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SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME321 M!CH"NE DYN!M"CS L!#O$!TO$Y

Compile% &' Dr( T( #ala)*&ramani+ !S,-MC

Sl( No( 1 2 3 / 0 1 2 3

Name of the E.periment Governor Determination of sensitivity, effort, etc. for Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell governors. Cam Study of jump p enomenon and dra!ing profile of t e cam. "otorised Gyroscope #erification of la!$s Determination of gyroscopic couple. W irling of s aft Determination of critical speed of s aft !it concentrated loads. Determination of "oment of inertia %y oscillation met od for connecting rod and fly! eel. Determination of influence coefficients for multidegree freedom suspension system. &alancing of reciprocating masses. &alancing of rotating masses. #i%rating system Spring mass system Determination of damping co efficient of single degree of freedom system.

Signat*re

14 11 12

Determination of transmissi%ility ratio vi%rating ta%le. Determination of torsional fre'uencies for compound pendulum and fly! eel system !it lumped "oment of inertia. (ransverse vi%ration free &eam. Determination of natural fre'uency and deflection of %eam. Content &e'on% the S'lla&*)

1 2

)inematics of universal joint Determination of velocity and acceleration of four %ar mec anism

E.pt( No(5

Date5

1. Governor Determination of sensitivity, effort, etc. for 1+ Watt, *+ Porter, ,+ Proell, and -+ Hartnell governors.

6N"7E$S!L GO7E$NO$ !,,!$!T6S "NT$OD6CT"ON an% DESC$",T"ON ( is e'uipment is designed . developed to ena%le t e students to study t e c aracteristics of various types of governors %y fi/ing t e mec anisms properly to t e spindle s aft. 0n t is apparatus four types of Governors can %e studied. 1+ Watt *+ Porter ,+ Proell -+ Hartnell

C aracteristics curves of t e dead !eig t Governors and spring loaded Governor can %e dra!n. ( e apparatus can perform follo!ing e/periments 1. Determination of c aracteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling force and speed. *. Plotting of c aracteristics curve of radius of rotation. ( e drive unit consists of a small electric motor connected %y a 1#1 %elt to drive t e s aft. ( e motor and main s aft are mounted on a rigid ".S. %ase t e frame in vertical fas ion. ( e Governor spindle is supported in a %all %earing. ( e unit as a unit as a facility of fi/ing optional Governor "ec anisms on spindle , %y removing t e nut fitted on top of t e spindle s aft. ( e Dimmersat is provided !it t is unit c ives precise speed control. 2 counter ole over t e spindle s aft allo!s t e use of a and tac ometer to measure t e speed of t e s aft. 3(ac ometer is not in t e scope of supply+. 2 graduated scale to t e %rac4et and guided in vertical direction to measure t e lift. ( e center sleeve of t e Porter and Proell Governors incorporates a !eig t sleeve to ! ic !eig ts can %e added. 5n t e Hartnell Governor spring rate . initial compression level can %e varied. ( is ena%les t e Hartnell Governor, to %e operated as a counter ole t e spindle s aft allo!s t e use of and tac ometer to measure t e speed of t e s aft. 3(ac ometer is not t e scope of supply+. 2 graduated scale is fi/ed to t e %rac4et and guided in vertical direction to measure t e lift. ( e center sleeve of t e porter and Proell governors incorporates a !eig t sleeve to ! ic !eig ts can %e added. 5n t e Hartnell Governor spring rate and initial compression level can %e varied. ( is ena%les t e Hartnell Governor, to %e operated as a sta%le or unsta%le Governor. E8,E$"MENT!L ,$OCED6$E ( e Governor mec anism as desired, to %e tested is fitted !it t e c osen !eig ts and spring, ! ere applica%le, to t e spindle s aft. 6nsure t at t e nut . %olts of all moving parts and of t e spindle s aft are properly tig tened. ( en follo!ing simple procedure is to %e follo!ed. 1. )eep t e 4no% of t e dimmerstat in 7ero position %efore s!itc ing on t e main supply. ,

