Tables of conversion factors This article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which

are listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit. Legend

cable (US)

length

720 ft

= 219.456 m

light-day light-hour light-minute

24 hours

light-

2.5902068371210 m

13

Survey)

chain (Gunter' ch s; Surveyor's)

66 ft(US) 20.11684 m 4 rods [3] Distance from fingers 0.5 m to elbow 18 in

60 light12 1.079252848810 m minutes 60 light 1.7987547481010 m seconds Distance light travels in one 299792458 m second in vacuum Distance light travels 15 = 9.460730472580810 in vacuum in m 365.25 [6] days 1/12 in
[7]

Survey feet 1200 (5280 3 937) m 2 in [4] nm NL; nl 110

9

nail (cloth) nanometer nautical league

= 0.057 15 m 1109 m = 5556 m

cubit (H)

3 nmi

[4]

Symbol Definition

ell (H) fathom

ell fm fm

45 in England usually) 6 ft
] [4]

[4]

(In = 1.143 m = 1.8288 m

light-second

exactly equal to fermi

110

15

[4

NM (Ad nautical mile m); (Admiralty) nmi (Ad m) nautical mile (internati onal) nautical mile (US pre 1954) pace palm NM; nmi

= 6080 ft

= 1853.184 m

110

15

light-year

ly

approximately equal to

finger finger (cloth)

7/8 in 4 in ft (Ben ) Legally defined 1.033 English in 1859 as

= 0.022225 m = 0.1143 m 0.304799735 m line ln

1852 m

[9]

1852 m

= 0.002116 m

digits

indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds to 8.294369369369369)

foot (Benot) (H)

link (Gunter's; lnk Surveyor's) link (Ramsden's; Engineer's)

1/100 [4] ch 0.66 ft = 0.201168 m 7.92in 1 ft [4] = 0.3048 m

1853.248 1853.248 m m 2.5 ft 3 in

[4]

= 0.762 m = 0.0762 m

[4]

(H)

of chiefly historical interest foot (H) (Cape)

[edit]Length Length

lnk

0.314858 m feet

Name of unit

Sym bol

foot (Clarke's) ft (H) (Cla) Definition Relation to SI units foot (H) (Indian) ft Ind

0.3047972654 m 0.304799514 m 0.3048 m 1/3 yd 0.3048 m 12 inches 0.30479947 m

1200

metre (SI base unit)

angstrom

11010 m

0.1 nm

foot ft (International) foot (H) (Sear's) ft (Sea r)

Distance light travels in 1299792458 of a second in vacuum.[8] 1m 110000000 of the distance from equator to pole. 1200 in = 1.27104 m 1106 m 110
3

parsec

pc

Distance of star with parallax shift of one 3.085 677 arc second 6106 m [10] from a base of one astronomical unit 12 points Dependent measures.

821016

pica point (Americ an, English) [11][12]

on

point

mickey micron mil; thou mil (Sweden and Norway) mile (geographical ) (H) mile (internati onal) mile (tactical or data) mile (telegraph) (H) mile mi mi mil mil

astronomical unit

AU

149597870 700 m Distance 149597870700 m [1] from Earth to Sun

pt

1/72.272 in 0.000 351 450 m 1/12 1/72 of pied du 0.000 375 97 m; roi; After 1878: After 1878: 0.000 375 939 85 m 5/133 cm 1/72 in 1/72.27 in yd 16 ft
[4]

in

2.5410

m point (Didot; European) [12][ pt

13]

foot Survey) french; charriere furlong

(US ft (US) ] F

3937 m

[5

0.304800610 m = 0.3 103 m

10 km

= 10000 m

barleycorn (H)

= in (see 3 note above 8.4610 m about rounding) a0 Bohr radius of hydrogen 608 ft 5.291772085910 61020 m [2] 185.3184 m
11

13 mm

6082 ft

= 1853.7936 m point (PostScript) [1

1]

fur

10 chains = 660 ft = = 201.168 m 220 yd [4] 4 in [4] 0.1016 m

bohr, atomic unit of length cable length (imperial) cable length (Intern ational)

3.

80 chains 5280 ft 1609.344 m 1760 yd 6000 ft 1828.8 m

pt

= 0.000 352 7 m = 0.000 351 4598 m = 0.2286 m = 5.0292 m = 6.096 m = 0.2286 m

hand inch (Internati onal) in

point (TeX) [11] pt quarter rod; pole; rd perch (H) rope (H)

2.54 cm 1/36 yd .0254 m 1/12 ft 3 Statute miles [3] US = 4828.032 m

6087 ft 5280 US

= 1855.3176 m 1609.347219 m

1/10 nmi

185.2 m

league (land)

lea

rope 20 ft 9 in

(US mi

span (H)

[4]

spat

[14]

110 m 2 in = 0.0508 m 110 1/1440 in

12

12

dunam guntha hectare ha

1 000 m

= 1 000 m

Survey)

stick (H) stigma; bicron pm (picometre) twip twp

121 sq 2 101.17 m yd 10 000 m2 10 000 m2

(US) 4710 m 1 mi (US) sq rd sq yd 1 rd 1 = 25.292 rd 64 m2 1 yd 1 0.836 2 yd 36 m

lvl) 852 127 butt, pipe coomb cord (firewood) cord-foot cubic fathom cubic foot cu fm cu ft cu in m
3

cu in 126 (wine)

166 88 m

square rod/pole/perch square yard (International) stremma township yardland [edit]Volume Volume

gal = 0.476 961 884 3 784 m = 0.145 88 m3 474

4 bu (imp)

