Examples Eurocode2

viii
Symbol Definition
r
!
le|centage o |e|no|cement |a,,ed w|th|n 06S
0
|om the cent|e ||ne o the |a, |e|ng cons|de|ed
r
|
ke|no|cement |at|o o| |ong|tud|na| |e|no|cement
r
|y,
r
|.
ke|no|cement |at|o o |onded stee| |n the and d||ect|on
r
0
kee|ence |e|no|cement |at|o
c|
0S
!0
3
s
gd
Les|gn va|ue o the g|ound ,|essu|e
s
s
St|ess |n |e|no|cement at SlS
s
s
A|so|ute va|ue o the max|mum st|ess ,e|m|tted |n the |e|no|cement |mmed|ate|y ate| the o|mat|on o the c|ac|
s
sc
(s
st
) St|ess |n com,|ess|on (and tens|on) |e|no|cement
s
sd
Les|gn st|ess |n the |a| at the u|t|mate ||m|t state
s
su
0nmod||ed se|v|ce st|ess |n |e|no|cement dete|m|ned |om 0lS |oads (See l|gu|e C3)
h(,
0
) l|na| va|ue o c|ee, coe|c|ent
h
e
lect|ve c|ee, acto|
f ba| d|amete|
c lacto|s de|n|ng |e,|esentat|ve va|ues o va||a||e act|ons
c
0
Com||nat|on va|ue o a va||a||e act|on (eg used when cons|de||ng 0lS)
c
!
l|equent va|ue o a va||a||e act|on (eg used when cons|de||ng whethe| sect|on w||| have c|ac|ed o| not)
c
2
Quas|-,e|manent va|ue o a va||a||e act|on (eg used when cons|de||ng deo|mat|on)
w Mechan|ca| |e|no|cement |at|o
s

yd
/
c

cd
< !
90
Using H8 (50 mm
2
) max. spacing = min[50/0.3; 1.5d]
= min[147; 375] = 147 mm cc No good
Try using H10, max. spacing = 78.5/0.34 = 231 mm cc, say 175 cc
Use min. H10 (78.5 mm
2
) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
Check min. 9 no. H10 legs of links (712 mm
2
) in perimeter u
1
, 2
d
from
column face.
e) Check area of reinforcement > 712 mm
2
in perimeters inside u
1

1st perimeter to be 100 mm from face of column as before. Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)
By inspection of Figure 3.27 the equivalent of 6 locations are available
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 6 no. H10 = 942 mm
2
.
By inspection of Figure 3.27 the equivalent of 10 locations are
available at 1.15d from column therefore try 10 H10 = 785 mm
2
.
By inspection of Figure 3.27 beyond 1.15d to u
out
grid:
H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
3.4.13 Summary of design
Grid C exure
End supports:
Column strip: (max. 200 mm
from column) 10 no. H20 U-bars in pairs
(where 200 200 hole use 8 no. H20
T1 in U-bars in pairs)
Middle strip: H12 @ 200 T1
Spans 12 and 23:
Column strip and middle strip: H20 @ 200 B
Central support:
Column strip centre: for 750 mm
either side of support: H20 @ 100 T1
Column strip outer: H20 @ 250 T1
Middle strip: H16 @ 200 T1
Grid 1 (and 3) exure
Spans:
Column strip: H16 @ 200 B2
Middle strip: H12 @ 300 B2
See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is

also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and spacing of shear
reinforcement.
Cl. 9.4.3
1
Introduction
Aim
he a|m o th|s pu|||cat|on |s to |||ustrate through wor|ed examp|es how bS lN !992!!
|!|

(lurocode 2) may |e used |n pract|ce to des|gn |n-s|tu concrete |u||d|ng structures lt |s |ntended
that these wor|ed examp|es w||| exp|a|n how ca|cu|at|ons to lurocode 2 may |e perormed
lurocode 2 str|ct|y cons|sts o our parts (larts !!, !2, 2 and 3)
|!-4|
|ut or the purposes o
th|s pu|||cat|on, lurocode 2 reers to part !! on|y, un|ess qua||ued he wor|ed examp|es w|||
|e carr|ed out w|th|n the env|ronment o other re|evant pu|||cat|ons ||sted |e|ow, and |||ustrated
|n l|gure !!
he other three parts o lurocode 2
Other lurocodes
Mater|a| and execut|on standards
lu|||cat|ons |y the concrete |ndustry and others
here are, thereore, many reerences to other documents and wh||e |t |s |ntended that th|s
pu|||cat|on, reerred to as wo/eJ e\amo/e, can stand a|one, |t |s ant|c|pated that users may
requ|re severa| o the other reerences to hand, |n part|cu|ar, Coc/e /aocoJe ?
|S|
, wh|ch
summar|ses the ru|es and pr|nc|p|es that w||| |e common|y used |n the des|gn o re|norced
concrete ramed |u||d|ngs to lurocode 2
BS EN 199111
BS EN 199211
DESIGN OF
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
BS EN 19912
ACTIONS
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
3
4
6
PD6687
12
3
2
WORKED EXAMPLES
TO EUROCODE 2
VOL 1
CONCRETE INDUSTRY
PUBLICATIONS
WORKED
EXAMPLES
PUBLICATIONS
BY OTHERS
Fire
Bridges
Liquid retaining
Fire
Snow
Wind
Execution
Densities and
imposed loads
VOL 2
General
STANDARDS
PRECAST
WORKED
EXAMPLES
BS EN 1990
BASIS OF
DESIGN
CONCISE
EUROCODE
2
HOW TO
DESIGN
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
www.
Eurocode2
.info
RC SPREAD
SHEETS
PRECAST
DESIGN
MANUAL
MANUALS
DETAILERS
HANDBOOK
DESIGN
GUIDES
BS EN 13670
EXECUTION
OF
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Noto
he term Standards encompasses br|t|sh Standards, lurocodes, Nat|ona| Annexes (NA) and lu|||shed Locuments
|iguro 1.1
workod oxamp|os in contoxt
he des|gns are |n accordance w|th bS lN !992!!
|!|
, as mod|ued |y the 0l Nat|ona| Annex
|!a|

and exp|a|ned |n lL 66S/
|6|

lntroduct|on
1
1.1
2
Cene|a||y, the ca|cu|at|ons a|e c|oss-|ee|enced to the |e|evant c|auses |n a|| ou| ,a|ts o
lu|ocode 2
|!4|
and, whe|e a,,|o,||ate, to othe| documents See l|gu|e !2 o| a gu|de to
,|esentat|on kee|ences to bS S!!0
|/|
|ee| to la|t ! un|ess othe|w|se stated
Cene|a||y, the 's|m,|e' exam,|es de,end on equat|ons and des|gn a|ds de||ved |om lu|ocode 2
he de||ved equat|ons a|e g|ven |n A,,end|x A and the des|gn a|ds |om Sect|on !S o Coc/e
/aocoJe ?
|S|
a|e |e,eated |n A,,end|x b
he exam,|es a|e |ntended to |e a,,|o,||ate o| the|| ,u|,ose, wh|ch |s to |||ust|ate the use o
lu|ocode 2 o| |n-s|tu conc|ete |u||d|ng st|uctu|es he|e a|e s|m,|e exam,|es to |||ust|ate how
ty,|ca| hand ca|cu|at|ons m|ght |e done us|ng ava||a||e cha|ts and ta||es de||ved |om the Code
hese a|e o||owed |y mo|e deta||ed exam,|es |||ust|at|ng the deta||ed wo|||ngs o the Codes
ln o|de| to ex,|a|n the use o lu|ocode 2, seve|a| o the ca|cu|at|ons a|e ,|esented |n deta|| a|
|n excess o that necessa|y |n des|gn ca|cu|at|ons once use|s a|e am|||a| w|th the Code o an
extent, the des|gns a|e cont||ved to show va||d methods o des|gn|ng e|ements, to g|ve |ns|ght
and to he|, |n va||dat|ng com,ute| methods hey a|e not necessa|||y the most a,,|o,||ate, the
most econom|c o| the on|y methods o des|gn|ng the mem|e|s |||ust|ated
Sections 1 and 2 Worked examples
Cl. 6.4.4
ke|evant c|auses o| |gu|e num|e|s |om bS lN
!992!! (| the |ee|ence |s to othe| ,a|ts, othe|
lu|ocodes o| othe| documents th|s w||| |e |nd|cated)
Cl. 6.4.4
NA
l|om the |e|evant 0l Nat|ona| Annex (gene|a||y to
bS lN !992!!)
NA
Cl. 6.4.4 & NA l|om |oth bS lN !992!! and 0l Nat|ona| Annex
Cl. 6.4.4 & NA
Fig. 2.1
Section 5.2
ke|evant ,a|ts o th|s ,u|||cat|on
Fig. 2.1
Section 5.2
EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
l|om othe| lu|ocodes bS lN !990, bS lN !99!,
bS lN !992!2, etc
EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
PD 6687
[6]

Sac/qoaJ oaoe |o c/ /a|/oa/ /e\e
S // '99?-'
PD 6687
[6]
Concise Coc/e /aocoJe ?
|S|
Concise
How to: Floors
[8]

/ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q
/aocoJe ?
|S|
//oo
How to:
Floors
[8]
Grey shaded tables
ln A,,end|ces, de||ved content |n ta||es not |om
lu|ocode 2
|iguro 1.2
Cuido to prosontation
As some o the deta|||ng |u|es |n lu|ocode 2 a|e gene|a||y mo|e |nvo|ved than those to bS S!!0,
some o the des|gns ,|esented |n th|s ,u|||cat|on have |een extended |nto a|eas that have
t|ad|t|ona||y |een the |es,ons|||||ty o deta||e|s hese extended ca|cu|at|ons a|e not necessa|||y
,a|t o 'no|ma|' des|gn |ut a|e |nc|uded at the end o some ca|cu|at|ons lt |s assumed that
the des|gne| w||| d|scuss and ag|ee w|th the deta||e| a|eas o |es,ons|||||ty and the deg|ee o
|at|ona||sat|on, the extent o des|gn|ng deta||s, assessment o cu|ta||ment and othe| as,ects
that the deta||e| shou|d unde|ta|e lt |s |ecogn|sed that |n the vast ma|o||ty o cases, the |u|es
g|ven |n deta|||ng manua|s
|S,9|
w||| |e used loweve|, the exam,|es a|e |ntended to he|, when
cu|ta||ment, ancho|age and |a, |engths need to |e dete|m|ned
3
lntroduct|on
Eurocode: Basis of structural design
ln the lurocode system bS lN !990, lurocode Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q
|!0|
overarches a|| the
other lurocodes, bS lN !99! to bS lN !999 bS lN !990 deunes the eects o act|ons, |nc|ud|ng
geotechn|ca| and se|sm|c act|ons, and app||es to a|| structures |rrespect|ve o the mater|a| o
construct|on he mater|a| lurocodes deune how the eects o act|ons are res|sted |y g|v|ng ru|es or
des|gn and deta|||ng o concrete, stee|, compos|te, t|m|er, masonry and a|um|n|um (see l|gure !3)
Structural safety,
serviceability and durability
Actions on structures
Design and detailing
Geotechnical
and seismic
design
BS EN 1990, Eurocode:
Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991, Eurocode 1:
Actions on structures
BS EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Concrete
BS EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Steel
BS EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Composite
BS EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Timber
BS EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Masonry
BS EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Aluminium
Geotechnical design
Seismic design
|iguro 1.3
1ho urocodo hiorarchy
bS lN !990 prov|des the necessary |normat|on or the ana|ys|s o structures |nc|ud|ng part|a|
and other actors to |e app||ed to the act|ons rom lurocode ! lt esta|||shes the pr|nc|p|es and
requ|rements or the saety, serv|cea||||ty and dura||||ty o structures lt descr||es the |as|s or
des|gn as o||ows
A structure sha|| |e des|gned and executed (constructed) |n such a way that |t w|||, dur|ng |ts
|ntended ||e, w|th appropr|ate degrees o re||a||||ty and |n an econom|ca| way
Susta|n a|| act|ons and |n|uences |||e|y to occur dur|ng execut|on and use
kema|n |t or the use or wh|ch |t |s requ|red
ln other words, |t sha|| |e des|gned us|ng ||m|t states pr|nc|p|es to have adequate
Sta||||ty
Structura| res|stance (|nc|ud|ng structura| res|stance |n |re)
Serv|cea||||ty
Lura||||ty
lor |u||d|ng structures, a des|gn wor||ng ||e o S0 years |s |mp||ed
bS lN !990 states that ||m|t states shou|d |e ver|ued |n a|| re|evant des|gn s|tuat|ons pers|stent,
trans|ent or acc|denta| No re|evant ||m|t state sha|| |e exceeded when des|gn va|ues or act|ons
and res|stances are used |n des|gn he ||m|t states are
0|t|mate ||m|t states (0lS), wh|ch are assoc|ated w|th co||apse or other orms o structura|
a||ure
Serv|cea||||ty ||m|t states (SlS), wh|ch correspond to cond|t|ons |eyond wh|ch spec||ed
serv|ce requ|rements are no |onger met
A|| act|ons are assumed to vary |n t|me and space Stat|st|ca| pr|nc|p|es are app||ed to arr|ve at the
magn|tude o the part|a| |oad actors to |e used |n des|gn to ach|eve the requ|red re||a||||ty |ndex
(|eve| o saety) here |s an under|y|ng assumpt|on that the act|ons themse|ves are descr||ed |n
stat|st|ca| terms
1.2
EC0: 2.1
4
1.3
1.4
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
Act|ons a|e deuned |n the !0 ,a|ts o bS lN !99! lu|ocode ! /c|/o o |ac|ae
|!!|
bS lN !99!!! 2002 /e/|/e e/|-ue/q/| /mooeJ /oaJ |o /a//J/q

bS lN !99!!2 2002 /c|/o o |ac|ae e\ooeJ |o |e
bS lN !99!!3 2003 ou /oaJ
bS lN !99!!4 200S w/J ac|/o
bS lN !99!!S 2003 I/ema/ ac|/o
bS lN !99!!6 200S /c|/o Ja/q e\eca|/o
bS lN !99!!/ 2006 /cc/Je|a/ ac|/o
bS lN !99!2 2003 /c|/o o |ac|ae Ia||c /oaJ o //Jqe
bS lN !99!3 2006 Cae aJ mac//e,
bS lN !99!4 2006 //o aJ |a/
h|s ,u|||cat|on |s ma|n|y conce|ned w|th des|gn|ng o| the act|ons deuned |y la|t!!
/e/|/e e/|-ue/q/| /mooeJ /oaJ |o /a//J/q
Les|gn va|ues o act|ons and |oad a||angements a|e cove|ed |n Sect|on 2
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae
|!4|
o,e|ates w|th|n an env||onment o othe| lu|o,ean
and b||t|sh standa|ds (see l|gu|e !3) lt |s gove|ned |y bS lN !990
|!0|
and su||ect to the act|ons
deuned |n lu|ocodes !
|!!|
, /
|!2|
and S
|!3|
lt de,ends on va||ous mate||a|s and execut|on standa|ds
and |s used as the |as|s o othe| standa|ds la|t 2, S/Jqe
|3|
, and la|t 3, //a/J e|a//q aJ
co|a/me| |ac|ae
|4|
, wo|| |y exce,t|on to la|t !! and !2, that |s, c|auses |n la|ts 2 and 3
conu|m, mod|y o| |e,|ace c|auses |n la|t !!
BS EN 1990
EUROCODE
Basis of Structural Design
BS EN 1991
EUROCODE 1
Basis of Structural Design
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Design of concrete structures
Part 11: General Rules for
Structures
Part 12: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Part 3:
Liquid Retaining
Structures
BS EN 1995
EUROCODE 5
Design of
Composite
Structures
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures
BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete
BS EN 206
Concrete
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
Part 2:
Bridges
BS EN 1997
EUROCODE 7
Geotechnical Design
BS EN 1998
EUROCODE 8
Seismic Design
BS EN 13369
Precast
Concrete
BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels
BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
Noto
lo| c|a||ty Nat|ona| Annexes and ex,|anato|y documents (eg lL 66S/, and
Non-Cont|ad|cto|y Com,|ementa|y lno|mat|on NCCl) a|e not shown
|iguro 1.4
urocodo 2 in contoxt
5
lntroduct|on

National Annexes
lt |s the prerogat|ve o each ClN Mem|er State to contro| |eve|s o saety |n that country As a
resu|t, some saety actors and other parameters |n the lurocodes, such as c||mat|c cond|t|ons,
dura||||ty c|asses and des|gn methods, are su||ect to conurmat|on or se|ect|on at a nat|ona| |eve|
he dec|s|ons made |y the nat|ona| |od|es |ecome Nat|ona||y Leterm|ned larameters (NLls)
wh|ch are pu|||shed |n a Nat|ona| Annex (NA) or each part o each lurocode he Nat|ona|
Annex may a|so |nc|ude reerence to non-contrad|ctory comp|ementary |normat|on (NCCl),
such as nat|ona| standards or gu|dance documents
h|s pu|||cat|on |nc|udes reerences to the re|evant Nat|ona| Annexes as appropr|ate
Basis of the worked examples in this publication
he des|gn ca|cu|at|ons |n th|s pu|||cat|on are |n accordance w|th
bS lN !990, /aocoJe Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q
|!0|
and |ts 0l Nat|ona| Annex
|!0a|
bS lN !99!, lurocode ! /c|/o o |ac|ae |n !0 parts

|!!|
and the|r 0l Nat|ona|
Annexes
|!!a|
bS lN !992!!, lurocode 2 lart !! /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae - Oeea/ a/e aJ

a/e |o /a//J/q
|!|
|!a|
bS lN !992!2, lurocode 2 lart !2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae - Oeea/ a/e -

|ac|aa/ |/e Je/q
|2|
|2a|
lL 66S/, bac|ground paper to the c/ /a|/oa/ /e\e

|6|
bS lN !99/, lurocode / Oeo|ec//ca/ Je/q - /a| ' Oeea/ a/e

|!2|
and |ts 0l Nat|ona|
Annex
|!2a|

hey use mater|a|s conorm|ng to
bS SS00! Coce|e - Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o S // ?06-' /e|/oJ o| oec/|,/q
aJ qa/Jace |o |/e oec/|/e
|!4|
bS 4449 |ee/ |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|e - we/Ja//e e/|oc/q |ee/ - Sa co// aJ

Jeco//eJ ooJac| - oec/|/ca|/o
|!S|
hey ma|e reerence to severa| pu|||cat|ons, most nota||y

Coc/e /aocoJe ? |o |/e Je/q o| /-/|a coce|e |ameJ /a//J/q |o S // '99?-'-'
?004 aJ /| c/ /a|/oa/ /e\ ?00'
|S|
/ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ?

|S|
he execut|on o the wor|s |s assumed to conorm to

lL 66S/ Sac/qoaJ oaoe |o |/e c/ /a|/oa/ /e\e S // '99?-'
|6|

NSCS, /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o |o /a//J/q co|ac|/o, 3rd ed|t|on
|!6|
May
2004
Or, when ava||a||e
bS lN !36/0 /\eca|/o o| coce|e |ac|ae Lue 20!0
|!/|
As |mp|emented |y
spec||cat|ons such as
NSCS, /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o |o /a//J/q co|ac|/o, 4th ed|t|on
|!S|

CCll-0S0, due 20!0
6
Assumptions
Eurocode 2
lurocode 2 assumes that
Les|gn and construct|on w||| |e underta|en |y appropr|ate|y qua|||ed and exper|enced personne|
Adequate superv|s|on and qua||ty contro| w||| |e prov|ded
Mater|a|s and products w||| |e used as spec||ed
he structure w||| |e adequate|y ma|nta|ned and w||| |e used |n accordance w|th the des|gn |r|e
he requ|rements or execut|on and wor|mansh|p g|ven |n lN !36/0 are comp||ed w|th
The worked examples
0n|ess noted otherw|se, the ca|cu|at|ons |n th|s pu|||cat|on assume
EC0: Table 2.1 A des|gn ||e o S0 years
Table 3.1 he use o C30/3/ concrete
BS 4449 he use o Crade A, b or C re|norcement, des|gnated 'l' |n accordance w|th bS S666
|!9|
Table 4.1,
BS 8500: Table A.1
lxposure c|ass `C!
Building Regs
[20,21]
! hour |re res|stance
Cenera||y each ca|cu|at|on |s rounded and |t |s the rounded va|ue that |s used |n any urther ca|cu|at|on
Material properties
Mater|a| propert|es are spec|ued |n terms o the|r character|st|c va|ues h|s usua||y corresponds
to the |ower S% ract||e o an assumed stat|st|ca| d|str||ut|on o the property cons|dered
he va|ues o g
C
and g
S
, part|a| actors or mater|a|s, are |nd|cated |n a||e !!
1ab|o 1.1
artia| factors for matoria|s
Dosign situation g
C
- concroto g
S
- roinforcing stoo|
ULS persistent and transient !S0 !!S
Accidental non-fire !20 !00
Accidental fire !00 !00
SLS !00 !00
Execution
ln the 0l, LL lNV !36/0
|22|
|s current|y ava||a||e |ut w|thout |ts Nat|ona| App||cat|on Locument
lor |u||d|ng structures |n the 0l, the |ac|ground document lL 66S/
|6|
cons|ders the prov|s|ons o
the Nat|ona| Structura| Concrete Spec|ucat|on (NSCS)
|!6|
to |e equ|va|ent to those |n lN !36/0 or
to|erance c|ass ! vhen pu|||shed, bS lN !36/0
|!/|
and, | appropr|ate, the correspond|ng Nat|ona|
App||cat|on Locument w||| ta|e precedence
1.7
1.7.1

1.7.2
1.8
1.9
Cl. 1.3
PD 6687
[6]
Table 2.1 & NA
Ana|ys|s, act|ons and |oad arrangements
7

