1. Understanding News Item The new news that has the time and place of occurrence 2.

Understanding Narrative Text It is important to know that the social function of narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story of a funny way. Aesthetic experience of literature to the reader. Narrative text is ased on life experience. In literary terms! the experience is what we do! feel! hear! read! and even what we dream. Narrative text is organi"ed to focus on character#oriented. It is uilt using descriptive language and dialogue. There are several genres of literary texts that match to e classified as narrative text. $ome of them are% & 'olktales! it includes fa les! legends! myths! or stories realistic & (ystery! fantasy! science fiction or realistic )enerally! the narrative texts held y the story a out grammar. This will e a eginning! middle and end of the story. This story is to uild a grammar! narrative text to the plot. This plot will determine the *uality of the story. +lot is a series of episodes which holds readers, attention when they read the story. -onflict is the ma.or important elements in the plot. This conflict etween the characters will encourage progress. In this conflict! the reader will e shown how the characters deal with pro lems and how they have the a ility to handle pro lems.

/. 0ecount text understanding Tell 1 .ectives% The purpose is to recount the events recounted. +refix re#means again. $o for a recount is another country. $tructure% There is often an opening or set a scene. 2.g. I went to the park. 2vents in a recount fre*uently in the order they happened 3chronological order4% I went to the park and I saw a pond. $itting duck pond on that side. A recount will often have a closing statement. 2.g. I left the park and go home. 5anguage features% tell written in the past tense. They can e written in the first or third person 1 This person happens to someone writing a recount that I went to the park. / people. 1 servers say that. Tom went to the park! where he saw a pool. The connectives in a recount often% Next! and then! after that. Told to focus on what the person or group of people do. The following are telling examples. Newspaper diary

6. 7efinition of 7escriptive Text Text 1rgani"ation% Identification 3mention special participants4 7escription 3mentioned parts! *uality! and characteristics of su .ects descri ed4 Text $tructure% 8 Identification of identifying things! people! places! phenomena that will e explained. 8 7escription provides information a out certain things! people! or places that are discussed or descri e the parts! *ualities! or characteristics. )rammatical features% 8 9ho: 9hat: 8 Using 5inking ver s and $imple +resent Tense 8 nickname% ad.ective or ad.ective phrase 8 attri utive 3the4 8 The use of attri utive and the process of identifying 8 'ocus on specific participants 8 're*uent use of the nickname and the nominal group classifier ;. Understanding 0eport text Text report is a text that convey information a out something 3o .ects! living things! natural events4 is what it is! as a result of systematic o servations and ased on facts. -haracteristics that distinguish the text report and descriptive text is a way of writing. Text report descri es only the general topic of the text! while the descriptive text to tell the text topics in more detail. $tructure of report text is% & )eneral statement% initial statement that conveys to the reader a out the general topic of text & 7escription% general description of the topic text <. 2xposition Text 7efinition 1. 2xpository means to explain something using facts rather than opinions. =ere are some of the characteristics of various types of expository writing% & they can explain how to do something & they can analy"e something # an event! a situation! idea! o .ect! or the words & they can descri e how the process happens & they can explain and > or descri e historical events & they can compare and contrast one thing to another & they can define words and terms & they can provide an example of something

