PSN GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Name

: _____________________

Department : _________________ Semester : _________________

Register No : _____________________ Subject

: _____________________________________________________

Name of the college : ______________________________________________

Certified that this Bonafide Record of the work done by the above Student of the ___________________________________ Laboratory during the year ______________________________

__________________ Signature of Lab in-charge

_____________________ Signature of Head of Dept.

Submitted by the Practical Examination held on ______________________

_______________ Internal Examiner

______________ External Examiner

INDEX
Name of the Lab : Name of the Staff in-charge : Sl. No Date of Experiment Name of the Experiment Page No Staff Sign

EXP.NO:1 DATE: Introduction to Finite Element Method The finite element method is a numerical technique,well suited to digital computers, which can be applied to solve problems in solid mechanics, which can be applied to solve problems in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics,heat transfer and vibrations . The procedure to solve problems in each these fields is similar. However this discussion will address the application of finite element methods to solid mechanical problems. In all finite element models the domain is divided into a finite number of elements. These elements are connected at points called nodes.In soild models, displacements in each element are directly related to nodal displacements are then related to strains and stresses in the elements. The Finite element method tries to choose the nodal displacements must also be consistent with any constraints on the motion of the structure. The finite element method converts the condition of equilibrium into a set of linear algebraic equations for the nodal dispracements. Once the equations are solved,one can find the actual strains and stresses in all the elements By breaking the structure into a larger number of smaller element the stresses.became closer to the achieving equilibrium with the applied loads. Therefore an important concept in the use of finite element methods is that, in general,a finite element model approaches the true solution to the problem only as the element density is increased. There are a number of steps in the solution procedure using finite element methods. All finite element package require the user to go through these steps in one form or another 1) Specifying Geometry-first the geometry of the structure to be analyzed is defined This can do either by entering the geometric information in the finite element package through the keyboard or mouse ,or by importing the model from a soild modeler like PRO/ENGINEER. 2) Specifying Element type and material properties- Next the material properties are defined.In an elastic analysis of an isotropic soild these consist of the young modulus and the poisson s ratio of the material. 3) Mesh the object:then the structure is broken or meshed into small elements. This involves defining the types of elements into which the structure will be broken ,as well as specifying how the structure will be subdivided into elements (how it will be meshed)This subdivision into elements can either be put by the user or,with some finite element programs can be chosen automatically by the computer based on the geometry of the structure.This is called auto meshing. 4) Apply boundary conditions and external loads-next, the boundary conditions (e.g. locations of supports) and the external loads are specited. 5) Generate a solution:-then the solution is generated based on the previously input parameters 6) Post processing:Based on the initial conditions and applied loads,data is returned after a solution is processed.This data can be viewed in a variety of graphs and displays. 7) Refine the mesh:Finite element methods are approximate methods and in general,the accuracy of the approximation increases with number of elements used.The number of elements needed for on accurate model depends on the problem and the specific results to be extracted from it.Thus,in order to judge the accuracy of results from a single finite element run,you need to increase the number of elements in the object and see if or how the results change. 8) Interpreting the results-This step is perhaps the most critical step in the entire analysis because it requires that the modeler use his or her fundamental knowledge of mechanics to interpret and understand the output of the model.This is critical for applying correct results to

solve real engineering problems and in identifying when modeling mistakes have been made (which can easily occur) The eight steps mentioned above have to be carried out before any meaningful information can be obtained regardless of the size and complexity of the to be solved.However,the specific commands and procedures that must be used for each of the steps will vary from one finite element package to another.The solution procedure for ANSYS is described in this tutor. Limitations of finite element methods Finite element methods are extremely versatile and powerful and can enable designers to obtain information about the behavior of complicated structures with almost arbitrary loading. In spite of the significant advances that have been made in developing finite element packages, the results obtained must be carefully examined before they can be used. Thus point can be over emphasized. The most significant limitation of finite element methods is that the accuracy of the obtained solution is usually a function of the mesh resolution. Any regions of highly concentrated stress.Such as around loading points and supports,must be carefully analyzed with the use of a sufficiently refined mesh.In addition,there are some more problems which are inherently singular(the stresses are theoretically infinite).Special efforts must be made to analyze such problems. An additional concern for any user is that because current packages can solve so many sophisticated problems, there is a strong temptation to solveproblems with outdoing the hard work of thinking them and understanding the underlying mechanics and physical applications.Modern finite element packages tools that have become increasingly indispensable to mechanical design and analysis. How ever they also make it easy for users to make big mistakes. Obtaining solutions with finite element methods often requires substantial amounts of computer and user time. Nevertheless,finite element packages have become increasingly indispensable to mechanical design and analysis. AN INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS Overview Presented below is an introduction ANSYS.In this, you simulate the loading of a