= 1.7638105 m 1.002110
13

x unit; xu siegbahn yard (Internati yd onal) [edit]Area

[4]

hide rood section shed ro

120 ac 5 2 510 m (variable) ac =1 011.714 1056 m2

1 000 m2 = 1 000 m2 36 sq mi 9.323 (US) 994107 m2 30 ac 1.2105 m2

8 ft 4 ft = 3.624 556 363 4 ft 776 m3 16 cu ft = 0.453 069 545 472 m3

0.9144 [5] m 3 ft 0.9144 m 36 in

1 mi = 2.589 988 110 6 2 1 mi 33610 m 10

52

1 fm 1 fm = 6.116 438 863 3 1 fm 872 m 1 ft 1 ft 0.028 316 846 1 ft 592 m3 1 in 1 in 16.387 1 in 064106 m3 1 m 1 m 3 1m 1m 4 168 1 mi 1 mi 825.440 1 mi 584 m3 27 cu ft 181 579

= 10

52

Area

square (roofing) Relation units to SI square (international) square Survey) chain chain

10 ft = 9.290 304 m2 10 ft sq ch 66 ft 404.685 66 ft = 2 24 m 1/10 ac 642

cubic inch Name of unit Symbo Definition l Relation units to SI cubic metre (SI unit)

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

acre (international)

ac

1 ch 10 ch 4 046.856 = 4840 sq 4224 m2 yd

(US

sq ch

66 ft(US) 2 66 ft(US) 404.687 3 m = 1/10 ac 1 ft 1 ft 9.290 304102 m2

acre-foot

ac ft

1 ac x 1 ft = 1 233.481 837 3 3 = 43 560 ft 547 52 m

cubic mile

cu mi

square foot square foot (US Survey) square inch square kilometre

sq ft sq ft sq in km2

acre (U. S. survey)

ac

10 sq ch = 4840 sq 4 yd, also 046.873 m2 [15] 43560 sq ft.

1 ft (US) 9.290 341 161 1 ft (US) 327 49102 m2 1 in 1 in 6.4516104 m2 1 km = 106 m2 1 km 1 lnk 1 lnk = 4.046 856 0.66 ft 4224102 m2 0.66 ft 1 lnk 1 lnk 4.046 0.66 ft(US) 872102 m2 0.66 ft(US) 1 lnk 1 lnk 1 ft = 0.09290304 m2 1 ft 1m 1 = 1 m2 m 1 mil 1 = 10 2 mil 6.451610 m 1 mi = 2.589 988 110 1 mi 336106 m2 1 mi 2.589 998

acre-inch

1 ac 1 in

= 102.790 128 96 m3

153

cubic yard cup (breakfast)

cu yd

0.764 554 857 984 m3

10 fl oz = 284.130 (imp) 625106 m3 c (CA) 8 (imp) fl oz = 227.3045106 m3

barrel (imperial)

bl (imp)

36 (imp)

gal = 0.163 24 m3

659 cup (Canadian)

are

100 m2 1028 m2

= 100 m2 = 1028 m2 1.618 742107 m2 square link sq lnk (Gunter's)(International)

barrel (petroleum)

bl; bbl

42 gal (US)

= 0.158 987 294 928 m3

cup (metric)

250.0106 m = 250.0106 m3
3

barn

barrel (US dry)

105 qt (US) = 0.115 628 198 bl (US) = 105/32 bu 985 075 m3 (US lvl)

cup (US customary)

c (US)

8 US fl oz = 236.588 1/16 gal 2365106 m3 (US) 240 mL[16] = 2.4104 m3

barony board bd

4000 ac

1 in = 7.741 1 ft 92103 m2 (1 ft ) (1 bhp) / 12.958 174 m2 (240 BTUIT/h) /4 sq in 5.067 075104 m2 5.067 0751010 m2 = 1.486 64 m2 448
2

square link sq lnk (Gunter's)(US Survey)

cup (US food nutrition c (US) labeling) dash (imperial)

barrel (US fluid)

fl bl 31 (US) (US)

gal = 0.119 240 471 196 m3 2.359 737 216103 m3

boiler horsepower bhp equivalent direct EDR radiation circular inch circular thou cord mil; circular circ in

square (Ramsden's)

link

1/384 gi = 369.961 751 (imp) = 302 pinch (imp) 08 3109 m3 1/96 US fl = 308.057 599 oz = US 609 375109 m3 pinch 1/12 (imp) gtt gtt gi = 11.838 776 0416106 m3

sq lnk

board-foot bucket (imperial) bushel (imperial) bushel heaped) (US

fbm bkt bu (imp) dry bu (US)

144 cu in 4 gal (imp) 8 gal (imp)

dash (US) = 0.018 36 m3 = 0.036 72 m3 184 368 dessertspoon (imperi al) drop (imperial) drop (imperial) (alt)

square metre (SI unit)

m2

square mil; square thou sq mil square mile square mile (US sq mi sq mi

circ mil /4 mil2 192 bd

1 bu (US = 0.044 048 837 lvl) 7086 m3

1/288 fl oz = 98.656 467 (imp) 013 8109 m3 1/1 (imp) 824 gi 77.886 684109 m3

bushel (US dry level)

bu (US 2 150.42 = 0.035 239 070

drop (medical) drop (medical) drop (metric) drop (US) drop (US) (alt) drop (US) (alt) fifth firkin fluid drachm (imperial) fl dr gtt gtt gtt

0.9964/12 9 3 = 83.0310 m ml 1/12 ml 1/20 mL = 83.310 = 50.010

9 9

3296 m minim (imperial) min

6592 m sack (imperial); bag sack (US) 3 bu (imp)

lvl) [edit]Plane angle Plane angle

6752 m

m m

3 3

1/480 fl oz = 59.193 880 (imp) = 1/60 9 3 208 310 m fl dr (imp) 1/480 US fl = 61.611 519 oz = 1/60 US 9 3 921 87510 m fl dr

= 0.109 106 3[citation needed] 16 m

1/360 US fl = 82.148 693 9 3 oz 2291610 m 1/456 US fl 64.854 231 oz 496 71109 m3 1/576 US fl 51.342 933 oz 268 23109 m3 1/5 US gal 9 gal (US) (imp) fl = 757.082 6 3 356810 m = 0.034 068 706 3 056 m