Analysis, actions and load arrangements
Methods of analysis
ULS
At the u|t|mate ||m|t state (0lS) the type o ana|ys|s shou|d |e appropr|ate to the pro||em |e|ng
cons|dered he o||ow|ng are common|y used
l|near e|ast|c ana|ys|s
l|near e|ast|c ana|ys|s w|th ||m|ted red|str||ut|on
l|ast|c ana|ys|s
Cl. 5.1.1(7)
lor 0lS, the moments der|ved rom e|ast|c ana|ys|s may |e red|str||uted prov|ded that the
resu|t|ng d|str||ut|on o moments rema|ns |n equ||||r|um w|th the app||ed act|ons ln cont|nuous
|eams or s|a|s w|th |
c|
< S0 Mla the m|n|mum a||owa||e rat|o o the red|str||uted moment to
the moment |n the ||near ana|ys|s, d, |s 0/0 where C|ass b or C|ass C re|norcement |s used or
0S0 where C|ass A re|norcement |s used
Cl. 5.5.4 & NA
v|th|n the ||m|ts set, coeuc|ents or moment and shear der|ved rom e|ast|c ana|ys|s may |e
used to determ|ne orces |n regu|ar structures (see Append|x b) he des|gn o co|umns shou|d |e
|ased on e|ast|c moments w|thout red|str||ut|on
Cl. 5.1.1
l|ast|c ana|ys|s may |e used or des|gn at 0lS prov|ded that the requ|red duct|||ty can |e assured,
or examp|e |y ||m|t|ng \
u
/J (to < 02S or concrete strength c|asses < CS0/60), us|ng C|ass b
or C re|norcement, or ensur|ng the rat|o o moments at |ntermed|ate supports to moments |n
spans |s |etween 0S and 20
Cl. 5.6.2
SLS
At the serv|cea||||ty ||m|t state (SlS) ||near e|ast|c ana|ys|s may |e used l|near e|ast|c ana|ys|s
may |e carr|ed out assum|ng
Cross-sect|ons are uncrac|ed and rema|n p|ane (|e ana|ys|s may |e |ased on concrete
gross sect|ons)
l|near stressstra|n re|at|onsh|ps
he use o mean va|ues o e|ast|c modu|us
Cl. 5.4(1)
Actions
Act|ons reer to |oads app||ed to the structure as deuned |e|ow
lermanent act|ons are act|ons or wh|ch the var|at|on |n magn|tude w|th t|me |s neg||g|||e EC1-1-1: 2.1
Var|a||e act|ons are act|ons or wh|ch the var|at|on |n magn|tude w|th t|me |s not neg||g|||e
EC1-1-1:
2.2, 3.3.1(2)
Acc|denta| act|ons are act|ons o short durat|on |ut o s|gn||cant magn|tude that are
un|||e|y to occur on a g|ven structure dur|ng the des|gn wor||ng ||e
EC1-1-7
lmposed deormat|ons are not cons|dered |n th|s pu|||cat|on
Characteristic values of actions
he va|ues o act|ons g|ven |n the var|ous parts o lurocode ! /c|/o o |ac|ae
|!!|
are ta|en
as character|st|c va|ues he character|st|c va|ue o an act|on |s deuned |y one o the o||ow|ng
three a|ternat|ves
EC0: 4.1.2
lts mean va|ue genera||y used or permanent act|ons
8
An u,,e| va|ue w|th an |ntended ,|o|a||||ty o not |e|ng exceeded o| |owe| va|ue w|th an
|ntended ,|o|a||||ty o |e|ng ach|eved no|ma||y used o| va||a||e act|ons w|th |nown
stat|st|ca| d|st|||ut|ons, such as w|nd o| snow
A nom|na| va|ue used o| some va||a||e and acc|denta| act|ons
Variable actions: imposed loads
General
lm,osed |oads on |u||d|ngs a|e d|v|ded |nto catego||es hose most |equent|y used |n conc|ete
des|gn a|e shown |n a||e 2!
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.7, 6.9
& NA
1ab|o 2.1
Catogorios of
imposod |oads
Catogory Doscription
A A|eas o| domest|c and |es|dent|a| act|v|t|es
B O|ce a|eas
C A|eas o cong|egat|on
D Sho,,|ng a|eas
E Sto|age a|eas and |ndust||a| use (|nc|ud|ng access a|eas)
F |a|c and ,a|||ng a|eas (veh|c|es < 30 |N)
G |a|c and ,a|||ng a|eas (veh|c|es > 30 |N)
H koos (|naccess|||e exce,t o| ma|ntenance and |e,a||)
I koos (access|||e w|th occu,ancy catego||es A L)
K koos (access|||e o| s,ec|a| se|v|ces, eg o| he||co,te| |and|ng a|eas)
Notos
1 Catego|y |s not used
2 lo| o||||t |oad|ng |ee| to bS lN !99!!! C| 623
Characteristic values of imposed loads
Cha|acte||st|c va|ues o| common|y used |m,osed |oads a|e g|ven |n a||es 22 to 2S
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
1ab|o 2.2
A: domostic and rosidontia|
Sub-
catogory
xamp|o |mposod |oads
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
A1 A|| usages w|th|n se|-conta|ned dwe|||ng un|ts Communa|
a|eas (|nc|ud|ng ||tchens) |n sma||
a
||oc|s o |ats
!S 20
A2 bed|ooms and do|m|to||es, exce,t those |n se|-conta|ned
s|ng|e am||y dwe|||ng un|ts and |n hote|s and mote|s
!S 20
A3 bed|ooms |n hote|s and mote|s, hos,|ta| wa|ds, to||et a|eas 20 20
A4 b||||a|d/snoo|e| |ooms 20 2/
A5 ba|con|es |n s|ng|e-am||y dwe|||ng un|ts and communa| a|eas
|n sma||
a
||oc|s o |ats
2S 20
A6 ba|con|es |n hoste|s, guest houses, |es|dent|a| c|u|s Communa|
a|eas |n |a|ge|
a
||oc|s o |ats
M|n 30
b
M|n 20
c
A7 ba|con|es |n hote|s and mote|s M|n 40
b
M|n 20
c
Notos
a Sma|| ||oc|s o |ats a|e those w|th < 3 sto|eys and < 4 |ats ,e| |oo|/sta||case Othe|w|se they a|e
cons|de|ed to |e |a|ge| ||oc|s o |ats
b Same as the |ooms to wh|ch they g|ve access, |ut w|th a m|n|mum o 30 |N/m
2
o| 40 |N/m
2
c Concent|ated at the oute| edge
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
1ab|o 2.3
8: officos
Sub-
catogory
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
B1 Cene|a| use othe| than |n b2 2S 2/
B2 At o| |e|ow g|ound |oo| |eve| 30 2/

2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
9
1ab|o 2.4
C: aroas of congrogation
Sub-
catogory
k

k

C1 Aroas with tab|os
C11 lu|||c, |nst|tut|ona| and communa| d|n|ng rooms and
|ounges, caes and restaurants (Note use C4 or CS |
appropr|ate)
20 30
C12 kead|ng rooms w|th no |oo| storage 2S 40
C13 C|assrooms 30 30
C2 Aroas with fixod soats
C21 Assem||y areas w|th |xed seat|ng
a
40 36
C22 l|aces o worsh|p 30 2/
C3 Aroas without obstac|os for moving poop|o
C31 Corr|dors, ha||ways, a|s|es |n |nst|tut|ona| type |u||d|ngs,
hoste|s, guest houses, res|dent|a| c|u|s and communa|
areas |n |arger
b
||oc|s o |ats
30 4S
C32 Sta|rs, |and|ngs |n |nst|tut|ona| type |u||d|ngs, hoste|s,
guest houses, res|dent|a| c|u|s and communa| areas |n
|arger
b
||oc|s o |ats
30 40
C33 Corr|dors, ha||ways, a|s|es |n other
c
|u||d|ngs 40 4S
C34 Corr|dors, ha||ways, a|s|es |n other
c
|u||d|ngs su||ected to
whee|ed veh|c|es, |nc|ud|ng tro||eys
S0 4S
C35 Sta|rs, |and|ngs |n other
c
|u||d|ngs su||ected to crowds 40 40
C36 va||ways l|ght duty (access su|ta||e or one person,
wa||way w|dth approx 600 mm)
30 20
C37 va||ways Cenera| duty (regu|ar two-way pedestr|an
tra|c)
S0 36
C38 va||ways leavy duty (h|gh-dens|ty pedestr|an tra|c
|nc|ud|ng escape routes)
/S 4S
C39 Museum |oors and art ga||er|es or exh|||t|on purposes 40 4S
C4 Aroas with possib|o physica| activitios
C41 Lance ha||s and stud|os, gymnas|a, stages
d
S0 36
C42 Lr||| ha||s and dr||| rooms
d
S0 /0
C5 Aroas subjoctod to |argo crowds
C51 Assem||y areas w|thout |xed seat|ng, concert ha||s, |ars
and p|aces o worsh|p
d,e
S0 36
C52 Stages |n pu|||c assem||y areas
d
/S 4S
koy
a l|xed seat|ng |s seat|ng where |ts remova| and the use o the space or other purposes |s |mpro|a||e
b Sma|| ||oc|s o |ats are those w|th < 3 storeys and < 4 |ats per |oor/sta|rcase Otherw|se they are
cons|dered to |e '|arger' ||oc|s o |ats
c Other |u||d|ngs |nc|ude those not covered |y C3! and C32, and |nc|ude hote|s and mote|s and
|nst|tut|ona| |u||d|ngs su||ected to crowds
d lor structures that m|ght |e suscept|||e to resonance eects, reerence shou|d |e made to NA2!
e lor grandstands and stad|a, reerence shou|d |e made to the requ|rements o the appropr|ate
cert|y|ng author|ty
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
10
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2
& NA.3
1ab|o 2.5
D: shopping aroas
Sub-
catogory
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
D Shopping aroas
D1 A|eas |n gene|a| |eta|| sho,s 40 36
D2 A|eas |n de,a|tment sto|es 40 36
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.3, 6.4
& NA.4, NA.5
1ab|o 2.6
: storago aroas and industria| uso {inc|uding accoss aroas}
Sub-
catogory
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
1 Aroas suscoptib|o to accumu|ation of goods inc|uding accoss aroas
E11 Cene|a| a|eas o| stat|c equ|,ment not s,ec||ed
e|sewhe|e (|nst|tut|ona| and ,u|||c |u||d|ngs)
20 !S
E12 kead|ng |ooms w|th |oo| sto|age, eg ||||a||es 40 4S
E13 Cene|a| sto|age othe| than those s,ec||eda 24/m /0
E14 l||e |ooms, |||ng and sto|age s,ace (o|ces) S0 4S
E15 Stac| |ooms (|oo|s) 24/m he|ght
(m|n 6S)
/0
E16 la,e| sto|age and stat|one|y sto|es 40/m he|ght 90
E17 Lense mo|||e stac||ng (|oo|s) on mo|||e t|o||eys |n
,u|||c and |nst|tut|ona| |u||d|ngs
4S/m he|ght /0
E18 Lense mo|||e stac||ng (|oo|s) on mo|||e t|uc|s |n
wa|ehouses
4S/m he|ght
(m|n !S0)
/0
E19 Co|d sto|age S0/m he|ght
(m|n !S0)
90
2 |ndustria| uso See bS lN !99!!!
a||es 6S 8 66
lo||||ts C|asses ll! to ll6
koy
a lowe| |ound va|ue g|ven Mo|e s,ec||c |oad va|ues shou|d |e ag|eed w|th c||ent
1ab|o 2.7
| and C: traffic and parking aroas
Sub-
catogory
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
| 1raffic and parking aroas {vohic|os < 30 kN}
|a|c and ,a|||ng a|eas (veh|c|es < 30 |N) 2S S0
C 1raffic and parking aroas {vohic|os > 30 kN}
|a|c and ,a|||ng a|eas (veh|c|es > 30 |N) S0 o |e
dete|m|ned o|
s,ec||c use
11

2.4.3

1ab|o 2.8
H, | and k: roofs
Sub-
catogory
k
{kNIm
2
}
k
{kN}
H koofs {inaccossib|o oxcopt for maintonanco and ropair}
koo s|ope, a < 30 06
09 30 < a < 60 06(60 a)/30
< 60 0
| koofs {accossib|o with occupancy catogorios A - D}
Categor|es A L As a||es 22 to 2S accord|ng to
spec||c use
k koofs {accossib|o for spocia| sorvicos, o.g. for ho|icoptor |anding aroas}
le||copter c|ass lC! (< 20 |N) (su||ect to
dynam|c actor f !4)
20
le||copter c|ass lC2 (< 60 |N) 60
Notos
1 koos are categor|.ed accord|ng to the|r access|||||ty lmposed |oads or roos that are norma||y
access|||e are genera||y the same as or the spec||c use and category o the ad|acent area lmposed
|oads or roos w|thout access are g|ven a|ove
2 here |s no category
EC1-1-1:
6.3.4.1(2), Tables 6.9,
6.10, 6.11 & NA.7
EC1-1-1:
6.3.4 & NA
Movable partitions
he se|-we|ght o mova||e part|t|ons may |e ta|en |nto account |y a un|orm|y d|str||uted |oad,
|
, wh|ch shou|d |e added to the |mposed |oads o oors as o||ows
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (8) & NA
lor mova||e part|t|ons w|th a se|-we|ght o !0 |N/m wa|| |ength
|
0S |N/m
2
lor mova||e part|t|ons w|th a se|-we|ght o 20 |N/m wa|| |ength
|
0S |N/m
2
lor mova||e part|t|ons w|th a se|-we|ght o 30 |N/m wa|| |ength
|
!2 |N/m
2
leav|er part|t|ons shou|d |e cons|dered separate|y

Reduction factors
General
koos do not qua||y or |oad reduct|ons he method g|ven |e|ow comp||es w|th the 0l
Nat|ona| Annex |ut d|ers rom that g|ven |n the lurocode
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
6.3.1.2(11) & NA
Area
A reduct|on actor or |mposed |oads or area, a
A
, may |e used and shou|d |e determ|ned
us|ng
a
A
!0 A/!000 ~ 0/S
where
|s the area (m
2
) supported w|th |oads qua||y|ng or reduct|on (|e categor|es A to l as
||sted |n a||e 2!)
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
& NA Exp. (NA.1)
12
Number of storeys
A |educt|on acto| o| num|e| o sto|eys, a
n
, may |e used and shou|d |e dete|m|ned us|ng
a
n
!! /!0
a
n
06
a
n
0S
o| ! < < S
o| S < < !0
o| > !0
whe|e
num|e| o sto|eys w|th |oads qua||y|ng o| |educt|on (|e catego||es A to L as ||sted |n
a||e 2!)
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (11) & NA
Use
Acco|d|ng to the 0l NA, a
A
and a
n
may not |e used togethe|
Variable actions: snow loads
EC1-1-3:
5.2(3)
ln ,e|s|stent o| t|ans|ent s|tuat|ons, snow |oad on a |oo, , |s deuned as |e|ng
m
|

e
|
whe|e
EC1-1-3:
5.3.1, 5.3.2 & NA
m
|
snow |oad sha,e acto|, , e|the| m
!
o| m
2
m
!
und||ted snow sha,e acto|
m
2
d||ted snow sha,e acto|
lo| at |oos, 0 a (w|th no h|ghe| st|uctu|es c|ose o| a|utt|ng),
m
!
m
2
0S
lo| sha||ow mono,|tch |oos, 0< a < 30 (w|th no h|ghe| st|uctu|es c|ose o|
a|utt|ng), m
!
0S, m
2
0S (! a/30) lo| othe| o|ms o |oo and |oca| eects
|ee| to bS lN !99!!3 Sect|ons S3 and 6
EC1-1-3:
5.2(7) &Table 5.1

ex,osu|e coeuc|ent
lo| w|ndswe,t to,og|a,hy
0S
lo| no|ma| to,og|a,hy
!0
lo| she|te|ed to,og|a,hy
!2
EC1-1-3:
5.2(8)

the|ma| coeuc|ent,
!0 othe| than o| some g|ass-cove|ed |oos, o| s|m||a|

EC1-1-3:
& NA 2.8

cha|acte||st|c g|ound snow |oad |N/m

2
0!S(0! 00S) ( !00)/S2S
whe|e
.one num|e| o|ta|ned |om the ma, |n bS lN !99!!3 NA l|gu|e NA!
s|te a|t|tude, m
l|gu|e NA! o the NA to bS lN !99!!3 a|so g|ves ugu|es o|
|
at !00 m ams|
assoc|ated w|th the .ones
lo| the ma|o||ty o the South last, the M|d|ands, No|the|n l|e|and and the no|th o
lng|and a,a|t |om h|gh g|ound,
|
0S0 |N/m
2

lo| the vest Count|y, vest va|es and l|e|and the ugu|e |s |ess lo| most o Scot|and
and ,a|ts o the east coast o lng|and, the ugu|e |s mo|e See l|gu|e 2!
Snow |oad |s c|ass|ued as a va||a||e uxed act|on lxce,t|ona| c||cumstances may |e t|eated as
acc|denta| act|ons |n wh|ch case |ee|ence shou|d |e made to bS lN !99!!3
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (11)
& NA Exp. ( NA.2)
13
1
1
1 Zone 1 = 0.25 kN/m
2
at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.40 kN/m
2
at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.50 kN/m
2
at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.60 kN/m
2
at 100 m a.m.s.l.
Zone 1 = 0.70 kN/m
2
at 100 m a.m.s.l.
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5 5
1
|iguro 2.1
Charactoristic ground snow |oad map {ground snow |oad at 100 m a.m.s.|. {kNIm
2
}
EC1-1-3: NA Fig.
NA.1
Variable actions: wind loads
h|s Sect|on presents a very s|mp|e |nterpretat|on o lurocode !
|!!, !!a|
and |s |ntended to
prov|de a |as|c understand|ng w|th respect to rectangu|ar-p|an |u||d|ngs w|th at roos ln
genera|, max|mum va|ues are g|ven w|th more |normat|on a |ower va|ue m|ght |e used he
user shou|d |e careu| to ensure that any |normat|on used |s w|th|n the scope o the app||cat|on
env|saged he user |s reerred to more spec|a||st gu|dance
|23, 24|
or bS lN !99!!4
|2S|
and
|ts 0l Nat|ona| Annex
|2Sa|
he Nat|ona| Annex |nc|udes c|ear and conc|se ow charts or the
determ|nat|on o pea| ve|oc|ty pressure,
p
ln essence character|st|c w|nd |oad can |e expressed as
p(.)
where

orce coeuc|ent, wh|ch var|es, |ut |s a max o !3 or overa|| |oad

p(.)

e(.)

e

|
where

e(.)
exposure actor rom l|gure 23

e
town terra|n actor rom l|gure 24

|
0006
|
2
|N/m
2
where

|

|,map
a|t
EC1-1-4:
Figs NA.7, NA.8
where

|,map
undamenta| |as|c w|nd ve|oc|ty rom l|gure 22

a|t
a|t|tude actor, conservat|ve|y,
a|t
! 000!
where
a|t|tude ams|
EC1-1-4:
Fig. NA.1
Sym|o|s a||rev|at|ons and some o the caveats are exp|a|ned |n the sect|ons |e|ow, wh|ch
together prov|de a procedure or determ|n|ng w|nd |oad to bS lN !99!!4
2.6
14
Determine basic wind velocity, v
b

|

d||
season
,|o|
|,0
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Note 2
& NA 2.4, 2.5
whe|e

d||
d||ect|ona| acto|
Conse|vat|ve|y,
d||
!0
(
d||
|s a m|n|mum o 0/3 o| 0/4 o| w|nd |n an easte||y d||ect|on,
30 to !20)
EC1-1-4:
4.2(2) Note 3
& NA 2.7: Fig. NA.2

season
season acto|
lo| a 6 month |etu|n ,e||od, |nc|ud|ng w|nte|, o| g|eate|,
season
!00
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Notes 4 & 5
& NA 2.8

,|o|
,|o|a||||ty acto|
!00 o| |etu|n ,e||od o S0 yea|s

|,0

|,ma,
a|t
EC1-1-4:
4.2(1) Note 2
& NA 2.4: Fig. NA.1
whe|e

|,ma,
undamenta| |as|c w|nd ve|oc|ty |om l|gu|e 22
EC1-1-4:
4.2(2) Note 1
& NA 2.5

a|t
a|t|tude acto|
Conse|vat|ve|y,
a|t
! 000!
whe|e
a|t|tude o the s|te |n met|es ams|
vhe|e o|og|a,hy |s s|gn|ucant (|e the s|te |s c|ose to a s|o,e
stee,e| than 00S), |ee| to NA 2S
Calculate basic wind pressure, q
b

|
0Sr
|
2
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 2 & NA 2.18
whe|e

|
as a|ove
r dens|ty o a||
!226 |g/m
3
( !20 N/m
3
) o| 0l
Calculate peak wind pressure, q
p(z)

EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17
,(.)

e(.)

|
o| count|y |ocat|ons

e(.)

e
|
o| town |ocat|ons
whe|e
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1, NA 2.17
& Fig. A.NA.1

|
as a|ove

e(.)
ex,osu|e acto| de||ved |om l|gu|e 23 at he|ght (see |e|ow)

e,
ex,osu|e co||ect|on acto| o| town te||a|n de||ved |om l|gu|e 24
the he|ght at wh|ch
,
|s sought
lo| a w|ndwa|d wa|| and when < ,
,
|s ca|cu|ated at the |ee|ence he|ght

e
lo| othe| as,ect |at|os o the w|ndwa|d wa||,
,
,|s ca|cu|ated at
d|e|ent |ee|ence he|ghts o| each ,a|t (see bS lN !99!!4)
whe|e
he|ght o |u||d|ng
||eadth o |u||d|ng
lo| |eewa|d and s|de wa||s,
he|ght o |u||d|ng
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17:
Fig. NA.8
EC1-1-4: 7.2.2(1),
Note & NA 2.26
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Note 1 & NA 2.17:
Fig. NA.7
15
30
31
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
z
-
h
d
i
s
(
m
)
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0.1 1 10
Distance upwind to shoreline (km)
100
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
2.0
10
Use 1.0 in this area
0.9
0.8
0.7
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
z
-
h
d
i
s
(
m
)
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0.1 1 10
Distance inside town terrain (km)
20
Noto
Subjoct to a|titudo corroction.
Noto
Conora||y
dis
= 0. |or torrain catogory |V {towns otc.} soo 8S N 1991-1-4: A.5.
|iguro 2.2
Map of fundamonta| basic wind
vo|ocity,
b,map
, {mIs}
|iguro 2.3
xposuro factor
o{z}
for sitos in country
or town torrain
|iguro 2.4
Mu|tip|ior for oxposuro corroction for
sitos in town torrain
EC1-1-4: 4.2(1)
Note 2 & NA 2.4: Fig. NA.1
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
EC1-1-4: 4.5(1)
Calculate characteristic wind load, w
k

|

p(.)

where

p(.)
as a|ove

orce coeuc|ent or the structure or structura| e|ement

Cenera||y

pe

p|
where
EC1-1-4:
7, 8 & NA

pe
(externa|) pressure coeuc|ent dependent on s|.e o area cons|dered and .one
lor areas a|ove ! m
2
,
pe,!0
shou|d |e used
EC1-1-4:
7.2.1(1) Note 2 &
NA. 2.25
Overall loads
lor the wa||s o rectangu|ar-p|an |u||d|ngs,
pe,!0
may |e determ|ned rom
a||e /! o bS lN !99!!4
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27
lowever, or the determ|nat|on o overa|| |oads on |u||d|ngs, the net pressure
coeuc|ents g|ven |n a||e 29 may |e used ln th|s case |t w||| |e unnecessary
to determ|ne |nterna| w|nd pressure coeuc|ents
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27, Table NA.4
Cladding loads
lor areas a|ove ! m
2
,
pe,!0
shou|d |e used
pe,!0
may |e determ|ned rom
a||e /! o bS lN !99!!4 See a||e 2!0
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
NA.2.27
2.6.4
16
EC1-1-4:
7.2.3, NA.2.28 & NA
advisory note
Flat roofs
lo| at |oos, acco|d|ng to the Adv|so|y Note |n the NA some o the va|ues
o
,e,!0
|n a||e /2 o bS lN !99!!4 (see a||e 2!!) a|e s|gn|ucant|y
d|e|ent |om cu||ent ,|act|ce |n the 0l lt |ecommends that des|gne|s shou|d
cons|de| us|ng the va|ues |n bS 63992 to ma|nta|n the cu||ent |eve|s o saety
and economy See a||e 2!2
BS 6399:
Table 8 & Fig. 18
EC1-1-4:
NA.2.28 & NA
advisory note
lo| othe| o|ms o |oo |ee| to bS lN !99!!4 and the 0l NA
lt w||| a|so |e necessa|y to dete|m|ne |nte|na| w|nd ,|essu|e coeuc|ents o|
the des|gn o c|add|ng
EC1-1-4:
7.2.9(6) Note 2

,|
|nte|na| ,|essu|e coeuc|ent
lo| no dom|nant o,en|ngs
,|
may |e ta|en as the mo|e one|ous o 02 and 03
EC1-1-4:
NA 2.27, Table NA.4
1ab|o 2.9
Not prossuro coofficiont,
po,10
, for wa||s of roctangu|ar p|an bui|dings*
Not prossuro coofficiont,
po,10
5 !3
1 !!
~ 0.25 0S
Notos
1 |n eect these va|ues a|e o|ce coe|c|ents o| dete|m|n|ng ove|a|| |oads on |u||d|ngs
2 he|ght o |u||d|ng
3 ||eadth o |u||d|ng (,e|,end|cu|a| to w|nd)
4 de,th o |u||d|ng (,a|a||e| to w|nd)
5 Va|ues may |e |nte|,o|ated
6 lxc|udes unne|||ng
EC1-1-4:
7.2.2(2) Table 7.1,
Note 1 & NA 2.27:
Tables NA.4a , NA.4b
1ab|o 2.10
xtorna| prossuro coofficiont,
po,10
, for wa||s of roctangu|ar-p|an bui|dings
Zono Doscription

po,10
Max. Min.
Zone A lo| wa||s ,a|a||e| to the w|nd d||ect|on, a|eas w|th|n
02m|n|, 2| o w|ndwa|d edge
!2
Zone B lo| wa||s ,a|a||e| to the w|nd d||ect|on, a|eas w|th|n
02m|n|, 2| o w|ndwa|d edge
0S
Zone C lo| wa||s ,a|a||e| to the w|nd d||ect|on, a|eas |om
02m|n|, 2| to m|n|, 2| o w|ndwa|d edge
0S
Zone D v|ndwa|d wa|| 0S
Zone E leewa|d wa|| 0/
Zones D
and E
Net !3
Notos
1 he|ght o |u||d|ng
EC1-1-4:
7.2, Table 7.2 & NA
1ab|o 2.11
po,10
for f|at roofs*
Zono Doscription

po,10
Sharp odgo
at oavos
with parapot
Zone F v|th|n 0!m|n||, 2h| o w|ndwa|d edge and w|th|n
02m|n||, 2h| o |etu|n edge (,a|a||e| to w|nd d||ect|on)
!S !6
Zone G v|th|n 0!m|n||, 2h| o w|ndwa|d edge and outw|th
02m|n||, 2h| o |etu|n edge (,a|a||e| to w|nd d||ect|on)
!2 !!
Zone H koo |etween 0!m|n||, 2h| and 0Sm|n||, 2h| |om
w|ndwa|d edge
0/ 0/
Zone I kema|nde| |etween 0Sm|n||, 2h| and |eewa|d edge 02 02
Notos
1 Acco|d|ng to NA to bS lN !99!-!-4, th|s ta||e |s not |ecommended o| use |n the 0l
2 he|ght o |u||d|ng
17
1ab|o 2.12
po
, for f|at roofs
Zono Doscription

po
Sharp odgo
at oavos
with parapot
Zone A v|th|n 0!m|n||, 2h| o w|ndward edge and w|th|n
02Sm|n||, 2h| o return edge (para||e| to w|nd d|rect|on)
20 !9
Zone B v|th|n 0!m|n||, 2h| o w|ndward edge and outw|th
02Sm|n||, 2h| o return edge (para||e| to w|nd d|rect|on)
!4 !3
Zone C koo |etween 0!m|n||, 2h| and 0Sm|n||, 2h| rom
w|ndward edge
0/ 0/
Zone D kema|nder |etween 0Sm|n||, 2h| and |eeward edge 02 02
Notos
1 he|ght o |u||d|ng
2 |readth o |u||d|ng (perpend|cu|ar to w|nd)
EC1-1-4:
7.2.3, NA.2.28 &
NA advisory note.
BS 6399:
Table 8 & Fig. 18
Calculate the overall wind force, F
w

w

s
d
S
|
re
where
EC1-1-4:
5.3.2, Exp. (5.4)
& NA

|
as a|ove
EC1-1-4:
6.2(1) a), 6.2(1) c)

s
d
structura| actor, conservat|ve|y
!0
or may |e der|ved
EC1-1-4:
6.2(1) e) & NA.2.20
where

s
s|.e actor

s
may |e der|ved rom lxp (62) or ta||e NA3 Lepend|ng on va|ues o
( ) and (
d|s
) and d|v|d|ng |nto ?one A, b or C, a va|ue o
s

(a actor < !00) may |e ound
EC1-1-4:
6.3(1), Exp. (6.2) &
NA.2.20, Table NA3

d
dynam|c actor

d
may |e der|ved rom lxp (63) or ugure NA9 Lepend|ng on va|ues o d
s

(|ogar|thm|c decrement o structura| damp|ng) and , a va|ue o
d
(a actor >
!00) may |e ound
EC1-1-4:
6.3(1), Exp. (6.3) &
NA.2.20: Fig. NA9

d
may |e ta|en as !0 or ramed |u||d|ngs w|th structura| wa||s and masonry
|nterna| wa||s, and or c|add|ng pane|s and e|ements

re
reerence area o the structure or structura| e|ement
EC1-1-4:
5.3.2, Exp. (5.4)
& NA
Variable actions: others
Act|ons due to construct|on, trauc, ure, therma| act|ons, use as s||os or rom cranes are outs|de
the scope o th|s pu|||cat|on and reerence shou|d |e made to spec|a||st ||terature
EC1-1-6, EC1-2,
EC1-1-2, EC1-1-5,
EC1-3 & EC1-4
2.6.5
2.7
18
Permanent actions
he dens|t|es and a|ea |oads o common|y used mate||a|s, sheet mate||a|s and o|ms o
const|uct|on a|e g|ven |n a||es 2!3 to 2!S
Act|ons a||s|ng |om sett|ement, deo|mat|on and c|ee, a|e outs|de the sco,e o th|s document
|ut gene|a||y a|e to |e cons|de|ed as ,e|manent act|ons vhe|e c||t|ca|, |ee| to s,ec|a||st
||te|atu|e
1ab|o 2.13
8u|k donsitios for soi|s and matoria|s
[11, 26]
8u|k donsitios kNIm
3
8u|k donsitios kNIm
3
Soi|s Matoria|s
C|ay st| !922 Conc|ete |e|no|ced 2S0
C|ay sot !6!9 Conc|ete wet |e|no|ced 260
C|anu|a| |oose !6!S C|ass 2S6
C|anu|a| dense !92! C|an|te 2/3
S||ty c|ay, sandy c|ay !620 la|dco|e !90
Matoria|s l|mestone (lo|t|and stone med we|ght) 220
As,ha|t 22S l|mestone (ma|||e heavywe|ght) 26/
b|oc|s ae|ated conc|ete (m|n) S0 Macadam ,av|ng 2!0
b|oc|s ae|ated conc|ete (max) 90 MLl S0
b|oc|s dense agg|egate 200 l|aste| !4!
b|oc|s ||ghtwe|ght !40 l|ywood 63
boo|s |u|| sto|age S!! Sandstone 23S
b||c|wo|| ||ue 240 Sc|eed sand/cement 220
b||c|wo|| eng|nee||ng 220 Stee|/||on //0
b||c|wo|| |etton !S0 e||acotta 20/
b||c|wo|| london stoc| !90 |m|e| Loug|as || S2
b||c|wo|| sand ||me 2!0 |m|e| lu|o,ean |eech/oa| /!
Ch|,|oa|d 69 |m|e| C|ade C!6 36
Conc|ete ae|ated !00 |m|e| C|ade C24 4!
Conc|ete ||ghtwe|ght !S0 |m|e| l|o|o/tea| 64
Conc|ete ,|a|n 240
2.8
19
1ab|o 2.14
1ypica| aroa |oads for concroto s|abs and shoot matoria|s
[11, 26]
1ypica| aroa |oads kNIm
2
1ypica| aroa |oads kNIm
2
Concroto s|abs Shoot matoria|s
lrecast concrete so||d un|ts (!00 mm) 2S0 l|aster s||m coat 00S
lrecast concrete ho||owcore un|ts
a
(!S0 mm) 240 l|aster|oard (!2S mm) 009
a
(200 mm) 2S/ l|aster|oard (!9 mm) 0!S
lrecast concreteho||owcore un|ts
a
(300 mm) 40/ l|ywood (!2S mm) 00S
a
(400 mm) 4S4 l|ywood (!9 mm) 0!2
k|||ed s|a|
b
(2S0 mm) 400 Quarry t||es |nc|ud|ng mortar |edd|ng 032
k|||ed s|a|
b
(300 mm) 430 ka|sed |oor heavy duty 0S0
k|||ed s|a|
b
(3S0 mm) 4/0 ka|sed |oor med|um we|ght 040
va|e s|a|
c
standard mou|ds (32S mm) 600 ka|sed |oor ||ghtwe|ght 030
va|e s|a|
c
standard mou|ds (42S mm) /30 kender (!3 mm) 030
va|e s|a|
c
standard mou|ds (S2S mm) S60 Screed S0 mm !!S
Shoot matoria|s Screed ||ghtwe|ght (2S mm) 04S
Aspha|t (20 mm) 046 Sta|n|ess stee| roo|ng (04 mm) 00S
Carpet and under|ay 00S Suspended ce|||ng stee| 0!0
Ch|p|oard (!S mm) 0!2 Suspended ||re|oard t||es 00S
Lry ||n|ng on stud (20 mm) 0!S 8C |oards (!SS mm) 009
la|se ce|||ng stee| ram|ng 0!0 8C |oards (22 mm) 0!2
le|t (3 |ayer) and ch|pp|ngs 03S ||es ceram|c |oor on |edd|ng !00
C|ass dou||e g|a.|ng 0S2 battens or s|at|ng and t|||ng 003
C|ass s|ng|e g|a.|ng 030 ||es c|ay roo (max) 06/
lnsu|at|on g|ass ||re (!S0 mm) 003 ||es natura| s|ate (th|c|) 06S
lav|ng stones (S0 mm) !20 ||es |nter|oc||ng concrete 0SS
l|aster two coat gypsum (!2 mm) 02! ||es p|a|n concrete 0/S
koy
a lo||owcore |gures assume no topp|ng (S0 mm structura| topp|ng : !2S |N/m
2
)
b k|||ed s|a|s !S0 we| /S0 centres w|th !00 mm th|c| |ange/s|a| ve| s|ope !!0
c va|e s|a|s !S0 r||s 900 centres w|th !00 mm th|c| |ange/s|a| ve| s|ope !!0
20
1ab|o 2.15
Loads for typica| forms of construction
[26]
Cavity wa|| {kNIm
2
}
b||c|wo|| !02S mm 240
lnsu|at|on S0 mm 002
b|oc|wo|| !00 mm !40
l|aste| 02!
1ota| 4.0
Lightwoight c|adding {kNIm
2
}
lnsu|ated ,ane| 020
lu|||ns 00S
L|y ||n|ng on stud 0!S
1ota| 0.40
Curtain wa||ing {kNIm
2
}
A||ow !00
rocast concroto c|adding {kNIm
2
}
lac|ng !00
l|ecast ,ane| (!00 mm) 240
lnsu|at|on 00S
L|y ||n|ng on stud 0!S
1ota| 3.60
Dry |ining {kNIm
2
}
Meta| studs 00S
l|aste||oa|d and s||m 2 040
1ota| 0.45
1imbor stud wa|| {kNIm
2
}
|m|e| studs 0!0
l|aste||oa|d and s||m 2 040
1ota| 0.50
Offico f|oor {kNIm
2
}
Ca|,et 003
ka|sed |oo| 030
Se|-we|ght o 2S0 mm so||d s|a| 62S
Sus,ended ce|||ng 0!S
Se|v|ces 030
1ota| 7.03
Offico coro aroa {kNIm
2
}
||es and |edd|ng, a||ow !00
Sc|eed 220
Se|v|ces 030
1ota| 9.90
Stairs {kNIm
2
}
!S0 mm wa|st ( !/S 2S |N/m
3
) 440
|eads 0!S 02S 4/2 2S |N/m
3
!SS
Sc|eed 00S 22 |N/m
3
!!0
l|aste| 02!
l|n|sh t||es 8 |edd|ng !00
1ota| 8.60

2.5c Loads for typica| forms of construction
1ab|o 2.14
2.5c Loads for typica| forms of construction
kosidontia| f|oor {kNIm
2
}
Ca|,et 00S
l|oat|ng |oo| 0!S
Sus,ended ce|||ng 020
Se|v|ces 0!0
1ota| 6.75
Schoo| f|oor {kNIm
2
}
Ca|,et/|oo||ng 00S
Se|v|ces 020
1ota| 6.60
Hospita| f|oor {kNIm
2
}
l|oo||ng 00S
Sc|eed 220
Se|v|ces (|ut can |e g|eate|) 00S
1ota| 8.70
||at roofIoxtorna| torraco {kNIm
2
}
lav|ng o| g|ave|, a||ow 220
vate|,|oo|ng 0S0
lnsu|at|on 0!0
Se|-we|ght o 2S0 mm so||d s|a| ce|||ng 62S
Se|v|ces 030
1ota| 9.50
1imbor pitchod roof {kNIm
2
}
||es (|ange 0S00/S) 0/S
battens 00S
le|t 00S
kate|s 0!S
lnsu|at|on 00S
l|aste||oa|d 8 s||m 0!S
Se|v|ces 0!0
Ce|||ng |o|sts 0!S
1ota| porpondicu|ar to roof 1.45
1ota| on p|an assuming 30 pitch 1.60
Mota| docking roof {kNIm
2
}
lnsu|ated ,ane| 020
lu|||ns 0!0
Stee|wo|| 030
Se|v|ces 0!0
1ota| 0.70

21
Design values of actions
General case
he des|gn va|ue o an act|on,
d
, that occurs |n a |oad case |s
d
g
l
c
|
where
g
l
part|a| actor or the act|on accord|ng to the ||m|t state under cons|derat|on a||e
2!6 |nd|cates the part|a| actors to |e used |n the 0l or the com||nat|ons o
representat|ve act|ons |n |u||d|ng structures
c
|
may |e cons|dered as the representat|ve act|on,
rep
, appropr|ate to the ||m|t state
|e|ng cons|dered
where
c a actor that converts the character|st|c va|ue o an act|on |nto a representat|ve
va|ue lt ad|usts the va|ue o the act|on to account or the nature o the ||m|t
state under cons|derat|on and the |o|nt pro|a||||ty o the act|ons occurr|ng
s|mu|taneous|y lt can assume the va|ue o !0 or a permanent act|on or c
0

or c
!
or c
2
or a var|a||e act|on a||e 2!/ shows how character|st|c va|ues o
var|a||e act|ons are converted |nto representat|ve va|ues h|s ta||e |s der|ved
rom bS lN !990
|!0|
and |ts Nat|ona| Annex
|!0a|

|
character|st|c va|ue o an act|on as deuned |n Sect|ons 22 and 23
1ab|o 2.16
artia| factors {g
|
} for uso in vorification of |imit statos in porsistont and transiont dosign situations
Limit stato ormanont actions
{
k
}
Loading variab|o action
{
k,1
}
Accompanying variab|o
actions {
k,i
}
d
a} qui|ibrium {QU}
!!0 (09)
a
!S0 (00)
a
c
0,|
!S0 (00)
a
b} Strongth at ULS {S1kICO} not invo|ving gootochnica| actions
Either
lxp (6!0) !3S (!0)
a
!S c
0
!S
or the worst case of
lxp (6!0a) !3S (!0)
a
c
0
!S c
0
!S
and
lxp (6!0|) !2S (!0)
a
!S c
0
!S
c} Strongth at ULS {S1kICO} with gootochnica| actions
Worst case of
Set b !3S (!0)
a
!S (00)
a
and
Set C !0 !3
d} Sorvicoabi|ity
Character|st|c !00 !00 c
0,|
!00
lrequent !00 c
!,!
!00 c
2,|
!00
Quas|-permanent !00 c
2,!
!00 c
2,|
!00
o} Accidonta| dosign situations
lxp (6!!a) !0
d
b
c
!,|
(ma|n)
c
2,|
(others)
f} Soismic
lxp (6!2a/|) !0
ld
c
c
2,|
koy
a Va|ue | avoura||e (shown |n |rac|ets)
b lead|ng acc|denta| act|on,
d
, |s unactored
c Se|sm|c act|on,
ld
d keer to bS lN !990 A!22 8 NA
Notos
1 he va|ues o c are g|ven |n a||e 2!/
2 Ceotechn|ca| act|ons g|ven |n the ta||e
are |ased on Les|gn Approach ! |n
C|ause A!3!(S) o bS lN !990, wh|ch |s
recommended |n |ts Nat|ona| Annex
EC0:
Tables A1.2(A), A1.2(B),
A1.2(C), A1.4 & NA

2.9
2.9.1
22
Design values at ULS
EC0: 6.4.3.2(3)
lo| the 0lS o st|ength (Sk), the des|gne| may choose |etween us|ng lx,|ess|on (6!0) o| the
wo|st case o lx,|ess|on (6!0a) o| lx,|ess|on (6!0|)
Single variable action
At 0lS, the des|gn va|ue o act|ons |s
e|the|
lx, (6!0) !3S
|
!S
|,!

o| the wo|st case o
lx, (6!0a) !3S
|
c
0,!
!S
|,!
and
lx, (6!0|) !2S
|
!S
|,!

whe|e

|
,e|manent act|on

|,!
s|ng|e va||a||e act|on
c
0,!
com||nat|on acto| o| a s|ng|e va||a||e |oad (see a||e 2!/)
EC1-1-1: 3.3.2

1ab|o 2.17
Va|uos of c factors
Action c
0
c
1
c
2
|mposod |oads in bui|dings
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0/ 0S 03
Category B: office areas 0/ 0S 03
Category C: congregation areas 0/ 0/ 06
Category D: shopping areas 0/ 0/ 06
Category E: storage areas !0 09 0S
Category F: traffic area (vehicle weight < 30 kN) 0/ 0/ 06
Category G: traffic area (30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN) 0/ 0S 03
Category H: roofs
a
0/ 00 00
Snow loads where altitude < 1000 m a.m.s.l.
a
0S 02 00
Wind loads
a
0S 02 00
Temperature effects (non-fire)
a
06 0S 00
koy
a On |oos, |m,osed |oads, snow |oads and w|nd |oads shou|d not |e a,,||ed togethe|
Notos
1 he nume||ca| va|ues g|ven a|ove a|e |n acco|dance w|th bS lN !990 and |ts 0l Nat|ona| Annex
2 Catego||es l and l a|e assumed to |e as o| Catego|y l
lx,|ess|on (6!0) |eads to the use o g
l
g
C
!3S o| ,e|manent act|ons and g
l
g
Q
!S0 o|
va||a||e act|ons (g
C
o| ,e|manent act|ons |s |ntended to |e constant ac|oss a|| s,ans)
lx,|ess|on (6!0) |s a|ways equa| to o| mo|e conse|vat|ve than the |ess avou|a||e o lx,|ess|ons
(6!0a) and (6!0|) lx,|ess|on (6!0|) w||| no|ma||y a,,|y when the ,e|manent act|ons a|e not
g|eate| than 4S t|mes the va||a||e act|ons (exce,t o| sto|age |oads, catego|y l |n a||e 2!/,
whe|e lx,|ess|on (6!0a) a|ways a,,||es)
he|eo|e, exce,t |n the case o conc|ete st|uctu|es su,,o|t|ng sto|age |oads whe|e c
0
!0,
o| o| m|xed use, lx,|ess|on (6!0|) w||| usua||y a,,|y hus, o| mem|e|s su,,o|t|ng ve|t|ca|
act|ons at 0lS, !2S
|
!S
|
w||| |e a,,|o,||ate o| most s|tuat|ons and a,,||ca||e to most
conc|ete st|uctu|es (see l|gu|e 2S)
Com,a|ed w|th the use o lx,|ess|on (6!0), the use o e|the| lx,|ess|on (6!0a) o| (6!0|) |eads
to a mo|e cons|stent |e||a||||ty |ndex ac|oss ||ghtwe|ght and heavywe|ght mate||a|s
2.9.2

EC0: A1.2.2
& NA
23
50
40

g
k

k
N
/
m

(
o
r

k
N
/
m
2
)
q
k
kN/m (or kN/m
2
)
Use Exp. (6.10b)
Use Exp. (6.10a)
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Noto
Assum|ng c
0
0/
|e app||ca||e to a|| areas
except storage
|iguro 2.5
whon to uso xp. {6.10a} or xp. {6.10b}
Accompanying variable actions
Aga|n the des|gner may choose |etween us|ng lxpress|on (6!0) or the |ess avoura||e o
lxpress|ons (6!0a) or (6!0|)
EC0:
6.4.3.2(3)
l|ther
lxp (6!0) !3S
|
!S
|,!
S(c
0,|
!S
|,|
)
or the worst case o
lxp (6!0a) !3S
|
c
0,!
!S
|,!
S(c
0,|
!S
|,|
)
and
lxp (6!0|) !2S
|
!S
|,!
S(c
0,|
!S
|,|
)
where

|
permanent act|on

|,!
!st var|a||e act|on

|,|
|
th
var|a||e act|on
c
0,!
character|st|c com||nat|on actor or !st var|a||e |oad (see a||e 2!/)
c
0,|
character|st|c com||nat|on actor or |
th
var|a||e |oad (see a||e 2!/)
ln the a|ove,
|,!
(and c
0,|
) reers to the |ead|ng var|a||e act|on and
|,|
(and c
0,|
) reers to
accompany|ng |ndependent var|a||e act|ons ln genera|, the d|st|nct|on |etween the two types o
act|ons w||| |e o|v|ous (see l|gure 26), where |t |s not, each |oad shou|d |n turn |e treated as the
|ead|ng act|on A|so, the numer|ca| va|ues or part|a| actors g|ven |n the 0l Nat|ona| Annex
|!0a|

are used |n the equat|ons a|ove he va|ue o c
0
depends on the use o the |u||d|ng and shou|d
|e o|ta|ned rom the 0l Nat|ona| Annex or bS lN !990 (see a||e 2!/)
EC0:
A1.2.2, A1.3.1 & NA
q
k2
g
k2
q
k1
g
k1
q
k1
g
k1
q
k1
g
k1
q
k1
q
k3
= w
k
A B C
g
k1
Noto
Cenera||y the var|a||e
act|ons on a typ|ca| o|ce
||oc| wou|d |e cons|dered
as |e|ng three sets o
|ndependent var|a||e
act|ons
lmposed o|ce |oads !
on the o|ce |oors
koo |mposed |oad 2
v|nd |oad 3
|iguro 2.6
|ndopondont variab|o actions

24
he ex,|ess|ons ta|e |nto account the ,|o|a||||ty o |o|nt occu||ence o |oads |y a,,|y|ng the
c
0,|
acto| to the accom,any|ng va||a||e act|on he ,|o|a||||ty that these com||ned act|ons w|||
|e exceeded |s deemed to |e s|m||a| to the ,|o|a||||ty o a s|ng|e act|on |e|ng exceeded
l the two |nde,endent va||a||e act|ons
|,!
and
|,2
a|e assoc|ated w|th d|e|ent s,ans and the
use o lx,|ess|on (6!0|) |s a,,|o,||ate, then |n one set o ana|yses a,,|y
!2S
|
!S
|,!
to the
|,!
s,ans
and !2S
|
c
0|
!S
|,!
to the
|,2
s,ans
ln assoc|ated ana|yses a,,|y
!2S
|
c
0,|
!S
|,!
to the
|,!
s,ans
and !2S
|
!2S
|,2
to the
|,2
s,ans
See lxam,|e 2!!2 (two va||a||e act|ons)
Design values at SLS
EC0: 6.5 & Table A1.4
he|e a|e th|ee com||nat|ons o act|ons at SlS (o| |oad com||nat|on at SlS) hese a|e g|ven |n
a||e 2!S he com||nat|on and va|ue to |e used de,ends on the natu|e o the ||m|t state |e|ng
chec|ed Quas|-,e|manent com||nat|ons a|e assoc|ated w|th deo|mat|on, c|ac| w|dths and
c|ac| cont|o| l|equent com||nat|ons may |e used to dete|m|ne whethe| a sect|on |s c|ac|ed o|
not he nume||c va|ues o c
0
, c
!
and c
2
a|e g|ven |n a||e 2!/
Co||oqu|a||y
c
0
has |ecome |nown as the 'cha|acte||st|c' va|ue
c
!
has |ecome |nown as the '|equent' va|ue
c
2
has |ecome |nown as the 'quas|-,e|manent' va|ue
EC0: Table A1.4
1ab|o 2.18
artia| factors to bo app|iod in tho vorification of tho SLS
Combination Permanent actions G
k
Variable actions Q
k
Unfavourable
a
Favourable
a
Leading
b
Others
b
Characteristic
|,su,

|,|n

|,!
c
0,|
|,|
Frequent
|,su,

|,|n
c
!,!
|,!
c
2,|
|,|
Quasi-permanent
|,su,

|,|n
c
2,!
|,!
c
2,|
|,|
koy
a Cene|a||y
|,su,
and
|,|n
may |e ta|en as
|
See Sect|on 29S
b c acto|s a|e g|ven |n a||e 2!/
Design values for other limit states
load com||nat|ons a|e g|ven |n a||e 2!6 o|
a) lqu||||||um (lQ0),
|) St|ength at 0lS not |nvo|v|ng geotechn|ca| act|ons,
c) St|ength at 0lS w|th geotechn|ca| act|ons,
d) Se|v|cea||||ty,
e) Acc|denta| and
) Se|sm|c des|gn s|tuat|ons
2.9.3
2.9.4
25
Variations in permanent actions
vhen the var|at|on o a permanent act|on |s not sma|| then the upper (
||,sup
) and the |ower
(
||,|n
) character|st|c va|ues (the 9S% and S% ract||e va|ues respect|ve|y) shou|d |e esta|||shed
h|s procedure |s necessary on|y when the coeuc|ent o var|at|on ( !00 standard dev|at|on/
mean) |s greater than !0 ln terms o permanent act|ons, var|at|ons |n the se|-we|ght o concrete
|n concrete rames are cons|dered sma||
EC0: 4.1.2, 4.1.2 (3)
PD 6687
[6]
: 2.8.4
At 0lS where the var|at|on |s not sma||,
g
C|,sup
shou|d |e used w|th
||,sup
and
g
C|,|n
w|th
||,|n
S|m||ar|y, where the var|at|on |s not sma||, at SlS
||,sup
shou|d |e used where act|ons are
unavoura||e and
||,|n
used where avoura||e
vhere chec|s, nota||y chec|s on stat|c equ||||r|um (lQ0), are very sens|t|ve to var|at|on o the
magn|tude o a permanent act|on rom one p|ace to another, the avoura||e and unavoura||e
parts o th|s act|on shou|d |e cons|dered as |nd|v|dua| act|ons ln such 'very sens|t|ve' ver|ucat|ons
g
C,sup
and g
C,|n
shou|d |e used
EC0: 6.4.3 (4)
Load arrangements of actions: introduction
he process o des|gn|ng concrete structures |nvo|ves |dent|y|ng re|evant des|gn s|tuat|ons and
||m|t states hese |nc|ude pers|stent, trans|ent or acc|denta| s|tuat|ons ln each des|gn s|tuat|on
the structure shou|d |e ver|ued at the re|evant ||m|t states
EC0: 3.2
ln the ana|ys|s o the structure at the ||m|t state |e|ng cons|dered, the max|mum eect o
act|ons shou|d |e o|ta|ned us|ng a rea||st|c arrangement o |oads Cenera||y var|a||e act|ons
shou|d |e arranged to produce the most unavoura||e eect, or examp|e to produce max|mum
overturn|ng moments |n spans or max|mum |end|ng moments |n supports
lor |u||d|ng structures, des|gn concentrates ma|n|y on the 0lS, the u|t|mate ||m|t state o
strength (Sk), and SlS, the serv|cea||||ty ||m|t state lowever, |t |s essent|a| that a|| ||m|t states
are cons|dered he ||m|t states o equ||||r|um (lQ0), strength at 0lS w|th geotechn|ca| act|ons
(Sk/ClO) and acc|denta| s|tuat|ons must |e ta|en |nto account as appropr|ate
EC0: 3.3, 3.4, 6.4, 6.5
Load arrangements according to the UK National
Annex to Eurocode
ln |u||d|ng structures, any o the o||ow|ng sets o s|mp||ued |oad arrangements may |e used at
0lS and SlS (See l|gure 2/)
Cl. 5.1.3 & NA
he more cr|t|ca| o
a) a|ternate spans carry|ng g
C
|
g
Q
|
w|th other spans |oaded w|th g
C
|
, and
|) any two ad|acent spans carry|ng g
C
|
g
Q
|
w|th other spans |oaded w|th g
C
Or the more cr|t|ca| o

a) a|ternate spans carry|ng g
C
|
g
Q
|
, w|th other spans |oaded w|th g
C
|
, and
|) a|| spans carry|ng g
C
|
g
Q
Or, or s|a|s on|y, a|| spans carry|ng g

C
|
g
C
|
, prov|ded the o||ow|ng cond|t|ons are met
ln a one-way spann|ng s|a| the area o each |ay exceeds 30 m
2
(a |ay |s de|ned as a
str|p across the u|| w|dth o a structure |ounded on the other s|des |y ||nes o support)
he rat|o o the var|a||e act|on,
|
, to the permanent act|on,
|
, does not exceed !2S
he magn|tude o the var|a||e act|on exc|ud|ng part|t|ons does not exceed S |N/m
2
vhere ana|ys|s |s carr|ed out or the s|ng|e |oad case o a|| spans |oaded, the resu|t|ng moments,
except those at cant||evers, shou|d |e reduced |y 20%, w|th a consequent|a| |ncrease |n the
span moments
26
g
Q
| g
C
|
a) Alternate spans loaded b) Adjacent spans loaded c) All spans loaded
g
Q
|
g
Q
|
g
Q
|
g
C
|
g
C
|
Noto
vh||st the use o lx, (6!0) |s |nd|cated, these a||angements may equa||y |e used w|th lx, (6!0a)
o| (6!0|)
|iguro 2.7
Load arrangomonts for boams and s|abs according to Uk NA to urocodo
27
2.12.1 Continuous beam in a domestic structure
Determine the appropriate load combination and ultimate load
for a continuous beam of four 6 m spans in a domestic structure
supporting a 175 mm slab at 6 m centres.
6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm
q
k

g
k

A B C D E
Figure 2.8 Continuous beam in a domestic structure
a) Actions kN/m
Permanent action, g
k
Self-weight, 175 mm thick slabs : 0.17 x 25 x 6.0 = 26.3
E/o self-weight downstand 800 225 : 0.80 x 0.225 x 25 = 4.5
50 mm screed @ 22 kN/m
3
: 0.05 x 22 x 6.0 = 6.6
Finishes and services : 0.50 x 6.0 = 3.0
Dividing wall 2.40 4.42 (200 mm dense blockwork with
plaster both sides)
= 10.6
Total g
k
= 51.0
Variable action, q
k
Imposed, dwelling @ 1.5 kN/m
2
: 1.5 x 6.0 = 9.0
Total q
k
= 9.0
Ultimate load, n
Assuming use of Exp. (6.10), n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 9.0 = = 82.4
Assuming use of worst case of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b)
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 9.0 = = 78.3
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 9.0 = = 77.3
In this case Exp. (6.10a) would be critical

ultimate load

= 78.3
This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g

k
> 4.5q
k
lro|ect deta||s
Ca|cu|ated |y chg o| no CCIP 041
Chec|ed |y web Sheet no 1
C||ent TCC Late Oct 09
Continuous beam in a domestic
structure
Examples of loading
28
2.12.2 Continuous beam in mixed use structure
Determine the worst case arrangements of actions for ULS design of a
continuous beam supporting a 175 mm slab @ 6 m centres. Note that
the variable actions are from two sources as dened in Figure 2.9.:
6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm
Office use @ 2.5 kN/m
2
Shopping use @ 4.0 kN/m
2
c
0
= 0.7 c
0
= 0.7
q
k1
= 15 kN/m
A B C D E
q
k2
= 24 kN/m
g
k
= 51 kN/m
Figure 2.9 Continuous beam in mixed-use structure
a) Load combination
Load combination Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) will be used, as either
will produce a smaller total load than Exp. (6.10). It is necessary to
decide which expression governs.
i) Actions kN/m
Permanent action
As before, Example 2.12.1 g
k
= 51.0
Variable action
Ofce @ 2.5 kN/m
2
q
k1
= 15.0
Shopping @ 4.0 kN/m
2
q
k2
= 24.0
Ultimate load, n
For ofce use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 15.0 = 84.6
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 15.0 = 86.3
For shopping use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 0.7 24.0 = 94.1
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 24.0 = 99.8
By inspection Exp. (6.10b) governs in both cases
b) Arrangement of ultimate loads

As the variable actions arise from different sources, one is a leading
variable action and the other is an accompanying variable action. The
unit loads to be used in the various arrangements are:
This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g

k
> 4.5q
k
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.1 & NA,
EC0:
A.1.2.2. & NA
l|o|ect deta||s
Continuous beam in mixed use
structure
29
i) Actions kN/m
Permanent
1.25 51.0 = 63.8
Variable
Ofce use
as leading action, g
Q
Q
k
= 1.5 15 = 22.5
as accompanying action, c
0
g
Q
Q
k
= 0.7
1.5 15
= 15.75
Shopping use
as leading action, g
Q
Q
k
= 1.5 24 = 36.0
as accompanying action, c
0
g
Q
Q
k
= 0.7
1.5 24
= 25.2

ii) For maximum bending moment in span AB
The arrangement and magnitude of actions of loads are shown
in Figure 2.10. The variable load in span AB assumes the value as
leading action and that in span CD takes the value as an
accompanying action.
A B C D E
Leading
variable action
g
Q
q
k1
= 22.5 kN/m
Accompanying
variable action
c
Q
g
Q
q
k2
= 25.2 kN/m
Permanent
action
g
G
g
k
= 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.10 For maximum bending moment in span AB p

iii) For maximum bending moment in span CD
The load arrangement is similar to that in Figure 2.10, but now
the variable load in span AB takes its value as an accompanying
action
(i.e. 15.75 kN/m) and that in span CD assumes the value as
leading action (36 kN/m).
A B C D E
Accompanying
variable action
c
Q
g
Q
q
k1
= 15.8 kN/m
Leading
variable action
g
Q
q
k2
= 36.0 kN/m
Permanent
action
g
G,inf
g
k
= 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.11 For maximum bending moment in span CD p

30
iv) For maximum bending moment at support B
The arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.12. As both spans AB
and BC receive load from the same source, no reduction is possible
(other than that for large area ( g (other than that for large area
). )).
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.1 (10)
& NA & NA
A B C D E
Leading
variable action
g
Q
gg q
k1
= 22.5 kN/m
Permanent
action
g
G
gg g
k
= 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.12 For maximum bending moment at support B pp
v) For maximum bending moment at support D
The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.13. Comments
made in d) also apply here.
A B C D E
Leading
variable action
g
Q
gg q
k2
= 36 kN/m
Permanent
action
g
G
gg g
k
= 63.8 kN/m
Figure 2.13 For maximum bending moment at support D pp
vi) For critical curtailment and hogging in span CD
The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.14.
A B C D E
Leading
variable action
g
Q
q
k2
= 36.0 kN/m
Accompanying
variable action
p
c
0gQ
q
k1
= 15.8 kN/m
Pe n rmanent actionn
g
G,in
gg
f
g
k
m = 51 kN/mm
Figure 2.14 For curtailment and hogging in span CD p
Eurocode 2 requires that all spans should be loaded with either g
G,sup
gg or g
G,inf
gg (as
f
per Table 2.16). As illustrated in Figure 2.14, using
g
G,inf
gg = 1.0 might be critical for
f
curtailment and hogging in spans. curtailment and hogging in spans curtailment and hogging in spans.
Cl. 2.4.3(2)
Variable actions may be subjected to reduction factors: a

A
, according to the
pp ( area supported (m area supported (m
2
), ), ), aa
AAA
= 1.0 A/1000 1.0 A/1000 0.75. 0.75.
EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10)
& NA & NA
31
lro|ect deta||s
Propped cantilever
2.12.3 Propped cantilever
Determine the Equilibrium, ULS and SLS (deformation) load
combinations for the propped cantilever shown in Figure 2.15. The
action P at the end of the cantilever arises from the permanent
action of a wall.
q
k
g
k
A B
P
C
Figure 2.15 Propped cantilever beam and loading pp
For the purposes of this example, the permanent action P is considered
to be from a separate source than the self-weight of the structure so
both g
G,sup
and g
G,inf
need to be considered.
a) Equilibrium limit state (EQU) for maximum uplift at A
0.0q
k
= 0 1.5q
k
g
Ginf
g
k
= 0.9g
k
g
Gk,sup
g
k
= 1.1g
k
g
Gk,sup
P= 1.1P
A B
C
p
EC0:
Table 1.2(B),
Note 3
EC0:
Table A1.2 (A)
& NA
EC0:
6.4.3.1 (4),
Table A1.2 (A)
& NA
b) Ultimate limit state (ULS)
i) For maximum moment at B and anchorage of top reinforcement BA
g
Gk,sup
g
k
= 1.35g
k
g
Gk,sup
P= 1.35P g
Q
q
k
= 1.5q
k
A B
C
Figure 2.17 ULS: maximum moment at B
Notes
g
Gk,inf
g
k
= 1.0 g
k
may be critical in terms of curtailment of top bars BA.
EC0: Tables A1.1,
A1.2 (B) & NA
32
ii) For maximum sagging moment AB
g
Q
gg q
k
= 1.5q
k
g
Gk,sup
gg g
k
= 1.35g
k
g
Gk,sup
gg P= PP 1.1P
A B
C
Figure 2.18 ULS: maximum span moment AB p
Notes Notes
1 Depending on the magnitude of g
k
, q
k
length AB and BC, g
Gk,inf
gg g
k
(= 1.0 g
k
) may be more
critical for span moment.
2 The magnitude of the load combination indicated are those for Exp. (6.10) of BS EN
1990. The worst case of Exp. (6.10a) and Exp. (6.10b) may also have been used.
3 Presuming supports A and B were columns then the critical load combination for Column
A would be as Figure 2.18. For column B the critical load combination might be either as
Figure 2.17 or 2.18.
EC0:
Table A1.1,
A1.2 (B) & NA
c) Serviceability limit state (SLS) of deformation:
(quasi-permanent loads)
i) For maximum deformation at C
1.0g
k
1.0P
1.0c
2
cc q
k
=0.3*q
k
*Assuming office area
A B
C
Figure 2.19 SLS: maximum deformation at C
EC0:
Tables A1.1,
A1.2.2, A1.4 &
NA
ii) For maximum deformation AB
1.0P
A B
C
* Assuming office area
1.0c
2
cc q
k
=0.3*q
k
1.0g
k
Figure 2.20 SLS: maximum deformation AB
Notes Notes
Quasi-permanent load combinations may also be used for calculations of crack widths or
controlling cracking, i.e. the same load combinations as shown in Figures 2.19 and 2.20 may
be used to determine SLS moment to determine stress in reinforcement. The characteristic
and/or frequent combinations may be appropriate for other SLS limit states: for example, it
is recommended that the frequent combination is used to determine whether a member has
cracked or not.
33
lro|ect deta||s
Ca|cu|ated |y chg o| no CCIP-041
Overall stability
2.12.4 Overall stability (EQU)
For the frame shown in Figure 2.21, identify the various load
arrangements to check overall stability (EQU) against overturning.
Assume that the structure is an ofce block and that the loads q
k2
and q
k3
may be treated as arising from one source.
w
k
g
k1
q
k1
g
k2
q
k2
g
k3
q
k3
A B
Figure 2.21 Frame configuration
a) EQU Treating the floor imposed load as the leading variable r
action
Permanent action, PP
favourable
0.9g
k1
favourable
0.9g
k2
favourable
0.9g
k3
Accompanying
variable action
= g
Qk
gg c
o
cc w
k
ww
= 1.5 x 0.5 x w
k
ww
= 0.75 w
k
ww
Accompanying va n = riable actioon on g
Qk
gg c
o
cc q
k1
= 1.05q
k1
Permanent action, unfavour ble = aab a g
Gk,sup
gg g
k1
= 1.1g
k1
Lead variable action = g
Qk
gg q
2 kk2 k2
= 1.5q
k2
Gk,sup
gg g
k2
= 1.1g
k2
Lead variable action = g
Qk
gg q
3 kk3 k3
= 1.5q
k3
Gk,sup
gg g
k3
= 1.1g
k3
A B
Figure 2.22 Frame with floor variable action as leading variable action
Tables 2.16 Tables 2.16
& 2.17 & 2.17
See Table 2.17 for values of c
0
cc
34
b) EQU Treating the roof imposed load as the leading variable f
action
0.9g
k1
0.9g
k2
0.9g
k3
0.75 w
k
ww
1.5q
k1
1.1g
k1
1.5 x 0.7 x q
k2
= 1.05 q
k2
1.1g
k2
1.5 x 0.7 x q
k3
= 1.05 q
k3
1.1g
k3
A B
tion Figure 2.23 Frame with roof variable action as leading variable actt
& 2.17 & 2.17
c) EQU Treating wind as the leading variable action
0.9g
k1
0.9g
k2
0.9g
k3
1.5 w
k
ww
1.5 x 0.7 x q
k1
= 1.05 q
k1
1.1g
k1
1.5 x 0.7 x q
k2
= 1.05 q
k2
1.1g
k2
1.5 x 0.7 x q
k3
= 1.05 q
k3
1.1g
k3
A B
Figure 2.24 Frame with wind as lead variable action
& 2.17 & 2.17
35
3 S|a|s
Slabs
General
he ca|cu|at|ons |n th|s sect|on are presented |n the o||ow|ng su|-sect|ons
3! A s|mp|y supported one-way s|a|
32 A cont|nuous one-way s|a|
33 A cont|nuous r|||ed s|a|
34 A |ay o a at s|a|
3S A sta|r |ght
hese ca|cu|at|ons are |ntended to show what m|ght |e deemed typ|ca| hand ca|cu|at|ons hey
are |||ustrat|ve o the Code and are not necessar||y |est pract|ce he urst three su|-sect|ons
|nc|ude deta|||ng chec|s eg curta||ment |engths determ|ned str|ct|y |n accordance w|th the
prov|s|ons o bS lN !992!! he at s|a| ca|cu|at|on |s supp|emented |y a commentary
A genera| method o des|gn|ng s|a|s |s shown |e|ow
Leterm|ne des|gn ||e EC0 & NA Table NA.2.1
Assess act|ons on the s|a| EC1 & NA
Assess dura||||ty requ|rements and determ|ne
concrete strength
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1: Tables A4 & A5
Chec| cover requ|rements or appropr|ate |re
res|stance per|od
EC2-1-2: Tables 5.8,
5.9, 5.10 & 5.11
Ca|cu|ate m|n|mum cover or dura||||ty, |re and
|ond requ|rements
Cl. 4.4.1
Leterm|ne wh|ch com||nat|ons o act|ons app|y EC0 & NA Tables
NA.A1.1 & NA.A1.2 (B)
Leterm|ne |oad|ng arrangements Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
Ana|yse structure to o|ta|n cr|t|ca| moments and shear
orces
Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Les|gn |exura| re|norcement Cl. 6.1
Chec| de|ect|on Cl. 7.4
Chec| shear capac|ty Cl. 6.2
Other des|gn chec|s
Chec| m|n|mum re|norcement
Chec| crac||ng (s|.e or spac|ng o |ars)
Chec| eects o part|a| ux|ty
Chec| secondary re|norcement
Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)
Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N & 7.3N
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
Chec| curta||ment Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3, Fig. 9.2
Chec| anchorage Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4)
Cl. 9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
Chec| |aps Cl. 8.7.3
3
3.0
36
Simply supported one-way slab
h|s ca|cu|at|on |s |ntended to show a ty,|ca| |as|c hand ca|cu|at|on
3.1
l|o|ect deta||s
Simply supported one-way slab
A 175 mm thick slab is required to support screed, nishes, an
ofce variable action of 2.5 kN/m
2
and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on load-bearing block walls.
f
ck
= 30 MPa, f
yk
= 500 MPa. Assume a 50-year design life and a
requirement for 1 hour resistance to re.
q
k
= 3.3 kN/m
2
g
k
= 5.9 kN/m
2
4800
Figure 3.1 Simply supported one-way slab p pp
3.1.1 Actions
kN/m
2
Permanent:
Self-weight 0.175 25 = 4.4 EC1-1-1: Table A1
50 mm screed = 1.0
Finishes, services = 0.5
Total g
k
= 5.9
Variable:
Offices, general use B1 = 2.5 EC1-1-1: Tables
6.1, 6.2 & NA
Movable partitions @ 2.0 kN/m = 0.8
Total
k
= 3.3 EC1-1-1: 6.3.12(8)
3.1.2 Cover
Nominal cover, c
nom
:
c
nom
= c
min
+ Dc
dev
where
c
min
= max[c
min,b
; c
min,dur
]
where
c
min,b
= minimum cover due to bond = diameter of bar
Assume 12 mm main bars.
c
min,dur
= minimum cover due to environmental conditions
Assuming XCI and using C30/37 concrete,
c
min,dur
= 15 mm
Dc
dev
= allowance in design for deviation.
Assuming no measurement of cover,
Dc
dev
= 10 mm
c
nom
= 15 + 10 = 25 mm
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4.
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
37 37
3! S|mp|y supported one-way s|a|
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 1 hour fire resistance (i.e. REI 60).
Thickness, h
s,min
= 80 mm cf. 175 mm proposed OK
Axis distance, a
min
= 20 mm cf. 25 + f/2 = 31 i.e. not critical OK
choose c
nom
= 25 mm
EC2-1-2:
4.1(1), 5.1(1)
& Table 5.8

