EGR 236 Properties and Mechanics of Materials Lecture 18: Fle ure in !

o"posite #ea"s

Spring 2013

$oda%& '' (o"e)or* +uestions& '' ,e) $opics& '' (o) to handle -ea"s "ade fro" "ultiple "aterials. '' (o"e)or*& Read Section 6&6'/ 0or* Pro-le"s fro" !hap 6& 1112 1162 113 Follo)ing toda%4s class %ou should -e a-le to& -- understand that the strain of a composite beam is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, regardless of material. -- be able to change the structure of a composite beam into an equivalent beam of homogeneous material for calculation of stress. -- be able to compute maximum stress values in each material of a composite beam. !o"posite #ea"s& A composite beam is a beam constructed of two or more different materials. Common examples include beams that have a center section of wood sandwiched between two outer bands of steel or concrete beams which have steel reinforcing rods. Steel rods or bands are often used to help provide support to materials which are weaker in tension but ver strong in compression. ! placing the steel where the beam is sub"ected to the tensile bending loads, can reduce the overall si#e and weight of the beam.

$n a beam made of two materials, the deformed plane of the material is expected to remain plane if the materials behave elasticall . %owever since one of the materials has a larger modulus of elasticit than the other, it will handle a larger percentage of the load for similar deformation.

*ess Stiff +aterial Stiffer +aterial

Strain &istribution

Stress &istribution

'otice how the stiffer material, generall sees the higher stress distribution for one such t pical beam. (ne method to calculate the stress values of a composite beam is to transform the beam into an equivalent beam consisting entirel of one of the two materials. )o do this ou need to either replace the stiffer material with a wider piece of the softer material, or ou need to replace the softer material with a thinner piece of the stiff material. Consider the wood-metal composite beam:

)ransformed to Soft +aterial

(riginal Composite !eam

)ransformed to Stiff +aterial

$n this example, ou would either replace the steel with a wider piece of wood or replace the wood with a narrower piece of steel. )he ratio of width can be found b a ratio of the modulus of elasticit of the materials.

n=

E1 E2

,xample: A -. x /. wood beam is reinforced b a 0.1. x -. steel plate on the bottom, and a 2. x 3. steel bar on the top. $f the allowable stress in the wood and steel are 3000 and 2/,000 psi respectivel , and the elastic modulus of the steel is 30 times larger than that of the wood, find the maximum bending moment that can be applied. Solution:

n=

Esteel = 20 Ewood

*et4s transform the wood into an equivalent width of steel:

wsteel =

wwood 6 in = = 03 . in n 20

5or a beam of uniform material, the bending stress is given as

Mc I

3x2

)o find c and $ start b locating the centroid of the section.

cent

0.6 x /

ycent =
=

yi Ai Ai
( 025 . )( 6 05 . ) + ( 45 . )( 0.3 8 ) + ( 9 )( 2 1 ) = 3.993 in ( 6 05 . ) + ( 03 . 8 ) + ( 2 1 )

- x 0.1

'ext find the moment of inertia about the centroid.

I total = I1 + I2 + I 3
d6 d3

A6 83 x 2 A380.6 x /

where

I i = I i _ cent + Ai di 2
so

cent

86.996

d2 A28- x 0.1

1 ( 2 )( 1 )3 + ( 2 1 )( 9.0 3.993 )2 = 50.3in 4 12 1 I2 = ( 03 . )( 8 )3 + ( 03 . 8 )( 45 . 3.993 )2 = 13.4in 4 12 1 I1 = ( 6 )( 05 . )3 + ( 6 05 . )( 025 . 3.993 )2 = 421 . in 4 12 I3 = I total = 50.3 + 13.4 + 421 . = 105.8 in 4

so

)he distance to the outer fibers of the steel are cst7top 8 9.1-6.996 8 1.10: in and cst7bot 8 6.996 in )he maximum distance to the wood fibers are cst7top 8 /.1-6.996 8 ;.10: in and cst7bot 8 6.996-0.1 8 6.;96 in 5or the Steel <at the top and for maximum stress of 2/,000 psi=:

Mc I I ( 18000lb / in2 )( 105.8in 4 ) M= = = 346,000 lb in c ( 5507 . in )

= 28,833 lb ft

)o check out the maximum moment that sta s below the max stress of the wood, recall that the strain of the materials must match at the same distance from the neutral axis.

wood = steel

wood steel = Ewood Esteel

wood =

Ewood 1 steel = steel Esteel n

1 1 Mc wood = steel = n n I n wood I 20( 2000lb / in2 )( 105.8in 4 ) M = = = 939,000 lb in c 4507 . in = 78,250 lb ft

Since the wood can support a larger moment than the steel, the beam is limited b the stress in the steel. +aximum moment to be applied to this beam is the 3/,/00 lb-ft.

EGR 236 Mechanics of Materials Pro-le" 6&111

(0 Set 13

)he composite beam consists of a &ouglas 5ir wood core and three plates of A-6- steel. $f the allowable bending stress for wood is 30 +>a and for the steel is 260 +>a, determine the maximum moment that can be applied to the beam.