled condition in the !ast&'eadaan ang ta' ter!enuhi, ter*adi !ada masa silam. E(.: $f she had wor'ed hard, she would had secured +di*amin, the first run'.

 $f we had wr'ed hard, we could had got enough mone . 2. The Past Perfect #ontinous Tense +had been6verbing, The !ast P.#.T e(!resses an action3event that had began and was going on u! to a !oint of time in the !ast&bentu' ini men ata'an sebuah tinda'an3!eristiwa ang sudah dimulai dan sedang berlangsung !ada masa silam3lam!au. E( .: The wor'ers decided to go on stri'e. The had been demanding a rise in the wages. ;ahdi'a got first run' in the e(amination. "he had been wor'ing hard for this sucaurs. )r. Eeorge was transferred from 5omba to madras. 0e had been wor'ing in 5omba for 12 ears.

III.

THE FUTURE TENSE

1. The Future "im!le +will3shall6invinitive, $t denotes an action3event which is still to ta'e !lace&bentu' ini menerang'an tinda'an atau !eristiwa ang masih berlangsung. "hall is used with the frist !erson, and will with the second, and third !erson. 5ut in current usage @willA is also used with the first !erson to e(!ress the future. "hall diguna'an untu' orang !ertama tunggal dan *ama', dan will diguna'an untu' orang 'edua dan 'etiga. A'an teta!i dewasa ini , !enggunaan will *uga di!a'ai oeleh orang !ertama+$,. untu' men ata'an @futureA +bentu' a'anan, E(.:

 $ shall return our boo' on )onda . 0e will certainl !ass the test. -ill3shall3going to&a'an.

E(.: -e are going to bu a new car ne(t month. <inda is going to s!end her hol da s in 5ali ne(t summer. :ote: Eoing to intention +lebih !asti dari !ada will3shall, E(.: $ am going to sell m scoofer after (%mas. $ intend to sell m scooter after (%mas. -e are going to give ou some good adivices -e intend to give ou some good adiviced. The sim!le !resent used for the future. $t can be used with a time e(!ression, for a definite future arrangement&bentu' ini bias diguna'an untu' men ata'an suatu !ersia!an tertentu ang a'an berlangsung nanti. E(.: Fur cric'et team leaves for 1a!an tonight. The school reo!en on 12 *ul .

The !resent cont is used to e(!ress an antici!ated event in the near future&bentu' ini diguna'an untu' men ata'an suatu !eristiwa ang dihara!'an a'an berlangsung dalam wa'tu de'at. E(.: The >istrict Education officer is visiting the school ne(t wee'. 0e is going to fail if he waste his time. $ am going to bu a bic cle. $t is going to rain.

9ses of the future sim!le: To e(!ress the s!ea'ers o!inion, assum!tion +dugaan,, s!ecualation +!ertimbangan,, about the future. E(.: $ am sure, he%ll come bac'. Perhar!s he will find him at the hotel. 0e will !robabl wait for us. 0abitual actions which we assume +diangga!, wil ta'e !lace +'e!atian,

E(.: "!ring will come again. Peo!le wil ma'e !lans. Accident will ta' !lace.

The future sim!le is used in sentences containing causes of condition. E(.: $f $ dro! this mirror, it will brea'. -hen it gets warmer the snow start to melt. @-ontA can be used with all !ersons +3 !erson,, to e(!ress negatve intention. E(.: 0e won%t !a the bill&"he won%t come bac' The won%t hel! ou&$t won%t raining 2. The Future #ontinuous Tense +shall3will6be6verb6ing,

$t re!resents an action as going on at some time in future & bentu' ini men ata'an atau menggambar'an sutu tinda'an ang sedang berlangsung entah 'a!an+!ada saat tertentu, !ada masa ang a'an dating. E(.: -e shall be !la ing chess soon after the clsses. "he will be wor'ing hard. The will be getting more !rofils from their business. 9ses of the future cont tense : 1, To e(!ress an event e(!ected to ta'e !lace in the future in the natural course&untu' men ata'an suatu !eristiwa ang dihara!'an a'an ter*adi !ada masa ang a'an dating, di mana hal itu meru!a'an suatu 'e!astian. E(.: Fresh stoc' of !la ing dress will be arriving ne(t wee'. "he shall be getting !romotion soon. 2, To e(!ress an action3event that is e(!ected to be in !rogress at a !oint of future&untu' men ata'an suatu tinda'an3'e*adian ang dihara!'an a'an ter*adi !erubahan situasi !ada masa ang a'an dating. E(.: -hen $ reach Galimantan, it will be raining thre. 3, For future events that are !lanned&untu' !eristwaD!eristiwa ang rencana'a a'an terla'sana E(.: -e will be going to "audi ne(t month. -e will be visiting national !ar' in the summer. $ shall be going to our darling%s house tomorrow. "he will be coming ne(t ear. 0e will be stud ing English ne(t month.

3. The Future Perfect +will3shall6!ast !artici!le, $t e(!resses an action to be com!leted b a certain time in the future&bentu' ini men ata'an suatu tinda'an ang sudah diselesai'an3disem!urna'an dalam wa'tu tertentu men*elang masa ang a'an dating. E(.: $ shall have a!!eared for the )A. Final b the end of ma 1??=. 0e will have finished writing the boo' b the ne(t month. 9ses of the future !erfect : 1, $t is used for an action which at give future time, mill be in the !ast&bentu' ini menun*u'an suatu tinda'an ang sudah a'an diselesai'an, ta!i masi dinanti'an saatn a. E(.: 5 the end of the ne(t month, our techer will have com!leted ten ears of service. 5 #hristmas $ will have wor'ed in this office for ten ear. 2, $t is normall used with the time e(!ression beginning with @b , b the time, b them, b that time, b the 22 @ E(.: $ shall have studied English b the end of ne(t month. -e shall have finished this meeting b dinner. 2. The future !erfect continous tense +will3shall have been 6 verb 6 ing, $t is rarel used li'e the @Future PerfectA. $t is normall used with the time e(!resses beginning @b A&bentu' ini *arang diguna'an se!erti @future !erfectA . ini biasan a diguna'an dengan !er ataan ang berawalan @b A ang ada 'emung'inan masih dila'u'an !ada masa ang a'an dating. E(.: 5 the end of this ears, he will have been acting for thirt ears.

5 the end of ne(t 1une, she will have been stud ng here for ten ears.