square,elastic plate with a central hole under plane stress conditions.Because of the symmetry of the

problem,you only need to model 1/4 of the plate as indicated on the right hand side below: the lines lab sled 1and2are lines of mirror symmetry. The purpose of the analysis is to determine the stress and strains surrounding the hole. From such an analysis you can tell,for instance the stress at which the plate will begin to yield (based on a von mises criterion).There are analytical solutions for this problem (one of which is shown in Dieters book,chapter 2),so it is possible to cheek the numerical answers from finite element analysis (FEM) based on the analytical solutions. The analysis below proceeds through the following steps 1) Define the type of problem(structural) 2) Define the element type to be used 3) Specify material properties 4) Define the shape of the object. 5) Mesh the object 6) Define the( loadcan mean stresses, displacements,temps.etc) 7) Obtain a solution 8)Access and interpret the results. The details After entering into ANSYS you should be presented with a collection of window.The first window you are interested in is at the left hand side of the screen and called ANSYS MAIN MENU.It contains headings like PREFERENCES PREPROCESSOR Etc. 1. Define the type of problem (structural) To specify the general type of problem in which you are interested (a structural problem), click with your mouse on PREFERENCES This opens a window.Click on WILL SHOW Next to STRUCTUTRAL. You can now hit OK To get out of PREFERENCES.You are now going to work in the PREPROCESSOR. Essentially,most of the work is done here (steps1-5 above). 2. Define the element type to be used. CLICK PREPROCESSOR If you havent already.Next choose ELEMENT TYPE

Choose ADD Which takes you a library of element types?Choose STRUCTURAL SOLID Choose QUAD4NODE 42 Then hit OK You are doing a two dimensional problem and the quad 4node 42 element is a 2D element (or if needed an element for cylindrical symmetry,which can be treated as quasi 2 D element).The element can either do plane stress or plane strain. You can vary option by getting into OPTIONS window.By default,the element is set to plane stress. Now get out of the ELEMENT TYPES and back into the PREPROCESSOR by clicking. CLOSE Next, you want to specify the important material parameter. 3. Specify material properties. In the PREPROCESSOR,choose MATERIAL PROPERTIES Choose MATERIAL MODELS LINEAR ELASTIC ISOTROPIC You want to input properties, say EX=200e3 (The youngs modulus of steel in mpa) and poissons ratio PRXY=0.3 You want to save the material parameters by hitting OK And closing the MATERIAL MODELS window.You should return to the PREPROCESSOR window. You are now ready to start detailing the shape of the object. 4. Define the shape of the object From the PREPROCESSOR window choose MODELLING In MODELLING choose CREATE Then choose AREAS And RECTAGLE You can size and locate the rectangle by choosing BY DIMENSIONS To create a 1010 square, fill in the box 0 10 0 10 Click OK to get out of the DIMENSIONS box and then close the RECTANGLE box. At this point, a big rectangle should appear on the screen. You are next going to introduce a circle to the drawing so that you can subtract it from the rectangle.In the AREAS window choose CIRCLE

Then choose BY DIMENSIONS and set OUTER RADIUS 3 And ENDING ANGLE 90 Then hit OK And close the CIRCLE and CREATE windows.You should now be back in the PREPROCESSOR.You want to subtract the circle from the rectangle so open MODELING And then OPERATE BOOLEANS SUBTRACT At this point a SUBTRACT areas box will open up.you should look carefully for instructions in a grey dialog box or window at the left bottom of ANSYS screen menu window. Then instructions request that you click with the mouse on the area from which you are going to subtract something. Click THE MOUSE SOMEWHERE IN THE CENTER OF THE RECTANGLE,and then hit OK Next, the dialog box requests that you use the mouse to indicate the area to be subtracted.CLICK THE MOUSE ON THE CIRCLE and then hit OK Close the SUBTRACT and OPERATE windows and then return to the PREPROCESSOR. The object should look like this:

The sides have been numbered of the object in the above diagram to help with subsequent instructions: the numbers are not shown on the ANSYS screen. Now you can get out of modeling.You are ready to mesh the object. 5. Mesh the object In the PREPROCESSOR go under MESHING and choose SIZE CONTROLS Then LINES And PICKED LINES A menu window will open up and the box at the bottom left of ANSYS will ask you to use the mouse to pick the lines to be meshed. CLICK ON LINES 1AND 2 WITH THE MOUSE. If you accidentally click on the wrong line, you can undo your choice by hitting the secondary button on the mouse. Doing this will turn the mouse cursor from an upward-pointing arrow Y to a downward

pointing arrow B.if you click on the unwanted object with the downward pointing arrow ; it is taken off list of picked lines.After choosing lines 1 and 2 you should hit OK And a new menu will pop up.Set the following boxes: Ndiv 20 SPACE1/3 And hit OK To help you see what you have done, you can now go up to plot menu under the main utility window at the top of ANSYS and click LINES. This action will cause the computer to show the boundary lines including nodes established on lines 1 and 2. There are 20 nodes (Ndiv=20) on each line, and the nodes near the outer surface are separated by thrice the separations of nodes the inner circle because it acts as a stress concentrator: the stress varies rapidly within this region. Next hit PICKED LINES Again choose the circular shaped inner line labeled 3 in above diagram. Set NDIV 21 Space 1 Hit OK And get out of the SHAPE AND SIZE WINDOW (you should be back in the PREPROCESSOR) NEXT click MESH Click on mouse on AREAS Click the mouse on MAPPED Then CONCATENATE-LINES The computer will ask you to pick the lines to concatenate (join together for the purpose of meshing):you should choose lines 4 and 5 in the above diagram,the reason for doing that is that it is impossible to construct a 5 sided object(your rectangle with a hole)from a 4- side pieces (the elements quad 4 node 42) you join together two of the sides to make the object 4-sided.Hit OK Next choose 3 OR 4 SICED The computer will ask you to choose the area to be meshed.Choose your rectangle,then hit OK Then computer should think a little bit then produce a mesh that looks something like a spider web:

You are now finished meshing the area.Close the windows and return to preprocessor.If for some reason the mesh looks asymmetric or messy,you can try

repeating the meshing sequence and middle around until you get something that looks nice (this will probably not be a problem). 6. Define the loads Back in the preprocessor window,choose (DEFINE) LOADS At the bottom of the window. In this window,choose TIME/FREQUENCY TIME &SUBSTEPS And enter Time at end of steps 10 Number of sub steps 10 Choose STEPPED Boundary conditions) And hit OK Next, in the LOADS WINDOW hit APPLY Then STRUCTURAL THEN PRESSURE And finally ON LINES The computer finally asks you choose with the mouse the lines on which the pressure is to be applied. Choose line 4(top of rectangle) with the mouse, then click OK The computer will ask you for the amount of pressure. A positive number corresponds to a compressive pressure, while a negative number corresponds to a tensile pressure. A reasonable value of stress corresponds to E/100 or E/1000:you might use le3 corresponding to e/200 (if earlier you used E=200e3).After you input the number hit OK Then close the PRESSURE window. At this point little one or more little red arrows will appear on the screen indicating that traction exists.Next in the STRUCTURAL menu, choose DISPLACEMENTS Then SYMMETRY ON LINES The program will ask you to indicate the lines of symmetry; you should choose lines 1and line2. You ready to ask the computer to solve the problem that you have set up. 7. Obtain a solution From the MAIN MENU pick the SOLUTION Window.From the SOLUTION window,choose SOLVE Then CURRENTLS Then hit

OK The program will crunch along, and will eventually halt and produce a pretty picture showing the boundary conditions on the plate. 8. Plotting the results Back in the MAIN MENU choose GENERAL POST PROCESSOR Then READ RESULTS Choose what you want plotted (LAST RESULTS, STRESS,Y-DIRECTION,then hit OK And get back into GENERAL POST PROCESSOR.Next hit PLOT RESULTS And ELEMENT SOLUTIONS You then to decided what it is you want to plot.You can now animate the picture by going to the ANSYS/UNIVERSITY UTILITY MENU at the top of the computer screen and clicking PLOTCTRLA ANIMATE DEFORMED RESULTS STRESS (for instance) Y-DIRECTION (for instance) You can plot stress Vs position by going into GENERAL POST PROCESSOR PATH OPERATONS DEFINE PATH Then clicking on two nodes that you wish to define as the first and last points along a path along which you wish to obtain the strain or stress.After seleeting nodes,click OK Then under PATH OPERATIONS click MAP ON TO PATH And for instance click STRESS Y-DIRECTION OK Next click PLOT PATH ITEMS SY OK