3 bu (US = 0.105 717 210 lvl) 500 64 m3 = 0.281 912 561 8 bu (US 335 04 m3[citation lvl) needed] 1 US fl oz 2 bu (imp) 29.57106 m3 = 0.072 3 44 m 737

minim (US)

min

seam shot strike (imperial) strike (US) tablespoon (Australia n metric) tablespoon (Canadian) tablespoon (imperial) tablespoon (metric) tablespoon customary) (US tbsp tbsp tbsp

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

ounce (fluid imperial) ounce (fluid customary)

fl oz 1/160 gal 28.413 6 3 (imp) (imp) 062510 m fl 1/128 gal 29.573 529 6 3 (US) 562510 m fl 30 mL[16] 2 gal (imp) 3105 m3 = 9.092 3 3 1810 m

Relation to SI units 0.981 3 74810 rad 0.290 888103 rad 4.848 6 13710 rad 0.157 3 08010 rad 1.570 6 79610 rad

US US oz

angular mil arcminute; MOA arcsecond centesimal minute of arc

' " '

2/6400 rad 1/60 1/3600 1 grad/100 1 grad/(10 000)

ounce (fluid US food US nutrition labeling) oz peck (imperial) peck (US dry) perch pk pk per

2 bu (US = 0.070 478 140 lvl) 333 76 m3 20.0106 m3 (imp) fl oz = 14.206 531 6 3 2510 m

oz = 3.551 632 6 3 812510 m = 3.696 691 195 6 3 312510 m

= 8.809 767 541 US lvl bu 3 3 7210 m 16 ft = 0.700 841 953 1 ft 1 ft 152 m3 1/192 gi = 739.923 502 (imp) = tsp 60416109 m3 (imp) 1/48 US fl = 616.115 199 oz = US 218 75109 m3 tsp

fluid dram (US); US fl dr fluidram fluid scruple (imperial) fl s gallon (beer) gallon (imperial) gallon (US dry) gallon Wine) (US beer gal gal (imp) gal (US) fluid; gal (US) gi (imp); nog

US fl oz

1/24 fl oz = 1.183 877 (imp) 60416106 m3 282 cu in 4.546 09 L = 4.621 152 048103 m3 4.546 09103 m3

5/8 fl oz = 17.758 164 6 3 (imp) 062510 m 15.010 US fl oz 15 mL[16]

6

centesimal second " of arc degree (of arc)

pinch (imperial)

1/360 of a 17.453 revolution /180 293103 rad rad 1/400 of a 15.707 revolution 2/400 963103 rad rad 0.9 45 90 0.785 398 rad 1.570 796 rad

= 14.786 764 7825106 m3 = 1.5105 m3

grad; gradian; gon grad

pinch (US) pt (imp)

tablespoon (US food tbsp nutrition labeling) teaspoon (Canadian) teaspoon (imperial) teaspoon (metric) teaspoon customary) (US tsp tsp tsp

bu (US = 4.404 883 770 lvl) 86103 m3 231 cu in 5 (imp) fl 3.785 411 784103 m3 oz = 142.065 3125106 m3 = 118.294 118 25106 m3 = 0.327 48 m3 318

pint (imperial)

= 568.261 gal (imp) 25106 m3

octant 1/6 fl oz = 4.735 510 (imp) 416106 m3 1/24 (imp) gi = 5.919 388 02083106 m3 = 5.010
6

pint (US dry)

1/64 bu pt (US = 550.610 471 (US lvl) dry) 3575106 m3 gal (US dry) pt (US gal (US) fl) 3/4 US fl oz = 473.176 473106 m3 = 22.180 147 171 875106 m3

quadrant

gill (imperial); Noggin

pint (US fluid) pony

5.0106 m3 1/6 US fl oz 5 mL[16] 1 cu ft 35 cu ft 40 cu ft 28 bu (imp) 252 (wine)

gill (US) hogshead (imperial) hogshead (US) jigger (bartending) kilderkin lambda last litre load

gi (US) 4 US fl oz hhd (imp) hhd (US) 2 bl (imp) 2 fl bl (US)

= 4.928 921 595106 m3 = 5106 m3 = 0.028 316 846 592 m3 = 0.991 089 630 72 m3 = 1.132 673 863 68 m3 = 1.018 16 m3 324

radian (SI unit)

rad

pottle; quartern qt (imp) qt (US) qt (US)

gal (imp) = 2.273 = 80 fl oz 045103 m3 (imp) gal (imp) = 1.136 5225103 m3

teaspoon (US food tsp nutrition labeling) timber foot ton (displacement) ton (freight) ton (water) 949 684 tun wey (US)

The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to = 1 rad the circle's radius. One full revolution encompasses 2 radians. 60 30 1.047 198 rad 0.523 599 rad

= 0.238 480 942 392 m3

6

sextant sign [edit]Solid angle Solid angle

quart (imperial)

1 US fl oz 44.3610 18 (imp) 1 mm3 gal = 0.081 62 m3

829

quart (US dry)

1/32 bu = 1.101 220 942 (US lvl) = 715103 m3 gal (US dry) gal (US = 946.352 6 3 fl) 94610 m 8 bu (imp) 100 cu ft = 0.290 76 m3 = 2.831

= 1109 m3
3

quart (US fluid) quarter; pail 842 register ton

80 bu (imp) = 2.909 4976 m L 1 dm3 [17] 50 cu ft 0.001 m3 = 1.415

gal = 0.953 923 769 568 m3

Name of unit Symbol Definition

40 bu (US = 1.409 562 806

Relation to SI units

) The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the = 1 sr surface of the sphere having an area r2. A sphere [14] encompasses 4 sr. dram (avoirdupois) dr av = 1.771 845 195 27 11/32 gr 3125 g 1 eV = (energy unit) 1.78261036 kg 2 /c 1 g = 1 g quarter (imperial)

1/4 long = 12.700 cwt = 2 st = 36 kg 28 lb av short tn long q s ap long tn 100 kg 20 gr 1/700 lb av slug = 226.796 185 kg = 254.011 7272 kg = 100 kg