& they can classify or group o .ects into categories 2. 2xpository writing is a kind of writing! whose purpose is to inform! explain! descri e! or specify the su .ect of the author to the reader. 2xpository texts intended for deposit information and is the type most often used for writing y students in colleges and universities. A written explanation either stay focused on the topic and a list of events in chronological order. 2xamples of this type is cooked to write instructions! directions and instructions to perform the task. ?ey words such as first! after! next! next and last is usually the signal se*uence to write. $econd person pronouns can e used in such writing! if necessary! for example! in a way#to essay a writer can choose to change the instruction to @you.@ =owever! the use of first person pronouns should e avoided. 2xpository essay will not express my opinion. 2xpository writing types This structure is also known as the appropriate @process@ ut not the collection and is a form of expository writing is used if the author intends to inform his readers with a chronological list of steps in a process or a list in chronological order of events. 2xamples of this type is cooked to write instructions! directions! instructions to perform tasks! review of a historical event! or analysis 3cause and effect! the opposite point of view! etc.4. 7escriptive essay 7escriptive essay is a kind of expository writing that allows readers to connect through their senses 3sight! smell! touch! hearing! and taste4 to anything the author descri es. 'rom the perspective of the author! this involves what is needed to est convey the mental image of the scene! such as the placement description of o .ects relevant within a scene! time of day! weather! and so on. If the purpose of the writer to make the reader in the writer,s emotional state will choose to increase or concentrate on certain aspects of the scene to achieve this. -lassification -lassification is an organi"ational strategy in which authors arrange groups of o .ects or ideas according to general topics in detail. +lacing o .ects or ideas that differ in the type of classification categories. -omparison -omparison of texts shows how two or more su .ects that are the same or different. This type of structure often used in determining the etter of two or more choices or two texts that have the same *uality or similar. -ause and effect -ause and effect writing identifies the reason for something that happened and a list of what,s happening for that reason. It is also known as analysis. Analysis occurs when a sentence that explains the cause! either in addition to! or com ined with the effects! or descri es a @chain of causation ,. $ome of the events 3the causes4 that lead to other events. 32ffect4 It is often used in the article ! newspapers! maga"ines! etc ... A. +rocedure 7efinition Text

A procedure can also e called as a method or instructions +rocedures tell people how to do things

1. Example News Item

a. Indonesian Maid Beheaded An Indonesian housemaid has een executed in $audi Ara ia after eing convicted of killing her employer! the $audi Interior (inister said. The woman was eheaded in the $outhern Asir province in what was the second execution in the country. The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female oss and stealing her .ewellery. 0ape! murder and other serious crimes can carry the death penalty in the conservative desert kingdom. 5ast year! $audi Ara ia! which follow a strict intepretation of $yaria! Islamic law executed more than 1/B people. b.Winning Award for Airport Toilet $ura ayaCs Duanda International Airport has won the -ulture and Tourism (inistryCs 2BBE toilet award! eating out 2BBA winner 7enpasarCs Ngurah 0ai Airport! which now drops to fourth. IndonesiaCs main gateway! $oekarno#=atta International Airport! .ust outside Dakarta! moves up from fourth in 2BBA to second! in the iennial F$apta +esona -lean +u lic Toilet AwardG. The award was first handed out in 2BBA! and has so far involved only international airports. Acting -ulture and Tourism (inister (uhammad Nuh said he expected the award in future to also cover pu lic toilets at tourist sites across the country. F)ranting the award to those running pu lic toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the *uality of products and services! particularly in term of cleanliness . as part of efforts to enhance the image of national culture!G Nuh said during the award presentation ceremony.

2. Contoh Te s Narrati!e
a. Malin "#ndang $tor% A long time ago! in a small village near the each in 9est $umatra! a woman and her son lived. They were (alin ?undang and her mother. =er mother was a single parent ecause (alin ?undangCs father had passed away when he was a a y. (alin ?undang had to live hard with his mother. (alin ?undang was a healthy! dilligent! and strong oy. =e usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would ring it to his mother! or sold the caught fish in the town. 1ne day! when (alin ?undang was sailing! he saw a merchantCs ship which was eing raided y a small and of pirates. =e helped the merchant. 9ith his rave and power! (alin ?undang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked (alin ?undang to sail with him. To get a etter life! (alin ?undang agreed. =e left his mother alone. (any years later! (alin ?undang ecame wealthy. =e had a huge ship and was helped y many ship crews loading trading goods. +erfectly he had a eautiful wife too. 9hen he was sailing his trading .ourney! his ship landed on a each near a small village. The villagers recogni"ed him. The news ran fast in the townH F(alin ?undang has ecome rich and now he