*. S!itc on t e main supply and gradually go increasing t e speed of t e motor. Due to t is t e center sleeve rise from t e lo!er stop aligning !it t e mar4ing on t e scale. ( is is initial lift of t e sleeve. ,. 8ote do!n t e readings of t e sleeve position .speed for t is initial lift. Speed of t e motor is to %e measured %y and tac ometer, from t e counter ole provided on t e spindle. -. ( en increase t e speed in steps to give suita%le sleeve movement and note do!n t e corresponding speed. 2ll t e readings are to %e entered in a ta%ular o%servation ta%le. 9. ( is procedure is adapted for all ot er t ree Governor "ec anisms %y properly fitting t e assem%ly to t e spindle s aft. :. 2fter completing t e e/periment %ring t e 4no% of t e dimmerstat to its original position i.e. 7ero slo!ly . gradually. ( en s!itc off t e main supply. ;. ( en t e result may %e plotted as. a+ ( e grap of speed v<s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter . Proell Governor. %+ Plot t e Governor c aracteristics after doing t e necessary calculations. ,$EC!6T"ONS 1. Do not 4eep t e mains 08 ! en t e trail is complete. *. "a4e proper connections of field of armature of t e DC motor. ,. 5ncrease t e speed slo!ly . gradually. 2void a%rupt use of dimmerstat for controlling t e speed. -. (a4e t e sleeve displacement readings ! en t e pointer is steady. 9. See t at ig er speed t e load on t e sleeve does not Governor. it t e upper sleeve of t e

:. W ile closing t e test %ring t e dimmer to 7ero position . t en s!itc 0== t e motor. ;. Put some lu%ricating oil on t e spindle s aft %efore it is driven. E8,E$"MENTS !"M (o determine t e sensitiveness and effort of various governors !,,!$!T6S $E96"$ED 1. Governors *. Speed control unit ,. Digital (ac ometer 1: ;!TT GO7E$NO$ -

2rrange t e set>up as s o!n in fig %y using t e proper lin4ages provided. (ig ten t e %olts and nuts properly. ( e assem%ly is ready for conducting t e e/periment. 8o! follo! e/perimental procedure as mentioned a%ove. Go on increasing t e speed gradually and ta4e t e readings of speed of rotation 181 and corresponding sleeve displacement 1?$. E8,E$"MENT!L ,$OCED6$E ( e Governor mec anism as desired, to %e tested is fitted !it t e c osen !eig ts and spring, ! ere applica%le, to t e spindle s aft. 6nsure t at t e nut . %olts of all moving parts and of t e spindle s aft are properly tig tened. ( en follo!ing simple procedure is to %e follo!ed. 1. )eep t e 4no% of t e dimmerstat in 7ero position %efore s!itc ing on t e main supply. *. S!itc on t e main supply and gradually go increasing t e speed of t e motor. Due to t is t e center sleeve rise from t e lo!er stop aligning !it t e mar4ing on t e scale. ( is is initial lift of t e sleeve.

,. 8ote do!n t e readings of t e sleeve position .speed for t is initial lift. Speed of t e motor is to %e measured %y and tac ometer, from t e counter ole provided on t e spindle. -. ( en increase t e speed in steps to give suita%le sleeve movement and note do!n t e corresponding speed. 2ll t e readings are to %e entered in a ta%ular o%servation ta%le. 9. ( is procedure is adapted for all ot er t ree Governor "ec anisms %y properly fitting t e assem%ly to t e spindle s aft. :. 2fter completing t e e/periment %ring t e 4no% of t e dimmerstat to its original position i.e. 7ero slo!ly . gradually. ( en s!itc off t e main supply. ;. ( en t e result may %e plotted ( e grap of speed v<s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter and Proell Governor. Plot t e Governor c aracteristics after doing t e necessary calculations 9

D"MENS"ONS a+ @engt of eac lin4 @ %+ 5nitial eig t of Governor B c+ 5nitial radius of rotation rB d+ Weig t of eac %all>! A 1*9 mm. A BCB mm A 1,: mm A 9BB gms