586 ounce 3 (avoirdupois) per oz/ft cubic foot oz/ft

3

1.001153961 kg/m

steradian (SI sr unit)

quarter (informal) quarter, (informal) quintal (metric) scruple (apothecary) sheet slug; geepound; hyl

electronvolt gamma grain

eV gr

[edit]Mass Notes:

ounce (avoirdupois) per oz/in3 cubic inch

oz/in3

1.729994044103 kg/m3

1/7000 lb 64.798 91 mg av grave was the original 1 kg name of the kilogram = 50.802 44 kg 345

= 1.295 9782 g = 647.9891 mg ounce (avoirdupois) per oz/gal gallon (imperial) oz/gal 6.236023291 kg/m
3

See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion. Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound. In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams. In physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the pound-force (lbf). It should not be read as the mongrel unit "pound metre".

grave

1 gee 1 lb av 1 14.593 903 kg s2/ft 14 lb av = 6.350 18 kg 293

hundredweight (long)

long cwt or 112 lb av cwt 100 lb av

stone

st

ounce (avoirdupois) per oz/gal gallon (US fluid)

oz/gal

7.489151707 kg/m

hundredweight (short); sh cwt cental

= 45.359 237 kg

ton, assay (long)

AT

1 mg 1 long tn 1 oz 32.666 667 g t 1 mg 1 29.166 667 g sh tn 1 oz t =1 016.046 9088 kg = 907.184 74 kg = 1 000 kg

Mass

kilogram

kg

mass of the prototype 1 kg (SI base near Paris ( unit)[8] mass of 1L of water) 1000 lb av 8 oz t 1/20 gr 1/20 g = 453.592 37 kg = 248.827 8144 g = 3.239 9455 mg = 50 mg = 31.103 4768 g = 28.349 125 g = 28 g = 1.555 84 g = 2 mg = 0.45359237 k g 592 173 523

ton, assay (short) ton, long ton, short tonne (mts unit) wey

AT

pound 3 (avoirdupois) per lb/ft cubic foot

lb/ft

16.01846337 kg/m

long tn 2 240 lb or ton sh tn t 2 000 lb 1 000 kg

Name of unit

Symbo Definition l

Relation to SI units 1.660 538 731027 36 1.310 kg 9.109 382 151031 39 [18] 4510 kg

kip mark mite mite (metric) ounce troy) (apothecary;

kip

pound (avoirdupois) per lb/in3 cubic inch

lb/in3

2.767990471104 kg/m3

atomic unified

mass

unit, u; AMU

= 114.305 277 252 lb = 18 24 kg (variants st exist) Definitions vary; see [19] and.[1
4]

pound (avoirdupois) per lb/gal gallon (imperial)

lb/gal

99.77637266 kg/m3

atomic unit of mass, electron rest me mass bag (coffee) bag (Portland cement) barge carat carat (metric) clove crith dalton Da 60 gr kt ct 60 kg 94 lb av 22 sh tn 3 1/6 gr 200 mg 8 lb av

oz t oz av

1/12 lb t 1/16 lb 28 g[16] 1/20 oz t 1/100 ct

Zentner [edit]Density Density

Ztr.

= 60 kg = 42.637 78 kg = 20 65 kg 682 ounce (avoirdupois)

pound (avoirdupois) per lb/gal gallon (US fluid)

lb/gal

119.8264273 kg/m3

411.656 548

ounce (US food oz nutrition labeling) pennyweight point dwt; pwt

slug per foot [edit]Time

cubic

slug/ft3

slug/ft3 515.3788184 kg/m3

205.196 333 mg = 200 mg = 3.628 96 kg

Name of unit

Symbol Definition Relation to SI units Time

3

738

pound

lb

slugft/s2

gram per millilitre g/mL

g/mL

= 1,000 kg/m

Name of unit kilogram per cubic metre (SI kg/m3 unit) kg/m3 = 1 kg/m3 atomic time kg/L = 1,000 kg/m3 unit of

Symbol Definition

89.9349 mg 1.660 902 101027 36 1.310 kg = 3.887 9346 g

pound (avoirdupois) pound (metric) pound (troy)

lb av

0.453 592 0.453 37 kg = 7000 37 kg grains 500 g = 500 g = 0.373 7216 kg

Relation to SI units 2.418 884 2541017 s

au

a0/(c)

dram (apothecary; troy dr t

lb t

5 760 grains

241

kilogram per litre kg/L

Callippic cycle

441 mo (hollow) + = 2.398 499 mo (full) = 76 a 3776109 s of 365.25 d

century

100 a (see below for definition of year = 100 years length) = 24 h = 1440 min = 86400 s

month (Greg. av.)

mo

day

Average Gregorian month = 1 a 6 (Gregorian average) 2.629710 s / 12 = 365.242 5 d / 12 = 30.436 875 d 29 d[20] = 2 505 600 s year (tropical) a, y, oryr

same position with 149.7632 s respect to the stars of the celestial sphere Length of time it takes for the Sun to 365.242 return to the same 190 d 31 556 position in the cycle 925 s of seasons

2.5410 kilometre hour knot per km/h 1 km/h 1 NM/h 1.852 km/h

m/s

= 1/3.6 m/s 2.777 778101 m/s = 0.514 444 m/s

day (sidereal)

Time needed for the Earth to rotate once around its axis, determined from successive transits of a very 86 164.1 s distant astronomical object across an observer's meridian (International Celestial Reference Frame) 10 a (see below for definition of year = 10 years length) 2 wk 1/1 080 h = 1 209 600 s = 3.3 s

month (hollow) month (synodic)

mo mo

kn, kt

Cycle time of moon 6 phases 29.530 2.55110 s 589 d (Average) = 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo = 2.524 [21][22] 8 (full) = 8 a of 60810 s 365.25 d = 2922 d (G/c )
5

knot (Admiralty)

kn

octaeteris

Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may increase or decrease by 1 s if a leap second occurs during the time interval of interest. [edit]Frequency Frequency mach number Name unit of Symbol Definition Relation to SI units M

