Popular Science USA 2013-12

BIONIC EYEUNCRASHABLE CARCANCER DETECTORSUPERSONIC DRONE
ROBOT DOCTORBULLET-PROOF HELMETSMARTPHONE BREATHALYZER AND MORE!

Special Promotion
At Popular Science we are all about innovation. While its possible to find out
about the newest gadgets and latest models from a host of wonderful sites
that are everywhere online, we make it our mission to hunt down and report
specifically on those companies and individuals who are breaking the
boundaries, who are changing the game, who are shifting paradigms. The
pioneers. We want to bring you stories about things that will fundamentally
change our lives and experiences.
Our reporters recently came across a little-known technology start-up called
Condition One that is developing a three dimensional, interactive video
technology that we immediately recognized as the first of its kind. Condition
One is the brainchild of Danfung Dennis, a respected war correspondent
photojournalist and ACADEMY AWARD
Nominee. Danfungs goal was to try

and bring the audience more directly into his dispatches so that they could
feel more connected to events that were unfolding. Guided by his experience
of being in the moment, Condition One employs sophisticated original code
to map footage shot in extreme wide angle onto an active virtual panorama
around the user, cleverly utilizing the iPads accelerometers to allow you to
look all around the filmed events in real time. Imagine being able to step
into the psyche of another persons mind, actually seeing the world from their
viewpoint. This is a step closer to full immersion. Guess what? You dont have
to imagine that any more.
Although the inspiration for Condition One was bringing people closer to the
news, it is equally good at bringing us closer to any location that interests us.
Weve already partnered with scientists at Cerns LHC to give our audience
a virtual panoramic tour of one of the most important ongoing physics
experiments in the world. Now were partnering with Glenfiddich to transport
you to Scotland, where arguably the most important whisky making in the
world takes place.
To ensure that our virtual film would be of the highest quality, we actually
sent a specialized film crew all the way to the tiny village of Dufftown in
Speyside, Scotland, Glenfiddichs only distillery. Working closely with their
expert craftsmen and women, weve designed the tour so that you will not
only learn about the fine art and science of Glenfiddich whisky making, youll
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Maltmaster Brian Kinsman tests the 18 year old Whisky pot stills, the same as the original stills used by William Grant in 1887
Download the free Whisky Tour app
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Twice the suction
of any other vacuum.
*
dyson.com/suction
Suction power is measured in Air Watts and, as you can see, Dyson DC41 has twice as much suction
at the cleaner head than any other vacuum.* Its cleaner head self-adjusts to seal in that suction across
carpets and hard floors. And, its Dyson cyclone technology captures more microscopic dust than any other.
*
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Contents
Cover illustration by
Graham Murdoch C
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C
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DECEMBER 2013 D E PA R T ME N T S V O L U ME 2 8 3 N O . 6
04
From the Editor
06
Peer Review
09
Megapixels
95
FYI: Could a virgin birth
ever happen?
104
From the Archives
HEADLINES
10
Reshaping memories
in the lab
12
A whales life,
written in earwax
14
The end of animal testing
16
An exoskeleton arm for
heavy lifting
19
How to ship a 50-foot-wide
superconducting magnet
HOW 2.0
81
Mars rover replicas
built by kids
84
A 3-Dprinted
mechanical computer
88
POPULAR SCIENCEs best
crowdfunded projects
90
A biometric toy box
91
Turn a few pennies
into a battery
DECEMBER 2013 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE / 03
Access videos, animations,
and more with the POPSCI
Interactive app. Just hover
your smartphone over
pages with this icon.
30
SO LONG, DEAR
CONSOLE. WE
KNEW YOU WELL.
Why the eighth generation
of gaming systems will be
our last
By Colin Lecher
43
THE ARCTIC
OPENS UP
As its ice melts, the Arctic
becomes the next frontier.
By Amber Williams
56
THE PROBLEM OF
SPACE JUNK
What kinds of objects orbit
Earth and where are they?
By Kate Baggaley
and Pitch Interactive
68
THE INTERNET
OF YOU
How wearable technology
will turn human beings into
the next interface
By Corinne Iozzio
CHEVROLET CORVETTE STINGRAY, PG. 49
22
Health
26
Entertainment
33
Home
36
Hardware
41
Engineering
45
Auto
52
Aerospace
58
Security
62
Gadgets
70
Software
74
Recreation
78
Green
2 6
T H
A N N U A L B E S T O F WH AT S N E W
T H E 1 0 0 H O T T E S T I N N O V AT I O N S O F T H E Y E A R

OPULAR CIENCE
04 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE / DECEMBER 2013
THE
FUTURE
NOW
M
A
R
I
U
S

B
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G
G
E
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D E C E MB E R 2 0 1 3 / P O P U L A R S C I E N C E
From the Editor
Evolutionaries
HEN IM ASKED what
the standards are for our
annual Best of Whats
New Awards, I tend to rely on a
catchphrase: It should be revolution-
ary, not evolutionary. But this year,
Im having to rethink that.
Every 12 months, as we assemble
the 100 greatest innovations of the
year, revealing patterns emerge. We
created the Green category several
years ago to honor the extraordinary
leaps in environmentally responsible
design, a reflection of the burgeoning
efforts to build sustainability into
everything from clothes-dyeing to
tree-raising. This year, we considered
phasing out the category, because
were almost at the point where all
great innovations take the environ-
ment into account (almost, but not
quitewere keeping Green separate
for the moment). Last year, we began
to honor software in its own category,
because for every inventor putting
something together in a garage,
theres another inventor putting
something together on a laptop.
And this year, our senior associate
editor Corinne Iozzio pointed out a
new pattern. Toss out the revolution-
ary, not evolutionary phrase, she
urged. Its evolution that made so
much of this stuff possible.
Shes absolutely right. The mythol-
ogy of innovation tends to highlight
the rogue inventor who created an
entirely new mechanism or material
or the revolutionary who strayed from
a mentor. Time and again, we encoun-
tered innovations that are imaginative
combinations of existing ingredients.
Think of each winner as a brilliant
plate of food in a restaurant. The
chef didnt invent chicken. He or she
shopped for the best, combined it
with other ingredients, and prepared
it more skillfully than anyone else .
The Beam, for instance, our Grand
W
JACOB WARD
jacob.ward@popsci.com
@_jacobward_
Award winner in the Hardware
category, is a combination of a moni-
tor, a battery, servos, and wireless
radios that were already available
elsewhere. Its the idea of stitching
them together with software to form
a rolling remote-presence avatar that
makes the device notable. Remote
presence has been around since the
90s. But this unit works, and its
actually available for purchase.
The pattern is that the mecha-
nisms and materials are waiting
somewhere for the right partner to
come along and make proper use of
them. The result is that Im thinking
of our winners this year as the evolu-
tionary acme of their categoriesthe
outcome of years of work and
dozens of iterations. Were proud to
honor technological evolution and
its revolutionary results. Its just not
much of a catchphrase.
Im thinking of our
winners this year as the
evolutionary acme of
their categories.

THE
FUTURE
NOW
Peer Review
THE
FUTURE
NOW
Running On Empty
Most of the electric-vehicle coverage
[Fuel Boom, October 2013] is still
written from a gas-tank/gas-station
mentality, which does not reflect an
understanding of the EV refueling
paradigm. The vast majority of EV
charging does not take place at charg-
ing stations.It takes place at home or
at work, wherever the car is parked.
Bob Bruninga Glen Burnie, Md.
Control Issues
I do believe that self-driving
technology is the future. However,
your article [Traffic Pattern,
October 2013] raised a red flag. You
indicated that Google cars would
return control to the driver if faced
with an issue they cant cope with.
What about a heavy snowstorm
in Michigan? Turning over control
to a driver who gets little or no
practice actually driving on icy, snowy
Michigan winter roads is begging
for lethal catastrophe.
Eric Fischer Temperance, Mich.
Past As Prologue
I am always interested in the
glimpses of the future provided by
POPULAR SCIENCE, and I loved the
similarities between the electric
Toyota racecar on the cover and the
1968 Urbmobile [Taking the Wheel,
October 2013].When the folks at
Google give us a self-driving version
of the Toyota racecar, that prediction
will look pretty darn good.
Byron Wood Scottsdale, Ariz.
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For decades, I cringed at the idea of going to a dealership and
buying a car [Why You Cant Sell Me a Car, October 2013].
The offerings reflect more the ideas of Detroit than what is
of interest to the consumer. As an economist, I find you are
absolutely correctthe value is terrible, and, as you suggest,
will be worse in the future.
Curt Yahnke Sioux Falls, S.D.
D R I V I N G F A C T O R S
When it comes to automotive preferences, speak for yourself.
More than a few of us millennials love cars and love driving.
I would advise automakers not to forget about us.
Alex Haase Alfred, N.Y.
Dave Mosher responds: Since my essay went to press, an insurance
group asked Americans for their opinions on driverless cars. Only 19
percent of those surveyed between the ages of 18 and 34 said theyd buy
one, putting me in the minority. But 19 percent of the about 90 million
Americans in that age bracket equates to 17 million potential buyers.
Read an updated look at the subject at popsci.com/millennialcars.
This fall, faced with bad behavior in our comment
sections and little means to moderate it, we decided to
disable reader comments on most stories. As we hoped,
people turned to social media and email to respond
instead. Heres some of the feedback we received.
There must be a better solution than shooting
the exchange of ideas in the head just to avoid
letting the tools of the Internet do what they
do. Would you send your kid to school with a
bag over his head to protect him from bullies?
Joel Sassone via Facebook
Interaction with the readers is important.
This isnt the best solution. Make them sign
in, maintain a profile instead.
@DS_Scriggler via Twitter
Hey, look! Im commenting on an article full
of comments about banning comments!
Corey R. Wardrop via Facebook
FWIW, I approve. Conversation about science
is better when we dont have to keep stop-
ping to defend scientic inquiry.
@Yuricon via Twitter
Just because everyone has a voice on the
Internet doesnt necessarily mean they
should. I have no problem with the decision.
David Swaldo via Facebook

Megapixels
P O P U L A R S C I E N C E / D E C E MB E R 2 0 1 3
STORY BY LI NDSEY KRATOCHWI LL
wo hundred fifty million people worldwide
require treatment for schistosomiasis, also
known as bilharzia, a disease that ravages
internal organs. Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic
flatworms that cycle between two hosts: freshwater snails
and humans. Seeking ways to stop the transmission,
biologists at the University of Illinois are studying the worms
reproduction. This summer, they dyed and sectioned snail
muscle tissue. Inside, they saw flatworm stem cells, which
develop into thousands of larvae about 300 micrometers
long. This image is color-coded to show relative depth; closer
objects glow orange and more distant objects, green. Now,
the scientists are studying how the stem cells develop, which
could lead to ways to halt the parasites growth.
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A 50-foot-wide magnet travels cross-country PAGE 19
E D I T E D B Y S U S A N N A H F. L O C K E D E C E MB E R 2 0 1 3 H E A D L I N E S @P O P S C I . C O M P O P S C I . C O M / @P O P S C I
STORY BY VI RGI NI A HUGHES
OADSIDE BOMBS,
childhood abuse, car
accidentsthey form
memories that can shape (and
damage) us for a lifetime. Now,
a handful of studies have shown
that were on the verge of erasing
and even rewriting memories. The
hope is that this research will lead
to medical treatments, especially
for addiction and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).
Researchers have known
for decades that memories are
unreliable. Theyre particularly
adjustable when actively recalled
because at that point theyre
pulled out of a stable molecu-
lar state. Last spring, scientists
published a study performed at
the University of Washington in
which adult volunteers completed
a survey about their eating and
drinking habits before age 16.
A week later, they were given
personalized analyses of their
answers that statedfalselythat
they had gotten sick from rum or
vodka as a teen. One in fve not
only didnt notice the lie, but also
recalled false memories about it
R
PLUS:
An
exoskeleton
arm for
heavy lifting
PAGE 16
ANCIENT REMAINS
This mummy was
once Amenhotep III,
King Tuts grandfather.
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How scientists are
learning to shape our
memory
Spotless
Minds
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p. 12
DOWN MEMORY
LANE The human
brain has roughly
100 billion neurons
and can store about
2.5 petabytes of
information. But
where you put your
keys last night?
The answer is
always suspiciously
unavailable.
PHOTOGRAPH BY SAM KAPLAN

