ENGLISH II PRACTICAL NURSING I.

From Reading to Writing The Writing Process

Pre-writing Step 1: Choose a _______________________________________________________________ Step 2: Gather _________________________________________________________________ Step 3: Decide _________________________________________________________________ Pre-Writing Strategies: Brainstorming Free Writing Mapping

Drafting Write ___________________________________________________________________________

Reviewing and Revising Check ___________________________________________________________________________

Rewriting May need to: ________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Focus: Paragraphs Parts of a paragraph: 1. Topic Sentence Topic: Main Idea: 2. Supporting Sentences

3. Concluding Sentence

Types of Essay Narrative Descriptive Expository Persuasive II. Narrative/Personal Essay Definition: Reading Assignment: Finding my Voice by Gloria Estefan Guidelines in writing a narrative essay: If it is a story, the essay should include all the parts of a story. When would a narrative essay not be written as a story? The essay should have a purpose. The essay should be written from a clear point of view. Use clear and concise language throughout the essay. The use of the first person pronoun I is welcomed. As always, be organized!

Grammar in Focus: Modal Auxiliaries Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences: 1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person. 2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. 3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses. Modals of Ability: Can, Could, Be able to, May, Might Examples: Alan can swim well. Jackie cannot play piano. Paul could speak Chinese when he was a child. Mary couldnt finish her homework last night. I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course. Modals of Permission: May, Could Can

Examples:

May I go to the washroom? Could he pay you tomorrow? Can I call you back later?

Modals of Request: Would you, Could you, Will you, Can you Examples: Could you take a message please? Would you carry this for me please? Could I have my bill please? Can you take a message please? Will you carry this for me please? Modals of Suggestion and Advice: Could, Should, Ought to, Had better Examples: You should send her an email. You could eat out tonight. You had better slow down. You are driving too fast! Modals of Obligation and Necessity: Must, Had to Examples: You must stop at a red light. Everyone had to bring something to eat. Modals of Possibility: May, Might, Could Examples: A: My mother said that it may snow tomorrow. B: Really? It might snow?! Thats great! I could make a snowman or go for a snow walk. A: Dont get too excited. If the temperature is high, it may not snow. It may rain. B: Well, I guess I could still go for a walk in the rain. Activity: Write an essay about the five events that have most influenced me and made who I am III. Descriptive and Process Essay Descriptive Essay Process Essay Grammar in Focus: Adjectives are words that tell us how things look, feel, taste, sound or smell. Prepositions tells us how space is organized. Transition words are words that connect your ideas together; they show relationship of ideas

Transition words and phrases are used to relate ideas. Writers may use transitions within paragraphs or between paragraphs so that ideas flow smoothly between sentences and between paragraphs. The following table provides some common transitions and how they are used.
Use To add Transition Word or phrase and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.) whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, although, conversely, meanwhile, in contrast, although this may be true because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is immediately, thereafter, soon, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole definitely, obviously, in fact, indeed, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted

To compare

To prove To show time or sequence To give an example To summarize or conclude

To emphasize

To repeat

Guidelines in writing descriptive essay Take time to brainstorm. Use clear and concise language. Choose vivid language. Use your senses. What were you thinking?! Leave the reader with clear impression. Be organized.

IV. Expository Essay The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the analysis of cause and effect, etc.
Definition essays - explain the meaning of a word, term, or concept. Classification essays - break down a broad subject or idea into categories and groups Compare and Contrast - may discuss only similarities, only differences, but more often than not, both comparison and contrast is used. Block Method Point-by-Point Method

Cause and Effect - what happens and why it happens. Problem and Solution - analyzing a problem and proposing a method for solving it.

