Ch 10. Open-Channel Flow Uniform Flow Fluids Chapter 1. %asi&s '. Fluid #tati&s (. )inemati&s *. +aws ,!ntegral..

+aws ,/iff.0. Modeling1#imilitude 2. !n3is&id 4. Vis&ous 5. E$ternal Flow 10. Open-Channel Appendix %asi& Math Units %asi& E6uations 7ater18ir "a9les #e&tions Gradually Varied Flow Uniform Flow apidly Varied Flow Case !ntro "heory

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"his se&tion 9egins with a dis&ussion of how open&hannel flow &an 9e &lassified. "he Froude num9er; important dimensionless parameter in open-&hannel flow; and the &on&ept of spe&ifi& energy will 9e introdu&ed. "he Che<y and Manning e6uations are then presented for uniform flow.

Classi*i+ation o* 'pen%Channel Flo,

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eBooks /ynami&s Fluids Math Me&hani&s Multimedia Mems #tati&s "hermodynami&s Author(s): Chean Chin :go )urt Gramoll Kurt Gramoll

Open-&hannel flow refers to flow with a free water surfa&e where the fluid flow is dri3en solely 9y gra3ity 8ppli&ations of open-&hannel flow &an 9e found in 9o natural ,e.g.; &ree=s and ri3ers- and man-made stru&tures ,e.g.; storm water sewer; sanitary sewer a &anals-.

:atural Open-Channel Flow

Open-&hannel flow &an 9e &lassified as uniform and nonuniform flow a&&ording to its flow &hara&teristi&s. For uniform flow; the 3elo&ity; depth; and &ross se&tional area are &onstant along the &hannel> where for nonuniform flow; they 3ary in the dire&tion of the flow. "he depth asso&iated with uniform flow is &alled the normal depth. :onuniform flow &an 9e further di3ided into gradually 3aried and rapidly 3aried flow; and they will 9e introdu&ed in the later se&tions.

Classifi&ation of Open-Channel Flow

Open-&hannel flow &an also 9e &lassified as steady a unsteady flow. "he flow is steady when the 3elo&ity a flow depth at a gi3en point do not &hange with time. O the other hand; the 3elo&ity and flow depth 3ary with time for unsteady flow.

Froude #um-er

One of the most important dimensionless parameters the study of open-&hannel flow is the Froude num9er From dimensional analysis; Froude num9er is

?ydrauli& /epth

where V is the a3erage 3elo&ity; + is the &hara&terist length asso&iated with the &hannel ,hydrauli& depth-; and g is the gra3itational a&&eleration. @hysi&ally; the Froude num9er represents the ratio of inertial for&es gra3itational for&es. !t also represents the ratio of flui 3elo&ity to the wa3e &elerity.

Open-&hannel flow &an also 9e &lassified a&&ording t the Froude num9er in the following mannerA ,a- Fr B 1A su9&riti&al ,tran6uil- flow ,9- Fr C 1A &riti&al flow

,&- Fr D 1A super&riti&al ,rapid- flow

!t is also &ommon to write Fr as V1&; where & is the wa3e &elerity; & ,speed of a wa3e in the fluid-. "his fo is similar to the Ma&h :um9er in air. For su9&riti&al fl ,V B &-; the wa3es &reated 9y any surfa&e distur9an& ,e.g.; throwing a stone in the water- at the downstrea &an tra3el upstream. On the other hand; for super&riti&al flow ,V D &-; all surfa&e distur9an&es wil 9e swept downstream. "he wa3e will remain stationa for &riti&al flow ,V C &-.
Man-Made Open-Channel Flow

(e.nolds #um-er

!n addition to the Froude num9er; the eynolds num is also important in open &hannel flow analysis; as on would e$pe&t. e&all; eynolds num9er is

?ydrauli&

adius

,For Open Channel Flow-

where + is the hydrauli& radius ,not the radius of a &ir&le-. Care must 9e ta=en to find the right length ter +; for 9oth Fr and e sin&e they are different.

Uni*orm Flo,: Che/. and annin0 !1uations

8s with most fluid flow pro9lems; the 3elo&ity; V; and 3olumetri& flow rate; E; are 9oth important 6uantities open-&hannel flow and need to 9e determined. "he most &ommon method to determine 9oth V and E is with the Che<y and Manning e6uations.