3.1.3 Load combination (and arrangement)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs
n = 1.25 5.9 + 1.5 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m
2
3.1.4 Analysis
Design moment:
M
Ed
= 12.3 4.8
2
/8 = 35.4 kNm
Shear force:
V = 12.3 4.8/2 = 29.5 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
ECO:
Exp. (6.10b)
3.1.5 Flexural design
Effective depth:
d = 175 25 12/2 = 144 mm
Flexure in span:
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 35.4 10
6
/(1000 144
2
30) = 0.057
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 144 = 137 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 35.4 10
6
/(137 500/1.15) = 594 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.41%)
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm
2
/m)
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Table C5
3.1.6 Deflection
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio for r = 0.41% = 20
A
s,prov
/A
s,req
= 645/599 = 1.08
Max. span = 20 1.08 144 = 3110 mm i.e. < 4800 mm no good
Consider in more detail:
Allowable l/d = N K F1 F2 F3
where
N = 25.6 (r = 0.41%, f
ck
= 30 MPa)
K = 1.0 (simply supported)
F1 = 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
= 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ s
s
< 1.5
Appendix B
Table 7.4N & NA
Exp. (7.17)
Cl. 7.4.2,
Appendix C7,
Tables C10-C13
38 38
where
s
s
s = s
su
s (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) 1/d
where
s
su
s 242 MPa (From Figure C3 and
g
k
/q
k
= 1.79, c
2
cc = 0.3, g
G
gg = 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.0 d
s
s
s 242 594/645 = 222
F3 = 310/222 = 1.40 1.5
Allowable l/ ll d = 25.6 1.40 = 35.8 d
Actual l/ ll d = 4800/144 = 33.3 d OK
Use H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N, & NA
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Figure C3 Figure C3
Figure C3 Figure C3
3.1.7 Shear
By inspection, OK
However, if considered critical:
V = 29.5 kN/m as before V
V
Ed
VV = 29.5 0.14 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
v
Ed
vv = 27.8 10
3
/144 10
3
= 0.19 MPa
v
Rd,c
vv = 0.53 MPa
No shear reinforcement required q
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Cl. 6.2.2(1);
Table C6 Table C6
H12 @ 175
Figure 3.2 Simply supported slab: summary p pp
3.1.9 Detailing checks
It is presumed that the detailer would take the design summarised
above and detail the slab to normal best practice, e.g. to SMDSC
[9]
or to How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2, 2
[8]
Chapter
10, Detailing. This would usually include dimensioning and detailing
curtailment, laps, U-bars and also undertaking the other checks detailed
below. See also 3.2.10 detailing checks for a continuous one-way slab.
a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of reinforcement:
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
f /f
yk
ff ) b
t
bb 0.0013 b
t
bb d
where
b
t
bb = width of tension zone
f
ctm
f = 0.30 f
ck
f
0.666
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
See Appendix B1.5

S|a|s
39 39
3! S|mp|y supported one-way s|a|
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 144/500 = 216 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%) r
H12 @ 175 B1 OK
Crack control:
OK by inspection.
Maximum spacing of bars:
< 3h < 400 mm OK
Secondary reinforcement:
20% A
s,req
= 0.2 645 = 129 mm
q
2
/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) B2
Edges: effects of assuming partial fixity along edge
Top steel required = 0.25 594 = 149 mm
2
/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) T2 B2 as U-bars
extending 960 mm into slab
Table 7.2N & NA

Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.2.(2)
b) Curtailment
Curtailment main bars:
Curtail main bars 50 mm from or at face of support.
At supports:
50% of A
s
to be anchored from face of support.
Use H12 @ 350 B1 T1 U-bars
In accordance with SMDSC
[9]
detail MS3 lap U-bars 500 mm with
main steel, curtail T1 leg of U-bar 0.1l (= say 500 mm) from face l
of support.
SMDSC
[9]
:
Fig. 6.4;
How to
[8]
:
Detailing
Cl. 9.3.1.2.(1)
A free unsupported edge is required to use longitudinal and transverse

reinforcement generally using U-bars with legs at least 2h long. For slabs
150 mm deep or greater, SMDSC
[9]
standard detail recommends U-bars lapping
500 mm with bottom steel and extending 0.1l top into span. l
Cl. 9.3.1.4.(1)
40 40
3.2 Continuous one-way solid slab
h|s ca|cu|at|on |s |ntended to show |n deta|| the ,|ov|s|ons o des|gn|ng a s|a| to lu|ocode 2
us|ng essent|a||y the same s|a| as used |n lxam,|e 3!
l|o|ect deta||s
Continuous one-way solid slab
A 175 mm thick continuous slab is required to support screed, nishes,
an ofce variable action of 2.5 kN/m
2
and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on 200 mm wide load-bearing block
walls at 6000 mm centres. f
ck
= 30, f
yk
= 500 and the design life is
50 years. A re resistance of 1 hour is required.
q
k
= 3.3 kN/m
2
g
k
= 5.9 kN/m
2
5800 5800
200 200
Figure 3.3 Continuous solid slab
3.2.1 Actions
kN/m
2
Permanent:
As Section 3.1.1 g
k
= 5.9
Variable:
As Section 3.1.1
k
= 3.3 EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2(8)
3.2.2 Cover
Nominal cover, c
nom
:
As Section 3.1.2 c
nom
= 25 mm
3.2.3 Load combination (and arrangement)
Fig. 2.5
EC0:
Exp. (6.10b)
Ultimate action (load):
As Section 3.1.3, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs
n = 1.25 5.9 + 1.5 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m
2
3.2.4 Analysis
Clear span, l
n
= 5800 mm
a
1
= min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2] = 87.5 mm Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
a
2
= min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2] = 87.5 mm
l
eff
= 5975 mm
S|a|s
41 41
32 Cont|nuous one-way so||d s|a|
Bending moment:
End span M
Ed
= 0.086 12.3 5.975
2
= 37.8 kNm/m Cl. 5.1.1(7)
Table C2
1st internal support M
Ed
= 0.086 12.3 5.975
2
= 37.8 kNm/m
Internal spans M
Ed
= 0.063 12.3 5.975
2
= 27.7 kNm/m
and supports
Shear:
End support V
Ed
= 0.40 12.3 5.975 = 29.4 kN/m
1st interior support V
Ed
= 0.60 12.3 5.975 = 44.1 kN/m
3.2.5 Flexural design: span
a) End span (and 1st internal support)
Effective depth, d:
d = h c
nom
f/2
= 175 25 12/2 = 144 mm
Relative flexural stress, K:
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 37.8 10
6
/1000 144
2
30 = 0.061
K' = 0.207
or restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
by inspection, section is under-reinforced
(i.e. no compression reinforcement required).
Appendix A1
Lever arm, z:
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)
0.5
] 0.95d

= (144/2) [1 + (1 3.53 0.061)
0.5
] = 0.945d = 136 mm
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Area of steel, A
s
:
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
= 37.8 10
6
/(500/1.15 136) = 639 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.44%)
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm
2
/m)
b) Internal spans and supports
Lever arm, z:
By inspection, z = 0.95d = 0.95 144 = 137 mm
Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Area of steel, A
s
:
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
= 27.7 10
6
/(500/1.15 137) = 465 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm
2
/m)
Designers may choose to use another form of this equation:

z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 0.882K)
0.5
0.95
42 42
3.2.6 Deflection: end span
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Allowable l/d = d N N K F1 F2 F3
Appendix B Appendix B
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio: N
r = 0.44% r
r
0
= f
ck
f
0.5
10
3
= 0.55% use Exp. (7.16a)
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5 N f
ck
f
0.5
r
0
/r + 3.2 r f
ck
f
0.5
(r
0
/r 1) r
1.5
= 11 + 1.5 30
0.5
0.55/0.44 + 3.2 30
0.5
(0.55/0.44 1)
1.5
= 11.0 + 10.3 + 2.2 = 23.5
Exp. (7.16a)
K = structural system factor
= 1.3 (end span of continuous slab)
Cl. 7.4.2
F1 = flanged section factor
= 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
= 1.0)
w
Cl. 7.4.2
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions
= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
Cl. 7.4.2
F3 = 310/ s
s
s 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
where
s
s
s = (f
yk
f / g
S
gg ) (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) (SLS loads/ULS loads (1/d)
= f
yd
ff (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) (g
k
+ c
2
cc q
k
)/(g
G
gg g
k
+ g
Q
gg q
k
) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) (639/645) [(5.9 + 0.3 3.3)/12.3] 1.08
= 434.8 0.99 0.56 1.08 = 260 MPa

Exp. (7.17)
EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14 Table C14
F3 = 310/260 = 1.19
Note: A
s,prov
/A
s,req
1.50 Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
= 23.5 1.3 1.0 1.19
= 36.4
Max. span = 36.4 144 = 5675 mm, i.e. < 5795 mm No good
Try increasing reinforcement to H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm
2
/m)
s
s
s = 434.8 639/754 0.56 1.08 = 223
F3 = 310/223 = 1.39
Allowable l/d = 23.5 1.3 1.0 1.39 d
= 42.5
See Appendix B1.5
The use of Table C3 implies certain amounts of redistribution, which are dened in
Table C14.
S|a|s
43 43
Max. span = 42.5 144 = 6120 mm, i.e. > 5795 mm OK
H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm
2
/m) OK
3.2.7 Deflection: internal span
Check internal span-to-effective-depth ratio.
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio: N
r = 0.32% r
r
0
= f
ck
f
0.5
10
3
= 0.55% use Exp. (7.16a)
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5 N f
ck
f
0.5
r
0
/r + 3.2 r f
ck
f
0.5
(r
0
/r 1) r
1.5
= 11 + 1.5 30
0.5
0.55/0.32 + 3.2 30
0.5
(0.55/0.32 1)
1.5
= 11.0 + 14.1 + 10.7 = 35.8
Exp. (7.16a)
K = structural system factor
= 1.5 (interior span of continuous slab)
Cl. 7.4.2
F1 = flanged section factor
= 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
bb = 1.0)
w
Cl. 7.4.2
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions
= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
Cl. 7.4.2
F3 = 310/ s
s
s 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA, Table NA.5
Note 5.
where
s
s
s = f
yd
ff (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) (g
k
+ c
2
cc q
k
)/(g
G
gg g
k
+ g
Q
gg q
k
) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) (465/502) [(5.9 + 0.3 3.3)/12.3] 1.03
= 434.8 0.93 0.56 1.03 = 233 MPa
Exp. (7.17)
EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14 Table C14
F3 = 310/233 = 1.33
= 35.8 1.5 1.0 1.33
= 71.4
Max. span = 71.4 144 = 10280 mm i.e. > 5795 mm OK
Use H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm
2
/m) in internal spans p
3.2.8 Shear
Design shear force, V
Ed
VV :
At d from face of end support, d
V
Ed
VV = 29.4 (0.144 + 0.0875) 12.3 = 26.6 kN/m Cl. 6.2.1(8)
At d from face of 1st interior support, d
V
Ed
VV = 44.1 (0.144 + 0.0875) 12.3 = 41.3 kN/m
Shear resistance, V
Rd,c
VV :
V
Rd,c
VV = (0.18/ g
C
gg )k(100 r
l
f
ck
f )
0.333
b
w
bb d 0.0035k
1.5
k f
ck
f
0.5
b
w
bb d Cl. 6.2.2(1)
44 44
where
k = 1 + (200/ k d)
0.5
2.0 as d < 200 mm d
k = 2.0 k
r
l
= A
sl
/bd
Assuming 50% curtailment (at end support)
= 50% 754/(144 1000) = 0.26%
V
Rd,c
VV = (0.18/1.5) 2.0 (100 0.26/100 30)
0.33
1000 144
= 0.12 2 1.97 1000 144
= 0.47 1000 144 = 68.1 kN/m
But V
Rd,cmin
VV = 0.035k
1.5
f
ck
f
0.5
b
w
bb d
where
k = 1 + (200/ k d)
0.5
2.0; as before k = 2.0 k
V
Rd,cmin
VV = 0.035 2
1.5
30
0.5
1000 144
= 0.54 1000 144 = 77.6 kN/m
V
Rd,c
VV = 77.6 kN/m
OK, no shear reinforcement required at end or 1st internal
supports
H12 @ 150 B1 & H12 @ 175 T1 OK
By inspection, shear at other internal supports OK.
f
ck
f = 30 MPa PP
c
nom
= 25 mm
H12 @ 150 H12 @ 225
H12 @ 175
Figure 3.4 Continuous solid slab: design summary
Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above together with the general arrangement illustrated
in Figure 3.3 and detail the slab to normal best practice. The
detailers responsibilities, standards and timescales should be clearly
dened but it would be usual for the detailer to draw and schedule
not only the designed reinforcement but all the reinforcement
required to provide a compliant and buildable solution. The work
would usually include checking the following aspects and providing
appropriate detailing :
Minimum areas
Curtailment lengths
Anchorages
S|a|s
45 45
Laps
U-bars
Rationalisation
Critical dimensions
Details and sections
The determination of minimum reinforcement areas, curtailment
lengths, anchorages and laps using the principles in Eurocode 2 is
shown in detail in the following calculations. In practice these would
be determined from published tables of data or by using reference
texts
[8, 9]
. Nonetheless the designer should check the drawing
for design intent and compliance with standards. It is therefore
necessary for the designer to understand and agree the principles
of the detailing used.
a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of longitudinal tension (flexural) reinforcement
A
s,min
= 0.26(f
ctm
f /f
yk
f ) b
t
bb d 0.0013 b
t
bb d
where
b
t
bb = width of tension zone
f
ctm
f = 0.30 f
ck
f
0.667
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.667
1000 144/500 = 216 mm
7 2
/m
(r = 0.15%) r
H12 @ 225 B1 OK
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
Secondary (transverse reinforcement)
Minimum 20% A
s,req
20% A
s,req
= 0.2 502 = 100 mm
q
2
/m
Consider A
s,min
to apply as before.
A
s,min
= 216 mm
2
/m
Try H10 @ 350 B2 (224 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2)
SMDSC
[9]
Check edge.
Assuming partial fixity exists at edges, 25% of A
s
is required
to extend 0.2 the length of the adjacent span.
A
s,req
= 25% 639 = 160 mm
q
2
/m
A
s,min
as before = 216 mm
2
/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224 mm
2
/m) U-bars at edges
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
46
Curtail 0.2 5975 = 1195 mm, say 1200 mm measured from face
of support
.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Maximum spacing of bars
Maximum spacing of bars < 3h < 400 mm OK
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Crack control
As slab < 200 mm, measures to control cracking are unnecessary.
Cl. 7.3.3(1)
However, as a check on end span:
Loading is the main cause of cracking,
use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for w
max
ww = 0.4 mm and s
s
s = 241 MPa
(see deflection check).
Max. bar size = 20 mm
or max. spacing = 250 mm
H12 @ 150 B1 OK.
Cl. 7.3.3(2),
7.3.1.5
Table 7.2N &
interpolation,
Table 7.3N &
interpolation
End supports: effects of partial fixity
Assuming partial fixity exists at end supports, 15% of A
s
is required
A
s,req
= 15% 639 = 96 mm
q
2
/m
But, A
s,min
as before = 216 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%) r
One option would be to use bob bars, but choose to use U-bars
Try H12 @ 450 (251 mm
2
/m) U-bars at supports pp
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Curtail 0.2 5975 = say, 1200 mm measured from face of support.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
b) Curtailment
i) End span, bottom reinforcement
Assuming end support to be simply supported, 50% of A
s
should
extend into the support.
50% 639 = 320 mm
2
/m
Try H12 @ 300 (376 mm
2
/m) at supports pp
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
In theory, 50% curtailment of reinforcement may take place a
l
from
where the moment of resistance of the section with the remaining
50% would be adequate to resist the applied bending moment. In
practice, it is usual to determine the curtailment distance as being
a
l
from where M
Ed
= M
Ed,max
/2.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Note, 9.2.1.3 (2)

Detail MS2 of SMDSC
[9]
, suggests 50% of T1 legs of U-bars should extend 0.3l
(= say 1800 mm) from face of support by placing U-bars alternately reversed.
47
a) Load arrangement rr
Tensile for TT ce
in reinforcement, F
s
F
633
50%
50%
633 (say 500)
Tensile r TT esistance of reinforcement
X
M
Ed,max
M
Edx
= R
A
X X nX
2
XX /2
M
Edx
/z
l
bd
l
bd
n
A B
A B
A B
A
B
b) Bending moment M
Edx
c) Tensile TT force in bottom reinforcement
d) Curtailment of bottom reinforcement
987
987
(say 850)
Figure 3.5 Curtailment of bottom reinforcement: actions, bending
moments, forces in reinforcement and curtailment
Thus, for a single simply supported span supporting a UDL of n,
M
Ed,max
= 0.086nl
2
; R
A
= 0.4nl
At distance, X, from end support, moment, XX
M
Ed
@X = X R
A
X X nX
2
/2
when M@X = X M
Ed,max
/2:
0.086nl
2
/2 = 0.4nlX X nX
2
/2
48
Assuming X = X xl
0.043nl
2
= 0.4nlxl l nx
2
xx l
2
/2
0.043 = 0.4x x x
2
xx /2
0 = 0.043 0.4x + x x
2
xx /2
x = 0.128 or 0.672, say 0.13 and 0.66 x
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.13 x span
0.13 5975 = 777 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, a
l
may be taken as d (= 144 mm), d
curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 777 144
= 633 mm from centreline of support.
Say 500 mm from face of support A pp
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
in end span at 1st internal support 50% moment occurs at 0.66
span
0.66 5975 = 3944 mm
Shift rule: for slabs a
l
may be taken as d (= 144 mm), d
curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 3944 + 144
= 4088 mm from support A
or 5975 4088 = 987 mm from centreline of support B.
Say 850 mm from face of support B pp
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
ii) 1st interior support, top reinforcement
Presuming 50% curtailment of reinforcement is required this may
take place a
l
from where the moment of resistance of the section
with the remaining 50% would be adequate. However, it is usual to
determine the curtailment distance as being a
l
from where M
Ed
=
M
Ed,max
/2.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Note, 9.2.1.3(2)
Thus, for the 1st interior support supporting a UDL of n,
M
Ed,maxT
= 0.086
T
nl
2
; R
B
= 0.6nl
At distance Y from end support, moment, Y
M
Ed
@Y = Y M
Ed,maxT
T
R
A
Y + Y nY
2
/2
when M@Y = Y M
Ed,maxT
/2
0.086nl
2
/2 = 0.086nl
2
0.6nlY + Y nY
2
/2
Assuming Y = Y yl
0.043nl
2
= 0.086nl
2
0.6nlyl + l ny
2
l
2
/2
0 = 0.043 0.6y + y y
2
/2
y = 0.077 y (or 1.122), say 0.08
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.08 span
0.08 5975 = 478 mm
l
may be taken as d 144 mm d
50% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
600 mm from either face of support B pp
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
6.2.2(5)
49
100% curtailment may take place a
l
from where there is no hogging
moment. Thus,
when M@Y = M
Ed,maxT
/2
0 = 0.086nl
2
0.6nlY + nY
2
/2
Assuming Y = yl
0 = 0.086 0.6y + y
2
/2
y = 0.166

(or 1.034), say 0.17
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.17 span
0.17 5975 = 1016 mm
l
may be taken as d
100% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
1100 mm from either face of support B.
iii) Support B bottom steel at support
At the support 25% of span steel required Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
0.25 639 = 160 mm
2
A
s,min
as before = 216 mm
2
/m
For convenience use H12 @ 300 B1 (376 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
c) Anchorage at end support
As simply supported, 50% of A
s
should extend into the support.
This 50% of A
s
should be anchored to resist a force of
Cl. 9.2.1.2(1) &
Note, 9.2.1.4(2)
F
E
= V
Ed
a
l
/z
where
Exp. (9.3)
V
Ed
= the absolute value of the shear force
a
l
= d, where the slab is not reinforced for shear
z = lever arm of internal forces
F
E
= 29.4 d/0.95
d = 30.9 kN/m
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2)
Anchorage length, l
bd
: Cl. 8.4.4
l
bd
= al
b,rqd
l
b,min
Exp. (8.4)
where
a = conservatively 1.0
l
b,rqd
= basic anchorage length required
= (f/4) (s
sd
/f
bd
) Exp. (8.3)
where
f = diameter of the bar = 12 mm
s
sd
= design stress in the bar at the ultimate limit state
= F
E
/A
s,prov
= 30.9 1000/376 = 81.5 MPa
Maximum z = 0.947 at mid-span and greater towards support.