and rated that beverage as
less desirable than they had
before. Studies like these
point to possible treatments
for mental health problems.
Both PTSD and addiction
disorders hinge on memories
that can trigger problematic
behaviors, such as crippling
fear caused by loud noises or
cravings brought about by the
sight of drug paraphernalia.
Several studies have found
chemical compounds that can be used to subdue or even
delete memories in mice (and maybe someday in people). In
June, a report led by an Emory University researcher showed
that SR-8993, a drug that acts on the brains opioid recep-
tors, can prevent a fear memory from forming. Researchers
strapped mice to a wooden board for two hoursa stressful
experience that later gave them a heightened sense of fear
similar to PTSD. But mice given SR-8993 before or afer the
stressful incident were less likely to end up this way. Another
study identifed a drug, Latrunculin A, that can erase memo-
ries days later. The researchers trained rodents to consume
methamphetamine in an environment with distinctive visual,
tactile, and scent cues such as black walls, gridded foors,
and the scent of vanilla or peppermint. Rodents that were
injected with Latrunculin A two days later didnt seek out
meth when returned to that environment, but others did.
Latrunculin A is known to mess up scafolding that supports
connections between neurons. Considering how broadly
these two drugs afect the brain, theres a possibility of seri-
ous side efects.
To make more targeted treatments, researchers will
ultimately need to understand how the brains neurons
encode each memory. Last year, Susumu Tonegawa at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported that individ-
ual memories in mice leave telltale molecular signatures in
the brains hippocampus region. In July, his group caused
mice to falsely associate an old memory with a new context
essentially creating a false memory. First, they genetically
engineered a mouse so that when its hippocampal cells
were activated, they would be tagged with a protein that
the researchers could switch on later. Then, they put the
mouse in an unfamiliar cage. The next day, they moved it
to a strikingly diferent cage (smelly with black walls). Then,
at precisely the same time, they gave it an uncomfortable
shock and switched on the tagging protein to briefy activate
cells that had been active in the old cage. When they put the
mouse back in the old cage, it froze as if afraidas if it had a
false memory of being shocked there.
The idea of scientists manipulating memory does, natu-
rally, sound a bit creepy. But it also points to some possible
good: treatment for millions of people tormented by real
memories. And thats something worth remembering.
Studies have
found chemi-
cal compounds
that can be
used to subdue
or even delete
memories.
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VI SUAL DATA
As if their home in Antarctica werent cold
enough, emperor penguins allow their exteri-
ors to drop at least 7F below their surround-
ings. The change helps the penguins stay
warm, a recent paper showed. When the outer
layer of feathers radiates heat to the sky, it
becomes colder than its immediate environ-
ment, so heat ows back in. The cycle keeps
the temperature underneath the plumage
constantand the penguin alive. MAC I RV I NE
5
10
15
20
25
25.70C
4.50C
A L I F E I N
E A R WA X
T OOL KI T
Baleen whales have no need
for Q-tips. Water blocks o the
ear canal, which has a unique
anatomy, so over time wax builds
up into what researchers call an
earplug. Previously, scientists
counted the layers of wax, like
counting tree rings, to help
determine a whales age, but
a team at Baylor University in
Texas recently discovered that
the gunk contains even more
information. Because uctuations
in hormones and chemical
exposures are documented
in the earwax, it can provide
a chronological archive of a
deceased whales life. And while
blubber samples can yield one
data point on exposure, earwax
can reveal when that exposure
happeneddetails that werent
available before now. Museums
have hundreds of earplugs from
the baleen whale group, which
contains 14 species. So far,
the Baylor team has used one
(about a foot long) from a male
blue whale to gure out when
it hit puberty, what pollutants
its mother passed along during
nursing, and when it encountered
pesticides and mercury. Next, the
researchers plan to try to answer
questions such as how many
pregnancies a female has had
and whether the noise of passing
ships has physiological eects.
AMBER WI L L I AMS
THE PROBLEM
THE SOLUTION
Bridge in
a Backpack
If U.S. Special Forces agents need to scale a wall, tra-
verse a canal, or cross between rooftops, they typically
use an everyday 40-pound aluminum ladder. That means
one of them has to carry it in addition to the standard 150
pounds of gear and body armor. Its heavy and requires both
handshands that may have to re a gun at any moment.
There has to be a better way.
STORY BY LI LLI AN STEENBLI K HWANG
H E A D L I N E S / T H E B I G F I X
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The BAMBI (Break-Apart Mobile
Bridging and Inltration) device is a
modular bridge that weighs 27 pounds
and can be strapped to a backpack.
The prototype, created by engineering
students at Utah State University, has
six sections composed of carbon-ber
tubes and a foam platform. Together,
they create a 22-foot-long structure
that can hold 350 pounds. A sandy
nish provides enough traction to use
it as a ramp over a 15-foot wall.

toyota.com/tundra Prototype shown with options. Production model may vary. 2013 Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
TOW. HAUL. BUILD ANYTHING.

COLUMN BY ERI N BI BA I LLUSTRATI ON BY RYAN SNOOK
H E A D L I N E S / S U B J E C T I V E ME A S U R E S
AST SUMMER, the National Institutes
of Health announced that its phasing out
experiments on chimpanzees. All but 50
of its 451 chimps will go to sanctuaries, and it wont
breed the remainder. The change is based on its
2011 study that determined that advancements have
rendered human trials, computer-based research,
and genetically modified mice more scientifically
useful than chimps. The U.S. is late to this. Australia,
Japan, and the E.U. have already banned or limited
experiments on great apes in medical research. But
the science community should take it further. We
should work to end all animal testing for good.
Its not just a moral question. Ethics aside, there
are plenty of scientific reasons to push away from
animal testing. The most important is that animal-
L
based methods are being equaled or surpassed by
other means. And the result is better science overall.
Over the last 10 years, weve started replacing rodents
with human cells in drug toxicity tests. But the
biggest hurdle is probably testing efficacy: how well
a drug treats a medical condition. A common tack
is to genetically manipulate mice to imitate human
diseases, but human and mouse genes still behave
differently. In part because of this, 90 percent of drugs
that pass animal testing then fail in human trials.
Organs on a chip are one alternative. The thumb-
size devices combine a thin layer of human cells
with microchips that pump bloodlike fluid through
them. At Harvards Wyss Institute, researchers have
built a human gut-on-a-chip that replicates intestinal
muscular contractions and a lung-on-a-chip with air-
sac and capillary cells that exchange oxygen for carbon
dioxide. The pseudo-lung can get infected and mimic
complicated diseases such as chemotherapy-induced
pulmonary edema. The institute is also working on
chips for bone marrow, heart, and even brain tissue.
Computer models can help replace animals too. In
the relatively new field of systems biology, scientists
are making digital maps that simulate entire systems
of the human body, down to the molecule. The
Center for Systems Biology at the University of
Iceland recently finished modeling all the chemical
interactions of human metabolism and is starting on
the blood. Last year, researchers at the University of
California at San Francisco used a computer to predict
negative side effects in on-market drugs with about 50
percent accuracy. That accuracy will only get better.
Human studies are also getting stronger. Lab
animals are usually genetically identical clones, but
people have lots of DNA differences that can affect how
a drug works. For example, in 2010 it was discovered
that the popular heart-attack-prevention drug Plavix is
less effective for nearly one in three patients because
of variances in their metabolisms. Now, gene tests can
help doctors choose whether or not to prescribe it,
and similar tests could do the same for other drugs.
By relying on cloned animals and cells, weve probably
been screening out helpful medicines before they even
get to human trials.
Some animal testing will remain scientifically
necessary for a long time. Studying visual perception,
for example, requires a working eyeball connected to
a brain (until a computer perfectly mimics it). But the
more research options we create, the better science
well have.
From Chimp to Chip
Ninety percent of drugs
that pass animal testing
then fail in human trials.
How to get rid of animal testing

Meet the New Game-Changer
Changing forever the way users capture still images and video with a DSLR camera, Canon
proudly introduces the new EOS 70D - a trailblazing powerhouse featuring a revolutionary
autofocus technology that unlocks the potential of Live View. The innovative Dual Pixel CMOS AF
allows the EOS 70D to shoot video in Live View with smooth autofocus like a camcorder, enables
users to realize the compositional freedom afforded by accurate and quick autofocus on the
cameras Vari-angle Touch Screen monitor, and is compatible with 103* Canon EF lenses for nearly
limitless creative exibility including STM lenses which help ensure quiet operation during video
capture. Built-in Wi-Fi further enhances shooting and sharing capabilities.
See the Gome-Chonger |n oct|on ot uso.conon.comJgomechongero|
2013 Canon U.S.A., Inc. All rights reserved. Canon, 70D, and Dual Pixel CMOS AF are registered trademarks of Canon Inc. Image and effects simulated. *As of July 2, 2013.

Power Suit
Our Titan Arm exoskeleton
uses a motorized elbow joint
to increase someones weight-
lifting capacity by 40 pounds. When people
see it, they always jump to thinking about
Iron Man, but the idea is to give injured
patients strength and to assist with their
physical therapy.
The 18-pound suit goes on like a
backpack. A repurposed scuba backplate
holds the electronics and motor. Your arm
straps into aluminum and 3-Dprinted
plastic pieces that run from your shoulder to
wrist. The design distributes the lifted weight
to your back and promotes good form.
Were looking into using brainwaves or
muscle sensors to control the suit, but for
now, Titan has a wired joystick that a nurse
or patient could operate. A battery-powered
motor uses a cable transmission to pull and
push the elbow joint and can add resistance

I LLUSTRATI ON BY
TREVOR JOHNSTON
H E A D L I N E S / B L U E P R I N T
AS TOLD TO
FLORA LI CHTMAN
to help you build up your own muscles.
You can also engage a ratchet brake,
allowing you to hold something at a specic
angle. Joint sensors record the range of
motion and send it to a microcomputer on
your back, which can relay it via Wi-Fi so
that a doctor could remotely oversee the
progress of physical therapy.
Unlike most exoskeletons currently on
the market, our prototype is designed
specically for the upper body, and at
$1,500, it costs less than many other suits.
The name? We went with Titan after the
superpowerful Greek deities.
Nick McGill is an engineering graduate
student at the University of Pennsylvania.
He developed the suit with classmates
Elizabeth Beattie, Nick Parrotta, and
Nikolay Vladimirov.
Cardinal
90
Rabbit
60
Ball python
70
Emu
60
Human
20
Sheep
8
Galapagos tortoise
1,360
Elephant
7
Sperm whale
7
Fecundity is the number of ospring an organ-
ism can have in a lifetime. Here, species are
listed from left to right by adult body weight.
THE SCALE
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53
tons.
~2 ft.
START
64
5days.
FINISH
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The truck arrived at a
Long Island marina two
hours later, where an extra-
large crane transferred the
magnet to a barge.
At midnight on June 24, the
truck drove along the William
Floyd Parkway as a police
escort set up a rolling road
closure, shutting down
~5001 , 000 f eet
at a time.
15 MPH
Top speed
- wheel f l at bed t r uck.
The moving team built a
steel structure around the
magnet to help it remain at
during the trip.
In its
casing, the
magnet now
weighed
With rollers, rigging, and
jacks, they maneuvered it
onto a specially adapted
Tugboats Trident and Miss
Katie guided the barge,
and accelerometers mount-
ed on the magnet warned
the team in real time if it
was rocking too much.
JULY 26

/ ARRIVAL AT FERMI / 4:07
a.m.
Now the magnet sits in a staging area about a mile from
where it will ultimately reside in a new building currently under
construction. Over the next few months, physicists will inspect
the magnet for damage, although they wont know wheth-
er it will work until its hooked up to the rest of the equipment.
Lifted back onto its truck, the
magnet traveled over Illinois
highways for three nights.
Clearance per side on a
I-355 toll collection area
H E A D L I N E S / T I ME L I N E
STORY BY AMBER WI LLI AMS
How to ship a 17-ton
superconducting
magnet across the
country
T R A V E L A D V I S O R I E S
The magnet wouldnt t through tollbooths, so an all-highway
route wouldnt work. And if it fell from a helicopter through power
lines, it could cause a blackout. Waterways were the only option.
The journey began in June: few hurricanes, no frozen rivers.
Several trees along local
roads were removed to
accommodate the behe-
moth ahead of time. The
magnet took up all four
parkway lanes.
For the next three and a
half weeks, it traveled down
the East Coast, around
Florida, and through the Gulf
of Mexico.
Because of high
waves, the barge
harbored in
Chesapeake
Bay for
The barge traveled up the
Mississippi, Illinois, and
Des Plaines rivers. It didnt
encounter problems going
through lock systems and had
to stop only once because of
fog in Tennessee.
hysicists at Fermi National Accelerator Laborato-
ry in Illinois needed a superconducting magnet to
study muons, eeting subatomic particles. Thirty
million dollars for a new experimental setup was out
of the question, but they found a used one at Brookhaven National
Laboratory on Long Island. If Fermi scientists could move it, they
could have it. The magnet, however, couldnt be dismantled. And it
had to be shipped with the utmost care because a twist of even a
couple of millimeters could irreparably damage its internal wiring.
P
Width: 50 feet
Weight: 17 tons
Distance: 3,200 miles
Cost to move: $3 million
By the
Numbers
The magnet
sat in
Building 919
at Brookhaven
National Laboratory
on Long Island.

We create
chemistry
that makes
mosquitoes
love to stay
away.
www.wecreatechemistry.com
In villages where malaria is a lethal threat, we supply
Interceptor
* nets that stop mosquitoes and keep kids

safe. But the nets save more than kids lives. With the
dramatic decrease in infection, everyday activities like
playing or going to school are possible again. A healthier,
more educated population is a key to reducing poverty.
When mosquito nets help the community ourish,
its because at BASF, we create chemistry.
*INTERCEPTOR
IS NOT OFFERED FOR SALE IN ALL COUNTRIES. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW
ALL INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE. INTERCEPTOR

IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF BASF.

2 6
T H
ANNUAL BE S T OF WHAT S NE W
100 I NNOVATI ONS THAT WI LL
SHAPE THE FUTURE
Reporting by: Michael Berk, Rebecca Boyle, Berne Broudy, Elbert Chu,
Daniel Dumas, Nicole Dyer, Emily Gertz, Alan Henry, Pavithra S. Mohan, Matt Saord,
Harry Sawyers, Lawrence Ulrich, and the editors of POPULAR SCIENCE
DECEMBER 2013 / POPULAR SCI ENCE / 21 I LLUSTRATI ON BY GRAHAM MURDOCH

BE S T OF WHAT S NE W 2 0 1 3
HEALTH
22 / POPULAR SCI ENCE / DECEMBER 2013
H E A LT H
E N T E R T A I N ME N T
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
E N G I N E E R I N G
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
THE
BIONIC
EYE
SECOND SI GHT ARGUS I I
The Argus II does something once thought impossibleit gives sight to the blind. The
device is the rst FDA-approved articial retina. It consists of a miniature video camera
mounted on a pair of glasses that sends footage to a microprocessor worn on a persons
belt. The processor converts the visual data to electronic signals, which are transmitted
wirelessly to a 60-pixel electrode array implanted in the back of the eye. The optic nerve
picks up these signals and sends them to the brain, where they are interpreted as rudi-
mentary gray-scale images.
So far, the Argus has enough resolution for people to see the lines of a crosswalk, nd
objects, and readletters a couple of centimeters tall. The device is currently approved for
patients with retinitis pigmentosa, a group of degenerative diseases that aect two million
people worldwide. And trials are planned to test the treatment of macular de generation,
the most common cause of blindness in Americans over the age of 60.
S TAT S
Electrode array
resolution
6 x 10
Battery life per
charge 2.5 to 6
hours
Color Gray scale
P
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I LLUSTRATI ON BY DON FOLEY