Uniform Flow; Constant #lope; #o

"he Che<y e6uation &an 9e de3eloped using the energy e6uation ,%ernoulliFs e6uation- and the /ar&y 7eis9a&h e6uation for pipe flow. !f uniform flow is assumed ,see diagram on the left-; then the flow dep at any lo&ation is the same; y1 C y'. 8lso; the flow 3elo&ity will 9e the same; V1 C V'; due to &ontinuity &ondition. "his means that the potential energy &han 9etween 1 and ' is only e6ual to the head loss; h + C <1 - <' C # o +

"he /ar&y-7eis9a&h e6uation; whi&h estimates the fri&tion head loss for pipes; &an 9e used for open &hannel flow if the pipe diameter; d; term &hanged to four times the hydrauli& radius; h; or
?ydrauli& adius , C 81@-

It is possible to use the Moody chart to find the friction factor, f, but it is an iterative process sin

the velocity is not known (but is needed with the Moody chart). A more common method is to equate hL with the slope, and solve for , !ivin! the "he#y equation as

"a9leA Manning Coeffi&ient Channel Bed Conditions :atural Channel Clean and #traight MaGor i3ers #luggish; /eep @ools E$&a3ated Earth Channel Clean Gra3elly 7eedy 8rtifi&ially +ined Channel 8sphalt %ri&=wor= Clay "ile Con&rete; Finished Con&rete; #ewer Con&rete; Unfinished 7ood; planed 7ood; unplaned Corrugated metal 0.010 0.01. 0.01* 0.01' 0.01. 0.01* 0.01' 0.01( 0.0'* 0.0'' 0.0'. 0.0(0 0.0(0 0.0(. 0.0*0 n

where " is equal to ($!%f)&.' and (o is the channe slope. (ince the f values are hard to calculate for ", a second equation is then used to determine th " values for different channels surfaces, called t Mannin! equation,

where n for 3arious 9asi& materials is listed at the lef "he = is simply a &on3ersion fa&tor depending if #! o U# units are used. For #!; = C 1 m0.((1s; for U#; = C 1.*40 ft0.((1s. "he Manning and Che<y e6uations &an 9e used together to gi3e

, eferen&eA Chow; V. ".; HOpen Channel ?ydrauli&s;H M&Graw-?ill; :ew Ior=; 15.5.-

:ote that the Manning &oeffi&ient n is the same for 9 unit systems; and it depends on the &hannel materia and &onditions. #ome of the typi&al 3alues of n o9tained from e$periments are summari<ed in the ta for 3arious &hannel 9ed &onditions.

$pe+i*i+ !ner0.

"he spe&ifi& energy ,E- is energy per unit weight measured relati3e to the &hannel 9ed; and it is gi3en the sum of the depth and 3elo&ity head ,again assuming small 9ed slope and a =ineti& energy &orre&tion fa&tor of 1-A E C y J V'1'g ?en&e; the spe&ifi& energy is &onstant along the &hannel for uniform flow; 9ut it 3aries for nonuniform flow. For a re+tan0ular +hannel; the spe&ifi& energy in terms of the dis&harge flow rate per unit width ,6 C E1width- is gi3en 9y

#pe&ifi& Energy /iagram Cli&= to 3iew mo3ie ,*2=-

where y is the depth from the 9ottom of the &hannel. "he plot of the spe&ifi& energy as a fun&tion of the &hannel depth ,y 3ersus E- is plotted as a spe&ifi& energy diagram.

"he minimum spe&ifi& energy ,Emin- &orresponds to th &riti&al flow ,i.e.; Fr C 1-; and the &orresponding &hannel depth is referred as the &riti&al depth ,y&-. "h &riti&al depth &an 9e determined 9y setting dE1dy e6u to 0 and sol3ing for y& C ,6'1g-11(. "he &orresponding spe&ifi& energy; is Emin; for a re&tangular &ross se&tio is (y&1'. "ypi&ally; &riti&al flow is a3oided in the desig of open-&hannel systems due to its insta9ility.

For a gi3en flow rate 6 and gi3en spe&ifi& energy E ,f E D Emin-; two different &hannel depths ,ysu9 and ysuppossi9le; and they are referred to as alternate depths "he top and 9ottom portions of the spe&ifi& energy &ur3e &orrespond to su9&riti&al and super&riti&al flow respe&ti3ely. :ote that the flow depth asso&iated with the su9&riti&al flow is mu&h higher than for super&riti& flow.