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM Ex.No:2 DATE: AIM: To structural analyze of simply supported beam for stresses and deflection. SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE:

The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Prepocessor Element Type Add / Edit / Delete Add Beam Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add (100,833,10) Material Props Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic Keypoints In Active CS ( Modeling Create ) apply ( )

OK Lines Lines Straight line Click ( 1st point to 2nd point ) Meshing Mesh tool lines
Set

(select line) Edge length(10)

Mesh Select line Solution Define loads Apply structural Displacement On keypoints Select 1st point Select * On keypoint select 2nd point Select [ +

] Pressure On Beams

Pick All node1(1) General Postproc Plot result Contour plot Nodal solu Dot Solution Displacement vector sum Element table Define table Add Smaxi by sequence num NMISC1 Apply SMAXJ By sequence num NMISC3 OK Plot result Line element result .

RESULT: Thus the simply supported beam with a point load was analyzed for stress, deflection, and bending moment successfully.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM Ex.No:3 DATE: AIM: To stress analysis of a cantilever Beam. SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE:

The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences structural Prepocessor Element type Add / Edit / Delete add Beam Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add (100,833,10) Material props Material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic Keypoints In Active CS ( Modeling Create ) apply ( )

OK Lines Lines Straight line Click ( 1st point to 2nd point ) Meshing Mesh tool smart size Mesh Select line Solution Define loads Apply Structural Displacement On Keypoints Select 1st point All DOF Force/ Moment On keypoints Select 2nd point
FY

(-100) Solve Current LS General

postproc Plot results Deformed shafe Def+ underformed OK

RESULT:

Thus the stress analysis of a cantilever beam was analyzed for stress and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0.

ANAYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A HOLE Ex.No:4 DATE: AIM: To stress analysis of a plate with a hole . SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0

PROCEDURE: The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Preprocessor Element type Add / Edit / Delete Add Solid 8 node 82 OK options Plane strs w /thk Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add Ok THK (20) Material Props Material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic Modeling Create Areas

Rectangle By 2 corners (0,0,200,100) Circle Solid circle (100,50,20) Operate Booleans SubtractAreas Click Rectangle surface Ok Apply Select circle Next Ok Meshing Mesh tool smart size Mesh Pick All solution Define loads Apply Structural Displacement On lines select line All DOF Ok Pressure On lines Pick opposite line Ok Load PRES value(-1) Ok solve Current LS General Postproc Plot results Deformed shafe Def + underformed Contour plot Nodal solution stress von mises stress Ok.

RESULT: Thus the stress analysis of a plate with a hole was analyzed for stress and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF AN-L-BRACKET Ex.No:5 DATE: AIM: To structural analyze on L bracket for stresses and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0. SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE: The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Prepocessor Element Type Add / Edit / Delete Add Beam Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add (100,833,10) Material Props Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic In ( apply ( Active CS ( ) Modeling Create Keypoints apply ( ) apply ( ) apply )

) apply (

) OK Lines Lines Straight line create line

in all points Meshing Mesh tool smart size Mesh Pick all solution define loads Apply Structural displacement On keypoints click 1 & 6th point Ok All DOF Ok Force / Moment ON keypoints Select 3rd point Ok [ ] (-100) Ok Solve Current LS General Post proc Plot results contour plot Nodal solution DOF Solution Displacement vector sum Ok.

RESULT: Thus the L Bracket subjected to a load on the top edge was analyzed for stress, deflection, by using ANSYS 11.0.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THIN PLATE Ex.No:6 DATE: AIM To stress analysis of a plate with hole. Software used ANSYS 12.0 PROCEDURE The modules available in ANSYS are Preference Structural Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Solid 8node 82 Ok Options Plane Strs W /Thk Real Constants Material Models Add/Edit/Delete Add Ok Thk (20) Material Props Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic

Modeling Create Areas

Rectangle By 2 Corners (0,0,200,100) Meshing Mesh Tool Smart Size Mesh Pick All Solutions Defineloads Apply Structural Displacement On Lines Selectline All Dof Ok Pressure On Lines Pick Oppositeline Ok Load Presvalue (-1) Ok Solve Current LS General Post Proc Plot Result Deformed Snap Def +Undeformed Contour Plot Nodal Solution Stress Von Mises Stress Ok