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Smartphone
Breathalyzer
BACTRACK MOBI LE
Roughly the size of a box of
Tic Tacs, the BACtrack Mo-
bile connects to an iPhone
via Bluetooth to help people
monitor their blood alcohol
levels. The drinker breathes
into the device, which senses
booze the same way a police
breathalyzer does: A catalyst
breaks down the alcohol,
releasing electricity that the
BACtrack then measures.
Such data could help bar-
goers decide when to stop
drinkingor when to stay o
the road. $150
The Sedasys is the
rst computer-
assisted sedation
machine. It lets
non-anesthesiologist
doctors reduce the
risk of oversedation
by helping them give
the sedative propo-
fol and by monitor-
ing vitals (such as
blood oxygen and
pulse) for modifying
the dose as needed.
The Sedasys is
approved for routine
colonoscopy and
upper endoscopy.
AUTO
DRUG
DOSER
After about 40 percent of breast cancer lumpectomies, patients require
follow-up surgery. The MarginProbe is the rst tool doctors can use
during an operation to check whether the borders of a tumor theyve
cut out are cancerous (a sign they need to remove more). The device
bounces radio waves at the cells, distinguishing healthy tissue from bad.
In trials, the MarginProbe decreased second surgeries by 56 percent.
ETHI CON
ENDO
SURGERY
SEDASYS
CANCER DETECTOR
AMERI CAN STANDARD SATO
DUNE MEDI CAL DEVI CES MARGI NPROBE
Pit latrinesused by 1.8 billion peoplelet ying insects in,
which can spread diseases such as cholera. The SaTo is a
simple piece of plastic that, with some concrete, retrots
latrines so they close themselves o between uses. When
someone pours in water, a trapdoor snaps shut before all of
it ows through, sealing the edges to block bugs. $1.50
I ROBOT
AND I NTOUCH
HEALTH
RP- VITA
ROBOT
DOC
Physicians are in
short supply in
the U.S. RP-Vita
could help docs
see more patients
by reducing travel
time within and
between medical
complexes. Its the
rst doctor-patient
consultation bot that
self-navigates to a
chosen destination.
It avoids obstacles
such as gurneys
and IVs and is
equipped with two
cameras (to relay
responses such as
eye dilation) and a
stethoscope.
A SAFER TOILET
F
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Forty-eight percent of IV attempts end with
complications, such as puncturing a veins
far side. The AccuCath reduces that num-
ber. Once a needle is inserted, the medical
practitioner pushes a exible guide wire
out of it. As he slides the catheter over the
guide wire, the wires coiled tip acts as a
bumper to prevent the catheter from pok-
ing through the vein.
FOOLPROOF IV
VASCULAR PATHWAYS
ACCUCATH I V
CATHETER
PRO SPORTS
PROSTHETIC
BI ODAPT VERSA FOOT
The Versa Foot is designed for extreme
sports, such as snowmobiling. It has an
adjustable air-compression shock absorb-
er and a 28-degree range of motion (ver-
sus 5 to 10 degrees in other prosthetics)
that allows standing on the toes or squat-
ting with the heels planted. People can
use it with or without a shoe. $2,245
Foldable
Wheelchair
Wheels
MADDAK
MORPH WHEELS
Traveling with wheelchairs
can be tough. Even when
all folded up, theyre too
big to stow easily in a
small trunk or overhead
compartment, in large
part because of the
wheels. Maddaks Morph
Wheels are a standard
two feet tall, but jointed
rims and solid tires let
them fold into half that
height. $950
HEADACHE ERASER
Twenty-two percent of patients with cluster headacheone of the most excruciating ailments
knownsay they dont have a treatment that works. The ATI Neurostimulation System uses
six electrodes to stimulate the SPG nerve bundle behind the nose, killing pain signals. The
least invasive pain neuromodulator, the system has a jellybean-size power box implanted
beneath the cheekbone. The company is testing a similar version to treat migraines.
AUTONOMI C
TECHNOLOGI ES
ATI
NEUROSTI MULATI ON
SYSTEM
HE A LT H
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ENTERTAINMENT
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
A NEW
GAMING
STANDARD
Building a mobile device that can satisfy a hardcore gamer is a seemingly insurmount-
able task. Screens are too small, graphics processors too underpowered, touchscreen
controls too clunky. But the Shield is the rst mobile console that anyone can get behind.
Nvidia engineers built the clamshell device around the Tegra 4 mobile system-on-a-chip,
which features a 72-core GPU and a quad-core CPU that tops out at 1.9 gigahertz. The
architecture is so robust that the Shield can render detailed graphicssmoke, shadows,
textureseither on its ve-inch 720p screen or on any size HDTV over HDMI.
The device also has one of the largest game catalogs of any console. It can play any of
the tens of thousands of games in the Google Play store, about 100 of which are optimized
for the devices controller layout. And users can stream more than 1,950 PC games
through the Steam cloud-delivery service via a tether to an Nvidia-enabled PC. Also Nvidia
says it plans to one day stream games from the companys own servers over LTE. Hows
that for mobile power gaming?
S TAT S
Resolution 720p
Processor speed
1.9 gigahertz
GPU cores 72
Weight 1.3
pounds
Price $300
26 / POPULAR SCI ENCE / DECEMBER 2013
NVI DI A SHI ELD
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PHOTOGRAPH BY SAM KAPLAN P
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PIZZERIA & PRETZEL

Audio sounds best when each frequency reaches the eardrum at the
same time. The JH13 is the rst earphone pair to provide that level of
accuracy. Engineers at JH Audio alter the length and shape of the tubes
that extend from the drivers so that each signal arrives at the listeners
eardrum within 1/100th of a millisecondalmost simultaneously by
human perception. From $1,099
THE CLEAREST EARPHONES
JH AUDI O JH13 WITH FREQPHASE
S
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Real-Life Videogame
ANKI DRI VE
The Anki R/C cars are the rst toy racers that
interact as they would in a videogame. An iPhone app
constantly tracks each cars location and calculates
its most likely path around the loop. That data allows
racers to deploy virtual weapons (think blasters and
tractor beams) to get ahead. Each car also has a
memory, so the more a user plays with it, the faster
and deadlier it becomes. $199 (two cars and track)
Though most feature lms are now
projected in 4K, home viewers have to
watch them in lowly HD. Thats because
the compression, delivery, and display
of such large video les have yet to
be standardized. In September, the
HDMI Forum, an industry consortium,
announced a crucial step toward a
solution: HDMI 2.0. The specication
ups the bandwidth of wired connections
to 18 gigabits/second, enough to pipe
4K video to a compatible TV at up to 60
frames per second.
FASTEST
HOME-
THEATER
CONNECTOR
HDMI 2. 0
For all the splashy eects, 3-D lms
suer from a serious shortcoming.
Because the picture refreshes at 24
frames per second (the same rate as
2-D lms), our eyes can easily perceive
the ickering between frames. When
he began shooting The Hobbit trilogy in
2010, director Peter Jackson decided
to try something new and capture
the movies at 48fpsa format called
high frame-rate 3-D. The faster format
reduces annoying ickering eects and
creates more-realistic movement.
3-D THAT
DAZZLES
WI NGNUT FI LMS & PARK
ROAD POST PROD. HFR 3- D

The new Kinect is 10 times as accurate
as its predecessor. A high-def camera
and an infrared sensor capture a
bodys movementsright down to the
ngertipsin any light. Algorithms
interpret the data to map skeletal and
muscular movement, estimate heart
rate, and track emotions. Developers will
be able to use that data to code games
that play o a gamers every tick, blink,
or gasp. $499 (with Xbox One)
PRECISION
BODY
MAPPING
MI CROSOFT KI NECT
FOR XBOX ONE
Virtual reality is one of the white whales of the
technology industry. The Oculus Rift is the rst
headset to successfully immerse users in other
worldsbe it a fantastical land or the surface of the
moon. The key to the system is a sensor array that
tracks the pitch, yaw, and roll of a players head every
millisecond. The Rift refreshes the image it pulls from
a connected PC every two milliseconds, adjusting to
every movement. $300 (developer version)
CONVINCING
VIRTUAL REALITY
OCULUS VR OCULUS RI FT
THE
BEST TV
SET,
PERIOD
SAMSUNG
S9 SERI ES
OLED TV
Big-screen OLEDs
promise the best
picturefast refresh
rates, o-the-charts
contrast levels. But
you couldnt get
one, until now. The
S9 Series is the rst
big-screen OLED on
the market in the
U.S. The 55-incher
delivers all an OLED
should, with a
bonus. Curved glass
further immerses
the viewera
feature that will be
more important
as screen sizes
increase. $9,000
Most Bluetooth speakers claim a
range of 30 to 50 feeton a good
day. The DECK sextuples that
distance. Engineers modied the
speakers Bluetooth transmitter to
pull more power from the onboard
battery, which helps transmit the
signal up to 300 feet. $200
Long-Range
Wireless Speaker
SOL REPUBLI C DECK
THE
EASIEST
SYNC
GOOGLE
CHROME-
CAST
Chromecast frees
Web videos from
tiny device screens.
The dongle plugs
into a TVs HDMI
jack and connects
wirelessly with
a phone, tablet,
or PC. Within a
video app, such as
YouTube, users tap
the Cast icon.
The app relays the
source URL to the
dongle to stream to
the TV. $35 C
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E N T E R TA I N ME N T

SO LONG,
DEAR CONSOLE.
WE KNEW
YOU WELL.
orty-one years ago, Magnavox introduced the frst cartridge-based console, the Odys-
sey. Seven generations later, the boxes have become fxtures in our entertainment cen-
ters. Whats not to love? Consoles represent the pinnacle of electronic engineering (the
PlayStation 4s graphics processor, for example, can perform 1.8 trillion operations per
second). Yet despite that, its been a rough couple of years for console gaming. Sales
and rentals of disc-based games, like the ones that are core to the Xbox and PlaySta-
tion ecosystems, dropped by 21 percent last year. The console wont be far behind.
The issue isnt that gamers have suddenly stopped playing; theyre just getting their
games in diferent ways. Virtual shops, such as Steam, have made it easy to download
titles without relying on brick-and-mortar stores. (Digital downloads spiked 16 percent
in 2012.) And cloud services such as OnLive stream games directly over the Internet. As
a result, developers no longer need to choose between the Sony and Microsof ecosys-
tems or spend time coding titles for both platforms. Games can now be console agnostic.
Beyond that, what passes for a console is also changing. The Razer Edge Pro, a
Windows 8 tablet, can download and render console-quality titles, such as Dishonored
and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. The Nvidia Shield [page 28], an Android-based hand-
held, can stream PC games. Both devices have powerful enough graphics enginesthe
Shields chipset can handle nearly a trillion operations per secondto drive an image
on an HDTV over HDMI and do so with little sacrifce in quality.
In this democratized gaming world, where consumers have more places to get games
and more ways to play them, consoles cant compete. Right now, a couple of people
in a basement can release a game instantly in the Google Play store and make a solid
proft charging a few bucks per download. And it wont stop at small start-up vendors.
If tablets can play blockbuster games, big-name developers can cut themselves of from
Sony and Microsof too. Consoles are going the way of CD playersand for better or
worse, the eighth generation will likely be our last.
ESSAY BY COLI N LECHER
E N T E R TA I N ME N T
Y
sey. Seven gene
ters. Whats n
PlayStation 4s gr
second). Ye
Generation 1 Generation 3 Generation 5 Generation 2 Generation 4 Generation 6 Generation 7 Generation 8
8 G A ME C O N S O L E S F R O M 8 G E N E R AT I O N S
1. Magnavox Odyssey (1972) 2. Atari 2600 (1977) 3. Nintendo Entertainment System (1983) 4. Sega Genesis (1988)
5. Sony PlayStation (1994) 6. Microsoft Xbox (2001) 7. Nintendo Wii (2006) 8. Microsoft Xbox One (2013)

H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
SWAP
BITS LIKE
BULLETS
Gone are the days of dropping screwdriver bits into bottomless household voids. The
SD SemiAutomatic is an entirely new take on the cordless driver. Engineers developed a
magnetic mechanism that holds an array of bits at the ready, allowing users to swap from
Phillips to athead to hexand backin seconds. Pulling the top of the driver backward
reveals a six-chamber cylinder; yanking back farther engages a gear that rotates the cylin-
der counterclockwise and readies the next bit for duty. At 1.3 pounds and the size of a hot-
glue gun, the driver ts comfortably in a hand and tucks neatly into a kitchen drawer. The
SemiAutomatic comes with two cylinders loaded with 12 bits, including one for predrilling
even though the tools 27 pound-feet of torque can easily bore screws into wood without it.
S TAT S
Weight 1.3 pounds
Battery 4 volts
Speed 230 rpm
Torque 27 pound-feet
Price $50
WORX SD SEMI AUTOMATI C
CORDLESS DRI VER
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DECEMBER 2013 / POPULAR SCI ENCE / 33
HOME

