Economic phase-shifting interferometer by coarse lateral laser point displacements

Labor ator io

de In vest iga ci n

Carlos Robledo-Sanchez, Rigoberto Juarez-Salazar , Cruz Meneses-Fabian, and Viridiana Ixba-Santos Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla - Facultad de Ciencias Fsico-Matemticas
rjuarezsalazar@gmail.com

s le b la ro t Con s o c i inm D s a Sistem

Abstract
A simple and inexpensive optical setup to phaseshifting interferometry is proposed. The phase shift is induced by coarse lateral displacements of the point laser source. Experimental results are consistent with the theoretical expectations and show the feasibility of this unused phase-shifting technique.

The induced phase shift

A collimated laser beam is commonly obtained by the system shown in Fig. 1(a). The lateral displacement of the laser point source, Fig. 1(b), generates a tilted wavefront: k 2 d 2d p B (p, d) = B0 exp i 2f , (1)

Translation and phase-shifting

The lateral displacement d in the optical setup shown in Fig. 3, induces simultaneously an interferogram translation and a phase shift given by Eqs. (2)-(4). This effect is depicted in the next gure.
!"#$%&$"'(&
Frame0

Frame1 Frame2 Frame3

!
Displacement

Introduction
Phase-Shifting Interferometry (PSI) has become a versatile powerful tool used widely in a variety of precise optical measurement applications [1]. An important restriction of the phase-shifting interferometers is that the conventional shifters are very expensive. In this poster an economic phase-shifting interferometer [2] is presented. The phase shift is induced by the lateral displacement of the laser source. This is carried out by mounting the point laser source on a micrometric linear translation stage. The interferogram processing is efciently performed with a generalized phase-shifting algorithm by parameter estimation [3].
!"#$%&'$()*+,-$).#, 6,*27) !"#$%&'() *"+,-.+,') 827*27) /-,0%,1'$%1+) .+'$23%,4) 5+1%&+) 93%,4+0) *':+3,$)

with p = (x, y ) and where d is the lateral displacement vector. If the Twyman-Green Interferometer is illuminated with the beam (1), as shows Fig. 1(c), the interference generates the fringe pattern: I (p, d) = a(p) + a(p) cos [(p (d)) (d)] ,
2

!1
!2
)*#+$,#-.+&

Frame 4
Frame5

!3

Frame6

(2)

!
Displacement

!4
!5
!6

with a(p) = |B | , where (p) is the sensed phase distribution, and (d) = gd/f,
2

(3) (4)

(d) Dk (d/f ) ,

are the the fringe-pattern translation and the induced phase shift, respectively.

For appropriate parameters f and D, the linear translation is either negligible or directly corrected by a simple pixel place shift. Currently, the non-linearity of the induced phase shift is not a problem. The generalized phase-shifting algorithms efciently solve this issue.

Proposed optical setup to phase-shifting interferometry

!&#$

?-5+()*(',7)

y
x z
f

L
! d

!%#$

! r

! p
! f

!'#$

Mt

*+$

!"#$
! B( p1 )
! B( p2 )

Mt
! ! ! " ! B( p2 )
! /2

Mr !

/0*-$,12.%&(2, !"'$+) 5+.-52(';-,) =3'**+5) *"'$+) !"'$+) 2,<3'**%,4) !"#$%&'() %,>-3.';-,)

!
f

()$

Mr

g *+$ D Fig. 1. (a) Typical collimating system. (b) Tilted plane wavefront obtained by a lateral source displacement. (c) Twyman-Green Interferometer illuminated with (b). (d) Alternative representation of (c).
(a) Phase shift [Radians]

! I ( p, d )

! ! !

! E ( p2 )

p1 ! p0 ! p2 ! p

Conclusions
An inexpensive phase shifter by lateral source displacement to phase-shifting interferometry was proposed. Unlike the ne nanometric translations required by conventional techniques, a coarse micrometric and miscalibrated translations are sufcient with the proposed optical setup. We believe that other interferometric systems could incorporates this approach.

!"# $%###&# !#

!"#

4pi 7pi/2 3pi 5pi/2 2pi 3pi/2 pi pi/2 0 2 x 10 5 0 5 2

4

Model Experimental

D = 7.91 cm D = 3.96 cm

'# (#

)*# %# $&# *+,# -#

!$#
Translation [m]

1 0 1 Displacement [m] (b) Model Experimental

2 x 10
3

Do you wish to learn more?

Get the full document, supplementary materials and related papers.

D = 3.96 cm

D = 7.91 cm 1 0 1 Displacement [m] 2 x 10

3

Fig. 2. Proposed economic phase-shifting interferometer by coarse lateral laser point displacements. (Left) Optical setup. (Right) Quantitative results. (a) Phase shift, and (b) image translation measurements versus lateral source displacement. This experiments correspond to (red) D = 3.96 cm, and (blue) D = 7.91 cm. A HeNe laser source ( = 633 nm), collimating lens (f = 0.5 m) was employed. (a) (b) (c)

References
[1] D. Malacara, M. Servin, and Z. Malacara. Interferogram analysis for optical testing. Taylor & Francis Group, second edition, 2005. [2] C. Robledo-Sanchez, R. Juarez-Salazar, C. Meneses-Fabian, F. Guerrero-Snchez, L. M. A. Aguilar, G. Rodriguez-Zurita, and V. Ixba-Santos. Phase-shifting interferometry based on the lateral displacement of the light source. Opt. Express, 21(14):17228 17233, Jul 2013. [3] R. Juarez-Salazar, C. Robledo-Sanchez, C. Meneses-Fabian, F. Guerrero-Sanchez, and L. A. Aguilar. Generalized phaseshifting interferometry by parameter estimation with the least squares method. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 51(5):626 632, 2013.

200 400 600 200 400 600 800 1000

200 400 600 200 400 600 800 1000

200 400 600 200 400 600 800 1000

Fig. 3. (a) and (b) Two phase-shifted interferograms acquired from the proposed optical setup. (c) Wrapped phase distribution recovered with the generalized phase-shifting algorithm by parameter estimation [3].