50
f
bd
= ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n
1
n
2
f
ct,d
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
where
n
1
= 1.0 for good bond conditions and 0.7 for all other
conditions = 1.0
n
2
= 1.0 for bar diameter 32 mm
f
ct,d
= design tensile strength
= a
ct
f
ct,k
/ g
C
. For f
ck
= 30 MPa
= 1.0 2.0/1.5 = 1.33 MPa
Cl. 3.1.6(2) &
NA, Tables 3.1
& 2.1N
f
= 2.25 1.33 = 3.0 MPa

l
b,rqd
= (12/4) (81.5/1.33) = 183 mm
l
b,min
= max(10d, 100 mm) = 120 mm
l
bd
= 183 mm measured from face of support
By inspection, using U-bars, OK
Exp. (8.6)
Fig. 9.3
d) Laps
Lap H12 @ 300 U-bars with H12 @ 150 straights.
Tension lap, l
0
= a
1
a
2
a
3
a
5
a
6
l
b,rqd
a l
0min
Exp. (8.10)
where
a
1
= 1.0 (straight bars)
a
2
= 1 0.15 (c
d
f)/f
Table 8.2
where
c
d
= min(pitch, side cover or cover)
= 25 mm
Fig. 8.4
f = bar diameter
= 12 mm
a
2
= 0.84
a
3
= 1.0 (no connement by reinforcement)
a
5
= 1.0 (no connement by pressure)
Table 8.2
a
6
= 1.5 Table 8.3
l
b,rqd
= (f/4) s
sd
/f
bd
Exp. (8.3)
where
s
sd
= the design stress at ULS at the position from
where the anchorage is measured.
Assuming lap starts 500 mm from face of
support (587.5 mm from centreline of support):
M
Ed
= 29.5 0.59 12.3 0.59
2
/2
= 15.2 kNm
s
sd
= M
Ed
/(A
s
z)
= 15.2 10
6
/(376 144/0.95) = 267 MPa
f
bd
= 2.25 n
1
n
2
f
ct,d
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
51
where
n
1
= 1.0 for good conditions
n
2
= 1.0 for f < 32 mm
f
ct,d
= a
ct
f
ct,k
/g
C
where
a
ct
= 1.0
f
ct,k
= 2.0
g
C
= 1.5
f
|d
= 2.25 2.0/1.5 = 3.0 MPa
Cl. 3.1.6 (2) & NA
Table 3.1
Table 2.1N & NA
l
b,rqd
= (f/4) s
sd
/f
bd
= (12/4) (267/3) = 267 mm
l
0min
b = max[0.3 a
6
l
b,rqd
; 15f/ 200 mm]
= max[0.3 1.5 229; 15 12; 200]
= max[124; 180; 200] = 200 mm
l
0
= a
1
a
2
a
3
a
5
a
6
l
b,rqd
l
0min
= 1.0 0.84 1.0 1.0 1.5 329 200 = 414 mm
Exp. 8.6
But good practice suggests minimum lap of max[tension lap; 500]
lap with bottom reinforcement = 500 mm starting 500 from
face of support.
3.2.11 Summary of reinforcement details
SMDSC
[9]
: MS2
A
A
500 1200
H12 U-bars @ 300 H12 @ 175 T1
H12 @ 150
H12 @ 300 H12 @ 225
500 600 600
200
200
200 500 500 500 500 350 350
Figure 3.6 Continuous solid slab: reinforcement details
500
1200
H10 @ 350 B2
Figure 3.7 Section AA showing reinforcement details at edge
52
3.3 Continuous ribbed slab
l|o|ect deta||s
Continuous ribbed slab
This continuous 300 mm deep ribbed slab has spans of 7.5 m,
9.0 m and 7.5 m and is required for an ofce to support a variable
action of 5 kN/m
2
. It is supported on wide beams that are the same
depth as the slab designed in Section 4.3. One hour re resistance
is required: internal environment. The ribs are 150 mm wide @ 900
mm centres. Links are required in span to facilitate prefabrication of
reinforcement. Assume that partitions are liable to be damaged by
excessive deections. In order to reduce deformations yet maintain a
shallow prole use f
ck
= 35 MPa and f
yk
= 500 MPa.
g
k
= 4.17 kN/m
2
g
k
= 4.3 kN/m
2
q
k
= 5.0 kN/m
2
A B
7500
550 1000 1000 1000
9000 7500
C D
550 1000
Figure 3.8 Continuous ribbed slab example p
Notes on ribbed slab design
There are various established methods for analysing ribbed slabs and dealing
with the solid areas:
Using UDLs simplifies the analysis and remains popular. One method is
to ignore the weight of the solid part of the slab in the analysis of the
ribbed slab. (The weight of the solid area is then added to the loads on the
supporting beam). This ignores the minor effect the solid areas have on
bending in the ribbed slab.
Alternatively the weight of the solid part of the slab is spread as a UDL
over the whole span. This is conservative both in terms of moment and
shears at solid/shear interfaces but underestimates hogging in internal
spans.
The advent of computer analysis has made analysis using patch loads
more viable and the resulting analysis more accurate.
The ribbed part of the slab may be designed to span between solid areas.
(The ribs span d/2 into the solid areas, which are assumed to act as
beams in the orthogonal direction.) However, having to accommodate
torsions induced in supporting beams and columns usually makes it simpler
to design from centreline of support to centreline of support.
Analysis programs can cope with the change of section and therefore
change of stiffness along the length of the slab. Moments would be
attracted to the stiffer, solid parts at supports. However, the difference in
stiffness between the ribbed and the solid parts is generally ignored.
53
In line with good practice analysis, this example is carried out using
centreline of support to centreline of support and patch loads
.
Constant stiffness along the length of the slab has been assumed.
300
200 200
C
L
1000 550
100
A
A
C
L
Figure 3.9 Long section through slab
150 150 750
Figure 3.10 Section AA: section through ribbed slab
3.3.1 Actions
Permanent: UDL kN/m
2
Self-weight: kN/m
2
Rib 0.15 0.2 25/0.9 = 0.833
Slope 2 (1/2) 0.2/10 0.2 25/0.9 = 0.112
Slab 0.1 2.5 = 2.500
Cross rib 0.19 0.71 0.2 25/(0.9 7.5) = 0.100
Total self-weight = 3.545 3.55
Ceiling = 0.15
Services = 0.30
Raised oor = 0.30
Total permanent actions g
k
= 4.30
In this case, assuming the patch load analysis is accurate, taking the weight
of solid area to be spread over the whole span would overestimate span and
support moments by 68% and shears at the solid/rib interface by 89%.
Ignoring the weight of the solid area in the analysis of this ribbed slab would
lead to underestimates of span moments by 1%, support moments by 3% and
no difference in the estimation of shear at the solid shear interface. The latter
may be the preferred option.
33 Cont|nuous r|||ed s|a|
54
Permanent: patch load
Extra over solid in beam area as patch load
(0.2 25 0.833) = 4.167 g
k
4.17
Variable
Imposed = 4.00*
Allowance for partitions = 1.00*
Total variable action g
k
= 5.00
3.3.2 Cover
Nominal cover, c
nom
:
c
nom
= c
min
+ Dc
dev
Exp. (4.1)
where
c
min
= max(c
min,b
; c
min,dur
)
where
c
min,b
= minimum cover due to bond
= diameter of bar.
Assume 20 mm main bars and 8 mm links
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
c
min,dur
= minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming XC1 and C30/37 concrete, c
min,dur
= 15 mm
r
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
Dc
dev
= allowance in design for deviation. Assuming no
measurement of cover Dc
dev
= 10 mm
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
c
nom
= 20 + 10 to main bars or
= 15 + 10 to links critical
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for REI 60.
EC2-1-2: 5.7.5(1)
Minimum slab thickness, h
s
= 80 mm OK EC2-1-2: Table 5.8
Axis distance required
Minimum rib width b
min
= 120 mm with a = 25 mm
or b
min
= 200 mm with a = 12 mm
EC2-1-2: Table 5.6
at 150 mm wide (min.) a = 20 mm
By inspection, not critical.
Use 25 mm nominal cover to links
3.3.3 Load combination and arrangement
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical
n
slab
= 1.25 4.30 + 1.5 5.0 = 13.38 kN/m
2
n
solid areas
= 1.25 (4.30 + 4.17) + 1.5 5.0 = 18.59 kN/m
2
Fig. 2.5 Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
*Client requirements. See also BS EN 199111, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
55
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded. Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
option b
3.3.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer, includes 15% redistribution at support and
none in the span.
EC0: A1.2.2
& NA, 5.3.1 (6)
100
90.7 kNm/m 90.7 kNm/m
61.1 kNm/m 65.3 kNm/m 65.3 kNm/m
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
A B C D
a) Elastic moments
77.1 kNm/m 77.1 kNm/m
61.7 kNm/m 61.7 kNm/m 55.9 kNm/m
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
A B C D
b) Redistributed envelope
Figure 3.11 Bending moment diagrams
Note 1: A ribbed slab need not be treated as discrete elements provided

rib spacing 1500 mm, depth of the rib 4 its width, the ange is > 0.1
distance between ribs and transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not
exceeding 10 overall depth of the slab.
Note 2: As 7.5 m < 85% of 9.0 m, coefcients presented in Concise Eurocode 2
[5]

are not applicable.
56
A B C D
0
80
40
42.5 kN/m
42.5 kN/m
63.2 kN/m
63.2 kN/m
63.5 kN/m
63.5 kN/m
80
40
At solid/rib interface:
AB @ 550 mm from A
M
Ed
(sagging)
V
Ed
= 20.4 kNm/m 18.3 kNm/rib
= 32.5 kN/m 29.3 kN/rib
BA @1000 mm from B
M
Ed
(hogging)
V
Ed

= 45.4 kN/m 40.9 kN/rib
BC @ 1000 mm from B
M
Ed
(hogging)
V
Ed

= 45.1 kN/m 40.6 kN/rib
Symmetrical about centreline of BC.
3.3.5 Flexural design, span AB
a) Span AB: Flexure
M
Ed
= 61.7 kNm/m
= 55.5 kNm/rib
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
where
b = 900 mm
d = 300 25 8 20/2 = 257
assuming 8 mm link at H20 in span
f
ck
= 35 MPa
K = 55.5 10
6
/(900 257
2
35) = 0.027
K' = 0.207
or restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
K K' section under-reinforced and no compression
reinforcement required.
Appendix A1
57
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)
0.5
] 0.95d
= (257/2) (1 + 0.951) 0.95 257
= 251 244 z = 244 mm
Appendix A1
But z = d 0.4x
x = 2.5(d z) = 2.5(257 244) = 33 mm
By inspection, neutral axis is in ange
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
where

yd
= 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 55.5 10
6
/(434.8 244) = 523 mm
2
/rib
Try 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm
2
/rib)
Appendix A1
b) Span AB: Deflection
Allowable l/d = N K F1 F2 F3 Appendix C7
where
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r
0
and whether to use Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Exp. (7.16a) or Exp. (7.16b)
r
0
= f
ck
0.5
/1000 = 35
0.5
/1000 = 0.59%
r = A
s
/A
c
= A
s,req
/[b
w
d + (b
eff
b
w
)h
f
] PD 6687
[6]
where
b
w
= min. width between tension and compression
chords. At bottom assuming 1/10 slope to rib:
= 150 + 2 (25 + 8 + 20/2)/10
= 159 mm
r = 523/(159 ( 257 + (900 159) 100)
= 523/114963
= 0.45%
r < r
0
use Exp. (7.16a)
N = 11 + 1.5f
ck
0.5
r /r
0
+ 3.2f
ck
0.5
(r /r
0
1)
1.5
]
= 11 + 1.5 35
0.5
0.055/0.045 + 3.2 35
0.5

(0.055/0.045 1)
1.5
= [11 + 10.8 + 2.0] = 22.8
Exp. (7.16a)
K = (end span) 1.3
Table 7.4N &
NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
F1 = (b
eff
/b
w
= 5.66) 0.8
F2 = 7.0/l
eff
= 7.0/7.5 = (span > 7.0 m) 0.93 Cl. 7.4.2(2)
F3 = 310/ s
s
1.5
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
& NA; Table NA.5
Section 2.18 of PD 6687

[6]
suggests that r in T-beams should be based on
the area of concrete above the centroid of the tension steel.
58
where
s
s
= (f
yk
/g
S
) (A
s,req
/A
s,prov
) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= 434.8(523/628) [ (4.30 + 0.3 5.0)/13.38]
(65.3/61.7
)
= 434.8 0.83 0.43 1.06
= 164 MPa
F3 = 310/s
s
= 310/164 = 1.89
#
but 1.5, therefore say 1.50
Permissible l/d = 22.8 1.3 0.8 0.93 1.50 = 33.0
Actual l/d = 7500/257 = 29.2 OK
Use 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm
2
/rib)
c) Support A (and D): flexure (sagging) at solid/rib interface
Reinforcement at solid/rib interface needs to be designed for both
moment and for additional tensile force due to shear (shift rule) Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
M
Ed,max
= 18.3 kNm/rib
V
Ed,max
= 29.3 kNm/rib
At solid/rib interface
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z + DF
td
/f
yd
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2),
Fig. 9.2
where
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 3.53K)
0.5
] 0.95d
where
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
where
b = 900 mm
d = 300 25 8 25 20/2 = 232
assuming 8 mm links and H25B in edge beam
f
ck
= 30
= 18.3 10
6
/(900 232
2
35) = 0.011

See Appendix B1.5
In analysis, 15% redistribution of support moments led to redistribution of span

moments:
d = 61.7/65.3 = 0.94.
#
Both A
s,prov
/A
s,req
and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or Exp.
(7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA. Therefore, 310/
s
s
is restricted to 1.5.
59
25 cover
8 link
8 link
20 bar
25 cover
12 fabric
16 bar
25 cover
8 link
25 bar
16 bar
z = (232/2) (1 + 0.980) 0.95 232
= 230 220 z = 220 mm
f
yd
= 434.8 MPa
DF
td
= 0.5V
Ed
(cot y cot a)
Appendix A1
Cl. 6.2.3(7),
Exp. (6.18)
where
y = angle between the concrete compression strut and the
beam axis. Assume cot y = 2.5 (as a maximum)
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis.
For vertical links, cot a = 0
DF
td
= 1.25V
Ed
= 1.25 29.3 = 36.6 kN
A
s
= 18.3 10
6
/(434.8 220) + 36.6 10
3
/434.8
= 191 + 84 mm
2
= 275 mm
2
Try 1 no. H20 B in end supports*
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Appendix A2
Appendix C,
Table C6
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
d) Support B (and C) (at centreline of support)
M
Ed
= 77.1 kNm/m
= 69.4 kNm/rib
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
where
d = 300 25 cover 12 fabric 8 link 20/2
= 245
K = 69.4 10
6
/(900 245
2
35) = 0.037
By inspection, K K'
z = (245/2) [1 + (1 3.53 K)
0.5
] 095d
= (245/2) (1 + 0.932) < 0.95d
= 237 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
= 69.4 10
6
/434.8 237 = 673 mm
2
/rib
*

An alternative method would have been to calculate the reinforcement required
to resist M
Ed
at the shift distance, a
l
, from the interface.
60
e) Support B (and C): exure (hogging) at solid/rib interface
Reinforcement at solid/rib interface needs to be designed for both
moment and for additional tensile force due to shear (shift rule).
M
Ed,max
= 42.4 kNm/rib max.
V
Ed,max
= 40.9 kNm/rib max.
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z + DF
td
/f
yd
where
z = (245/2) [1 + (1 3.53 K)
0.5
] 095d
where
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 42.4 106/(150 245
2
35)
= 0.135
Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
Check K K'
K' = 0.168 for d = 0.85 (i.e. 15% redistribution)
Section under-reinforced: no compression reinforcement required
Appendix C,
Table C4
Appendix A
z = (245/2) (1 + 0.723) 232 = 211 mm
f
yd
= 434.8 MPa
DF
td
= 0.5V
Ed
(cot y cot a)
Cl. 6.2.3(7),
Exp. (6.18)
where
y = angle between the concrete compression strut and the
beam axis. Assume cot y = 2.5 (as a maximum)
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis. For
vertical links, cot a = 0
DF
td
= 1.25V
Ed
= 1.25 40.9 = 51.1 kN
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Appendix A2;
Table C6
Cl. 6.2.3(1)
A
s
= 42.4 10
6
/(434.8 211) + 51.1 10
3
/434.8
= 462 + 117 mm
2
= 579 mm
2
/rib
To be spread over b
eff
where by inspection, b
eff
= 900. Cl. 9.2.1.2(2)
Centre of support more critical (679 mm
2
/rib required). Cl. 5.3.2.1(3)
Top steel may be spread across b
eff
where
b
eff
= b
w
+ b
eff1
+ b
eff2
b
= b
w
+ 2 0.1 0.15 (l
1
+ l
2
)
= 150 + 0.03 (7500 + 9000) 900
= 645 mm
Use 2 no. H16 above rib and 3 no. H12 between (741 mm
2
/rib)
where 2 no. H16 and 2 no. H12 are within b
eff
Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
5.3.2
3.3.6 Flexural design, span BC
a) Span BC: Flexure
M
Ed
= 55.9 kNm/m
= 50.3 kNm/rib
61
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 50.3 10
6
/900 257
2
35
= 0.02 i.e. K (as before K = 0.168)
By inspection,
z = 0.95d = 0.95 257 = 244 mm
By inspection, neutral axis is in ange.
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z
= 50.3 10
6
/434.8 244 = 474 mm
2
Try 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm
2
/rib)
b) Span BC: Deflection
Section C7
where
N = Basic l/d
r = 474/(159 ( 257 + (900 159) 100)
= 474/114963
= 0.41%
r
0
= 0.59% (for f
ck
= 30)
r < r
0
use Exp. (7.16a)
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5 f
ck
0.5
r
0
/r + 3.2f
ck
0.5
(r
0
/r 1)
1.5
= 11 + 1.5 35
0.5
0.055/0.041 + 3.2 35
0.5
(0.055/0.041 1)
1.5
= 11 + 11.9 + 3.8 = 26.7
Exp. (7.16a)
K = (internal span) 1.5 Table 7.4N, &
NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
F1 = (b
eff
/b
w
= 6.0) 0.8
F2 = 7.0/l
eff
= 7.0/9.0 = (span > 7.0 m) 0.77 Cl. 7.4.2(2)
F3 = 310/s
S
1.5
where
s
s
= (f
yk
/g
S
) (A
s,req
/A
s,prov
) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= 434.8 (474/628) [(4.30 + 0.3 5.0)/13.38](61.1/55.9)
= 434.8 0.75 0.43 1.09
= 153 MPa
Cl. 7.4.2,
Exp. (7.17)
& NA: Table NA.5
F3 = 310/ s
s
= 310/153 = 2.03 therefore, say = 1.50
Permissible l/d = 26.8 1.5 0.8 0.77 1.50 = 37.1