How many electricians does it take to
install a smart lighting system? Zeroif its
the Hue. Homeowners just need to screw
in the multicolor LED bulbs, connect a
wireless hub to their router, and download
an app. They can control a network of up
to 50 bulbs from a smartphone or other
device. $200 (hub and three bulbs)
Wi-Fienabled Ne-
tatmo modules let
users generate and
share hyper-local
weather reports
online. Eventually,
Netatmo plans
to combine the
data into maps
that could put the
National Weather
Service to shame.
$180 (one indoor
and one outdoor
module)
LIGHTBULBS
WITH BRAINS
RAIN
CHECK
Most small circular saws
are too wimpy to cut a
two-by-four, so Rockwell
squeezed contractor-
grade gearing into a
handyman-friendly tool.
A parallel gearset helps
an ultra-thin 4.5-inch
blade plunge deep into
lumber without sacri-
cing any of the power
provided by a ve-amp
motor. $99
Small Saw,
Big Bite
ROCKWELL COMPACT CI RCULAR SAW
ROLL-
OUT
GARDEN
The reusable Urb-
Mat is an all-in-one
system that helps
prevent woes for
new gardeners. It
comes with built-in
tubing to irrigate
plants directly and
signicantly reduce
water waste. Thick
landscaping fabric,
meanwhile, helps
block weeds and
keeps plants
spaced for
optimum growth.
Pre-fertilized
seedballs come
in 23 varieties,
including carrots,
chard, spinach,
and herbs. $55
URBNEARTH
URBMAT
PHI LI PS HUE
NETATMO
PERSONAL
WEATHER
STATI ON
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When a battery-
powered tool runs
out of juice, users
typically have to
wait through the
recharge cycle
before they can
start work again.
The Ryobi hybrid
trimmer can run
corded in the mean-
time, a rst for yard
tools. Engineers
included circuitry
for both AC and
DC power in the
trimmers motor.
That exibility also
means users can
default to corded
power or just use
the battery when
they need a longer
reach. $119
TRIM
WHILE
YOU
CHARGE
RYOBI
HYBRI D
TRI MMER
Uncorking a bottle
of wine immediately
begins degrading
the vintages avor.
The Coravin lets a
user pour without
pulling the cork,
keeping the bever-
age fresh to enjoy
another day. The
systems hollow
needle plunges
through the cork,
and a canister pres-
surizes the bottle
with inert argon
gas. The pressure
lets wine pour
without introducing
oxygen. When the
needle is removed,
the cork reseals.
$299
NEVER
WASTE
WINE
AGAIN
CORAVI N
WI NE
ACCESS
SYSTEM
DYSON HARD DC56
Sweeping, mopping, and waiting for wood or linoleum oors to dry is a drag, so
Dyson invented the DC56 to get the job done in a swipe. Its 104,000rpm motor
generates enough suction to pull crumbs, dust, and hair into the cordless vacuums
cylindrical bin. Meanwhile, a disposable wet wipe soaks up stuck-on
grime. Users can swap the 4.86-pound devices mopping attach-
ment for two other tools to vacuum high-up or otherwise
hard-to-reach places. $330
Fastest Floor Cleaner
Detachable mower decks are the workhorses
of consumer tractors, yet they can be toilsome
to hook up. The AutoConnect system on John
Deeres X700 series tractors lets drivers ready a
mower in less than a minutewithout any tools.
The operator need only drive over the deck to
connect the tractors accessory driveshaft,
attach a brace in front, and pull a lever to raise
it into position. $10,500 (with mowing deck)
MOWING MADE SIMPLE
JOHN DEERE X700
SI GNATURE SERI ES TRACTORS
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HARDWARE
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
YOUR
OFFICE
AVATAR
S TAT S
Screen
17 inches
Battery life
8 hours
Speed Up to
3 mph
Price $16,000
At least 3.3 million people in the United
States work remotely. But no number of
phone calls, e-mails, or videoconferences
with colleagues will change the fact that
the person just isnt there. A handful of
companies are now attempting to ll that
physical void with telepresence robots,
but many of them are awkwardand
creepyhumanoid devices that make
co-workers focus more on the bot than
the person driving it. The Beam is a
remote presence device that proves a
robot could become a natural part of
the workplace. At ve foot two, its the
proper height for face-to-face interaction,
and its 17-inch LCD shows the user in
life size. Noise-canceling microphones
and a speaker system make conversa-
tion easy on both ends. Meanwhile, the
motor is nearly silent, so the Beam doesnt
sound like a weed whacker running loose
in the o ce. What better way to pull up
to a boardroom table from the beach?
SUI TABLE
TECHNOLOGI ES
BEAM
P
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S TAT S
Programmable
buttons 7
Laser sensor
8,200 DPI
Price $70
HA R D WA R E
To give gamers an edge, BMW
teamed up with PC accessories
maker Thermaltake to design a
mouse thats both fast and well
tted, so marathon sessions
remain comfortable. The palm
piece is adjustable by height and
tilt; it also oats up to 1.5 inches
above the single-piece aluminum
base, letting air circulate around
the hand to keep gamers cool.
An 8,200-DPI laser sensor
allows the quickest reaction
time possible.
SPEEDIEST
PRINTER
HP OFFI CEJET
PRO X576DW
At 70 pages per minute, the O cejet Pro
X576dw is the fastest desktop printer. HP
scrapped the traditional inkjet head, which
races back and forth across a page, for a
stationary head that uses 42,000 nozzles
at once to apply ink to the entire width of
a page. The method produces better qual-
ity photos and graphics at a lower cost
per page than a laser printer, formerly the
go-to for speed. $799
DATA
VAULT
I OSAFE N2
Considering the ex-
tent of government
surveillance, more
people may want
to take their online
data out of the
cloud. The N2 hard
drive is the safest
way to secure digital
assets at home.
Three nested layers
protect 8 terabytes
of storage. A sealed
case blocks water
up to 10 feet deep;
an inch of insulation
shields against high
temperatures; and a
steel shell prevents
external damage.
From $599
The Haswell is the most e cient and powerful computer chip
in the world: It gives laptops the performance of a PC with the
battery life of a smartphone. Intel engineers reduced energy-
wasting data redundancies between the processor and the
graphics processing unit. They also improved low-power-state
tasks, such as streaming music, among other tweaks. The
result is an up to 50 percent increase in battery life over the
previous generationthe largest gain in Intels history.
ALL-DAY
LAPTOP LIFE
FORMLABS
FORM 1
SHARPER
3-D
PRINTING
Up close, most 3-D
printed items have
rough surfaces, a
result of the typical
printer, which stacks
100-micro meter-
thick layers of melted
plastic. The Form 1
uses the technique
stereolitho graphy
instead. A laser
runs under liquid
resin, hardening
one 25-micro meter
layer at a time. The
products are the
smoothest, most
intricate of all con-
sumer desktop 3-D
printers. $3,299
I NTEL 4TH- GENERATI ON
CORE PROCESSORS ( HASWELL)
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Most Comfortable
Mouse
TT ESPORTS LEVEL 10 M GAMING MOUSE
Since Microsoft launched Windows 8 last year, computer makers
have released dozens of hybrid PCs that promise both the power
of a laptop and the portability of a tablet. The Helix is the rst con-
vertible to make good on that promise. Thanks to a unique hinge,
users can view the screen three ways: facing forward, backward, or
detached. From $1,499
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ENGINEERING
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
WORLDS
LARGEST
HIGH-
SPEED
LAN
Y
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Speed At least
10 Gbps
Scale 265
buildings
Size Half-inch
ber
Cost $15 million
When a national lab that supports research into nuclear weapons and national security
decides that its not happy with its download speeds, it doesnt call Xnity to complain.
It builds the largest ber-optic LAN on the planet, connecting 265 buildings and 13,000
network ports at speeds that rival the worlds best. The breakthrough isnt the system; its
the scale. Researchers at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility, way out on a remote
site at the edge of Albuquerque, New Mexico, can now push and pull data or movie trailers
faster than almost anyone on Earth.
Sandia replaced its conventional four-inch copper cable with a half-inch ber-optic one
thats capable of transferring voice, computer, and security data along a single line. The
network now tops 10 gigabytes per secondblazing fast, especially considering that all
13,000 ports crank at that speed; eventually, Sandia aims to have a 100-gig network.
Think of it as a miniature version of the Internet as it should be.
SANDI A NATI ONAL LABORATORI ES
FI BER- OPTI C NETWORK
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Since 1964, Alvin has made
more than 4,600 career dives
in pursuit of bombs, hydro-
thermal vents, and the wreck
of the Titanic. Now, engineers
at Woods Hole are lling
the iconic submersible with
21st-century technology. The
reborn Alvin will dive 1.2 miles
deeper (to four miles), haul
twice the scientic payload,
and carry new sensors
and instrumentation.
It will open nearly the
entire ocean to explo-
ration and research.
Born-Again
Submersible
U. S. NAVY/WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHI C I NSTI TUTE ALVI N
NEES @ UCSD LHPOST
Seismic tests usually involve either a scale simulation of an earthquake or a computer-generated one, neither of
which can fully replicate the kind of shaking a real tremor dishes out. When engineers want to test a new joint, a
connector, or a foundation piling against the violence of seismic activity, they can now plop the real thing onto UC
San Diegos Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table. The biggest in the country, it can subject a 400-ton
payload to 1.2 Gs, the high end of recorded seismic movement.
C
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A
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STRONG
BRICKS,
DIRT
CHEAP
Concrete-brick con-
struction is cheap in
the United States,
but in developing
nations, its often
an unaordable
luxury. Traditional
red-earth bricks,
meanwhile, disin-
tegrate over time.
The Vermeer uses
55,000 pounds of
pressure to make
compressed earth
blocks 20 to 30 per-
cent stronger than
U.S. cement-code
requires. It can
slam one out every
15 seconds using
dirt and a small
amount of cement.
VERMEER
BP714
GENSLER SHANGHAI TOWER
The 2,073-foot
Shanghai Tower, the
third-tallest in the
world, uses an
interlocking system
of columns and
trusses to soar with-
out a massive foot-
print. Amenities and
the worlds fastest
elevators, complete
with airplane-style
pressurization,
make it a vertical
city of its own.
CHINAS
TALLEST
STRUCTURE
AKER ARCTI CH AND ARCTECH NB 508
The NB 508, called Baltika, clears a wider path than any other
ship. The hull is asymmetric, and when thrusters turn it sideways,
its a massive knife, clearing a 160-foot-wide path through three
feet of ice. Built for the Russian Ministry of Transport, Baltika
is a rescue and oil-cleanup vessel, but it portends a new era of
high-volume shipping tra c across the frozen top of the world.
SIDEWAYS ICEBREAKER
HIGHEST,
FASTEST
LOOPING
COASTER
Visitors to Valen-
cia, Californias
Six Flags Magic
Mountain can now
subject themselves
to a world-record
160-foot vertical
loop, blistering 0 to
70 mph accelera-
tion, and weightless-
ness on the same
insane ride. The
dual magnetic-pulse
propulsion system
is similar to those
that throw jets o
aircraft carriers.
PREMI ER
RI DES
FULL
THROTTLE
LIFE-SIZE EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR

Trans-Arctic voyages currently depend on ice-breaking
vessels like the Baltika [facing page] to clear a path for
cargo ships. It wont be long, though, before those ships
travel unescorted during the summer, which scientists say
may be routinely ice-free as early as 2020. The area holds
vast economic potential: untapped oil reservoirs, rich mineral
deposits, and faster and cheaper trading routes. Extracting
resources will require new engineering solutions. In August,
the oil company Shell, for example, received approval for a
unique Arctic capping mechanism to contain spilled oil. The
extraction will also require new regulations, which the federal
government plans to have in place by the end of the year.
As exploration picks up, heres whats at stake:
Estimated barrels of
undiscovered, recoverable oil
north of the Arctic Circle
90
billion
FOURTY-FOUR
BILLION
Barrels of
recoverable liqueed
natural gas
Current percentage of the worlds
total shing catch in the Arctic
1 , 6 7 0
T R I L L I O N
Cubic feet of recoverable natural gas
Approximate
mileage saved
shipping through
the Northwest
Passage, rather
than the Suez
Canal
Days per year
the Northwest
Passage is
accessible to
fortied ships
today
VERSUS
Days per year
the Northwest
Passage will be
accessible by late
century
84 122
40
20
15
10
11
8
9
DECEMBER 2013 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE /43
Prospective deposits of rare-earth elements
% OF THE WORLDS MINERALS
150
palladium
diamonds
platinum
nickel
cobalt
zinc
tungsten
Percent of
the worlds
wood reserves
in the regions
boreal forests
10%
MILES
STORY BY AMBER WI LLI AMS
ADDI TI ONAL REPORTI NG BY KATE BAGGALEY AND MAC I RVI NE
THE ARCTIC
OPENS UP

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AUTO
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
DRIVING
TOWARD
AUTONOMY
Autonomous cars have many hurdles to clear before reaching consumers,
but theyre coming. Nissan and Mercedes-Benz have pledged to bring self-
driving cars to showrooms by 2020. This year, Nissans Inniti Q50 luxury
sedan debuted one of the biggest steps yet toward that goal: the rst consum-
er steer-by-wire system. Direct adaptive steering bypasses the mechanical
connection between the steering wheel and the wheels that meet the road.
Sensors measure how a driver turns the wheel and send that data through
an electronic controller to actuators, which, in turn, pivot the steering rack.
(For safety, two backup controllers provide redundancy.) Because theres
no physical link between the road and the steering wheel, drivers dont feel
jarring bumps or vibrations, but the system does electrically simulate natural
steering resistance. Computers vary steering ratio and power assist for easier
low-speed maneuvers and high-speed stability. And in the event of total power
loss, a clutch restores mechanical control to the driverthat is, until the
human driver becomes obsolete.
S TAT S
System
controllers 3
Price $37,605
(2014 Inniti
Q50)
MORE AUTO AWARD WI NNERS I NSI DE!
NI SSAN DI RECT
ADAPTI VE STEERI NG
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I NT RODUCI NG A CA ME RA
A S NI MBL E
A S Y OU A RE .
The powerfully portable Olympus OM-D E-M1 is one of the smallest and
lightest cameras in its class. You get all the features you want, such as an
ultra-large EVF, Dual FAST Autofocus System and dust, splash and freezeproof
technology, in a compact, lightweight body. So unlike a bulky DSLR, it can go
where you go. And since Micro Four Thirds lenses are smaller and lighter, yet still
fast and powerful enough to capture incredible images, you can tell amazing stories
from anywhere. www.getolympus.com/em1
Move into a New World

B E S T O F WH AT S N E W 2 01 3
Carbon-
Fiber
City Car
BMW I 3
Before the i3, cars with carbon-ber
chassis cost between $250,000 and $2
million. BMW has sped up its injection-
molding process, so factories turn out
carbon-ber parts in minutes, rather
than in hours or days. As a result, the
all-electric i3 costs just $42,275. With its
carbon-ber passenger cell, the i3 weighs
about 600 pounds less than the all-electric
Nissan Leafjust 2,700 pounds, including
a 450-pound battery that propels the
hatchback up to 125 miles on a
charge. An optional 650cc gas
engine and 2.4-gallon gas tank
add another 160 miles of
driving range.
The Mercedes-Benz S-Class combines some of the most
signicant advances in safety and autonomy on the
market today. A 360-degree sensing system integrates
onboard technologyincluding cameras, radar, sonar,
stability controls, throttle, and steeringso that the car
can automatically negotiate tra c and curving highways at
speeds of up to 124 mph. A night-vision system can spot
animals on the road from up to 500 feet away. And the
worlds rst camera-based suspension braces for bumps
before they arrive. $93,825
THE SMARTEST RIDE
KICK-BUTT DIESEL-
HYBRID RACER
This year for the rst time, a diesel-hybrid racer won the
grueling 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race: Audis R18
e-tron Quattro. Diesels greater fuel e ciency meant fewer
pit stops. Also, the car stores braking energy in a carbon-
ber ywheel and then sends 150 kilowatts of juice to the
front wheels via a pair of 75-kilowatt electric motors, which
provided extra acceleration out of every turn.
AUDI R18 E- TRON QUATTRO
MERCEDES- BENZ S- CLASS
S TAT S
Range 125 miles
Weight 2,700
pounds
Price $42,475

A TINY TURBO
With three cylinders and less than one
liter of displacement, Fords EcoBoost is
smaller than many motorcycle engines.
Yet it still produces 123 horsepower
and 148 pound-feet of torque. Direct
injection, variable-valve timing,
and a turbocharger that spins at a
lofty 248,000 rpm allow higher engine
pressures and more complete combustion,
which squeezes more energy from each
drop of fuel. As a result, the new EcoBoost
is even more powerful than the larger
engine its replacing: the 1.6-liter four-
cylinder in the Ford Fiesta hatchback. Fuel
consumption should improve to 41 mpg or
more on the highway. $17,500 (est.)
FORD 1. 0- LI TER ECOBOOST
THE NO-
COMPROMISE
DIESEL
MAZDA6 WI TH I - ELOOP
AND SKYACTI V- D
The Mazda6 sedan features two fuel-
saving rsts. The i-ELoop captures
braking energy in a capacitor, which
charges and discharges faster than
a battery and is lighter, cheaper, and
longer lasting. The capacitor powers the
cars electrical components, boosting
the gas engines e ciency to a best-
in-class 40mpg highway. The optional
Skyactiv-D engine is the rst modern
clean diesel in a Japanese car. With
diesel, the Mazda6 should top 45 mpg
in real-world driving. $27,000 (est.)