is hereG. An old woman ran to the each to meet the new rich merchant. $he was (alin ?undangCs mother. $he wanted to hug him! released her sadness of eing lonely after so long time. Unfortunately! when the mother came! (alin ?undang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. 'or three times her mother egged (alin ?undang and for three times he yelled at her. At last (alin ?undang said to her F2nough! old womanI I have never had a mother like you! a dirty and ugly womanIG After that he ordered his crews to set sail. =e would leave the old mother again ut in that time she was full of oth sadness and angriness. 'inally! enraged! she cursed (alin ?undang that he would turn into a stone if he didnCt apologi"e. (alin ?undang .ust laughed and really set sail. In the *uiet sea! suddenly a thunderstorm came. =is huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for (alin ?undang to apologi"e. =e was thrown y the wave out of his ship. =e fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. $uddenly! he turned into a stone. b. Cinderella $tor% 1nce upon a time! there was a young girl named -inderella. $he lived with her step mother and two step sisters. The step mother and sisters were conceited and ad tempered. They treated -inderella very adly. =er step mother made -inderella do the hardest works in the houseH such as scru ing the floor! cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters! on the other hand! did not work a out the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear. 1ne day! the two step sister received an invitation to the all that the kingCs son was going to give at the palace. They were excited a out this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last! the day of the all came! and away went the sisters to it. -inderella could not help crying after they had left. F9hy are crying! -inderella:G a voice asked. $he looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing eside her! F ecause I want so much to go to the allG said -inderella. F9ellG said the godmother!GyouCve een such a cheerful! hardworking! uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the allG. (agically! the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. =er godmother tapped -inderellaCs raged dress with her wand! and it ecame a eautiful all gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. FNow! -inderellaG! she saidH FJou must leave efore midnightG. Then away she drove in her eautiful coach. -inderella was having a wonderfully good time. $he danced again and again with the kingCs son. $uddenly the clock egan to strike twelve! she ran toward the door as *uickly as she could. In her hurry! one of her glass slipper was left ehind. A few days later! the kingC son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. =er step sisters tried on the slipper ut it was too small for them! no matter how hard they s*uee"ed their toes into it. In the end! the kingCs page let -inderella try on the slipper. $he stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly. 'inally! she was driven to the palace. The kingCs son was over.oyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.

/. Cotoh re&o#nt Text

a. 'isiting Bali There were so many places to see in Kali that my friend decided to .oin the tours to see as much as possi le. (y friend stayed in ?uta on arrival. =e spent the first three days swimming and surfing on ?uta each. =e visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to $ingara.a! the second was to U ud. 1n the day of the tour! he was ready. (y friend and his group drove on through mountains. $ingara.a is a city of a out EB thousands people. It is a usy ut *uiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old 7utch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to ?uta. The second tour to U ud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery ut to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Katu ulan! a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young oys were carving away at ig locks of stone. The next stop was -eluk! a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at $ukawati and on to mass. (ass is a tourist center (y friend ten#day#stay ended very *uickly eside his two tour! all his day was spent on the each. =e went sailing or surf oarding every day. =e was *uiet satisfied. b. 'a&ation to (ondon (r. 0ichardCs family was on vacation. They are (r. and (rs. 0ichard with two sons. They went to 5ondon. They saw their travel agent and ooked their tickets. They went to the Kritish 2m assy to get visas to enter Kritain. They had ooked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around 5ondon They oarded a large Koeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. 1n the plane the ca in crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and maga"ine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the way. 1n arrival at =eathrow Airport! they had to go to -ustoms and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully ut their manners were very polite. (r. 0ichard and his family collected their ags and went to 5ondon 9elcome 7esk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel. The hotel was a well#known four#star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own athroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room! they inserted a key#card to open the door. 1n the third floor! there was a restaurant serving Asian and 2uropean food. They had variety of food. The two week in 5ondon went y fast. At the end of the 16#day! they were *uite tired ut they felt very happy.

6. Contoh )es&ripti!e text

a. T*E AMA+IN, TA- MA*A( IN IN)IA Ta. (ahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was uilt y a (uslim 2mperor $hah Dahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra. Ta. (ahal is a (ausoleum that houses the grave of *ueen (umta" (ahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway! an ela orate garden! a mos*ue 3to the left4! a guest house 3to the right4! and several other palatial uildings. The Ta. is at the farthest end of this complex! with the river Damuna ehind it. The Ta. stands on a raised! s*uare platform 31L< x 1L< feet4 with its four corners truncated! forming an une*ual octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking ara es*ue concept! in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self#replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements. Its central dome is fifty#eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 21/ feet. It is flanked y four su sidiary domed cham ers. The four graceful! slender minarets are 1<2.; feet each. The central domed cham er and four ad.oining cham ers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration. Ta. (ahal is uilt entirely of white mar le. Its stunning architectural eauty is eyond ade*uate description! particularly at dawn and sunset. The Ta. seems to glow in the light of the full moon. 1n a foggy morning! the visitors experience the Ta. as if suspended when viewed from across the Damuna river. b. What Animal I am I inha it a small area in south#western 9estern Australia. (y species was *uite widespread in Australia efore 2uropean settlement ut now we are endangered. I prefer areas of open woodland. I forage for my food in the mornings and afternoons. At night I sleep in hollow logs or under fallen tim er. (y ody is a out 2; centimeters long. (y ushy tail is nearly as long as my ody. I am covered in a reddish# rown coat with white stripes. (y front legs are shorter then my ack legs and I have small claws. (y ears are short ut my snout is long I have a very long! sticky tongue for eating termites I can eat over 1BBBB termites in one day. I am a marsupial mammal. 9hat animal am I:

.. Contoh /eport Text

a. 0lat%p#s (any people call platypus duck ill ecause this animal has a ill like duck ill. +latypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia. +latypus has a flat tail and we ed feet. Its ody length is /B to 6; cm and covered with a thick! and woolly layer of fur. Its ill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. +latypusC eyes and head are small. It has no ears ut has a ility to sense sound and light.

+latypus lives in streams! rivers! and lakes. 'emale platypus usually dig urrows in the streams or river anks. The urrows are locked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand! male platypus does not need any urrow to stay. b.*#man Bod% Energ% =uman ody is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided y the food which we eat. =owever do we know how much we need to stay healthy: The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is re*uired to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water y 1 degree -. The num er of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. 'or exampleH people will need more calories for standing than for sitting! people need more for running than for walking! etc. The energy which is provided y food is in the form of three kinds of chemical su stances. They are car ohydrate! protein and fat. -ar ohydrate provides L.L calories per gram 3cal>gm4 of energy! protein 6.B cal>gm and fat L.B cal>gm. 2ach food contains different proportion of these su stances.These three chemical su stances are all important for ody staying healthy.

1. Contoh Exposition Text

1. Analytical 2xposition $=1U57 -=I5702N 92A0 =AT$ AT $-=115: I elieve that you should always wear a hat at school when you are playing outside ! to keep from getting sun urn . 'irstly! if you don,t wear a hat! you will get sun urn and a sun urn is painful. $econdly! sun urn could lead to skin cancer. $un urn can lead to health pro lems later in life. (any older people suffer from skin cancer which can kill them.