Actual l/d = 9000/257 = 35 OK
Use 2 H20/rib (628 mm
2
/rib)
NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
Both A
s,prov
/A
s,req
and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or
Exp. (7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
62
3.3.7 Design for shear
10
C
L
C
L
b = 150
1
a) Support A (and D) at solid/rib interface
Shear at solid/rib interface = 29.3 kN/rib
Taking solid area as the support, at d from face of support
V
Ed
= 29.3 0.232 0.90 13.38 = 26.5 kN/rib
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Cl. 6.2.2(1) & NA
Resistance
V
Rd,c
= (0.18/g
C
)k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
b
w
d
where
g
C
= 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)
0.5
2
= 1 + (200/257)
0.5
= 1.88
r
l
= A
sl
/b
w
d
where
A
sl
= assume only 1 H20 anchored = 314 mm
2
b
w
= min. width between tension and compression chords.
At bottom assuming 1/10 slope to rib:
= 150 + 2 (25 + 8 + 20/2)/10
= 159 mm
d = 257 mm as before
r
l
= 314/(159 257) = 0.0077
f
ck
= 35
V
Rd,c
= (0.18/1.5) 1.88 (100 0.0077 35)
0.333
159 257
= 0.68 159 257 = 27.8 kN/rib
No shear links required.
But use nominal links to allow prefabrication.
Cl. 6.2.1(5)
b) Support B (and C) at solid/rib interface
Shear at solid/rib interface = 40.9 kN/rib [max(B
A
; B
C
)]
At d from face of support
V
Ed
= 40.9 0.245 13.38 0.9 = 37.9 kN/rib
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
63
Resistance:
V
Rd,c
= (0.18/ g
C
)k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
b
w
d
where
g
C
= 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)
0.5
2
= 1 + (200/245)0.5
= 1.90
r
l
= A
sl
/b
w
d
where
A
sl
= 2 H16 = 402 mm
2
b
w
= 159 mm as before
d = 245 mm as before
r
l
= 0.0103
f
ck
= 35 MPa
V
Rd,c
= (0.18/1.5) 1.9 (100 0.0103 35)
0.333
159 245
= 0.75 159 245 = 29.2 kN/rib
Shear links required.
Cl. 6.2.2(1) & NA
Shear links required for a distance:
(37.9 29.2)/(13.38 0.9) + 245 = 722 + 245 = 967 mm
from interface.
Check shear capacity:
V
Rd,max
= a
cw
b
w
zvf
cd
/(cot y + tan y)
Exp. (6.9) & NA
where
a
cw
= 1.0
b
w
= 159 mm as before
z = 0.9d
v = 0.6 (1 f
ck
/250) = 0.528
f
cd
= 35/1.5 = 23.3 MPa
y = angle of inclination of strut.
Rearranging formula above:
(cot y + tan y) = a
cw
b
w
zvf
cd
/V
Ed
= (1.0 159 0.9 245 0.528 23.3)
41.6 103
= 10.4
By inspection, cot
1
y << 21.8. But cot y restricted to 2.5 and
tan y = 0.4.
V
Rd,max
= 1.0 159 0.9 245 0.528 20/(2.5 + 0.4) = 127.6 kN
OK
Cl. 6.2.3(2) & NA
64
Shear links: shear resistance with links
V
Rd,s
= (A
sw
/s) z f
ywd
cot y V
Rd,max
where
A
sw
/s = area of legs of links/link spacing
z = 0.9d as before
f
ywd
= 500/1.15 = 434.8
cot y = 2.5 as before
for V
Ed
V
Rd,s
A
sw
/s V
Ed
/z f
ywd
cot y
37.9 10
3
/(0.9 245 434.8 2.5) 0.158
Exp. (6.8)
Maximum spacing of links = 0.75d = 183 mm
Use H8 @ 175 cc in 2 legs (A
sw
/s = 0.57) for min. 967 mm into rib
Cl. 9.2.2(6)
3.3.8 Indirect supports
As the ribs of the slab are not supported at the top of the
supporting beam sections (A, B, C, D), additional vertical
reinforcement should be provided in these supporting beams and
designed to resist the reactions. This additional reinforcement
should consist of links within the supporting beams (see Beams
design, Section 4.3.9).
Cl. 9.2.5, Fig. 9.7
Support A (and D) at solid/rib interface:
V
Ed
= 26.5 kN/rib
A
s,req
= 26.3 1000/(500/1.15) = 60 mm
2
This area is required in links within h/6 = 300/6 = 50 mm of the
ribbed/solid interface and within h/2 = 300/2 = 150 mm of the
centreline of the rib.
Fig. 9.7
Support B (and C) at solid/rib interface:
V
Ed
= 37.9 kN/rib
A
s,req
= 37.9 1000/(500/1.15) = 87 mm
2
placed similarly
3.3.9 Other checks
Check shear between web and ange
By inspection, V
Ed
0.4 f
ct,d
OK
Cl. 6.4.2 (6) & NA
65
2H16 + 3H12/rib
H8 links in 2 legs
@ 175cc
A
550 550 1050
7500
f
ck
= 35 MPa
c
nom
= 25 mm
7500 9000
1000 1000 1050 1050 1000 1000 1050
B C D
2H20/rib 2H20/rib 2H20/rib
2H16 + 3H12/rib
Figure 3.15 Summary of design
Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the above
design and detail the slab to normal best practice. As stated
in

Section 3.2.9, the detailers responsibilities, standards and
timescales should be clearly dened but it would be usual for the
detailer to draw and schedule not only the designed reinforcement
but all the reinforcement required to provide a buildable solution.
The work would usually include checking the following aspects and
providing appropriate detailing:
Minimum areas
Curtailment lengths
Anchorages
Laps
U-bars
Rationalisation
Details and sections
The determination of minimum reinforcement areas, curtailment
lengths and laps using the principles in Eurocode 2 is shown in
detail in the following calculations. In practice these would be
determined from published tables of data or by using reference
texts
[12, 21]
. Nonetheless the designer should check the drawing
for design intent and compliance with standards. It is therefore
necessary for the designer to understand and agree the principles
of the details used.
a) Minimum areas
i) Minimum area of reinforcement in ange
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
) b
t
d 0.0013 b
t
d Cl. 9.3.1.1
66
where
b
t
= width of tension zone
Cl. 9.2.1.1,
Exp. (9.1N)
f
ctm
= 0.30 f
ck
0.666
Table 3.1
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 35
0.666
1000 100/500 = 166 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.17%)
Use A142 in ange (say OK) BS 8666
[19]
ii) Secondary reinforcement
Not applicable.
iii) Maximum spacing of bars
Maximum spacing of bars < 3 h < 400 mm
By inspection. OK Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
iv) Crack control
Loading is the main cause of cracking use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for Cl. 7.3.3(2)
w
max
= 0.3 mm and max. s
s
= 200 MPa (see deection check) Cl. 7.3.1.5
Max. bar size = 25 mm Table 7.2N
or max. spacing = 250 mm Table 7.3N
OK by inspection
v) Effects of partial xity
Assuming partial xity exists at end supports, 15% of A
s
is required
A
s,req
= 15% 525 = 79 mm
2
/rib
For the rib in tension:
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
159 257/500 = 55 mm
2
/rib
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
b) Curtailment
Wherever possible simplied methods of curtailing reinforcement
would be used. The following is intended to show how a rigorous
assessment of curtailment of reinforcement might be undertaken.
i) End support A: bottom steel at support
Check anchorage.
As simply supported, 25% of A
s
should be anchored in support.
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.3.1.2(1) &
Note,
25% 595 = 148 mm
2
Use 1 no. H20/rib (314 mm
2
/rib)
Cl. 9.2.1.4(1)
& NA
ii) Check anchorage length
Envelope of tensile force:
To resist envelope of tensile force, provide reinforcement to a
l
or l
bd
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.3(1),
beyond centreline of support.
For members without shear reinforcement, a
l
= d = 232
By inspection, s
sd
= 0, l
bd
= l
bd,min
= max(10f, 100 mm)
Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
9.2.1.3(3), Fig. 9.2
Cl. 9.2.1.3
iii) Indirect support
As anchorage may be measured from face of indirect support, check
force to be resisted at solid/rib interface:
F
s
= M
Ed
/z + F
E
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.4(2),
9.2.1.4(3),
Fig. 9.3b
67
where
M
Ed
= 18.3 kNm/rib
z = 220 as before
F
E
= V
Ed
a
l
/z
Exp. (9.3)
where
V
Ed
= 29.3 kN/rib
a
l
= z cot y/2
F
E
= V
Ed
cot y/2
= 29.3 1.25 = 36.6 kN/rib
F
s
= 18.6 10
6
/(220 10
3
) + 36.6 = 121.1 kN
Cl. 9.2.1.3,
Exp. (9.2)
iv) Anchorage length:
l
bd
= al
b,rqd
l
b,min
where
Cl. 8.4.4,
Exp. (8.4)
a = conservatively 1.0
l
b,rqd
= (f/4) (s
sd
/f
bd
)
where
f = 20
s
sd
= design stress in the bar at the ULS
= 121.1 1000/314 = 385 MPa
f
bd
Exp. (8.3)
= 2.25 n
1
n
1
f
ct,d
where
n
1
= 1.0 for good bond conditions
n
2
= 1.0 for bar diameter 32 mm
Cl. 8.4.2(2)
f
ct,d
= a
ct
f
ct,k
/g
C
= 1.0 2.2/1.5
= 1.47 MPa
f
bd
= 2.25 1.47 = 3.31 MPa
Cl. 3.1.6(2),
Tables 3.1,
2.1 & NA
l
b,rqd
= (20/4) (385/3.31) = 581 mm
l
b,min
= max[10f; 100 mm] = 200 mm
l
bd
= 581 mm measured from solid/rib intersection.
i.e. 31 mm beyond centreline of support
.
Fig. 9.3
v) End support A: top steel
Assuming partial xity exists at end supports, 15% of A
s
is required
to extend at least 0.2 the length of the adjacent span
.
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
A
s,req
= 15% 525 = 79 mm
2
/rib
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 35
0.666
159 257/500 = 68 mm
2
/rib
Cl. 9.3.1.1
Cl. 9.2.1.1(1),
Use 2 no. H12 T1/rib in rib and 2 no. H10 T1/rib between ribs
(383 mm
2
/rib)
Exp. (9.1N)

Whilst this would comply with the requirements of Eurocode 2, it is common practice
to take bottom bars 0.5 a tension lap beyond the centreline of support
(= 250 mm beyond the centreline of support; see model detail MS1 in SMDSC
[9]
).

It is usual to curtail 50% of the required reinforcement at 0.2l and to curtail the
remaining 50% at 0.3l or line of zero moment (see model detail MS2 in SMDSC
[9]
).
68
vi) Support B (and C): top steel
At the centreline of support (2 no. H16 T + 3 no. H12 T)/rib are
required. The intention is to curtail in two stages, rstly to 2 no.
H16 T/rib then to 2 no. H12 T/rib.
Curtailment of 2 no. H16 T/rib at support
(capacity of 2 no. H12 T/rib + shift rule):
Assume use of 2 no. H12 T throughout in midspan:
Assuming z = 211 mm as before,
M
R2H12T
= 2 113 434.8 211
= 20.7 kNm/rib (23.0 kNm/m)
(Note: section remains under-reinforced)
From analysis M
Ed
= 23.0 kNm/m occurs at 2250 mm (towards A)
and 2575 mm (towards B).
Shift rule: a
l
= z cot y/2
Assuming z = 211 mm as before
a
l
= 1.25 211 = 264 mm
2 no. H12 T are adequate from 2250 + 264 = 2513 mm from B
towards A and 2575 + 263 = 2838 mm from B towards C.
Curtail 2 no. H16 T @ say 2600 from B
A
and 2850 from B
C
Curtailment of 3 no. H12 T/rib at support (capacity of 2 no. H16
T/rib + shift rule):
M
R2H16T
= 2 201 434.8 211
= 36.9 kNm/rib (41.0 kNm/m)
(Note: section remains under-reinforced)
From analysis M
Ed
= 41.0 kNm/m occurs at 1310 mm (towards A)
and 1180 mm
(towards C).
Shift rule: a
l
= 263 mm as before
2 no. H16 T are adequate from 1310 + 263 = 1573 mm from B
towards A and 1180 + 263 = 1443 mm from B towards C.
Curtail 3 no. H12 at say 1600 from B (or C).
(See Figure 3.16)
vii) Support B (and C): bottom steel at support
At the support 25% of span steel required
0.25 628 = 157 mm
2
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
Try 1 no. H16 B/rib (201)
This reinforcement may be anchored into indirect support or carried
through.
Fig. 9.4
69
2H12/rib
2H16/rib
2H16 + 3H12
per rib
Shift moment
a) Design moments and moment resistance
b) Curtailment of reinforcement
264
264
264
2H12 3H12 2H12
2H16
1600 1600
2600 2850
264
2250 2575
1310 1180
B
A C
l
bd
a
1
= 264 M
Ed
= 77.1 x 0.9 = 60.4 kNm/rib
M
Ed
= 20.7 kNm/rib
M
Ed
= 36.79 kNm/rib
M
Ed
M
R
= A
s
(f
yk
/g
S
)z
p p
viii) Support B (and C): bottom steel curtailment BA and BC
To suit prefabrication 2 no. H20/rib will be curtailed at solid/rib
interface, 1000 mm from B
A
(B towards A) and B
C
.
From analysis, at solid/rib interface sagging moment = 0.
From analysis, at a
1
from solid/rib interface, i.e. at 1000 + 1.25 244
= 1303 mm
at 1305 mm from B
A
sagging moment = say 5 kNm/rib
at 1305 mm from B
C
sagging moment = 0
Use 1 no. H16 B/rib (201)
c) Laps
At A
B
, check lap 1 no. H20 B to 2 no. H20 B in rib full tension lap:
l
0
= a
1
a
6
l
b,rqd
> l
0,min
Exp. (8.10)
where
a
1
= 1.0 (c
d
= 45 mm, i.e. < 3f)
a
6
= 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
l
b,rqd
= (f/4) (s
sd
/f
bd
)
where
f = 20
s
sd
= 434.8
f
bd
= 3.0 MPa as before
Table 8.2
70
l
0,min
= max. 10f or 100 = 200
l
0
= 1.0 1.5 (20/4) 434.8/3.0
Exp. (8.6)
= 1087 mm, say = 1200 mm SMDSC
[9]
At B
A
and B
C
, check lap 2 no. H12 T to 2 no. H16 T in rib full tension lap:
l
0
= a
1
a
6
l
b,rqd
> l
0,min
where
a
1
= 0.7 (c
d
= 45 mm, i.e. > 3f)
a
6
= 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
l
b,rqd
= (f/4) (s
sd
/f
bd
)
where
f = 20
s
sd
= 434.8
f
bd
= 2.1 (3.0 MPa as before but n
1
= 0.7 for not good bond
conditions)
l
0,min
= max. 10f or 100 = 120
Exp. (8.10)
Table 8.2
Cl. 8.4.2
l
0
= 0.7 1.5 (12/4) 434.8/2.1
= 651 mm, say = 700 mm
But to aid prefabrication take to solid/rib intersection 1000 mm
from centre of support.
SMDSC
[9]
At B
A
and B
C
, check lap 1 no. H16 B to 2 no. H20 B in rib:
By inspection, nominal say, 500 mm SMDSC
[9]
d) RC detail of ribbed slab
Links not shown for clarity. Cover 25 mm to links.
200 200 1500
2H12T in rib
and 2H1OT
between
2H16 + 3H12/rib
2H16 + 3H12/rib
A143
fabric
2H12 3H12 2H16 2H12 3H12 2H16 2H12
150 550 500
7500 9000
500 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1200
2H12 + 2H1O 2H16 3H12 2H12
2H12T/rib 2H12T
1H20B 2H20B/rib 2H20B/rib 1H16B/rib 1H16B/rib
1000 1000 1000
600 600 600
1000 1250 1250
Figure 3.17 Curtailment of flexural reinforcement in ribbed slab
71
The slab is for an ofce where the specied load is 1.0 kN/m
2
for
nishes and 4.0 kN/m
2
imposed (no partitions). Perimeter load is
assumed to be 10 kN/m. Concrete is C30/37. The slab is 300 mm
thick and columns are 400 mm square. The oor slabs are at 4.50 m
vertical centres. A 2 hour re rating is required.
E
D
C
A
4.0
8.0
9.6
200 x 200
hole
200 x 200
hole
300 mm flat slabs
All columns 400 mm sq.
8.6
8.0
4.0 4.0
6
.0
1
2
3
B Bb
Figure 3.18 Part plan of flat slab p
3.4.1 Actions
kN/m
2
Permanent:
EC1-1-1:
Table A1
Self-weight 0.30 25 = 7.5
Finishes = 1.0
Total g
k
= 8.5
Variable:
Offices
k
= 4.0
Client requirement. See also BS EN 199111, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
3.4 Flat slab
h|s examp|e |s or the des|gn o a re|norced concrete |at s|a| w|thout co|umn heads he s|a|
|s part o a |arger |oor p|ate and |s ta|en rom Oa/Je |o |/e Je/qn onJ con|ac|/on o| e/n|oceJ
conce|e |/o| /o/
|2/|
, where |n|te e|ement ana|ys|s and des|gn to lurocode 2 |s |||ustrated As
w|th the Oa/Je, gr|d ||ne C w||| |e des|gned |ut, or the sa|e o |||ustrat|on, coe|c|ents w||| |e
used to esta|||sh des|gn moments and shears |n th|s cr|t|ca| area o the s|a|
lro|ect deta||s
Flat slab
72
3.4.2 Cover
c
nom
:
c
nom
= c
min
+ Dc
dev
where
c
min
= max[c
min,b
; c
min,dur
; 10 mm]
where
c
min,b
= 20 mm, assuming 20 mm diameter reinforcement
c
min,dur
= 15 mm for XC1 and using C30/37
Dc
dev
= 10 mm
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4.
Fire:
For 2 hours resistance, a
min
= 35 mm not critical
c
nom
= 20 + 10 = 30 mm
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.9
3.4.3 Load combination and arrangement
q
k
= 4.0 kN/m
2
g
k
= 8.5 kN/m
2
9600 8600
2 3 1
Figure 3.19 Panel centred on grid C
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical.
n = 1.25 8.50 + 1.5 4.0 = 16.6 kN/m
2
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded load cases and
coefcients
.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA:
Table NA.1
(option b)
3.4.4 Analysis grid line C
Consider grid line C as a bay 6.0 m wide. (This may be conservative
for grid line C but is correct for grid line D etc.)
M
Ed
Effective spans:
9600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 9500 mm
8600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 8500 mm
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Check applicability of moment coefcients:
8500/9500 = 0.89 as spans differ by less than 15% of larger
span, coefcients are applicable.
Tables C2 & C3
The all-spans-loaded case with 20% redistribution of support moments would

also have been acceptable but would have involved some analysis. The use of Table
5.9 in BS EN 199212 (Fire resistance of solid at slabs) is restricted to where
redistribution does not exceed 15%; the coefcients presume 15% redistribution
at supports.
Cl. 5.3.1 & NA
Table C3
73
34 l|at s|a|
As two span, use table applicable to beams and slabs noting
increased coefcients for central support moment and shear.
Table C3
Design moments in bay.
Spans:
M
Ed
= (1.25 8.5 0.090 + 1.5 4.0 0.100) 6.0 9.5
2
= 842.7 kNm
Support:
M
Ed
= 16.6 0.106 6.0 9.5
2
= 952.8 kNm
C D
Column
strip
Column
strip
Column strip Column strip
Middle
strip
Middle strip
6000
1500
1500
1500
15001500 1500 3000 1500
1
2
Figure 3.20 Column and middle strips p
Apportionment of moments between column strips and middle strips:
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip Middle strip
ve (hogging) Long span = 70%

Short span = 75%
Long span = 30%
Short span = 25%
+ve (sagging) 50% 50%
Table I.1;
CS Flat slab
guide
[27]
Table I.1
NA.3
[1a]
; Fig. I.1
Parallel to grid C, column strip is l
y
/2 = 3 m wide. The middle strip is
also 3 m wide.
Long span moments:
M
Ed
Column strip, 3 m wide Middle strip, 3 m wide
ve (hogging) 0.70 952.8/3.0 = 222.3 kNm/m 0.30 952.8/3.0 = 95.3 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m 0. 50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m
The Concrete Societys TR 64

[27]
recommends a percentage, k
1
, based on l
y
/l
z

Assuming l
y
/l
z
= 1.5 the distribution of moments in the long span between column
strips and middle strips is given as 70% and 30%.
74
Punching shear force, V
Ed
VV :
At C2,
V
Ed
VV = 16.6 6.0 9.6
0.63 2 = 1204.8 kN Table C3 Table C3

At C1 (and C3)
V
Ed
VV = 16.6 6.0 9.6 0.45 + (10 + 0.2 0.3 25)
1.25 6.0
= 516.5 kN
Table C3 Table C3
3.4.5 Design grid line C
Effective depth, d:
d = 300 30 20/2 = 260 mm d
a) Flexure: column strip and middle strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 140.5 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
f = 140.5 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.069
z/ zz d = 0.94 d Table C5 Table C5
z = 0.94 260 = 244 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
ff z = 140.5 10 z
6
/(244 500/1.15) = 1324 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.51%) r
Try H20 @ 200 B1 (1570 mm
2
/m)
b) Deection: column strip and middle strip
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B Appendix B
Allowable l/ ll d = d N N K F1 F2 F3
where
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Appendix C Appendix C
N = 20.3 ( N r = 0.51%, r f
ck
f = 30)
Tables C10C13 Tables C10C13
K = 1.2 (at slab)
F1 = 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
bb = 1.0)
w
F2 = 1.0 (no brittle partitions)
#
F3 = 310/s
s
s 1.5
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N, &
NA, Table NA.5
Note 5
Fig. C3 Fig. C3
where*
s
s
s = s
su
s (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) 1/d
where
s
su
s = (500/1.15) (8.5 + 0.3 4.0)/16.6 = 254 MPa
(or 253 MPa; from Figure C3
G
k
/Q
k
= 2.1, c
2
cc = 0.3 and g
G
gg = 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.03 d
s
s
s 253 (1324/1570)/1.03 = 207
F3 = 310/207 = 1.50
Allowable l/ ll d = 20.3 1.2 1.50 = 36.5 d

Fig. C14 Fig. C14
As punching shear force (rather than a beam shear force) effective span is not
appropriate.