The Fastest Car
You Can Aord
CHEVROLET CORVETTE STI NGRAY
Developed by MIT students, Genshock is the rst active suspension system
that generates energy from bumps in the road. Each shock absorber houses a
compact electric motor, electronic control unit, and electrohydraulic gear pump.
When a car drives over a rough surface, the moving shock absorbers generate
electricity that helps power the cars electrical systems. Genshock, which is
still just a prototype, has another advantage: It can lift individual wheels o the
ground, allowing for jack-less tire changes. Price not set
DOUBLE-DUTY SHOCK
ABSORBERS
ZF & LEVANT POWER GENSHOCK
PORSCHE PANAMERA S
E- HYBRI D
A PLUG-
IN THAT
RESTORES
RANGE
The Panamera S E-Hybrid can fully
charge its lithium-ion battery while in
motionone of the rst plug-in vehicles
to do so. By diverting some engine
power, it recharges its 9.4-kilowatt-hour
battery in under an hour, restoring
all-electric range to 22 to 33 miles
at speeds of up to 83 mph. The
416-horsepower hybrid can race from 0
to 60 mph in 5.2 seconds and to a top
speed of 167 mph. $99,975
Speed tends to cost a lot. But the 190mph Corvette Stingray
matches the technology and performance of much pricier
sports cars, including $250,000-and-up Ferraris and
Lamborghinis, with a $51,995 sticker price. The cars chassis
is aluminum; the body panels, composite. A 460-horsepower
V8 engine pushes the Stingray to 60 mph in 3.8 seconds.
FAST, FLEXIBLE
CHARGING
Until now, electric cars that charged at
varying speeds required separate and
bulky onboard outlets. But the Spark
debuts a new plug standard that many
automakers are set to adopt. The three-
way combo plug, created by auto
engineering group SAE, puts household,
240-volt, or DC fast charging on the
same lightweight, higher-capacity plug.
The Spark is also the most e cient
electric car in America, with an EPA-
rated 119mpg equivalent.$19,185
CHEVROLET SPARK EV
A U T O
S TAT S
Top speed
190 mph
Fuel economy
Up to 30 mpg
Price $51,995
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AEROSPACE
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
THE EYES
OF THE
UNIVERSE
Aerospace innovations tend to be notable for a terrestri-
al accomplishment. Perhaps its a simple benchmark like
speed (see: X-51 Waverider). Or perhaps its the fulllment
of a maniacal desire to be personally rid of gravity (see:
Martin P12 Jetpack). But Gaia meets an almost spiritual
standard: It was built to crack open the universe.
Gaia is a launchable observatory, a two-ton satellite
mounted with the largest digital camera ever to reach
space. Its imaging system, which includes that billion-pixel
camera and two telescopes, is so powerful it will do much
more than chart the position of a billion starsit will map
where theyve been and where theyre going.
At press time, the European Space Agency was
scheduled to launch Gaia on November 20 from aboard a
Russian Soyuz rocket in French Guiana. By observing the
motion, brightness, temperature, and composition of one
billion stars 70 times each over the course of ve years,
Gaia will assemble a three-dimensional map of the galaxy.
That map should tell us which stars are the survivors of gal-
axies swallowed by our own, and by showing the universe
in aggregate, it may even be able to provide some clues as
to the distribution of dark matter. There are sleeker ying
thingsweve gathered them together for you herebut
Gaia is more powerful than them all.
S TAT S
Diameter
36 feet
Weight 2 tons
Target area
1 billion stars
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E
S
A
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY GAI A

Memory metal
titanium eyewear
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S TAT S
Passengers 6
Wingspan
27 feet
Length 60 feet
Speed 2,500 mph
Ceiling
361,000 feet
VI RGI N GALACTI C/SCALED COMPOSITES SPACESHI P TWO
To reach space, Sir Richard Bransons Space-
ship Two must eventually pass Mach 3.5.
This year, it exceeded Mach 1, making
it the rst commercial spacecraftan all-
carbon-composite one, no lessto do so.
Branson himself says hell be on the next test
ight in December. After that, you can go.
SUPERSONIC DRONE
BAE SYSTEMS TARANIS
Current military drones just sort of putt-putt along. The Predator
does a measly 135 miles per hour. The Reaper does only 300.
BAE gave its unmanned combat aircraft system a Rolls-Royce
Adour 951 engine, which pushes it into the o cial fast jet cate-
gory, likely faster than 700 miles per hour. That makes this drone
the equal of a ghter jet. Its capable of transcontinental travel
and aerial combat in addition to air-to-ground missions. Uh-oh.
SPACE ON
EARTH
NASA
CHAMBER A
NASAs vacuum
chamber, upgraded
to test the James
Webb Space Tele-
scope, can subject
anything within its
400,000 cubic feet
to the unyielding
and deadly condi-
tions of deep space
while maintaining
the scrubbed con-
ditions of a clean
room. Behind the
40-ton door, Cham-
ber A can reach 11
Kelvin, making it
the coldest place on
Earth.
STAR
SALVAGE
DARPA
PHOENI X
If one part of a
satellite dies, the
whole thing goes
dark. The Phoenix
robot harvests
abandoned but
functional antennas,
solar array, and oth-
er communications
gear from defunct
satellites, attaches
those components
to mini satellites it
carries with it, and
redeploys the com-
bination as a new
unit. Its the rst
salvage platform in
space.
MACH 5,
SUCKERS
BOEI NG/USAF
X- 51
WAVERI DER
On May 1, this 25-
foot, 4,000-pound
test bed for
future missiles
survived the longest
air-breathing hyper-
sonic ight: three
minutes at Mach
5. Its the rst true
ight of a scramjet,
a type of vehicle in
which supersonic
force pulls, burns,
and accelerates
oxygen without
any moving parts
(at these speeds,
theyd melt). F
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S
Launch Vehicle

A E R OS PAC E
In truth, ducted fans, not jets, propel Martin Aircrafts
creation, but who cares? Its the jetpack dream made
real. With computer-assisted ight controls, an auto-
throttle system, a carbon Kevlar roll cage, and a para-
chute (it can soar to 8,000 feet at 63 miles per hour),
the P12 is the rst personal-ight device that a sane
human might volunteer to y. And this year, a test pilot
stepped onto the frame, strapped on the harness, and
did just that.
PROX
DYNAMI CS
PD- 100
BLACK
HORNET
In a world of delicate,
experimental nano-
drones, the Black Hor-
net is the rst opera-
tional system deployed.
A hand-launched
observation drone,
it can resist gusting
winds, y for 25 min-
utes, and travel 3,281
feet from its operator.
The autopilot can follow
GPS coordinates to
conduct a preplanned
patrol or simply hover
and stare. All in a drone
that weighs less than
35 ounces.
Bulked up to haul up to 66 tons of cargo, this 400-foot craft can ascend
or descend repeatedly via a helium compressor. And its not for vineyard
tours or marriage proposalsthe idea is to carry large amounts of sup-
plies to and from any remote location. Theres no need for an airstrip:
the Aeroscraft can lower its payload without having to touch down.
HEAVY-DUTY AIRSHIP
AEROS AEROSCRAFT
Personal Flight
MARTIN AIRCRAFT COMPANY P12 JETPACK
Its only a matter of time before another coun-
try deploys drones against us. Armed with a
laser range nder, the Kratos system will re
directed energy weapons at drone sensors
to fry their electronics. Unlike ballistics, the
weapon strikes nearly instantly, costs less
than a dollar per shot, and doesnt run the
risk of stray bullets. After six years of develop-
ment, the Navy debuts the system in 2014.
DRONE KILLER
KRATOS DEFENSE &
SECURI TY SOLUTI ONS
LASER WEAPON SYSTEM
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MICRO
UAV

*Tot al s i ncl ude 20 act i ve sat el l i t es and 48 pi eces of debri s above 50, 000 km, whi ch are not pi ct ured. 56 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE / DECEMBER 2013
More than 100 million objects orbit our planet, experts estimate, but
only 1,134 of them are operational satellites. The rest is space junk:
moribund satellites, discarded rockets, and millions of smaller pieces
of debris, the result of in-orbit collisions. The Joint Space Operations
Centerpart of U.S. Strategic Commandtracks about 17,000 of the
largest objects, including active satellites. Until now, little has been done
to mitigate the space-junk problem, but two proposed missions could
change that. DARPAs Phoenix program [page 54] would launch incom-
plete nanosatellites into space that could make themselves whole by
harvesting working pieces from retired satellites. And CleanSpace One,
a Swiss satellite due to launch in 2018, would clear low Earth orbit by
directing debris into the atmosphere to burn up. K AT E BAGGAL E Y
Debris 11,435 Satellites 554
Satellites 87 Debris 1,879
Satellites 450 Debris 1,266
Debris 210 Satellites 23
High Earth orbit 37,50050,000 km
Geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km
Medium Earth orbit 2,00034,500 km
Low Earth orbit 02,000 km
I LLUSTRATI ON BY PI TCH I NTERACTI VE
Phoenix payloads
would target
functional but
hobbled satellites in
geosynchronous orbit.
All GPS satellites sit
in a 12-hour orbit
high enough to cross
the sky slowly but low
enough for signals to
remain strong.
CleanSpace One will
nudge debris in low
Earth orbit into the
planets atmosphere.
Hubble 560 km
International Space
Station 420 km
Active satellites 1,134* Pieces of debris 14,838
Communication
Imaging
Science
Navigation
Technology tests
Signals intelligence
Other
Weather
627
137
93
92
72
48
35
30
Types of satellites
U.S.
Russia
China
Luxembourg
Japan
445
115
110
92
50
Countries with most
active satellites
Russia and U.S.S.R.
U.S.
China
France
Japan
6,063
3,886
3,644
481
147
Countries with most
pieces of debris
Types of debris
1,709
2,449
10,680
Rocket body
Satellite
Other
LOW EARTH ORBIT Most space
activity happens at low altitude,
which is cheapest to reach.
MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT This
relatively empty zone is a sweet
spot for navigation satellites.
GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT
The 24-hour orbit fixes satellites
above one longitude on Earth.
HIGH EARTH ORBIT Satellites
here can monitor the solar wind
or large areas of the planet.
Altitude classification
Earth
S
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A E R OS PAC E
THE PROBLEM
OF SPACE JUNK

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X-RAY
EVERYWHERE
The MiniMAX is the worlds smallest,
most portable x-ray machine. Unlike its
predecessors, which are a couple of feet
wide and quite heavy, MiniMAX weighs
ve pounds. It can be whisked to acci-
dents, crime scenes, battleelds, airports,
sidelines, and any other place that could
benet from on-the-spot x-ray vision.
Inside, an x-ray source about the size of a
can of soda generates a beam as powerful
as stationary machines, and rather than
rely on a bulky transformer, it draws
power from a 9-volt battery. The secret to
the x-ray source is a blend of special poly-
mers that build up huge amounts of static
electricity when brought together and
discharge it when the surfaces separate.
This year, Los Alamos National Labora-
tory teamed with Leica, x-ray company
Tribogenics, and two others to develop a
handheld prototype.
S TAT S
Weight 5 pounds
Detector
Cesium bromide
Housing
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LOW-
COST
RECON
First responders
can toss the
baseball-size
Explorer into a
building or enclosed
space for a quick
snapshot of any
hazards. Sporting
six cameras with
wide-angle lenses,
it can take 360-
degree panoramic
images of its sur-
roundings and send
them to a cellphone
or tablet in less
than three seconds.
Bounce Imaging
strove to make the
Explorer aordable,
so it built the device
using o-the-shelf
parts. Future iter-
ations could have
swappable sensors
to detect carbon
monoxide, radia-
tion, or hydrogen
cyanide. Less than
$1,000
BOUNCE
I MAGI NG
EXPLORER
THE FIRST HAND-LAUNCHED
COMMERCIAL DRONE
AEROVI RONMENT PUMA AE
About the size of an adult golden eagle, the Puma AE aircraft
assembles in minutes and launches nearly as easily as a paper air-
plane. Upon takeo, a swivel cam drops from its cargo bay, giving the
operator a 360-degree view. The craft is also equipped with infrared
night vision and a laser illuminator to outline objects of interest. After a
mission, the Puma can then land in water, mud, sand, or moving
vehicles or even on a pile of rocks.
The militarys Enhanced Combat Helmet can deect rie shots
even at close range, yet it weighs the same as standard-issue
Kevlar ones. The new helmet is made from a mesh of ultra-high
molecular weight polyethylene bers. When woven and layered
together in a specic way, they form a featherweight bulletproof
material. The Marine Corps and Army started to distribute the
new helmet this year. The Navy will follow suit in 2015.
ENHANCED
COMBAT HELMET
Bullet-
Proof
Helmet
F
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M
T

MOST
AGILE
BIPED
Roboray, developed by the
University of Bristol and
Samsung, brings engineers a
step closer to a robotic SWAT
team. The 4.6-foot-tall biped
uses mapping software to help
it get its bearings, and a suite of
53 actuators provides unprec-
edented agility. Roboray can
3-Dmap its surroundings on the
y, enabling it to quickly navigate
through an environment and
around obstacles without GPS.
SAMSUNG ROBORAY
HIGH-
WIRE
SNOOP
UNI VERSITY OF
CALI FORNI A,
SAN DI EGO
SKYSWEEPER
Skysweeper inches
along live power
lines scouting for
bad splices, frays,
tangled branches,
and other trouble
spots. Developed
by engineers at
the University of
California at San
Diego, it will be the
most aordable and
versatile power-line
monitoring tool.
Production versions
of this will have
induction coils to
grab power from
the lines and cam-
eras and sensors to
beam information to
an inspection crew.
SECURE
HOME IN
A CINCH
CANARY
The Canary home
security system is
the rst that can
adapt to ones
daily habits. It in-
tegrates data from
a wide-angle HD
camera, infrared
motion sensor,
temperature and
humidity sensors,
and microphone
to distinguish an
intruder from your
excitable dog. The
whole thing packs
into a sleek shell the
size of a Morton salt
container. $199
S TAT S
Height 4.6 feet
Weight 110
pounds
Vision Head-
mounted stereo
camera
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COLORPHASE CAMOUFLAGE
Cabelas new ColorPhase Camouage gives hunters chameleonlike
powers. Depending on the ambient conditions, the dyes in the fabrics
foliage pattern will change colorsbecoming greener during the early
fall, when temperatures are above approximately 65
o
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in late fall and winter. The camo could also be valuable on the bat-
tleeld, reducing the number of fatigue variations needed to conceal
troops in dierent terrains. From $20
Roboray maps
its surround-
ings in real
time.
S E C U R I T Y
In 2012, ammonium nitrate fertilizer was used in about
65 percent of the 16,300 IEDs found in Afghanistan.
Engineer Kevin Fleming developed a fertilizer that uses
iron sulte in the mixture to suppress detonation. Sandia
chose to keep the forumula open-source so that it could
more quickly be adopted in developing countries.
BOOM BUSTER
SANDI A NATI ONAL LABORATORI ES
NON- DETONABLE FERTI LIZER