Grammar in focus 1: Sentences

Subject-what or whom the sentence is about Predicate tells something about the subject Object- completes the verbs meaning Direct Object the receiver of the action within the sentence Indirect Object identifies to or for whom or what action of the verb is performed Example: The teacher gave his students As. Jerry sold me his car. Complements is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, object or verb Subject Complement follows a linking verb; usually an adjective that renames or defines the subject. A glacier is a huge body of ice. Object Complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. The clown got the children too excited. Verb Complement direct or indirect object

Grammar in Focus 2: Sentence Fragments

Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence. Fragment: Purdue offers many majors in engineering. Such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering. Possible Revision: Purdue offers many majors in engineering, such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering. Fragment: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game. Leaving her team at a time when we needed her. Possible Revision: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game, leaving her team at a time when we needed her. Fragment: I need to find a new roommate. Because the one I have now isn't working out too well. Possible Revision: I need to find a new roommate because the one I have now isn't working out too well.

Fragment 1: No main verb Example: A story with deep thoughts and emotions. Possible revision: __________________________________________________________ Toys of all kinds thrown everywhere. Possible revision: __________________________________________________________ Fragment 2: No Subject Example:

With the ultimate effect of all advertising is to sell the product. Possible revision: __________________________________________________________ For doing freelance work for a competitor got Phil fired. Possible revision: __________________________________________________________ Grammar in Focus 3: Run-on sentences A run-on sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses are combined without correct punctuation.
Run-On: The grocery store was really packed with people there must have been a big sale today. Correction 1: The grocery store was really packed with people. There must have been a big sale today. Correction 2: The grocery store was really packed with people, so there must have been a big sale today. Correction 3: Because the grocery store was really packed with people, there must have been a big sale.

Guidelines in writing expository essay A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay. Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion. Body paragraphs that include evidential support. Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal). A bit of creativity! A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided. V. Introduction to Argumentative Writing Skills The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. Guidelines in writing argumentative essay A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay. Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion. Body paragraphs that include evidential support. Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal). A bit of creativity! A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

Grammar in Focus 1: Dangling Modifiers A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.
Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV.

"Having finished" states an action but does not name the doer of that action. In English sentences, the doer must be the subject of the main clause that follows. In this sentence, it is Jill. She seems logically to be the one doing the action ("having finished"), and this sentence therefore does not have a dangling modifier. The following sentence has an incorrect usage:
Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on.

"Having finished" is a participle expressing action, but the doer is not the TV set (the subject of the main clause): TV sets don't finish assignments. Since the doer of the action expressed in the participle has not been clearly stated, the participial phrase is said to be a dangling modifier. Strategies for revising dangling modifiers: 1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:
Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.

Who arrived late? This sentence says that the written excuse arrived late. To revise, decide who actually arrived late. The possible revision might look like this:
Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse.

The main clause now names the person (the captain) who did the action in the modifying phrase (arrived late). 2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause:
Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him.

Who didn't know his name? This sentence says that "it" didn't know his name. To revise, decide who was trying to introduce him. The revision might look something like this:
Because Maria did not know his name, it was difficult to introduce him.

The phrase is now a complete introductory clause; it does not modify any other part of the sentence, so is not considered "dangling." 3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:

To improve his results, the experiment was done again.

Who wanted to improve results? This sentence says that the experiment was trying to improve its own results. To revise, combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence. The revision might look something like this:
He improved his results by doing the experiment again.

More examples of dangling modifiers and their revisions:

INCORRECT: After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing. REVISED: After reading the original study, I find the article unconvincing. INCORRECT: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax. REVISED: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, you should be able to relax at home. INCORRECT: The experiment was a failure, not having studied the lab manual carefully. REVISED: They failed the experiment, not having studied the lab manual carefully.

Grammar in Focus 2: Coordinating Conjunctions FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, or, Yet, So For - function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause
John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees. Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

And
To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response." To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house." To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt." Top To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling and that surprised no one who knew him."

Nor - can be used with other negative expressions

That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

But
To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably." To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor." To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."

Or
To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail." To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers. To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae." To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us." To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die." top To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

Yet - functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition, even, still, eventually, and as soon as now, nevertheless, but
John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton. The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.

So means "as well" or "in addition"; at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma