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Drilling Optimization Workflow

VibrationsRecognize the Symptoms


SURFACE MEASUREMENT OR SYMPTOM
Large WOB fluctuations Rig/topdrive shaking Loss of toolface Reduced ROP Repeat three times unless WOB limit is exceeded Yes Does vibration continue? Yes Increase WOB by 1 ton Decrease rpm by same percentage

Conventional Cures While Drilling


AXIAL VIBRATION (bounce)

VibrationsRecognize the Symptoms


SURFACE MEASUREMENT OR SYMPTOM
Increased mean surface torque Loss of toolface Reduced ROP

Conventional Cures While Drilling


LATERAL VIBRATION (bit/BHA whirl) Decrease rpm by 10% Increase WOB by 10%

VibrationsRecognize the Symptoms


SURFACE MEASUREMENT OR SYMPTOM
Topdrive stalling Increased delta surface torque Rpm/torque cycling Loss of toolface Reduced ROP

Conventional Cures While Drilling


TORSIONAL VIBRATION (stick/slip) Place topdrive in high gear; ensure soft torque operational. Decrease WOB by 5% Increase rpm by 10%

Repeat three times unless WOB limit is exceeded Yes Does vibration continue? Yes

Repeat three times unless WOB limit is exceeded Yes No Does vibration continue? Yes Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Restart drilling with 10% increased rpm Decrease WOB 15 to 20% No Vibration resumes? Yes Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Restart drilling with 70 rpm Increase WOB to 25% below original value Gradually return rpm to 15% above original CONTINUE DRILLING

No

No

DOWNHOLE MEASUREMENT
Loss of real-time data/ measurement Increased shock count Increased axial vibrations

Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Set rpm at 40 to 50% of original Increase WOB by 10 to 20% of original Gradually return rpm to original No Vibration resumes? Yes

DOWNHOLE MEASUREMENT
Increased mean downhole torque High-frequency downhole shocks10 to 50 Hz Increased lateral shocks Increased torsional acceleration Loss of real-time data/measurement Increased shock count No

Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Restart drilling with 70 rpm Increase WOB by 10% of original Increase rpm to original value Vibration resumes? Yes

DOWNHOLE MEASUREMENT
Increased delta downhole torque Increased torsional acceleration Increased stick/slip indicator Downhole collar rpm greater than surface rpm Loss of real-time data/measurement Increased lateral shocks Increased shock count

POSTRUN EVIDENCE
Early bearing failure Broken/chipped cutters and insertsno specific location BHA failure

Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Set rpm at 40 to 50% of original Increase WOB by 10 to 20% of original Gradually return rpm to 25% below original CONTINUE DRILLING

POSTRUN EVIDENCE
Cutters/inserts damaged typically on shoulder or gauge Broken PDC blades Worn hybrids (equivalents) with minimal cutter wear Overgauge hole from calipers One-sided wear on stabilizers and BHA BHA failure

Pick up off bottom and allow string torque to unwind Restart drilling with 70 rpm Increase WOB to original value Increase rpm to 25% below original value CONTINUE DRILLING

POSTRUN EVIDENCE
Cutters/inserts damaged typically on nose and taper Overtorqued connections Twistoffs and washouts BHA failure

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Shock and Vibration Information


Mode of Vibration Axial shocks Bit whirl Real-Time Diagnosis
Topdrive or kelly shaking, downhole shocks LWD caliper shows overgauge hole but bit is undergauge Large downhole shocks, increased STOR Large surface torque and rpm fluctuations, MWD peak-peak rpm Bending

Typical Environment
Hard formations, vertical holes, roller cone bits Aggressive side-cutting bit

Potential Cure
STOP Change WOB and change rpm STOP Increase WOB and decrease rpm STOP Increase WOB and reduce rpm STOP Reduce WOB and increase rpm

Other Solutions
Change to less-aggressive bit, use a shock sub Change bit, use full-gauge NB stabilizer Use a stiffer BHA

DRILLING DYNAMIC GUIDELINES Lateral vibration, gn RMS (cumulative during a bit run)
Vib Lat (gn RMS) <1 13 36 >6 Risk Low Medium High Severe Time limit None Recommended to mitigate. More than 24 h, medium risk of tool failure. Mandatory to mitigate. More than 12 h, high risk of tool failure. 30 minutes (formal notification)

FACTORS AFFECTING VIBRATIONS

Generalizations onlyvibrations often result from complex interplay of factors Inclinationmore axial vibrations closer to vertical; tendency for more vibrations as angle increases, but can also be dampened by angle BHA designhigher vibrations with slick and pendulum assemblies BHA componentsundergauge stabilization generates vibrations; straight-blade stabilizers, smaller drill collars usually have higher vibrations; high-torque and aggressive mud motors may have higher vibrations BitsPDC bits generate higher vibrations, as do aggressive features like larger cutter size, lower number of cutters, fewer blades, and low backrake angle Higher friction factors will generate higher vibrations

BHA whirl Stick/slip

Washed out hole, BHA pendulum or unstabilized Aggressive PDC bits, high wellbore BHA friction

Increase mud lubricity, use less-aggressive bit, improve hole cleaning BHA Whirl

Lateral vibration, gn RMS (cumulative during a bit run)


Vib X (gn RMS) <1 12 24 >4 Risk Low Medium High Severe Time limit None Recommended to mitigate. More than 24 h, medium risk of tool failure. Mandatory to mitigate. More than 12 h, high risk of tool failure. 30 minutes (formal notification)

Bounce Bit Bit Bounce

Stick/Slip Bit Bounce

Backward or Forward

IWOB torsional vibration, ft.lbf


Vib Tor 634-in Low Medium High < 1,500 1,5002,500 2,5003,000 > 3,000 Vib Tor 8-in < 1,650 1,6502,600 2,6003,100 > 3,100 Vib Tor 912-in < 1,750 1,7502,800 2,8003,200 > 3,200

Expect higher vibrations in formations that are hard/ abrasive and/or have high coefficients of friction and restitutionconglomerates, boulders, cherts, interbedded/intercalated formations, sandstones, and limestones Large ratio of hole size to BHA/tool OD size will generate more vibrations Poor hole conditions, such as poor hole cleaning, washouts, and ledges, can sometimes generate vibrations

Axial Axial

Lateral Lateral

Torsional Axial

Eccentered Eccentered

Severe

Stick/slip severity levels (consecutive)


Stick/slip (Stick_RT) = Maximum Downhole RPM Minimum Downhole RPM Stick/slip % = [ (Stick/slip) / (2 x Average Surface RPM) ] x 100
Stick/slip % 040 4060 6080 80100 100+ Stick/slip Stick/slip Torsional oscillations Mode Severity level Low Medium Medium High Severe Time limit None None Recommended to mitigate Onset of full stall stick/slip, mandatory to mitigate 30 minutes (formal notification)

Shock risk levels (consecutive)


PowerPulse, TeleScope, ImPulse, LWD, and RSS tools Shock risk 0 1 2 3 Risk level No risk Medium risk High risk Risk of tool failure Shocks > 50 gn cps < 1 1 cps < 5 5 cps < 10 cps 10

Total shock levels (cumulative only reset after appropriate tool service levels) Value 0 1 2 3 Number of shocks > 50 gn 0tshk50,000 50,000 tshk < 100,000 100,000 tshk < 200,000 > 200,000

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Shock and Vibration Mitigation


VIBRATION PREVENTION

Run DOX software/BHA-VThis software analyzes BHA and predicts resonant frequenciesstay away from bad rpm; compare calculated with actual values Always run multivibration chassis (MVC) in MWD tools for real-time vibration communication Within limitations, design BHA, especially stabilization, and select PDC bit with vibration prevention in mind Help train drillers in vibration reductionensure LWD engineers have vibration training Be aware of high-vibration operationsbackreaming, opening a pilot hole, reaming, hole opening while drilling, drilling out of casing/liner Know vibration reduction procedures for each type of vibration Know procedures for dealing with high vibrations from drilling hard streaks and reaming Identify vibration generation mechanismbit, BHA, formation, drilling parameters, on or off bottomand use counteractive measures Optimize correct real-time shock/vibration variables from MWD tool for predicted vibration environment Set tight alarms on all vibration variables and monitor closelydisplay for driller to see Optimize drilling parametersWOB, rpm, flow rate for vibration prevention/reduction and ROP Torque feedbacksoft-torque system (may mask stick/slip) Increase mud lubricity to reduce friction and, thereby, vibrations Keep offset log of formations if availabletrack lithology for upcoming vibration risks

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