1 NM (Adm)/h = 0.514 = 1.853 773 m/s [citation needed] 184 km/h Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound in the medium. Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h 340 (761 mph) in air at 295 m/s sea level to about aircraft 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes (12,200 metres [23] (40,000 ft)). Unitle ss 1 m/s 1 mi/h 1 mi/min 1 mi/s 299 792 458 m/s Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes. = 1 m/s = 0.447 04 m/s = 26.8224 m/s =1 609.344 m/s = 299 458 m/s 792

Planck time

1.351 211 43 86810 s

decade fortnight helek Hipparchic cycle hour jiffy jiffy (alternate) ke (quarter of an hour)

dec fn

second

4 Callippic cycles = 9.593 -1d 424109 s h j ja 60 min 1/60 s 1/100 s h = 1/96 d = 3 600 s = .016 s = 10 ms = 60 60 / 4 s = 900 s = 60 / 4 min = 15 min = 24 60 60 / 100 s = 864 s = 24 * 60 / 100 min = 14.4 min = 1.5768108 s shake sigma Sothic cycle svedberg week S wk

time of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2 hyperfine levels of the ground (SI base unit) state of the caesium 133 atom at 0 [8] K (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy) 108 s 10
6

to for

hertz (SI unit)

Hz

Number of cycles = 1 Hz = 1/s per second metre per m/s second(SI unit) mile per hour mile per minute mile per second mph mpm mps

revolutions per minute

rpm

= 10 ns = 1 s = 4.607 40961010 s = 100 fs = 168 h = 10 080 min = 604 800 s Name of unit [edit]Speed or velocity Speed

One unit rpm equals one rotation completed around 0.104719755 rad/s a fixed axis in one minute of time.

1 461 a of 365 d 10
13

ke (traditional)

1/100 d

speed of light in c vacuum Symb ol Definition Relation to SI units 8.466 667105 m/s = 5.08103 m/s = 3.048101 m /s 1.663 095104 m/s 7.05 6 55610 m/s 4.23 333104 m/s = speed of sound in s air

7d

lustre; lustrum Metonic cycle; enneadecaeteris

5 a of 365 d

110 mo (hollow) + = 5.996 125 mo (full) = 6940 16108 s d 19 a 1 000 a (see below for definition = 1000 years of year length) md 1/1 000 d = 24 60 60 / 1 000 s = 86.4 s

a, year (Gregorian) y, oryr

millennium

= 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap = 31 556 952 s years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. See leap year for details. = 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 = 31 557 600 s d) plus one leap year (366 d) every four years time taken for Sun 365.256 to return to the 363 d 31 558

foot per hour foot per minute

fph fpm

1 ft/h 1 ft/min

340 295 m/s aircraft altitudes

to at

foot per second furlong per fortnig ht inch per hour inch per minute inch per second

fps

1 ft/s

A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed. [edit]Flow (volume) Flow

milliday

furlong/fortnight iph ipm ips 1 in/hr 1 in/min 1 in/s

minute moment month (full)

min

60 s, due to leap seconds sometimes = 60 s 59 s or 61 s, 90 s = 90 s

[20]

year (Julian)

a, y, oryr

Name of unit Symbol foot CFM[citation

Definition Relation to SI units = 4.719474432104 m3/s

mo

30 d

year (sidereal)

= 2 592 000 s

a, y, oryr

cubic

per minute

needed]

1 ft /min mile per minute per seco nd mile per second squared

kg/(ms ) Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units pize (mts unit) pz 1 000 kg/ms 1 lbf/ft2
2

cubic foot 3 ft /s per second

1 ft /s

= 0.028316846592 m /s

2 mpm/s 1 mi/(mins = 26.8224 m/s ) mps2 g 1 mi/s2 9.806 2 65 m/s = 1.609 3 2 34410 m/s = 9.806 65 m/s2

= 110 Pa = 1 kPa 47.880 26 Pa [26] 6.894 757103 Pa [2

6]

cubic inch 3 in /min per minute cubic inch 3 in /s per second cubic metre 3 per second m /s (SI unit) gallon (US GPD needed] fluid) per day gallon fluid) hour gallon fluid) minute litre minute
[citation

1 = 2.731177310 3 in /min 1 in /s
3

m /s standard gravity m /s
3

atmosphere (standard atm )

101 [26] 325 Pa = 9.806 4 [26] 6510 Pa 105 Pa 1 dyn/cm2 = 0.1 Pa

pound per square foot psf pound inch per square

psi pdl/sq ft

1 lbf/in2

= 1.638706410

[edit]Force Force

atmosphere (technica at l) bar barye (cgs unit) bar

1 kgf/cm

poundal per square foot short ton per square foot torr

1 pdl/sq ft

1.488 [26] 164 Pa

1 m /s

= 1 m /s
8

1 sh tn g / 1 95.760 3 sq ft 51810 Pa torr 101 325/760 Pa 133.322 4 Pa [26]

1 gal/d

= 4.38126363810

m /s

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units 8.238 722 06108 N [24] = 10

5

centimetre of mercury cmHg

13 1.333 3 595.1 kg/m 3 [26] 2210 Pa 1 cm g 98.063 [26] Pa 8

(US [citation GPH per needed] (US [citation GPM per needed] per LPM
[citation

[edit]Torque or moment of force Torque

1 gal/h

= 1.051503273106 m3/s

atomic force

unit

of dyn

me c /a0 gcm/s
2

centimetre of water (4 cmH2O 999.972 kg/m3 C) 1 cm g foot of mercury ftHg (conventional) 13 595.1 kg/m3 1 ft g 999.972 kg/m3 1 ft g

1 5 3 = 6.3090196410 m /s gal/min 1 L/min = 1.6105 m3/s

dyne (cgs unit) kilogram-force; kilopond; graveforce kip; kip-force milligrave-force, gravet-force

needed]

kgf; kp; g 1 kg Gf kip; kipf; klbf

40.636 3 [26] 6610 Pa 2.988 98103 Pa [26]