2. Example of *ortator% Exposition

2xample of an 2xpository +Into the (outh of Ka es 9e are writing to you ecause we are concerned a out the way food is eing advertised to children. 9hat we eat now affects our health in years to come. Kad dietary ha its start while we are very young. 'or this reason! your government support health education that encourages a alanced healthy diet. Australians are encouraged to get the ulk of their nutrients from fresh fruits! vegeta les! and wholegrain cereals! a lesser amount from foods high in fat! salt and sugar. TM advertising to children presents a completely different message. Nearly LBN of food advertising pushes fatty snacks or sweets # the very foods that should e eaten least. To make matter worse! these ads take up much of the advertising time. This must e stopped. TM advertising is powerful and influential. +arents! however strong#willed! find it hard to resit pressures created y this advertising. -hildren are least a le to understand the tricks of the advertising industry. 'or the hours when children are the main audience! TM advertising of foods must e made to reinforce! not undermine! the message a out a alanced diet. 9e appeal to you! as +rime (inister! to take the lead in calling together the advertisers! TM networks! consumers and pu lic health odies to decide how this isn to e done.aragraph

2. Example Exposition Essa%

Mobile Phones and the Benefits
+eople used to send letters to communicate with others! and then )raham Kell invented telephone which make communication easier. 9hen mo ile phones were created! it ecame much easier to contact people living far away from your place. Nowadays! more and more people have their own mo ile phones! gadgets that apparently ecome must#to#have ones. It is undoubted that mobile phones have bring some benefits for people life. 'irst of all! communication is much easier and faster with the aid of mo ile phones. 9hile letters may take days or even weeks to reach the addressee! you can .ust call someone in a second with mo ile. If you know the num er of the person you are going to call! then it is very easy to make a call. Jou do not need to get the operator to put you through the people you want to talk with. (aking an overseas call is also easy and fast using mo ile phones. 2ven nowadays! you can use the /)#call in which you can see what the person you are talking to is doing. Next! mo ile phones! or cell phones! ena le us to send text#message! a useful service that is popular not only among young people ut also adults. Although limited to a num er of characters! text message is often cheaper than making a phone call. If you want to send short information! or get to know what your friends are doing! then you can .ust text them. 9ith (($! you can also send pictures!

voices and other multi#media files within your message. It is indeed fun to text# message. Another reason is that mo ile phones also provide entertainment. 9hen you are ored and you want to listen to music! you can play it from your cell. Also! consider playing games with your mo ilesH it is very fun and refreshing for your tiring day. (any cells now also have camera that ena les you to take picture anywhere. In addition! some types of the phones also have the Net connection service. $o! you can rowse and go online with your mo iles. (ore and more companies are competing to invent their new types of cells which offer many facilities and services. It is ecause! as we see! mobile phones, as a part of our lifestyle, give us many advantages.

3. Contoh 0ro&ed#re Text

1. =ow to make -hocolate -ake Ingredients% & 1>6 cup Unsweetened -ocoa +owder & 1#1>2 cup All#+urpose 'lour & 1 t sp Minegar & 1 tsp Manilla & 1 cup $ugar & 1 tsp Kaking $oda & 1>2 tsp $alt & 1>/ cup 1il & 1 cup 9ater =ow to make -hocolate -ake% & (ix together all the dry ingredients in a owl. & (ix li*uid ingredients in a separate owl and com ine it with dry ingredients. & $tir the mixture with a wire whisk until well mixed. & )rease an eight#inch aking pan. & +our the prepared mixture into the pan. & Kake for a out 6; minutes at /;B degree '. & Top with ice cream and serve.

1. =ow to make vanilla cupcake Ingredients% & 1A; gm $elf#raising flour & 1;B gm Kutter 3softened4 & 1;B gm $uperfine 3castor4 sugar & 1 tsp Manilla extract

& / 2ggs =ow to make Manilla -upcake% & +re#heat oven to /;B O '. & 5ine a 12 cup cake pan! with cup cake papers. & Kreak eggs into a cup and eat lightly using a fork. & Now! put all the ingredients in a owl and eat with an electric mixer for 2 minutes. & 7ivide the mixture e*ually among the cake cases. & Kake for 1L#2B minutes until the cakes are properly cooked. & 5eave to cool fully efore icing.