38o need to consider sleeve !eig t+ Dadius of rotation 1r1 at any position could %e found as follo!s a+ =ind eig t A B>?<* %+ =ind 1E1 %y using E A cos>13 <@+ in degrees c+ ( en r A B.B9 F @sinE in meter.

d+ 2ngular velocity 1G1 A *H8<:B rad<sec Speed, 8, rpm Sleeve Displacement, ? 3m+ Heig t, 3m+ Dadius of Dotation, r 3m+ =orce, =AmGJr 4gf

S. 8o.

=ollo!ing grap s to %e plottedI a+ =orce vs Dadius of rotation. %+ Speed vs Sleeve Displacement. 2: ,O$TE$ GO7E$NO$5 2rrange t e set>up as s o!n in =ig %y using t e proper lin4ages . !eig ts provided. (ig ten t e %olts and nuts properly. ( e assem%ly is ready for conducting t e e/periment. 8o! flo! e/perimental procedure as mentioned a%ove. Go on increasing t e speed gradually and ta4e t e readings of speed of rotation 181 and corresponding sleeve displacement 1?1.

E8,E$"MENT!L ,$OCED6$E :

3Same as !att governor+ DimensionsI> a+ @engt of eac lin4 @ %+ 5nitial eig t of Governor c+ 5nitial radius of rotation rB d+ Weig t of eac %all>! e+ Weig t of sleeve !eig t
B

A 1*9 mm A BCB mm A 1,: mm A 9BB gms A 9BBgms

Dadius of rotation 1r1 at any position cloud %e found as follo!s a+ =ind eig t A B>?<* %+ =ind 1E1 %y using E A cos>13 <@+ in degrees c+ ( en r A B.B9 F @sinE in meter

d+ 2ngular #elocity 1G1 A *H8<:B rad<sec Speed, 8, rpm Sleeve Displacement, ? 3m+ Heig t, 3m+ Dadius of Dotation, r 3m+ =orce, =AmGJr 4gf

S. 8o.

=ollo!ing grap s to %e plottedI a+ =orce #s Dadius of rotation. %+ Speed #s Sleeve Displacement.

3: ,$OELL GO7E$NO$ 2rrange t e set>up in =ig 5n t e Proell governor, !it t e use of fly !eig ts 3forming full %all+ t e governor %ecomes ig ly sensitive. Knder t ese conditions large sleeve displacement is o%served for very small c ange in speed. Hence, it is suggested t at increase t e speed of t e motor very slo!ly and carefully to get t e lift. ,$OCED6$EI 3Same as !att governor+ Dimen)ion) a+ 6/tension of lengt &G %+ @engt of eac lin4 @ c+ 5nitial eig t of Governor B d+ 5nitial radius of rotation rB e+ Weig t of eac %all>! A B;9mm A 1*9mm. A BCBmm. A 1-1 mm. A 9BB gms.

Go on increasing t e speed gradually and ta4e t e readings of speed of rotation 1n1 and corresponding sleeve displacement 1?1. Complete t e follo!ing o%servation ta%le.

S. 8o.

Speed, 8, rpm

Sleeve Displacement, ? 3m+

Heig t, 3m+

Dadius of Dotation, r 3m+

=orce, =AmGJr 4gf

a+ =ind Weig t A B>?<* %+ =ind r in static condition for different sleeve displacement c+ 2ngular #elocity 1G1A*H8<:B =ollo!ing grap s to %e plottedI a+ Sleeve Disp. 1?1 #s 1r1 Dadius of rotation. C rad<sec