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units

= 9.806 65 N = 4.448 221 615 2605103 N = 9.806 65 mN foot of water (39.2 F) ftH2O

[edit]Acceleration Acceleration

foot-pound force

ft lbf

g 1 lb = 1.355 817 948 331 1 ft 4004 Nm 1 lbft2/s2 = 4.214 011 009 380 48102 Nm

g 1 000 lb

mGf; gf g 1 g

inch of mercury inHg (conventional) inch of water (39.2 F)

13 3.386 595.1 kg/m3 1 389103 Pa [2 6] in g 999.972 kg/m3 1 in g 249.082 Pa [26] = 9.806 65106 Pa [26] 6.894 757106 Pa [2
6]

foot-poundal inch-pound force metre kilogram

ft pdl in lbf m kg

Name of unit

Symbo Definition l

Relation to SI units 8.466 667105 m/s2 newton (SI unit) N

foot per hour per second foot per minute per seco nd foot per second squared gal; galileo inch per minute per seco nd inch per second squared knot per second

fph/s fpm/s fps2 Gal ipm/s ips

2

1 ft/(hs)

= 1 ft/(mins) 5.08103 m/s2 1 ft/s2 1 cm/s2 = 3.048101 m/s2 = 102 m/s2 ounce-force ozf

A force capable of giving a mass of one kg an = 1N acceleration of one 1 kgm/s2 metre per second, per second.[25] g 1 oz = 0.278 850 7812 N

g 1 lb = 0.112 984 829 027 1 in 6167 Nm Nm/g 0.101 971 621 Nm

inH2O

kilogram-force per kgf/mm 1 kgf/mm2 2 square millimetre 013 953 kip per square inch ksi 1 kipf/sq in 13 595.1 kg/m3 mHg

Newton metre (SI Nm unit) [edit]Energy Energy

N m = = 1 Nm kgm2/s2

pound-force poundal sthene (mts unit) ton-force

lbf pdl sn tnf

g 1 lb 1 lbft/s2 1 tm/s2 g 1 sh tn

= 4.448 221 615 2605 N = 0.138 254 954 376 N = 1103 N = 8.896 443 230 521103 N

micron (micrometre) of mercury

1 4.233 in/(mins) 333104 m/s2 1 in/s

2

0.133 [26] 1 m g 4 Pa 0.001 torr

322 Name of unit Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units

= 2.54102 m/s2 5.144 444101 m/s2 = 1 m/s2 = 4.4704101 m/

millimetre of mercury

mmHg

13 595.1 kg/m3 133.3224 1 mm g 1 Pa [26] torr 3 999.972 kg/m 1 mm = 9.806 38 Pa g = 0.999 972 kgf/m2 N/m2 = = 1 Pa [27]

barrel of equivalent British unit (ISO)

oil thermal

bboe BTUISO

5.8106 BTU59 6.12109 J

F

kn/s

1 kn/s 1 m/s2 1 mi/(hs)

1.0545103 J

= 1.0545103 J = 1.055 055 852 62103 J 1.055 87103 J

metre per second m/s2 squared (SI unit) mile per hour per second mph/s

See also: Conversion between weight (force) and mass [edit]Pressure or mechanical stress Pressure

millimetre of water (3.98 C)

mmH2 O

British thermal unit BTUIT (International Table) British thermal unit BTUmean (mean)

pascal (SI unit)

Pa

British thermal unit BTUth (thermochemical) British thermal unit BTU39 F (39 F) British thermal unit BTU59 F (59 F) British thermal unit BTU60 F (60 F) British thermal unit BTU63 F (63 F) calorie (International calIT Table) 4.1868 J
1

1.054 3 35010 J 1.059 67103 J 1.054 3 80410 J = 1.054 3 80410 J 1.054 3 6810 J 1.0546103 J = 4.1868 J

4810 gallon-atmosphere (imperial) gallon-atmosphere (US)

J atmosphere-cubic centimetre per minute atmosphere-cubic centimetre per second atmospherecubic foot per hour atmosphere-cubic foot per minute atmosphere-cubic foot per second BTU (International Table) per hour atm ccm 1 atm 3 1 cm /min 1 atm 3 1 cm /s = 1.688 75103 W poncelet square equivalent radiation ton of conditioning p

LmHg/s

[14]

1.33310 W = 980.665 W

imp gal 1 atm 1 = 460.632 569 atm gal (imp) 25 J US gal 1 atm 1 = 383.556 849 atm gal (US) 0138 J me c (= 2 4.359 Ry) 7441018 J 1 hp 1 h = 2.684 519 537 696 172 6 79210 J
2 2

100 m kgf/s

atm ccs

hartree, atomic unit Eh of energy horsepower-hour hph

= 0.101 325 W

foot 70.337 direct sq ft EDR 240 BTUIT/h 057 W air 2000 lbs of ice melted / 3 504 W 24 h 2240 lb iceIT / 24 h: 3.938 iceIT = 144F 875103 W 2326 J/kg.F 200 lbs iceIT / 24 h: 3.516 iceIT = 144 853103 W 2326 J/kg.F The power which in one = 1 W = 1 J/s second of = 1 Nm/s = time gives rise 1 kgm2/s3 to one joule of [25] energy.

atm cfh atmcfm

1 atm 1 cu = 0.797 001 ft/h 244 704 W 1 atm 1 cu = 47.820 074 ft/min 682 24 W = 2.869 204 1 atm 1 cu 480 ft/s 9344103 W 1 BTUIT/h 0.293 071 W

inch-pound force

in lbf

g 1 lb 1 = 0.112 984 in 829 027 6167 J The work done when a force of one newton moves = 1 J = 1 mN = the point of its 2 2 1 kgm /s = application a 1 CV = 1 Ws distance of one metre in the direction of the force.[25] = 4.1868103 J = 3.6106 J = 101.325 J = 1.055 055 852 621018 J 2.179 8721018 J = 105.505 585 262106 J = 105.4804106 J = 4.1868106 J = 29.3076109 J = 41.868109 J = 4.184109 J

ton of refrigeration (imperial)

calorie (mean)

calmean

100 of the energy required to warm one gram of air- 4.190 02 J free water from 0 C to 100 C @ 1 atm 4.184 J = 4.184 J 4.2045 J 4.1855 J = 4.1855 J 4.1819 J 1 BTUIT 1 = 1.899 100 K/R 534 716103 J

atm cfs

BTUIT/h

ton of refrigeration (IT)

joule (SI unit)