GADGETS
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
S TAT S
Apparent
screen size
25 inches
Weight 1.4
ounces
Price $1,500
(Explorer edition)
When the Google Glass concept debuted in June
2012, it became one of the most anticipated gadget
launches everrivaling the rst iPhone. For all intents
and purposes, Project Glass, as it was then called,
promised Terminator vision, a hovering overlay of
information as crisp as a 25-inch HDTV. Impossible as
it sounds, the product, which came out as a develop-
er version in April, goes beyond that pledge: Its like
wearing a piece of the future.
Glass is, in essence, a consumer head-up display.
Incoming calls, messages, and calendar alerts pop up
just above eye level. It also has a videocamera, turn-by-
turn navigation, voice search, Google Now, and partner
apps, including Twitter, Facebook, and The New York
Times. With such a basic set of features, it would be
easy to write Glass o as a novel accessory, but the
fact is that weve only just begun to tap into its poten-
tial. About 2,000 developers are working to broaden
its uses before the nal consumer version arrives next
year. Glasslike the PC and the smartphone before
itrepresents a new way to display and transmit infor-
mation. How well use it from here is anyones guess.
PHOTOGRAPH BY
SAM KAPLAN
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Winning Image!
by Nicholas Barnhart
This sunrise photo
was taken at Mount
Moran in Grand Teton
National Park, Wyoming,
overlooking the Oxbow
Bend of the Snake River.
Mount Moran is one of
my our favorite places to
visit and photograph in
the summer. My wife and
I visit the national parks
as often as possible and
always make it a point
to visit Grand Teton for
its majestic beauty.

MOTOROLA MOTO X
A single Hydrogen
Reactor cartridge carries
a weeks worth of smart-
phone powermore juice
than any other portable
source. When a user
inserts one of the 3-inch
cartridges into the
Reactor, a catalyst frees
electrons from hydro-
gen. The freed electrons
move into a circuit that
delivers power to gadgets
over USB. The remain-
ing hydrogen reacts with
oxygen to produce the
processs only byproduct:
water vapor.
Portable
Power
Station
BRUNTON
HYDROGEN REACTOR
You can ask your smartphones to do a lot
of thingsremind you to pick up the dry
cleaning, check for tra c on your commute
home. But with the Moto X, you dont have to
ask. The handset uses your preferences and
Google Now to learn your patterns and cater
to them. It may mute notications when you
dont need to see them or respond to text
messages while youre driving. The more you
use it, the better it gets. $200 (with two-
year contract)
A PHONE THAT
KNOWS YOU
CANON EOS 70D
Autofocus on most consumer D-SLRs isnt quick enough to
keep up with moving subjects. Canon engineers combined
the autofocus and image sensors on the EOS 70D to shorten
focus time. Each of the 20-million-plus pixels has two photodi-
odestypically theres only oneeach of which records light.
The design allows the sensor to quickly determine how the lens
needs to adjust to match up the diodes signals, which snaps
the subject into focus. $1,199 (body only)
THE SMARTEST
VIDEO AUTOFOCUS
S TAT S
Output 2 amps
Cartridge
capacity 8,500
mAh
Price $150
(includes two
cartridges)
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/ 67
No matter how much smartphone engi-
neers manage to shrink image sensors,
they havent found a good way to down-
size a quality lens, so images suer. The
QX100 is an entirely new approach to
the cameraphone. The f/1.8 Carl Zeiss
lens contains all the components of a
high-end point-and-shoota full-frame
20-megapixel image sensor, a shutter,
and an image processorand attaches
onto a smartphone, which serves as its
viewnder and memory. $500
A NEW TAKE
ON PHONE
PHOTOGRAPHY
SONY CYBER- SHOT
DSC- QX100
The Structure is the easiest way to digitize the world. The iPad-mountable 3-D scanner uses
diracted laser light to create a depth map, which it can merge with an image from the
tablets camera to create 3-D renderings of objects. Three apps currently work with the Struc-
tureone scans objects, one maps rooms, and one is an augmented-reality gamebut Oc-
cipital also released an SDK to developers, so they can make even more applications. $350
THE FIRST
MOBILE 3-D SCANNER
ONE-STEP
TIME LAPSE
BRI NNO TLC200 PRO
Creating a time-lapse video usually
involves a D-SLR and pricey image-
processing software. The TLC200 cam-
era is so simple that anyone can plop
it down and end up with a high-quality
time-lapse. The image sensor has
larger-than-normal 4.2-micron pixels,
so images are brighteven at night.
The camera takes up to ve images per
second for a day, and onboard software
stitches them into a 720p video. $300
EASY-READ SMARTWATCH
QUALCOMM TOQ
Amid a urry of text and e-mail alerts, designers tend
to forget something critical about smartwatches:
They still need to show the time. LCDs wash out in
the sunlight, and e-ink is blank in the dark. The Toqs
Mirasol display is the only full-color one thats always
visible. Each pixel is a tiny glass pane; as charge
moves through the screen, the pane moves to reect
dierent ambient light wavelengthsred, blue, or
greento the viewer. An LED provides the necessary
light when its dark. Price not set
OCCI PI TAL STRUCTURE SENSOR
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G A D G E T S

THE
INTERNET
OF YOU
hen people describe the Internet of Things, theyre referring to a network of Web-
enabled devices that speak to one another. In the home, that could mean a phone that
talks to a garage-door opener or a thermostat that talks to motion detectors. While
these smart devices might represent someones preferences (I want my lights to glow
blue), they dont necessarily represent needs (Im tired, Im hungry, Im drunk). For a
heater to know were cold or a vending machine to know that we need an apple and
not a bag of Funyuns, those devices need to talk directly to us. And for that to happen,
well need a wearable network of gadgets, an Internet of You.
Much of the groundwork is in place already. Inexpensive health and ftness monitors
are gaining in popularity. More than 100 million sensors were sold worldwide in 2012,
and that number will rise to more than half a billion within fve years, according to the
technology research frm ON World. Nike alone boasts 18 million users on its Nike+
network, which includes the FuelBand tracker and a sneaker line. And there are dozens
of other kinds of monitors out there, including bottles that record our water intake and
forks that warn us when were eating too fast.
Wearable screens are proliferating too. The Pebble smartwatch, which displays
e-mail and text notifcations, raised more than $10 million from backers on Kickstarter.
Samsung recently debuted the Galaxy Gear, a watch that runs on Android and there-
fore syncs easily with sensors and other accessories. (Apple even hired one of the key
engineers behind the Nike FuelBand, so an iOS smartwatch probably isnt far behind.)
And then theres Google Glass [page 62], which puts information just above eye level.
The combination of personal monitors and connected screens will form the
backbone of a new system. The next step is to take the user out of the loop and
connect our personal data to the world around us. In September, Nissan introduced
the NISMO smartwatch concept, which provides a glimpse of the possibilities. The
device uses biometric data, such as heart rate, to tell users whether theyre too tired
or too wiredto drive. One day, a cars internal computer could tap into that same
data. Given a drivers anxiousness, sleepiness, or drunkenness, the car could modify
its performanceor disable itself entirely. Rather than ask you to make data-based
decisions, your own personal Internet will make them for you; all you will have to do
is show up.
T H E R E S A T R A C K E R F O R T H AT
1. Measuring how quickly you eat 2. Recording the water you drink 3. Monitoring your meds 4. Checking the quality of your sleep
5. Quantifying your stress level 6. Counting your workout reps
h n people descr
enabled devices tha
talks to a garage-d
these smart de
blue), they d
heater to kn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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G A D G E T S
ESSAY BY CORI NNE I OZZI O

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SOFTWARE
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N NEW LIFE
FOR OLD
COMPUTERS
S TAT S
Setup time
1 hour
Max terminals
per server 50
By federal mandate, public schools in the
U.S. must administer standardized tests
digitally in the 201415 school year. But
less than 50 percent of those schools have
the hardware necessary to do so, and the
cost of purchasing and maintaining even
25 new PCs over their ve-year life span is
more than $70,000. New York start-up
Neverware has developed software that
could allow computers to last indenitely.
The setup is fairly simple. Neverware
connects a server, called a Juicebox, to
the schools network. The server then runs
a separate instance of Windows for any
workstation on the network. Because the
operating system and applications run on
the server, a computer with as little as 256
MB of RAM and a 10-year-old chipset will
perform like new. Maintenance takes less
time too: IT sta can upgrade an entire
bank of workstations at once through a
simple Web interface. So far, more than 50
public schools in New York are using the
Neverware systemsome on machines that
date back a decade or more.
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NEVERWARE JUI CEBOX
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MAPS
WAZE
For years Google has been the biggest
name in mapping, so its purchase of
Waze, another mapping company, bears
notice. Waze builds its maps in a new
way. Instead of relying on a small eet of
cars to plot roads, Waze collects driving
data from its 50 million users. The app
interprets tra c status based on how
quickly users are moving and aggregates
user-submitted reports of accidents,
speed traps, and inaccurate maps. Goo-
gle has already begun integrating Waze
tra c data into its maps. Free
Headphones have quirks that prevent
listeners from hearing music as artists
intended. Apple earbuds, for one, pro-
duce loud highs that block vocals. The
Media Player app corrects those aws.
When users select a pair of headphones,
the app skews the frequency response
to match a studio model. Next year, the
company will expand to TVs, sound bars,
and Bluetooth speakers. $0.99
And you thought the NSA was bad.
There can be thousands of trackers
monitoring your browsing. The Dis-
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2,000 of them. The software prevents
ad targeting and stops social networks
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extension frees up bandwidth, so pages
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ONE-STEP WEB
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THE SOCIAL-VIDEO
TIPPING POINT
Vine earned the title of top free download in the App Store in less than three months. Why
such a splash? Its the rst app to make mobile video uploading easy. Vines success is more
about simplicity than code; users record the quick six-second clips with one tap. Now, the
apps more than 40 million users post tons of videosincluding rsums, music videos, ads,
and comedy sketchesevery day. Free
TWITTER VI NE
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(
2
)
This fall, ToyTalk, a company
founded by Pixar alums,
released The Winston Show,
an app that allows kids to
chat with a virtual talk-
show host. ToyTalk created
Winston using an in-house
software suite called Pull-
String, the rst platform
for building interactive
characters. Develop-
ers can animate and
write dialogue within
the suite, and an
articial intelligence
engine builds a
personality.
STUDIO SOUND ANYWHERE
Winston guides kids
through a series of
activities, including a
free-form reside chat.
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RECREATION
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
SHOES FOR
A NEW ERA
Since the dawn of the mechanical age, theres been a tension between standardization,
which keeps costs low, and customization, which oers better quality at a higher price. For
the last 150 years, uniformity has, by and large, prevailed. But now, the pendulum is swing-
ing in the other direction, and New Balances 3-DPrinted Track Spikes epitomize that shift.
New Balance designs and fabricates each pair of shoes to meet the needs of its elite
athletes. The companys research lab collects each athletes biomechanical data, such as
peak force and foot strike, and pairs it with feedback from the athletes themselves to create
custom models of spike plates (the part of the sole that has spikes). A 3-D printer then
builds the spike plates layer by layer in plastic. While the shoes are now the bleeding edge
of innovationand therefore expensive and limitedwhat they represent is revolutionary:
a day when anyone can scan their feet and receive a custom pair of shoes in return. Its a
bold step toward a world of mass-customized everything.
S TAT S *
Weight 3.95
pounds
Production
time of spikes
2 hours
Number of
seams 1
NEW BALANCE 3- DPRI NTED TRACK SPI KES
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**Based on shoes produced for four-time All-American runner Jack Bolas

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S TAT S
Length 12 feet
Weight 26
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Size when
folded 33 by 29
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Price $1,095
The Five-Minute
Folding Kayak
ORU KAYAK
Foldable kayaks are like jigsaw puzzles: They take
a long time to assemble and provide lasting frustra-
tion. The Oru is the rst folding performance kayak
that can be assembled in less than ve minutes.
Users simply bend the plastic shell in an easy-
to-follow pattern; the boats two seams fold in on
themselves and lock by hand. There are no bolts
or screwsso none to loseand the kayak ts back
into a card-table-size case at days end.
Much to the lament of most hikers, beer is too heavy to
schlep into the backcountry. Pats beer concentrate solves
this problem adeptly. Instead of evaporating a nished beers
water, the company quadruple brews its concentrate, preserv-
ing the hops and other aromatics that impart avor. When
paired with seltzer (the company sells a $30 CO
2
bottle
that carbonates any potable water), a 1.7-ounce packet
makes a pint of refreshing pale ale. $9.95 for four packets
A PACKABLE BREW
PAT S BACKCOUNTRY
BEVERAGES PALE RAI L
ROBOT GUITAR TUNER
TRONI CAL TUNE
Automatic guitar tuners are expensive,
hard to install, and overly complex. Or at
least they used to be. The Tronical Tune
uses an o-the-shelf microprocessor,
custom algorithms, and six small motors
to create the rst aordable self-tuner. The
device can retrot onto almost any guitar
without drilling, soldering, or wiringand
once installed, it can tune a guitar in
about ve seconds. $329
THE CANT-MISS
HUNTING RIFLE
Becoming a skilled marksman can take years. Or hunters could just use a TrackingPoint
precision-guided rie. Once a user gets a bead on a target, the ries built-in ballistics com-
puter combines readings from a laser range nder, three gyroscopes and accelerometers,
and temperature and air pressure sensors to ne-tune the shot. The gun has a range of up
to 1,000 yards and comes with built in Wi-Fi and in-scope video capture, so hunters can
stream their exploits to a tablet or phone. From $22,500
TRACKI NGPOI NT
XACTSYSTEM
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By the gram, graphene
is the worlds strongest
material, but its commer-
cial applications have
remained few. Head is the
rst sporting goods com-
pany to integrate it into
a product. By reinforcing
the Speed Pro racquet
with graphene, Head
stiened the frame
without adding weight, so
players get more power
without sacricing control.
$225
SAFEST AVALANCHE PACK
BLACK DI AMOND HALO 28 JETFORCE PACK
The Halo 28 JetForce pack is shoulder-mounted peace of mind. Its the only avalanche pack
that can come to the rescue up to four times on a single charge. Once triggered, a fan inates a
large puncture-resistant balloon, increasing the size of a hiker or skier dramatically. The larger an
object, the greater the chance it will rise to the top of a slide. Because hikers or skiers can deate
and repack the balloon, they wont hesitate to activate it, which makes for safer behavior.
The Most
Balanced
Racquet
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AN INDESTRUCTIBLE TENT POLE
EASTON SYCLONE
Mountaineering is an unpredictable endeavor. Storms, high winds, and human clum-
siness can bend or break tent poles, stranding hikers without shelter. Easton Syclone
poles, made from an aerospace-grade S-glass composite, are 80 percent less likely to
fail than aluminum ones. They can also bend farther than carbon-ber poles while still
returning to form. $299, sold with tent
HEAD YOUTEK GRAPHENE SPEED PRO
R E C R E AT I ON