(o dra! t is grap proceeds as follo!sI 1. )eep t e Governor in static position. *. &y lifting t e Governor "ec anism manually measure t e sleeve displacement and corresponding radius of rotation 1r1 of %alls. %+ =orce #s Dadius of rotation 1r1. c+ Speed #s sleeve Displacement. /: H!$TNELL GO7E$NO$ a+ @engt >a A ;9 mm %+ @engt >% A 1*9mm. c+ Weig t of %all>W A 9BB gms. d+ 5nitial radius of rotation rB A 1;;.9 mm. e+ Spring stiffness P A * )g<cm. f+ =ree @engt of spring A 1BB mm. 1+ "easure initial compression of t e spring. *+ Go on increasing t e speed gradually and ta4e t e readings of speed of rotation 181 and corresponding sleeve displacement 1?1. radius of rotation 1r1 at any position could %e found as follo!sI r A rB F / 3a<%+ mtr. ,+ 2ngular #elocity 1G1A *H8<:B rad<sec

-+ Spring force A =ree @engt of Sprig> Compressed @engt of Spring+M spring Stiffness in )gs. =ollo!ing grap s t en %e plotted to study governor c aracteristics I a+ =orce #s Dadius of rotation. %+ Speed #s Sleeve Displacement

1B

S. 8o.

Speed, 8, rpm

Sleeve Displacement, ? 3m+

Heig t, 3m+

Dadius of Dotation, r 3m+

=orce, =AmGJr 4gf

Schematic la'o*t of go<ernor apparat*) = Set *p = )pring controlle% Hartnell go<ernor( S!M,LE C!LC6L!T"ONS ;!TT GO7E$NO$ 5nitial eig t of Governor 3Ho+ A C-mm

5nitial radius of Governor3ro+ A1,:mm Weig t of %all3W+ @engt of eac lin43@+ ? in mm 8 in DP" A;BBgms A1*9mm G in rad<sec in mm E r in mm = in 4gs 11

1B 19L 1:.9*B 1:1;.1; ,B 1;1 1;.C -B 1;; 1L.9, Calculation for reading 8oI1 1. GA A A 1:.9-rad<sec.

LC L;C ;-

--o,:$ -;B-:$ 9BB-L$ 9,o-*$

1,;.;; 1-*.9 1-:.L 19B.;

*.:L ,.B ,.,9 ,.;

*.

>

ALC mm

,. E A cos>13 + A --B,:$ -. r A 9BF@sin A 9BF1*9sin3--B,:$+ A 1,;.;;mm

9. =A mG*rA B.;M1:.9-*M.1,; A *.:L )g. ,O$TE$ GO7E$NO$ 5nitial eig t of Governor 3Ho+ A C-mm

5nitial radius of Governor3ro+ A1,:mm Weig t of %all3W+ @engt of eac lin43@+ ? in mm 8 in DP" A;BBgms A1*9mm in mm LC L;C ;E --o,:$ -;B-:$ 9BB-L$ 9,o-*$ r in mm 1,;.;; 1-*.9 1-:.L 19B.; = in 4gs *.:L ,.B ,.,9 ,.;

G in rad<sec 1B 19L 1:.9*B 1:1;.1; ,B 1;1 1;.C -B 1;; 1L.9, Calculation for reading 8oI1 1. GA A A 1L.;-rad<sec.

*.

>

ALC mm

,. E A cos>13 + A --B,:$ -. r A 9BF@sin A 9BF1*9sin3--B,:$+ A 1,;.;;mm 1*

9. =A mG*rA B.;M1:.9-*M.1,; A *.:L )g. ,$OELL GO7E$NO$ ? in mm 8 in DP" (a%le 1> Weig t on sleeve >1 4g 1B 1*; *B 1*C (a%le *> Weig t on sleeve >* 4g 1B 1-B *B 1-, ,B 1-: Calculation for reading 8oI1 GA A A 1,.*Crad<sec )gs. G in rad<sec 1,.*C 1,.9 1-.:: 1-.C; 19.*L r in mm 19B 19L 19B 19L 1:9 = in )g 1.C *.B9 *., *.9* *.;-

=A mG*rA 1M1:.9-*M.1,; A H!$TNELL GO7E$NO$

5nitial radius of Governor3ro+ A1;;.9mm Weig t of %all3W+ @engt of eac lin43@+ @engt of e/tended arm 3a+ @engt of lin4 3%+ Spring stiffness A;BBgms A1*9mm A ;;mm A 1** mm A *)g<cm