BTU (International 17.584 BTUIT/min 1 BTUIT/min Table) per minute 264 W BTU (International BTUIT/s Table) per second calorie (International calIT/s Table) per second erg per second erg/s 1 BTUIT/s 1 calIT/s 1 erg/s 1 ft lbf/h = 1.055 055 3 852 6210 W = 4.1868 W [edit]Action = 107 W 3.766 161104 W = 2.259 696 580 552 334102 W = 1.355 948 4004 W 817 331 Action watt (SI unit) W

calorie (thermochemical) calorie (3.98 C) calorie (15 C) calorie (20 C)

calth cal3.98 C cal15 C cal20 C

kilocalorie; large calorie

kcal; Cal 1 000 calIT

kilowatt-hour; Board kWh; 1 kW 1 h of Trade Unit B.O.T.U. litre-atmosphere quad rydberg therm (E.C.) Ry l atm; sl 1 atm 1 L 10 BTUIT Rc 100 000 BTUIT 100 000 BTU59 F th coal TCE TOE tTNT 1 McalIT 7 Gcalth 10 Gcalth 1 Gcalth
15

foot-pound-force per ft lbf/h hour foot-pound-force per ft lbf/min minute foot-pound-force per ft lbf/s second horsepower (boiler) bhp

Celsius heat unit CHUIT (International Table)

1 ft lbf/min

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units 571

cubic centimetre of atmosphere; cc atm; 1 atm standard cubic scc 1 cm3 centimetre cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot cubic foot of natural gas cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard electronvolt erg (cgs unit) foot-pound force foot-poundal

= 0.101 325 J

1 ft lbf/s

atomic action

unit

of

au

1.054 34 [28] /2 6810 Js

[edit]Dynamic viscosity Dynamic viscosity

cu ft 1 atm 1 ft3 atm; scf 1 000 BTUIT

= 2.869 204 480 9344103 J = 1.055 055 852 62106 J

34.5 lb/h 9.810 3 970.3 BTUIT/lb 65710 W 75 kpm/s 746 W = 736 W

therm (US) thermie ton of equivalent

horsepower hp (European electrical) horsepower (imperial electrical) horsepower (imperial mechanical) horsepower (metric) hp

Name of unit = 746 W = 745.699 871 582 270 22 W = 735.498 75 W pascal unit) second (SI

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units

cu yd 1 atm 1 = 77.468 520 atm; scy yd3 985 2288103 J 1.602 177 331019 26 4.910 J = 107 J = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 J = 4.214 009 011 380

ton of oil equivalent ton of TNT

hp

550 ft lbf/s

Pas

Ns/m2, = 1 Pas kg/(ms)

eV erg ft lbf ft pdl

e1V 1 gcm2/s2 g 1 ft 1 lb

[edit]Power or heat flow rate Power

hp

75 m kgf/s

poise (cgs unit)

1 baryes

= 0.1 Pas 4.133 4 78910 Pas 1.488164 Pas 47.88026 Pas

litre-atmosphere per 1 atm 1 Latm/min = 1.688 75 W minute L/min Symbol Definition Relation to SI units litre-atmosphere per Latm/s second lusec lusec 1 atm 1 = 101.325 W L/s 1

pound per foot hour pound second per foot

lb/(fth) 1 lb/(fth) lb/(fts) 1 lb/(fts)

1 lbft /s

Name of unit

pound-force second lbfs/ft2 1 lbfs/ft2

per square foot pound-force second 2 2 lbfs/in 1 lbfs/in per square inch [edit]Kinematic viscosity Kinematic viscosity 6,894.757 Pas abcoulomb; electromagnetic (cgs unit) unit abC; emu 10 C = 10 C 1.602 176 19 46210 C

between the points equals [25] one watt. [edit]Electrical resistance Electrical resistance

mathematicians and electrical engineers.

Name of unit

Symbol

Definition

Relation to SI units = 110

4

atomic unit of charge

au

gauss (CGS unit) Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units tesla (SI unit) [edit]Inductance Inductance

Mx/cm = 4 10 T Wb/m
2

[32]

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units coulomb (SI unit) C

square foot per second ft /s

1 ft /s

= 0.09290304 m /s faraday F

The amount of electricity carried in one = 1 C = 1 second of time As by one ampere of current.[25] 1 mol NAe 96 485.3383 C 3.335 10 64110 C

= 1 T 2 Wb/m = 1 kg/(As2)

ohm (SI unit)

square metre second (SI unit)

per

m /s

1 m /s

= 1 m /s statcoulomb; franklin; statC; electrostatic unit (cgs Fr; esu unit) = 104 m2/s [edit]Electric dipole Electric dipole (0.1 Am) / c [edit]Capacitance

The resistance between two points in a conductor when = 1 = 1 V/A one volt of electric potential =1 difference, applied to these 2 2 3 kgm /(A s ) points, produces one ampere [25] of current in the conductor.

Name of Symbol Definition unit

Relation to SI units

stokes (cgs unit) [edit]Electric current Electric current

St

4 2 10 m /s

Capacitor's ability to store charge henry (SI H unit)

Name of Symbol Definition unit Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units 8.478 811030 Cm[29] 352 farad (SI F unit)

Relation to SI units

The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt = 1 H = 1 of electromotive force when Wb/A =1 the current in the circuit kgm2/(As)2 varies at a uniform rate of [25] one ampere per second.