GREEN
The chicken egg is a culinary powerhouse. In one tidy package, it contains more than
20 essential functions for cooking, such as the ability to bind and leaven foods and give
them a satisfying mouthfeel. But the egg has a downside. Industrial chicken farming is
tremendously energy intensive and polluting, and poultry can spread avian u. Hampton
Creek Foods has engineered a safer, cleaner alternative: the plant-based egg.
The companys formula of plant compounds accurately reproduces egg-like qualities in
baked goods at a cost thats 18 percent cheaper for food manufacturers. By appealing to
industrys bottom line and not its environmental ethic, Hampton Creek could quickly make
food production more sustainable. Vegans will benet from the quest to replace eggs with
plants too. (They can buy the companys rst consumer product, Just Mayo, at select
Whole Foods.) Next up: cookie dough that everyone can eatraw.
S TAT S
Eggs produced
annually 1.18
trillion
Plants screened
for egg-like
function 1,550
Plants identifed
11
H E A LT H
H O ME
H A R D WA R E
A U T O
A E R O S PA C E
S E C U R I T Y
G A D G E T S
S O F T WA R E
R E C R E AT I O N
G R E E N
HAMPTON CREEK FOODS BEYOND EGGS
NO HARM,
NO FOWL

Ecovative makes its
Mushroom Insulation by
fusing fungal mycelium
with corn stalks. The
resultant material has the
upsides of foam board
insulationan R-value
of 3.8, Class-A re
rating, and competitive
pricebut none of the
petrochemicals, VOCs,
or re retardants. Upon
demolition, it can simply
be composted. $0.25
per board foot
Natural
Buer
UNDERWATER
TURBINE
The TidGen Power System takes advantage
of one of natures most consistent energy
sources: the tide. It sits on the oor of a bay
or deep river, where water rotates foils that
drive a permanent magnet generator, sending
roughly 150 kilowatts of electricity to shore.
The rst TidGen unit, installed o the coast
of Maine last year, was the rst ocean-energy
project of any kind to connect to the U.S.
grid. An environmental assessment released
in March showed no adverse impact to the
marine ecosystem.
Amsterdam-based Fairphone engineered its device
to have a clean start and a long afterlife. The phone
is assembled using conict-free metals and fair labor
practices, and it ships unlocked, with replaceable
parts and open-source Android OS. It also has 16 GB
of memory, 8-megapixel cameras, and a quad-core
CPU. Fairphone currently ships only to Europe, but
its working on U.S. distribution for next year. $440
ECOVATI VE
MUSHROOM I NSULATI ON
FAIRPHONE
ORPC TIDGEN POWER SYSTEM
FAIL-SAFE
LAMP
By taking advantage of an immutable force,
the GravityLight may be the most reliable
electric light source of all. A person simply lifts
a 22-pound bag of ballast up to the base of
the device; the weight falls over a period of 30
minutes, pulling a strap that spins gears and
drives a motor, which continuously powers
an LED. Peripheral LEDs can be attached
to focus light on certain spots. DeciWatt is
eld-testing units to replace kerosene lamps
in developing countries and plans to sell them
there for $10 next year.
DECIWATT GRAVITYLI GHT
With its so-called brilliant turbine, GE has
cleared two of wind powers biggest hurdles:
energy storage and predictable power. An
integrated battery enables the 2,500-kilowatt
turbine to store extra electricity during strong
gusts, smoothing the supply sent to the grid.
Advanced software enables a turbine to share
wind data with other turbines to maximize
production on the farm. GE will install the rst
three units at the Goldthwaite Wind Project
facility in Texas early next year.
NETWORKED
WIND
GE 2.5- 120 TURBINE
A SOUNDER
SMARTPHONE
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HOW 2.0
HEAT SEEKER
An infrared camera
in the rovers chest
helps visitors detect
hidden hot rocks.
The twin masthead
cameras, however,
are just for looks.
A requirement
of all our robots
is personality and
eyes, Camille says.
hen Camille Beatty
was 10 years old, she
dismantled a TV remote
and handed the parts to her surprised
father, Robert. Next came a string of
questions about the circuitry. I got
to a point in my life where electronics
seemed magical, but I knew they
werent, says Camille, now 13. So I
started opening some up. I wanted to
know what was inside and how they
worked. Robert hadnt a clue, so
he, Camille, and his other daughter,
Genevieve, now 11, searched the
Web to find out. The family used their
newfound knowledge to build their
first robot only weeks later.
Today, the Beattys garage in
Asheville, North Carolina, is a veri-
table bot factory. Weve built robots
that crawl, robots that fly, robots
that shoot BBs, and robots that can
autonomously move around the
house, says Camille, who handles
machining and mechanical assembly
while Genevieve does the soldering
and wiring. One of their projects has
even made it into the New York Hall
of Science, where nearly 500,000
annual visitors can see it and drive it
around a faux Martian landscape.
The familys museum collaboration
began with a robot they named Spirit
II, a 500-part, six-wheeled, remotely
operated machine built in the likeness
of NASAs solar-powered Spirit rover.
A 3-Dprinted punch-card computer PAGE 84
E D I T E D B Y D A V E MO S H E R D E C E MB E R 2 0 1 3 H 2 0 @P O P S C I . C O M
P O P S C I . C O M @P O P S C I
WARNI NG
We review all our projects
before publishing them, but
ultimately your safety is your
responsibility. Always wear
protective gear, take proper
safety precautions, and follow
all laws and regulations.
PLUS
:

Build wireless
holiday lights
with pennies
PAGE 91
YOU BUI LT WHAT?!
Mini Mars Rover
A museum-quality robot built by a family of tinkerers
STORY BY DAVE MOSHER
W
PHOTOS BY MATTHEW SALACUSE
CONTI NUED ON PAGE 82

H2
Valentine Research, Inc.
Department No. YGD3
10280 Alliance Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45242
Ph 513-984-8900
Fx 513-984-8976
Android

or Apple
at valentine1.com/touchscreen
Arrow out of the Box: No radar (except photo) can
be outside the Box and still comply with FCC rules.
Arrow in the Box: means a threat in the Zone of
Certied Radar Activity.
Wheres the radar? Its in the Box.
Looking for long-range radar detection?
Pure range is the Valentines domain.
Autoweek
Now V1 comes to a touchscreen near you.
What youll see: a new,
graphic, way of analyzing
radar threats. We call it
the Threat Picture. Our
exclusive Arrow-in-the-Box
concept helps spot radar
amid false alarms. All bands
side-by-side on one screen
easily reveals Double-Zap
traps. Enables advanced
programming, too.
U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP,
MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION
(Required by 39 USC 3685)
1. Publication Title: Popular Science; 2. Publication No.
0161-7370; 3. Filing Date: 10/1/13; 4. Issue Frequency:
Monthly; 5. No. of Issues Published Annually: 12; 6. Annual
Subscription Price: $19.95; 7. Complete Mailing Address of
Known Ofce of Publication: Bonnier Corporation, 2 Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10016; 8. Complete Mailing Address
of Headquarters or General Business Ofce of Publisher:
Bonnier Corporation, 2 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016; 9.
Full Names and Complete Mailing Addresses of Publisher,
Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher: Gregory Gatto,
Bonnier Corporation, 2 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016;
Editor: Jacob Ward, Bonnier Corporation, 2 Park Avenue,
New York, NY 10016; Managing Editor: Jill Shomer, 2 Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10016. 10. Owner: Bonnier
Corporation, 460 N. Orlando Ave., Suite 200, Winter Park,
Orange County, Florida 32789; 11. Known Bondholders,
Mortgagees, and Other Securities: None; 12. Tax Status (for
completion by nonproft organizations authorized to mail at
nonproft rates): Has Not Changed During Preceding 12
Months; 13. Publication Title: Popular Science; 14. Issue Date
for Circulation Data Below: September 2013; 15a. Total
Number of Copies: 1,412,822 (September 2013: 1,387,539);
b. Paid Circulation: (1) Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscrip-
tions Stated on PS Form 3541: 1,129,424 (September 2013:
1,136,708); (3) Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including
Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter
Sales, and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS: 74,791
(September 2013: 79,775), c. Total Paid Distribution:
1,204,215 (September 2013: 1,216,483) d. Free or Nominal
Rate Distribution: (1) Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County
Copies Included on PS Form 3541: 19,598 (September 2013:
4,943); (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 15
(September 2013: 0); e. Total Free or Nominal Rate
Distribution: 19,613 (September 2013: 4,943); f. Total
Distribution: 1,223,828 (September 2013: 1,221,426); g.
Copies not Distributed: 188,995 (September 2013: 166,113);
h. Total: 1,412,823 (September 2013: 1,387,539); i. Percent
Paid: 98.40% (September 2013: 99.60%). PS FORM 3526-R: a:
Requested and Paid Electronic Copies: 98,132, (Sep. 2013:
96,855); b. total Requested and Paid Print copies & Paid
Electronic copies: 1,302,347, (Sep. 2013: 1,313,337); c. Total
Print Distribution & Paid Electronic copies: 1,321,960, (Sep.
2013: 1,318,280); d. Percent Paid and/or Requested
Circulation: 98.52%, (Sep. 2013: 99.63%).
H2
They re-created the rovers complex
rocker-bogie suspension system,
which can clear tall obstacles, and
studied patents to replicate the
unique gearing that turns Spirit in
place 360 degrees. Samuel Litt, the
museums director of information
technology, was looking to replace
a three-wheeled mousebot in a
Mars exhibit when he stumbled upon
photos of Spirit II on the Beattys
workshop blog. It looked like some
really impressive technology, Litt
says. Meanwhile, our old robot just
crept along and didnt even look like
anything youd put in space.
At Litts request, the Beattys
agreed to build anotherthis time
with a few modifications. The
museum wanted a durable bot that
could last nine hours on one charge.
It also needed to display infrared
video revealing a heated rock (a crude
but effective simulation of discovering
water-containing Martian minerals,
which reflect infrared). To fit comfort-
ably within the exhibits 250-square-
foot enclosure, the girls and their dad
also designed the new version to be
about a third smaller than Spirit II.
The Beattys installed eight range-
finding sonar sensors on the wheels
to prevent anyone from driving the
robot into a wall. They also added a
green laser to show the location being
measured by a temperature sensor. In
June, the Beattys donated the robot to
the museum, which named it Camille.
The family also built and donated
a second unit, called Genevieve,
with streamlined electronics and an
upgraded camera.
Since the robots debut, project
requests have poured into the
Beattys home from around the
world. These days, the family is
handcrafting a half-dozen likenesses
of space robots, including Russias
Lunokhod moon rover, for a museum
in Prague. Its sometimes irritating
when the girls have to do homework,
Robert says. Id rather be building
robots with them.
82 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE
CONTI NUED FROM PAGE 81

HOW I T WORKS
WI RELESS
TELEGRAPH
Hand tools werent cutting it for high-quality robots,
so the Beattys built a computer-guided milling
machine. A water-cooled spindle turns at 24,000 rpm,
while a three-axis gantry system moves the spindle to
carve out metal, plastic, and other materials.
TIME 2 weeks
COST $200
T WO MO R E B E AT T Y B U I L D S
CUSTOM CNC MI LL
When Camille and Genevieve started
tapping out messages in Morse code,
their dad came up with a quieter
idea: a 21st-century telegraph. They
wired two antique telegraph keys to an
Arduino Nano microcontroller, a UHF
radio, and a speaker. The devices can
communicate up to a mile away.
TIME 1 year
COST $2,000
FACTORY REPLACEMENT
MILLION MILE AIR FILTERS
Stop Wasting Your
Money Throwing Away
Disposable Air Filters
K&N
Air Filters are also designed to

increase horsepower. They are made
from layers of woven cotton instead
of paper, which allows your car to
breathe easier - and you can take that
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Make Your Move
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you only have to buy once.
2013 K&N Engineering, Inc.
KNFILTERS.COM/PS
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Find yours today at
POWER
A rechargeable 7.4V lithium-ion battery with an electric
power capacity of 10,000 mAh stores enough energy
for a full day of nonstop rovingand then some. The
solar panels are real but dont function well indoors.
MOBILITY
A rocker-bogie suspension enables the rovers wheels
to clear obstacles taller than a foot. Servomotors allow
each wheel to move independently and turn the robot
360 degrees in place.
COMMUNICATION
A UHF radio chip inside the rover lets museum visitors
steer it wirelessly. Staff can also drive the robot
using a radio remote control that Camille (left) and
Genevieve (right) once built for a BB-shooting tank bot.
H O W 2 . 0 / Y O U B U I LT WH AT ? !
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PHOTOGRAPH BY DAN BRACAGLI A
Get instructions
and 3-Dprinting
les for Fentons
computer at
popsci.com/
turboentabulator.
Planned
Obsolescence
hen the hackerspace NYC
Resistor hosted a digital
archaeology interactive
show last spring, electrical engineer Chris
Fenton built a throwback computer using
modern technology. Fenton works with
supercomputers all day but wanted to slow
things down, so he designed the Turbo
Entabulator. The 3-Dprinted hand-cranked
calculator relies on punch cards, string,
and rubber bands to execute functions.
One minute of turning produces part of
the Fibonacci sequence, a numerical
pattern that appears in nature. The plastic
machine may be inefficient, but its a
computer nonetheless and uses parts
analogous to those in modern devices.
What a 3-Dprinted mechanical computer
can teach us about modern machines
SOFTWARE: A drum of four punch
cards works like a program. Three of the
cards engage a set of levers that, in turn,
pull strings that increase or decrease the
numbers on the counters. The cards are
tied together with loops of embroidery
oss to run continuously.
MEMORY: Similar to RAM, three counter
wheels store numbers generated by the
punch-card software. Each pull of a lever
steps a counter either up or down. When
the right counter hits zero, a fourth card
advances and a bell rings as the next
Fibonacci-sequence number appears.
PROCESSING: A hand crank acts like
a modern CPU. It reads the punch-card
instructions for which levers to pull,
executes them by pulling those levers,
and stores the results in memory via the
strings that turn each counter. The faster
its cranked, the quicker it computes.
A
TIME 50 hours
COST $100
B C
STORY BY SARAH JACOBY
H O W 2 . 0 / D I Y E V O L U T I O N
A
C
B