=ree lengt of spring A 1B, mm 5nitial spring force A 31B.,>C.-+M* A 1.L)g. G in rad<sec *,.;; *;.B1 *L.1: *C.,* ,1.-1 r in mm 1LB.B* 1L*.91LB.B* 1L*.91L9.B; = in )g ;.*: C.9 1B.1L 11.1C 1,.B1

? in mm 8 in DP" (a%le 1> Spring force >1.L 4g **; L *9L (a%le *> Weig t on sleeve >,.* 4g *:C L *LB 1* ,BB 1. G A A

A *,.;;rad<sec.

*. rA roF ?3 + A 1;;.9F3-M3;;<1**+ A 1LB.B*mm 1,

,. =A mG*rA B.;M1:.9-*M.1,; A *.:L )g. N8oteI B.; )g is not !eig t of t e %all. 5t is !eig t of t e sleeve.O $ES6LT ( us t e sensitiveness and effort of various governors are determined. S,EC"F"C!T"ONS 1. 6lectric "otor IDC "otor, capacity>1<- p, 19BBrpm speed, single p ase, *,B# 2C. *. Dimmerstat>*2mp.,DC (ype> for controlling t e speed. ,. Separate lin4ages !it %alls are provided for Watt .Potter (ype governor mec anism. -. Spring loaded lin4age for Hartnell Governor "ec anism. 9. Weig ts for Porter and Proell Governor 7"7! 7OCE 1( ;hat i) the f*nction of go<ernor> ( e function of a governor is to maintain t e speed of an engine !it in specified limits ! enever t ere is a variation of load. Governors control t e t rottle valve and ence t e fuel supply to cater t e load variations on t e engines. 2( ;hat i) the principle of ?or@ing of centrif*gal go<ernor> ( ese are %ased on %alancing of centrifugal force on t e rotating %alls %y an e'ual and opposite radial force. 3( Differentiate &et?een go<ernor an% fl'?heel> S.80 Governor =ly! eel 1 ( e function of a governor is to ( e function of fly! eel is to reduce regulate t e mean speed of an engine, t e fluctuations of speed caused %y t e ! en t ere are variations in t e load. fluctuation of t e engine turning moment during eac cycle of operation. * 5t is provided on prime movers suc as 5t is provided on engine and fa%ricating engines and tur%ines. mac ines. , 5t !or4s intermittently, i.e., only ! en 5t !or4s continuously from cycle to t ere is c ange in load. cycle. 5t as no influence over cyclic speed 5t as no influence on mean speed of t e fluctuation. prime mover. /( ;hat i) the principle of inertia go<ernor)> 5n inertia governors t e %alls are so arranged t at t e inertia forces caused %y an angular acceleration or retardation of t e s aft tend to alter t eir positions. 9. ;hat i) controlling force> 2n e'ual and opposite force to t e centrifugal force acting radially in!ard is termed as controlling force. 1( ;hat %o 'o* mean &' go<ernor effort> ( e mean force acting on t e sleeve for a given percentage c ange of speed for lift of t e sleeve is 4no!n as governor effort. 2( ;hat i) the effect of friction on the go<ernor> ( e effect of friction on t e governors is to increase t e range of speed, governor effort, and po!er of t e governor. 1-

3( ;hat i) meant &' h*nting> ( e p enomenon of continuous fluctuation of t e engine speed a%ove and %elo! t e mean speed is termed as unting. ( is occurs in over>sensitive governors. ( ;hat i) controlling force %iagram> W en t e grap is dra!n %et!een t e controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation of t e %alls as a%scissa, t e grap so o%tained is called controlling force diagram.