RESULT Thus the stress analysis of a plate with a hole was analyzed for stress and deflection by using ANSYS 12.0

ANALYSIS OF AXIS SYMMETRY Ex.No:7 DATE: AIM

To structural analysis of axis symmetri in channel section ANSYS 12.0

Software used
ANSYS 12.0

Procedure
The Modules Available In ANSYS Are Preferences Structural Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Beam Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add (100,833,10) Material Probs Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic ( ( ( ) Apply ( ) Apply ( Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS ) Apply ( ) ( ) ) ( Apply )

)Ok Lines Lines Straight Line Create Line In All Points

Meshing Mesh Tool Smart Size Mesh Pick All Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Keypoints Click 1 & 8th Point Ok All DOF Ok Force / Moment ON Keypoints Select 3rd Point Ok [ Nodal Solution DOF Solution Displacement Vector Sum Ok ] (100) Ok Solve Current LS General Post Proc Plot Results Contour Plot

Result
Thus the axis symmetric to a c channel was analyzed for stress, deflection, by using ANSYS 12.0

MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM Ex.No:8 DATE: AIM: To model and analyze cantilever beam SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE: The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Prepocessor Element Type Add / Edit / Delete Add Beam Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add (100,833,10) Material Props Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic Density DENS (8.76e-6) Ok )

Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS ( apply(

) OK Lines Lines Straight line Create

line Ok Meshing Size controls Manual size Global Size edge length (10) Ok Mesh Lines select line Ok Solution Analysis type New analysis Model Ok Analysis options subspace No.of modes to extract(5) NMODE No.of modes to expand (5) Ok define loads Apply Structural Displacement On keypoints select 1st point Ok All DOF Ok Solve Current LS General Post proc ( Read results First set Plot result Deformed shape Def +Undeformed Ok ) (Read results Next set This procedure upto 4 times) Ok In a tool bar (Plot ctrls Animate Mode shape Ok).

RESULT: Thus the modal analysis of a cantilever beam was analyzed for model and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0.

MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM Ex.No:9 DATE: AIM: To model and analyze of a simply supported beam for stresses and deflection. SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE: The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Prepocessor Element Type Add / Edit / Delete Add Beam Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add (100,833,10) Material Props Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic [ ] Density DENS (8.76e-6) Ok )

Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS ( apply(

) OK Lines Lines Straight line Create

line Ok Meshing Size controls Manual size Global Size edge length (10) Ok Mesh Lines select line Ok Solution Analysis type New analysis Model Ok Analysis options subspace No.of modes to extract(5) NMODE No.of modes to expand (5) Ok define loads Apply Structural Displacement On keypoints select 1st point Ok Select ( OkSelect ) Ok On keypoints select 2nd point

Ok Pressure On beams Pick All Node I(1)

Ok Solve Current Ls General Post proc Read results First set Plot result Deformed shape Def +Undeformed Ok (Read results Next set This procedure upto 4 times) In a tool bar (Plot ctrls Animate Mode shape Ok).

RESULT: Thus the modal analysis of a simply supported beam was analyzed for model and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0.

MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF PLATE WITH A HOLE Ex.No:10 DATE: AIM: To model and analyze of a plate with a hole. SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS 11.0 PROCEDURE: The modules available in ANSYS are Preferences Structural Prepocessor Element Type Add / Edit / Delete Add Solid 8 node 82 OK options Plane strs w /thk Real constants Add / Edit / Delete Add Ok THK (20) Material Props Material models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic Density DENS(8.76e-6) Modeling Create Areas Rectangle By 2 corners (0,0,200,100) Circle Solid circle (100,50,20) Operate Booleans SubtractAreas Click Rectangle surface Ok Apply Select circle Next Ok Meshing Size ctrls Manual size Areas Picked areas Pick All edge length(10) Ok Mesh Areas Target surf Pick all solution Analysis type New analysis Modal Ok Analysis options subspace No.of modes to extract(5) NMODE No.of modes to expand (5) Ok define loads Apply Structural Displacement On lines Select one side line Ok All DOF Ok Solve Current Ls General Post proc Read results First set Plot result Deformed shape Def +Undeformed Ok Read results Next set (This procedure upto 4 times) In a tool bar (Plot ctrls Animate Mode shape Ok).

RESULT: Thus the model analysis of a plate with a hole was analyzed for model and deflection by using ANSYS 11.0.