Cladding and strip of slab beyond centre of support.
#
Otherwise for at slabs 8.5/9.5 = 0.89 as span > 8.5 m.
* See Appendix B1.5

In line with Note 5 to Table NA.5, 1.50 is considered to be a maximum for 310/s
s
s .
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
75
34 l|at s|a|
Actual l/d = 9500/260 = 36.5 OK
Use H20 @ 200 B1 (1570)
c) Flexure: column strip, hogging

M
Ed
= 222.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 222.3 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.109
z/d = 0.89
z = 0.89 260 = 231 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 222.3 10
6
/(231 500/1.15) = 2213 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.85%)
Try H20 @ 125 T1 (2512 mm
2
/m)
#
Table C5
d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 95.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 95.3 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.069
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 260 = 247 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 95.3 10
6
/(247 500/1.15) = 887 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.34%)
Try H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm
2
/m)
Table C5
e) Requirements
i) In column strip, inside middle 1500 mm
There is a requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal to
0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column.
Cl. 9.4.1(2)
Area required = (3 2213 + 3 887)/2 mm
2
= 4650 mm
2
Over width = 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm
i.e. require 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm
2
/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 100 T1 (3140 mm
2
/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support (16 no. bars)
(r = 0.60%)
ii) In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm
Area required = 3.0 2213 16 314 mm
2
= 1615 mm
2
Over width = 3000 2 750 mm = 1500 mm
i.e. 1077 mm
2
/m
Use H20 @ 250 T1 (1256 mm
2
/m)
in remainder of column strip

Note: Continuity into columns will reduce sagging moments and criticality of
deection check (see Figures 3.26 and 3.27).
Note requirement for at least 2 bars in bottom layer to carry through column.
#
The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce the
amount of reinforcement required.
Cl. 9.4.1(3)
76
iii) In middle strip Use H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm
2
/m)
iv) Perpendicular to edge of slab at edge column
Design transfer moment to column M
t
= 0.17 b
e
d
2
f
ck
where
Cl. 9.4.2(1),
I.1.2(5)
b
e
= c
z
+ y = 400 + 400 = 800 mm
M
t
= 0.17 800 260
2
30 10
6
= 275.8 kNm
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 275.8 10
6
/(800 260
2
30) = 0.170
z/d = 0.82
z = 0.82 260 = 213 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 275.8 10
6
/(213 500/1.15) = 2978 mm
2
/m
This reinforcement to be placed within c
x
+ 2c
y
= 1100 mm
Fig. 9.9
SMDSC
[9]
Try 10 no. H20 T1 U-bars in pairs @ 200 (3140 mm
2
) local to column
(max. 200 mm from column)
Note:
Where a 200 200 hole occurs on face of column, b
e
becomes 600 mm
and pro rata, A
s,req
becomes 2233 mm
2
i.e. use 4 no. H20 each side
of hole (2512 mm
2
).
v) Perpendicular to edge of slab generally
Assuming that there is partial xity along the edge of the slab, top
reinforcement capable of resisting 25% of the moment in the
adjacent span should be provided
0.25 2213 = 553 mm
2
/m OK
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2),
9.2.1.4(1) & NA
vi) Check minimum area of reinforcement
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
) b
t
d 0.0013 b
t
d
where
b
t
f
ctm
= 0.30 f
ck
0.666
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 260/500 = 390 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 200 (565 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
The reinforcement should extend 0.2h from edge = 600 mm Cl. 9.3.1.4(2)
3.4.6 Analysis grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)
Consider grid line 1 as being 9.6/2 + 0.4/2 = 5.0 m wide with
continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/4 + 0.4/2 = 1.7 m
wide. Consider perimeter load is carried by column strip only. Cl. 5.1.1(4)
77
34 l|at s|a|
q
k
slab = 20.0 kN/m
g
k
cladding = 10.0 kN/m
g
k
slab = 42.5 kN/m
6000 6000 6000
F E D C
p
Actions:
Permanent from slab g
k
= 5 8.5 kN/m
2
= 42.5 kN/m
Variable from slab q
k
= 5 4.0 kN/m
2
= 20.0 kN/m
Permanent perimeter load g
k
= 10.0 kN/m
Load combination and arrangement:
As before, choose to use all-spans-loaded case and coefcients
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &
NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical. Fig. 2.5
n = 1.25 (42.5 +10) + 1.5 20 = 95.6 kN/m EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Perimeter load, 10 1.25 = 12.5 kN/m
Effective span, l
eff
Effective span = 6000 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 5900 Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Design moments in bay, M
Ed
:
In spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 83.0 5.9
2
= 248.5 kNm Table C2
At supports (worst case 1st support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 83.0 5.9
2
= 248.5 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load,
spans (and supports, worst case)
M
Ed
= 0.086 12.5 5.9
2
= 37.4 kNm
Table C2
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips: NA.3
[1a]
: Fig. I.1
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip, 1.7 m wide Middle strip
ve (hogging) Short span = 75% Short span = 25%
+ve (sagging) 50% 50%
Table I.1
CS Flat slab
guide
[27]
Short span moments:
M
Ed
Column strip, 1.7 m wide Middle strip, 3.3 m wide
ve (hogging) (0.75 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70
= 131.6 kNm/m
0.25 248.5/3.3
= 18.8 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) (0.50 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70
= 95.1 kNm/m
0.50 248.5/3.3
= 37.6 kNm/m
78
Ed
For internal supports, as before = 516.5 kN
For penultimate support, 516.5 1.18 = 609.5 kN Table C3
3.4.7 Design grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)
Cover:
c
nom
= 30 mm as before
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 95.1 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 95.1 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.055 Table C5
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 240 = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 95.1 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 959 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.40%)
Try H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm
2
/m)
b) Deection: column strip
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
where
Appendix C7
Tables C10C13
N = 26.2 (r = 0.40%, f
ck
= 30) Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
K = 1.2 (at slab)
F1 = 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
= 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (no brittle partitions)
F3 = 310/ s
s
1.5
where
s
s
= s
su
(A
s,req
/A
s,prov
) 1/d
where
s
su
283 MPa (from Figure C3 and G
k
/Q
k
= 3.6, c
2
= 0.3, g
G
= 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.08
Fig. C3
s
s
283 (959/1005)/1.08 = 250 Table C14
F3 = 310/250 = 1.24 Fig. C3
Allowable l/d = 26.2 1.2 1.24 = 39.0
Actual l/d = 5900/240 = 24.5 OK
Use H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm
2
/m)
c) Flexure: middle strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 37.6 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 37.6 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 379 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.56%)
79
34 l|at s|a|
By inspection, deection OK.
Check minimum area of reinforcement.
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
) b
t
d 0.0013 b
t
d Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
where
b
t
f
ctm
= 0.30 f
ck
0.666
Table 3.1
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 240/500 = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
d) Flexure: column strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 131.6 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 131.6 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.076
z/d = 0.928
z = 0.928 240 = 223 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 131.6 10
6
/(223 500/1.15) = 1357 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.56%)
Try H20 @ 200 T2 (1570 mm
2
/m)
Table C5
e) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 18.8 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm Table C5
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 18.8 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 190 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.08%)
A
s,min
as before = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
f) Requirements
There is a requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal to 0.125
of the panel width on either side of the column. As this column strip is
adjacent to the edge of the slab, consider one side only:
Area required = (1.5 1357 + 3.3 190)/2 mm
2
= 1334 mm
2
Within = 0.125 6.0 m = 750 mm of the column centreline,
i.e. require 1334/0.75 = 1779 mm
2
/m for 750 mm from the column
centreline.
Cl. 9.4.1(2)

The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required. This should be balanced against the
effect of the presence of a 200 200 hole at some supports which would
have the effect of increasing K but not unduly increasing the total amount of
reinforcement required in the column strip (a 1.5% increase in total area would
been required).
80
Allowing for similar from centreline of column to edge of slab:
Use 6 no. H20 @ 175 T2(1794 mm
2
/m)
(r = 0.68%)
between edge and to 750 mm from centre of support
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
1.7 1357 6 314 = 422 mm
2
in 750 mm, i.e. 563 mm
2
/m
Use H12 @ 175 T2 (646 mm
2
/m) in remainder of column strip
In middle strip Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
3.4.8 Analysis grid line 2
Consider panel on grid line 2 as being 9.6/2 + 8.6/2 = 9.1 m wide
and continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/2 = 3.0 m wide.
(See Figure 3.20).
q
k
slab = 36.4 kN/m
g
k
slab = 77.4 kN/m
6000 6000 6000
F E D C
Figure 3.22 Internal panel on grid 2 p
Slab g
k
= 9.1 8.5 kN/m
2
= 77.4 kN/m
Slab q
k
= 9.1 4.0 kN/m
2
= 36.4 kN/m
Actions, load combination and arrangement:
Choose to use all-spans-loaded case.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &
NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical.
n = 1.25 77.4 + 1.5 36.4 = 151.4 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Effective span, l
eff
:
Effective span = 5900 mm as before.
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Design moments in bay, M
Ed
:
Spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 151.4 5.9
2
= 453.2 kNm Table C2
Support (worst case 1st support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 151.4 5.9
2
= 453.2 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load.
Table C2
81
34 l|at s|a|
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips:
M
Ed
Column strip, 3.0 m wide Middle strip, 6.1 m wide
ve (hogging) 0.75 453.2/3.0
= 113.3 kNm/m
0.25 453.2/6.1
= 18.5 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 453.2/3.0
= 75.5 kNm/m
0.50 453.2/6.1
= 37.1 kNm/m
Ed
, as before.
3.4.9 Design grid line 2
Effective depth, d
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 75.5 kNm/m
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 75.5 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 761 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H16 @ 250 B2 (804 mm
2
/m)
Table C5
Deection: column strip
By inspection, OK.
b) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 37.1 kNm/m
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 37.1 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 374 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.55%)
By inspection, deection OK. Try H10 @ 200 B2 (393 mm
2
/m)
c) Flexure: column strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 113.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 113.3 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.065
z/d = 0.94
z = 0.928 240 = 225 mm
Table C5
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 113.3 10
6
/(225 500/1.15) = 1158 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.48%)
Try H20 @ 250 T2 (1256 mm
2
/m)
d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging

M
Ed
= 18.5 kNm/m
The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required.
82
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 18.5 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 187 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.08%) Table C5
As before minimum area of reinforcement governs
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 240/500 = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 B2 (376 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
e) Requirements
Regarding the requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal
to 0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column:
Area required = (3.0 1158 + 6.1 187)/2 mm
2
= 2307 mm
2
Within = 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm centred on the column
centreline,
i.e. require 2307/1.5 = 1538 mm
2
/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 200T2 (1570 mm
2
/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support
(r = 0.60%)
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
3.0 1158 1.5 1570 = 1119 mm
2
in 1500 mm, i.e. 764 mm
2
/m
Use H16 @ 250 T2 (804 mm
2
/m) in remainder of column strip
In middle strip: Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
3.4.10 Punching shear, central column, C2
At C2, applied shear force, V
Ed
= 1204.8 kN
a) Check at perimeter of column

v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
i
d < v
Rd,max
where
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
b = factor dealing with eccentricity; recommended value 1.15
V
Ed
= applied shear force Fig. 6.21N & NA
u
i
= control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear adjacent to interior columns Cl. 6.4.5(3)
u
0
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) = 1600 mm
d = mean effective depth = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm Exp. (6.32)
v
Ed
= 1.15 1204.8 10
3
/1600 250 = 3.46 MPa
v
Rd,max
= 0.5vf
cd
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
Column C2 is taken to be an internal column. In the case of a penultimate

column, an additional elastic reaction factor should have been considered.
83
34 l|at s|a|
where
v = 0.6(1 f
ck
/250) = 0.528
f
cd
= a
cc
lf
ck
/g
C
= 1.0 1.0 30/1.5 = 20
= 0.5 0.528 20 = 5.28 MPa OK Table C7
b) Check shear stress at control perimeter u

1
(2d from face of column)
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
1
d < v
Rd,c
where
b, V
Ed
and d as before
Cl. 6.4.2
u
1
For punching shear at 2d from interior columns
u
1
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) + 2 2d = 4741 mm
Fig. 6.13
v
Ed
= 1.15 1204.8 10
3
/4741 250 = 1.17 MPa
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/ g
C
k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
g
C
= 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)
0.5
2 k = 1 + (200/250)
0.5
= 1.89
r
l
= (r
ly
r
lz
)0.5 = (0.0085 0.0048)
0.5
= 0.0064 Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
where
r
|y
, r
lz
= Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column
#
f
ck
= 30
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0064 30)
0.333
= 0.61 MPa
Punching shear reinforcement required Table C5*
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links are no longer required
u
out
= V
Ed
b/(d v
Rd,c
)
u
out
= 1204.8 1.15 10
3
/(250 0.61) = 9085 mm
Exp. (6.54)
Length of column faces = 4 400 = 1600 mm
Radius to u
out
= (9085 1600)/2 = 1191 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1191 1.5 250 = 816 m
from face of column Cl. 6.4.5(4) & NA
Shear reinforcement (assuming rectangular arrangement of links):
s
r,max
= 250 0.75 = 187, say = 175 mm Cl. 9.4.3(1)
At the perimeter of the column, v

Rd,max
assumes the strut angle is 45, i.e. that
cot y = 1.0. Where cot y = < 1.0, v
Rd,max
is available from Table C7.
#
The values used here for r
ly
, r
lz
ignore the fact that the reinforcement is
concentrated over the support. Considering the concentration would have given a
higher value of V
Rd,c
at the expense of further calculation to determine r
ly
, r
lz
at
3d from the side of the column.
* v
Rd,c
for various values of d and r
l
84
Inside 2d control perimeter, s
t,max
= 250 1.5 = 375, say 350 mm Cl. 9.4.3(2)
Outside control perimeter s
t,max
= 250 2.0 = 500 mm
Assuming vertical reinforcement:
At the basic control perimeter, u
1
, 2d from the column
:
A
sw
(v
Ed
0.75v
Rd,c
) s
r
u
1
/1.5f
ywd,ef
) Exp. (6.52)
where
f
ywd,ef
= effective design strength of reinforcement
= (250 + 0.25d) < f
yd
= 312 MPa Cl. 6.4.5(1)
For perimeter u
1
A
sw
= (1.17 0.75 0.61) 175 4741/(1.5 312)
= 1263 mm
2
per perimeter
A
sw,min
0.08f
ck
0.5
(s
r
s
t
)/(1.5 f
yk
sin a + cos a) Exp. (9.11)
where
A
sw,min
= minimum area of a single leg of link
a = angle between main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement; for vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
A
sw,min
0.08 30
0.5
(175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm
2
Try H8 legs of links (50 mm
2
)
A
sw
/u
1
1263/4741 = 0.266 mm
2
/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = min[50/0.266; 1.5d]
= min[188; 375] = 188 mm cc
Use min. H8 legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeter u
1
Cl. 9.4.3
Perimeters at 0.75d = 0.75 250 = 187.5 mm
say = 175 mm centres
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
d) Check area of reinforcement > 1263 mm
2
1
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column.
2
.
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)
available at 1.15d from column therefore try 18 no. H10 = 1413 mm
2
.
at 1.90d from column therefore try 20 no. H10 = 1570 mm
2
.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 beyond u
1
to u
out
grid of H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
Clause 6.4.5 provides Exp. (6.52), which by substituting v

Ed
for v
Rd,c
, allows
calculation of the area of required shear reinforcement, A
sw
, for the basic control
perimeter, u
1
.
The same area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter u
1
. See Commentary on design, Section 3.4.14. Punching shear
reinforcement is also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and
spacing of shear reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3).
Cl. 6.4.5
Exp. 6.5.2
Cl. 9.4.3
85
34 l|at s|a|
e) Summary of punching shear refreshment required at column C2
175 u
out
Punching shear reinforcement
no longer required
1.5d = 375
S = 112 H10 legs of links
u
1
at 2d
from column
u
out
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
1
7
5
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
375 716
7
1
6
7
1
6
1
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
716 100 400 100
175 175 175 175 175 175 175 200 200 200
C
2
Figure 3.23 Punching shear links at column C2 (112 no. links)
(column D2 similar)
3.4.11 Punching shear, edge column
Assuming penultimate support,
V
Ed
= 1.18 516.5 = 609.5 kN Table C3
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
i
d < v
Rd,max
where
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
V
Ed
= applied shear force Fig. 6.21N & NA
u
i
For punching shear adjacent to edge columns
u
0
= c
2
+ 3d < c
2
+ 2c
1
= 400 + 750 < 3 400 mm
= 1150 mm
Cl. 6.4.5(3)
d = as before 250 mm
v
Ed
= 1.4 609.5 10
3
/1150 250 = 2.97 MPa
Exp. (6.32)
v
Rd,max
, as before = 5.28 MPa OK Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
86
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u
1
(2.0d from face of column) Cl. 6.4.2
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
1
d < v
Rd,c
where
b, V
Ed
and d as before
u
1
For punching shear at 2d from edge column columns
u
1
= c
2
+ 2c
1
+ 2d = 2771 mm
v
Ed
= 1.4 609.5 10
3
/2771 250 = 1.23 MPa
Fig. 6.15
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/ g
C
k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
where
Exp. (6.47) & NA
g
C
= 1.5
k = as before = 1 +(200/250)
0.5
= 1.89
r
l
= (r
ly
r
lz
)
0.5
where
r
, r
lz
= Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and z direction
in a width of the column plus 3d each side of column.
r
ly
: (perpendicular to edge) 10 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 750 + 400, i.e. 3818 mm
2
in 1900 mm
r
ly
= 3818/(250 1900) = 0.0080
r
lz
: (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 +
750 i.e. 1997 mm
2
in 1150 mm.
r
lz
= 1997/(250 1150) = 0.0069
r
l
= (0.0080 0.0069)
0.5
= 0.0074
f
ck
= 30
Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0074 30)
0.333
= 0.64 MPa
Punching shear reinforcement required
Table C6
3d = 750
H12 @ 200 U-bars
H12 @ 175T1
6H20T1 @175 10H20 U-bars in pairs @ 200 cc
3d = 750 400
4
0
0
3
d

=

7
5
0
C
1
Figure 3.24 Flexural tensile reinforcement adjacent to columns
C1 (and C3)

v
Rd,c
l
87
34 l|at s|a|
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links no longer required
u
out
= 609.5 1.4 10
3
/(250 0.64) = 5333 mm
Length attributable to column faces = 3 400 = 1200 mm
radius to u
out
from face of column
= say (5333 1200)/ = 1315 mm from face of column
Exp. (6.54)
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1370 1.5 250
= 940 mm from face of column.
Cl. 6.4.5(4)
& NA
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, s
r,max
= 175 mm; s
t,max
= 350 mm and
f
ywd,ef
= 312 MPa
For perimeter u
1
Cl. 9.4.3(1),
9.4.3(2)
A
sw
(v
Ed
0.75v
Rd,c
) s
r
u
1
/1.5f
ywd,ef
= (1.23 0.75 0.64) 175 2771/(1.5 312)
= 777 mm
2
per perimeter
Exp. (6.52)
A
sw,min
0.08 30
0.5
(175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm
2
A
sw
/u
1
777/2771 = 0.28 mm
2
/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = 50/0.28 = 178 mm cc
Use min. H8 (50 mm
2
) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
Exp. (9.11)
e) Check area of reinforcement > 777 mm
2
1
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)
2
2
2
By inspection of Figure 3.27 beyond u
1
to u
out
grid of
H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
3.4.12 Punching shear, edge column with hole
Check columns D1 and D3 for 200 200 mm hole adjacent to column.
As previously described use 4 no. H20 U-bars each side of column for
transfer moment.
Assuming internal support, V
Ed
= 516.5 kN
See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is

also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and spacing of shear
reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3).
Cl. 9.4.3
88
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
i
d < v
Rd,max
where
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
V
Ed
= applied shear force
Fig. 6.21N & NA
u
i
= control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
adjacent to edge columns u
0
= c
2
+ 3d < c
2
+ 2c
1
= 400 + 750 < 3 400 mm
= 1150 mm
Allowing for hole, u
0
= 1150 200 = 950 mm
Cl. 6.4.5(3)
d = 250 mm as before Exp. (6.32)
v
Ed
= 1.4 516.5 10
3
/950 250 = 3.06 MPa
v
Rd,max
as before = 5.28 MPa OK Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u
1
(2.0d from face of column) Cl. 6.4.2
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
1
d < v
Rd,c
where
b, V
Ed
and d as before
u
1
= control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
at 2d from edge column columns
Fig. 6.15
u
1
= c
2
+ 2c
1
+ 2d = 2771 mm
Allowing for hole
200/(c
1
/2): x/(c
1
/2 + 2d)
200/200: x/( 200 + 500)
x = 700 mm
u
1
= 2771 700 = 2071 mm
Fig. 6.14
v
Ed
= 1.4 516.5 10
3
/2071 250 = 1.40 MPa
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/g
C
k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
g
C
= 1.5
k = as before = 1 + (200/250)
0.5
= 1.89
r
l
= (r
l y
r
l z
)
0.5
where
r
, r
lz
= Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
r
ly
: (perpendicular to edge) 8 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 720 + 400 200, i.e. 3190 mm
2
in 1640 mm.
r
l y
= 3190/(240 1640) = 0.0081
r
lz
: (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 (5 no. are
effective) + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 + 750 200, i.e.
1683 mm
2
in 950 mm.
r
l z
= 1683/(260 950) = 0.0068
89
34 l|at s|a|
r
l
= (0.0081 0.0068)
0.5
= 0.0074
f
ck
= 30
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0074 30)
0.33
= 0.64 MPa
Table C6
punching shear reinforcement required

3d = 750
H12 @ 200 U-bars
H12 @ 175T1
6H20T @ 175 8H20 U-bars in pairs @ 200 cc
3d = 750 400
4
0
0
3
d

=

7
5
0
3
D
Figure 3.25 Flexural tensile reinforcement adjacent to columns
D1 and D3
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links no longer required Exp. (6.54)
u
out
= 516.5 1.4 10
3
/(250 0.64) = 4519 mm
Length attributable to column faces = 3 400 = 1200 mm
Angle subtended by hole from centre of column D1 (See Figures 3.25
& 3.27) = 2
tan
1
(100/200) = 2 26.5 = 0.927 rads.
radius to u
out
from face of column
= say (4519 1200)/( 0.927) = 1498 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1498 1.5 250
= 1123 mm from face of column
Cl. 6.4.5(4)
& NA
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, s
r,max
= 175 mm; s
t,max
= 350 mm and f
ywd,ef
= 312 MPa Cl. 9.4.3(1)
9.4.3(2)
For perimeter u
1
A
sw
(v
Ed
0.75v
Rd,c
) s
r
u
1
/1.5f
ywd,ef
) per perimeter
= (1.40 0.75 0.64) 175 2071/(1.5 312)
= 712 mm
2
per perimeter
Exp. (6.52)
A
sw,min
0.08 30
0.5
(175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm
2
A
sw
/u
1
712/2071 = 0.34 mm
2
/mm
v
Rd,c
l

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viii

See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is

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lor mova||e part|t|ons w|th a se|-we|ght o 30 |N/m wa|| |ength

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orce coeuc|ent or the structure or structura| e|ement

Or the more cr|t|ca| o

Or, or s|a|s on|y, a|| spans carry|ng g

This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g

b) Arrangement of ultimate loads

This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g

Variable actions may be subjected to reduction factors: a

See Appendix B1.5

Table 7.2N & NA

A free unsupported edge is required to use longitudinal and transverse

Designers may choose to use another form of this equation:

= 434.8 0.99 0.56 1.08 = 260 MPa

See Appendix B1.5

Maximum z = 0.947 at mid-span and greater towards support.

= 2.25 1.33 = 3.0 MPa

Note 1: A ribbed slab need not be treated as discrete elements provided

Section 2.18 of PD 6687

In analysis, 15% redistribution of support moments led to redistribution of span

Permissible l/d = 26.8 1.5 0.8 0.77 1.50 = 37.1

The all-spans-loaded case with 20% redistribution of support moments would

The Concrete Societys TR 64

0.63 2 = 1204.8 kN Table C3 Table C3

Allowable l/ ll d = 20.3 1.2 1.50 = 36.5 d

Use H20 @ 200 B1 (1570)

c) Flexure: column strip, hogging

d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging

a) Check at perimeter of column

Column C2 is taken to be an internal column. In the case of a penultimate

b) Check shear stress at control perimeter u

At the perimeter of the column, v

Clause 6.4.5 provides Exp. (6.52), which by substituting v

See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is

punching shear reinforcement required

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