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units atomic unit of electric dipole ea0 moment coulomb meter debye Cm D

ampere (SI base unit)

The constant current needed to produce a force of 2 107 newton per metre between two straight parallel = 1 A conductors of infinite length and negligible circular crosssection placed one metre apart in a vacuum.[8] = 10 A

=1C1m [edit]Magnetic flux = = 1010 esu 3.335640951030 Cm [30]

The capacitance between two parallel plates that = 1 F = 1 C/V results in one volt of =1 potential difference when 2 4 A s /(kgm2) charged by one coulomb of [25] electricity.

[edit]Temperature For more details on this topic, see Conversion of units of temperature. Temperature

Name of unit magnetic flux degree Celsius C C K 273.15 [K] [C] + 273.15

[edit]Electromotive force, electric potential difference Voltage, electromotive force

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units = 1108 Wb degree Delisle De

electromagnetic unit; abampere abamp 10 A (cgs unit) esu per second; statampere (cgs esu/s unit) [edit]Electric charge Electric charge (0.1 Am/s) / c

Name unit

of

Symbol Definition

Relation to SI units = 1108 V = 299.792 458 V

maxwell (CGS Mx unit)

10 Wb

[31]

[K] = 373.15 [De] 2/3

3.33564110

10

abvolt (cgs unit) A

abV

1108 V

statvolt (cgs statV unit)

c (1 J/Am)

weber (SI unit) Wb

volt (SI unit) V Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation SI units to

The difference in electric potential across two = 1 V = 1 points along a conducting W/A =1 wire carrying one ampere kgm2/(As3) of constant current when the power dissipated

Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it = 1 Wb = 1 an electromotive force Vs =1 of 1 volt if it were kgm2/(As2) reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 [25] second.

degree Fahrenheit F

F C 9/5 + 32

[K] ([F] + 459.67) 5/9

degree Newton

[edit]Magnetic flux density What physicists call Magnetic field is called Magnetic flux density by electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied R K 9/5

[K] = [N] 100/33 + 273.15

degree Rankine

R;

[K] [R]

5/9

degree Raumur

[K] = [R] 5/4 + 273.15

Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon. [edit]Luminous intensity The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit. Luminous intensity

lambert

(10 /) 2 3,183.0988618 cd/m 2 cd/m 1104 cd/m2 4 2 10 cd/m

periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic [35] processes associated with radioactivity. [edit]Radiation - exposure Radiation - exposure

stilb (CGS unit) [edit]Luminous flux Luminous flux

sb

degree Rmer

[K] = ([R] 7.5) 40/21 + 273.15

Name unit

of

Symbol Definition 1 R 4 [31] 2.5810 C/kg

Relation units = 2.5810

to

SI

roentgen Symb ol Relatio n to SI units Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

C/kg

Regulo Gas Mark

GM; F GM 25 + 300

[K] [GM] 125/9 + 422.038

Name of unit

Definition

The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly [36] discourages its continued use. [edit]Radiation - absorbed dose Radiation - absorbed dose

kelvin (SI unit)

base

1/273.16 of the thermodynamic 1K temperature of the triple [8] point of water.

candela (SI base cd unit); candle

[edit]Information entropy Information entropy

The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency = 1 cd 12 54010 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.[8] cd The use of candlepower as a unit is = 1 cd discouraged due to its ambiguity. Varies and is poorly reproducible.[33] Approximat 0.981 c ely 0.981 cd.[14] d

lumen (SI unit) lm [edit]Illuminance Illuminance

cdsr

= 1 lm = 1 cdsr

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation units to SI

2 2 [37]

Relation to SI units

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

gray (SI unit) Gy

1 J/kg = 1 m /s

= 1 Gy

candlepower (ne w) Relation to SI Relation units to bits

cp

Name of unit

Symbo Definitio l n

footcandle; lumen per fc square foot lm/in2

rad lm/ft2 = 10.763910417 lx

rad

0.01 Gy[31]

= 0.01 Gy

[edit]Radiation - equivalent dose Radiation - equivalent dose

candlepower (old cp , pre-1948) [edit]Luminance

lumen per square inch

lm/in2

1,550.0031 lx

SI unit

J/K

J/K

= 1 J/K = 1.380 650 5(23)1023 J/ K

lux (SI unit) Luminance phot (CGS unit) Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

lx

lm/m2 lm/cm2

= 1 lx = 1 lm/m2 = 1104 lx

Name of unit

Symbol Definition

Relation units

to

SI

nat; nip; nepit bit; shannon

nat bit; Sh ban; Hart

kB

b; ln(2) = 9.569 940 = 1 bit kB (16)1024 J/K = 3.179 065 ln(10) 3(53)1023 J/ kB K 4 bits = 3.827 976 0(64)1023 J/ = 22 bit K = 7.655 952 = 23 bit (13)1023 J/K = = 7.655 952 8103 bi (13)1020 J/K t = 8000 bit = 213 bit = 7.839 695 = 8192 20 (13)10 J/K bit

ph

[edit]Radiation - source activity Radioactivity

Rntgen man

equivalent

rem

0.01 Sv

= 0.01 Sv

ban; hartley

candela square foot

per

cd/ft2

cd/ft2

10.763910417 cd/m2

sievert (SI unit) Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

Sv

J/kg[35]

= 1 Sv

nibble

candela square inch

per

cd/in

cd/in

1,550.0031 cd/m

byte

8 bits

kilobyte (decimal )

kB

1 000 B

candela per square metre (SI cd/m2 unit); nit [14] (deprecated )

becquerel (SI unit) cd/m2 = 1 cd/m2 curie

Bq

Number disintegrations second 3.710 Bq 1 MBq

10

of per = 1 Bq = 1/s = 3.71010 Bq [34] = 1106 Bq

Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as H=QD where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be different.[38]

Ci rd

KB; kilobyte (kibibyte) KiB

1 024 B

footlambert

fL

(1/) 3.4262590996 cd/m2 cd/ft2

rutherford (H)

Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s1), Hz is used only for