O
ver the years, digital
electronic technology
has made the way we
live easier, safer and more
convenient. In many cases, its
even made many products more
affordable (remember how
much the first VCRs used to
cost?). Unfortunately, the cost of
many digital products, including
the hearing aid never seemed to
come down. Now, a new option
has been invented its called
Perfect Choice HD.
Perfect Choice HD is NOT a
hearing aid. It is a Personal
Sound Amplification Product
(PSAP). Hearing aids can only
be sold by an audiologist.
Once the audiologist had
you tested and fitted, you would
have to pay as much as $5000 for
the product.
Now, thanks to the efforts of the
doctor who leads a renowned
hearing institute, there is Perfect
Choice HD. Its designed to
accurately amplify sounds and
deliver them to your ear. Because
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have it on. Its comfortable
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Try it for yourself with our
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The invention of the year
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Perfect Choice HD is not a hearing aid.
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Lightweight / Inconspicuous
Sound Quality
Test and Fitting Required
Free Batteries for Life
One-on-One Personal Set Up
Friendly Return Policy

LIMIT 5 - Good at our stores or HarborFreight.com or by calling 800-423-2567. Cannot be used with other discount
or coupon or prior purchases after 30 days from original purchase with original receipt. Offer good while supplies last.
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ON ALL HAND TOOLS!
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wa wIII 8aaI kny 6ompaIIIor's FrIra
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VALUE

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"Impressed with the Quality, Covers your
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H2
ELCANO
Self-driving trikes
REACH FOR THE STARS
Student experiments own to 100,000 feet
EARNED $6,045
GOAL $5,000
120.9% FUNDED
A living light source
EARNED $3,020
GOAL $15,000
20.1% FUNDED
Pilot Paul Kaup enjoyed mentoring fth-grade
students but felt he could do more to stoke their
interest in science, technology, engineering, and
math. I realized space balloons were the perfect
way to put it all together, he says. Kaup helped
a few schools in Illinois launch kids experiments
into the upper atmosphere using weather balloons.
The kids couldnt get enough, so he and a fellow
pilot turned to #CrowdGrant for help. The money
they earned will support 15 to 21 launchesamong
other projectsnext year.
Students at the University
of Wisconsin in Madison
are designing a colony of
glowing, self-sustaining
bacteria. The goal: Make
a bioluminescent lighting
kit that shows the promise
of genetic engineering.
A small team of engineers
in Washington state has
created an autonomous
tricycle called Elcano. By
years end, they hope to
make kits for hobbyists to
build their own road-worthy
self-driving trikes.
H O W 2 . 0 / T H E ME B U I L D I N G
STORY BY DAVE MOSHER
BIOBULB
Crowdfunded
Creations
This summer, we asked readers
to submit their best project ideas
for a shot at crowdfunding through
RocketHub.com. Hundreds vied for
the chance to make their dreams a
reality, and by the end of the POPULAR
SCIENCE #CrowdGrant Challenge, two
dozen finalists had raised a total of
more than $50,000. Here are a few
of our favorite projects.
Hits from the
POPULAR SCIENCE
#CrowdGrant Challenge
EARNED $2,724
GOAL $3,500
77.8% FUNDED
C
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Consumer: Redeemable at retail locations only. Not valid for online or mail-order purchases. Retailer:
Irwin Naturals will reimburse you for the face value plus 8 (cents) handling provided it is redeemed by
a consumer at the time of purchase on the brand specied. Coupons not properly redeemed will be void
and held. Reproduction by any party by any means is expressly prohibited. Any other use constitutes
fraud. Irwin Naturals reserves the right to deny reimbursement (due to misredemption activity) and/
or request proof of purchase for coupon(s) submitted. Mail to: CMS Dept. 10363, Irwin Naturals, 1 Faw-
cett Drive, Del Rio, TX 78840. Cash value: .001 (cents). Void where taxed or restricted. ONE COUPON PER
PURCHASE. Not valid for mail order/websites. Retail only.
EXPIRES 01/ 31/14 MANUFACTURERS COUPON
SAVE $3
Available for purchase with coupon in fne stores
everywhere or online at:
www.appliednutrition.com
Enter Coupon Code:
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LIBIDO-MAX for MEN
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Works For You...
OR YOUR
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BACK!

2013 by MacNeil IP LLC

Proudly Designed,
Engineered,
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in the USA
800.441.6287
WeatherTech.com
Automotive Accessories
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our-year-old Ewan Gibson
loves toy cars. His dad, Grant, a
Scottish Web developer, prefers
electronics. Hoping to nd common ground
and inspired by Apples new nger-scanning
iPhoneGrant built a biometric lockbox for his
sons cars. He installed a sensor that scans
ngers in the lid of the toy box. The data is sent
to an Arduino microcontroller, which, when it
recognizes one of Ewans prints, unlocks the
lid. Although Ewan is more interested in the
cars than the box, it does fascinate him: As
he says, his ngers are magic.
H2
F
All E-Classic outdoor wood furnace models adapt easily to new or existing heating systems.
Its important that your outdoor furnace and system be properly sized and installed. See your
local dealer for more information. 2013 Central Boiler ad6533
Visit CentralBoiler.com or call (800) 248-4681 for the dealer nearest you.
facebook.com/CentralBoiler
If you choose to heat with wood, you know the value of having a readily-
available heat source right in your back yard. You also know how much
money you can save by heating with wood. At Central Boiler, we believe the
same things you do. Heating an entire home, shop and more with an E-Classic
outdoor wood furnace makes good sense to a lot of people who choose to live
in a rural settings. And if you choose to heat with wood, an E-Classic improves
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and time-consuming chore of tending a traditional wood stove.
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E-Classic Outdoor Wood Furnace
P R O J E C T O F T H E MO N T H / H O W 2 . 0
A kids fngerprint
is the only way in
Biometric
Toy Box
STORY BY MAC I RVI NE
TIME 3 days
COST $100
C
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G
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I NSTRUCTIONS
kip the tangled strings of holiday lights this
year and go wireless using a few copper-
coated cents. U.S. pennies minted since
1982 conceal a zinc core. If exposed to acid, the zinc
dissolves and frees electrons for use in a circuit. The battery
will run until the liquid dries up or the chemical reaction
dies. DIY enthusiast Grant Thompson recently made a
10-penny battery that powered a small light for nearly two
weeks. See how far you can stretch your money.
1. Fold a piece
of duct tape into
a sticky square,
attach it to a table,
and a x a penny.
Sand one side until
the zinc is fully
exposed. Repeat for
all but one penny.
2. Cut discs of
cardboardone
for each penny
slightly smaller
than the coin. Soak
the cardboard in
fresh lemon juice
(vinegar is less
acidic but works).
3. Lay a sanded
penny copper side
down on a table
and add a damp
cardboard disc on
top. Repeat until
you have a stack of
at least ve pennies
and four discs.
4. End the
stack with the
intact penny.
Wind electrical
tape around the
cylinder; the more
airtight the seal,
the longer the
battery will last.
5. Tape the LEDs
short end to the
intact penny
(negative terminal)
and its long end to
the sanded penny
(positive terminal).
The LED should
light up.
H2
C H E A P T R I C K S / H O W 2 . 0
MATERI ALS
1. 1 lemon
2. One 3mm LED
3. 150-grit
aluminum oxide
sandpaper
4. Electrical tape
5. Duct tape
6. 5 to 10 pennies
7. Cardboard
6. Repeat steps
1 through 5 for
additional self-
powered holiday
cheer.
2013 Rosetta Stone Ltd. All rights reserved. Free 2-Day shipping for products shipped within the
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STORY BY KATE BAGGALEY

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only major single malt to use a
second maturation in Caribbean
rum casks for a richer avor.
The result is an elegantly balanced
single malt which offers the
ultimate whisky lovers indulgence.
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Galpagos is a life-list
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NYIP provides affordable,
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over the world. Visit
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FYI
L ONG ANS WE R
S HOR T ANS WE R If youre a mammal, no.
A N S WE R S B Y
DA NI E L E NG B E R
D E C E MB E R 2 0 1 3
P O P S C I . C O M
Virgin birth, known to scientists as parthe-
nogenesis, appears to be rather common in
the animal kingdom. Many insects and other
invertebrates are capable of switching
between sexual and clonal reproduction.
Among the vertebrates, virgin births have
been documented in at least 80 taxonomic
groups, including sh, amphibians, and rep-
tiles. But humans and our fellow mammals
provide a notable exception. So far as anyone
can sayand there are a few gaps in the data,
notably the platypusno mammalian species
is capable of giving birth without a father.
So what stands in the way? First, a mam-
mals egg cell usually wont divide until it re-
ceives a signal from the sperm. Second, most
mammalian eggs have only half the number
of chromosomes necessary for development.
If there isnt any sperm, the embryo will end
up with only half the DNA it needs to survive.
Both of those barriers could potentially be
overcome in the lab or through random muta-
tion, but there is a third obstacle that probably
cant be. Under normal conditions, the DNA
in both egg and sperm cells is altered such
that some genes will be more active while oth-
ers are suppressed. When the egg and sperm
join to form an embryo, these imprints work
in tandem, ensuring that all the necessary
proteins are produced in the right amounts.
If an egg cell starts reproducing on its own,
without the sperm-cell imprint, the ospring
wont survive for very long.
Scientists estimate that imprinting aects
about 200 dierent genes. For parthenogen-
esis to occur, many of these changes would
have to occur through random mutation. I
just think its too complex and youd need too
many things to happen accidentally, says
Marisa Bartolomei, a molecular geneticist at
the University of Pennsylvania. While highly
unlikely, its still theoretically possible that
scientists could one day induce the necessary
changes in the lab. Is there a mutation that
could eliminate all imprinting, so we would
see that we didnt need Dad or Mom in order
to have normal development? Bartolomei
asks. This is a question that people have
asked a lot, and we dont know the answer.
C O U L D A V I R G I N B I R T H
E V E R H A P P E N ?
HAVE A BURNING
SCIENCE QUESTION?
E-mail it to f yi@popsci
.com, or tweet @popsci
hashtag #PopSciFYI.
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Despite claims to the contrary, the storage media in wide
use todayCD-ROMS, spinning hard drives, ash memory,
etc.arent very durable. Youre talking years, not
decades, says Howard Besser, a professor and archivist
at New York University who was named a pioneer of digital
preservation by the Library of Congress. A CD-ROM was
originally supposed to last 100 years, but many fail in 10.
Old-fashioned paper has done very well by comparison.
Until people made a habit of adding acidic chemicals
to their paper in the 19th century, books could last ve
hundred years or more. And while paper has its vulnerabili-
tiesto re and water, for exampleso do more newfangled
technologies. A hard disk, for instance, may suer from a
loss of mobility. Youve got to have it spinning regularly or
youre not going to be able to play it, says Besser. Its kind
WH A T S T H E MO S T D U R A B L E
WAY T O S T O R E I N F O R MA T I O N ?
QUESTION
L ONG ANS WE R
S HOR T
ANS WE R
1. Engrave it
on a piece of
platinum.
2. Bury the
platinum in the
desert.
of like the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz.
At a 1998 conference, Besser and 12 others worked
out a plan for the perfect long-term storage device: They
would etch images into platinum with a laser and bury
the platinum in the desert. Ideally, we would put a nuclear-
waste facility next to it, Besser adds, so people will
never forget where it is.
But even the most indestructible data storage wont be of
any use if no one can decode the contents. Archivists also
need to preserve the languages or programs used to save
information, whether thats ancient Greek or Word for Win-
dows 95. Besser and his colleagues worry that this decod-
ing issue will be the real bottleneck. The durability of
something is a far smaller problem than the other problems
that we have, he says.

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ith help from scientists
on the U.S. National
Committee for the
International Geophysical Year, POPULAR
SCIENCE proled probable designs
for the rst satellites and featured
one on the January 1956 cover. The
scientists, who worked on the satellite
program, hypothesized that the
orbiters would t inside the nose of a
rocket and be spherically shaped for
data consistency and constructed from
lightweight plastic. One year later,
the rst satellitethe Soviet Unions
Sputniklaunched. Two years after
that, spacecraft broke free of Earths
orbit to explore the solar system and
began to provide services such as
tracking hurricanes and photographing
distant galaxies. Now, the European
Space Agency has built the most
powerful space-based imager yet. Turn
to page 52 to read about how Gaia will
3-Dmap the Milky Way.
From the Archives
POPULAR SCIENCE / DECEMBER 2013
Launch
Plan
POPULAR SCIENCE magazine, Vol. 283, No. 6 (ISSN 161-7370, USPS 577-250), is published monthly by Bonnier Corp., 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Copyright 2013 by Bonnier Corp. All rights reserved. Reprinting in whole or part is
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Permission: Permission is granted by POPULAR SCIENCE for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy articles in this issue for the fat fee of $1 per copy of each article or any part of an article. Send
correspondence and payment to CCC (21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970); specify CCC code 0161-7370/85/$1.000.00. Copying done for other than personal or reference use without the written permission of POPULAR SCIENCE is prohibited.
Address requests for permission on bulk orders to POPULAR SCIENCE, 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016 for foreign requests. Editorial Of ces: Address contributions to POPULAR SCIENCE, Editorial Dept., 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. We
are not responsible for loss of unsolicited materials; they will not be returned unless accompanied by return postage. Microflm editions are available from Xerox University Microflms Serial Bid Coordinator, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
STORY BY KATE BAGGALEY
W
GREATEST HITS
October 1957: Sputnik 1 becomes
the rst manmade satellite in space.
August 1959: Explorer 6 beams the
rst satellite picture of Earth.
July 1972: Landsat 1 monitors
Earths surface to study geology,
land use, and droughts.
November 1998: The International
Space Station becomes the largest
satellite in Earths orbit.
February 2013: The rst satellite
to be operated by a smartphone,
STRaND-1 enters space.
July 2014: NASA plans to launch
the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 to
monitor CO
2
in Earths atmosphere. POPUL AR SCI ENCE JANUARY 1956
1950
2014

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