19

E.pt( No(5 *. Cam Study of jump p enomenon and dra!ing profile of t e cam !"M

Date5

(o plot n P 3follo!er displacement #s. angle of cam rotation+ curve for different cam follo!er pairs. !,,!$!T6S $E96"$ED Cam mac ine 6ccentric cam )nife edge follo!er Speed controlled motor

O,E$!T"NG ,$OCED6$E ( e n P plot can %e used to find out t e velocity and acceleration of t e follo!er system. =or t is e/periment, arrange t e set op as s o!n in =ig. t e e/act profile of t e cam can %e o%tained %y ta4ing o%servations Qn$ vs. QP$, ! ere nA displacement of t e follo!er from rotation initial position and P A angle of am rotation !it reference from a/is of symmetry c osen. &y differentiating t e n P curve once and t!ice, t e velocity and acceleration curves can %e plotted for t e follo!er and cam under study. a. Select any one pair of cam and follo!er. %. =i/ t e follo!er to t e pus rod and fi/ t e cam in t e cam s aft. c. )eep t e cam at t e lo!er most position.38ose of t e cam is do!n!ard position+ 2nd no! tig ten t e follo!er in suc a !ay t at t e follo!er and cam are in just contact. d. =i/ dial gauge to stand and rotate t e %ase plate, in order to e. touc displacement rod of gauge.

f. 2lso, note ! ile fi/ing cam position angular scale pointer is at 7ero and even dial gauge pointer is at 7ero g. 8o! go on rotating t e cam s aft %y and t roug ,B or -9 degree and note do!n t e dial gauge reading. ( is is ta4en till ,:B degree 1:

. (o o%serve p enomenon of speed 4eep initial setting of spring compression at a certain level and o%serve jump speed for different follo!er !eig ts %y adding t em successively and plot t e grap i. Similarly go on increasing t e spring force and o%serve t e jump speed and fill t e reading in t e ta%le C!M !N!LYS"S 2ngular rotation of cam Cam Dotation B *B -B :B LB 1BB 1*B 1-B 1:B 1LB *BB **B *-B *LB ,BB ,*B ,-B ,:B Deflection

Sl. 8o 1 * , $ES6LT

Weig t on follo!er

34g+

Rump Speed 3rpm+

( e jump p enomenon and displacement of follo!er of t e cam as %een determined.

1;

E.tra 2+ 6ccentric cam !it )nife edge follo!er &+ Circular arc cam !it "us room follo!er C+ (angent cam !it Doller follo!er Cam Dotation B *B -B :B LB 1BB 1*B 1-B 1:B 1LB *BB **B *-B *LB ,BB ,*B ,-B ,:B E8,E$"MENT A"": C!M !N!LYS"S !"MI (o o%serve Rump p enomenon of various cam and follo!er assem%ly. 6ccentric cam !it )nife edge follo!er 8o 1 * , 9 : Weig t on follo!er B B.*9B B.9B B.;9B 1.BB 1.9B 34g+ Rump Speed 3rpm+ 19BB 1**9 1BB9 C,, L:L ;,, 2 B.B 9.11 9.9: :.;* ;.C9 C.,C 1B.-L 1*.B, 1*.;* 1*.C9 1*.:9 11.; 1B.,L ;.:* :.-L 9.: 9.11 B.B & B.B B.B* B.B, B.BB.B9 B.B9 B.*, 1.C 9.1: :.1L -.LL 1.:B.,9 B.1; B.1B B.BL B.B* B.B1 C B.B B.B1 B.B* B.B: B.B,9 B.B,9 B.1.1, 9.1; L.9L 9.:9 1.1L B.*, B.1L B.1B B.B: B.B* B.B1

Circular arc cam !it "us room follo!er 1L

8o 1 * , 9 :

Weig t on follo!er B B.*9B B.9B B.;9B 1.BB 1.9B

34g+

Rump Speed 3rpm+ -:: --: ,C: ,L; ,:,,L

(angent cam !it Doller follo!er 8o 1 * , 9 : E8,E$"MENT """ C!M !N!LYS"S !"MI (o study t e effect of Spring compression on jump speed !it constant follo!er !eig t 6ccentric cam !it )nife edge follo!er 8o 1 * , Spring @t mm ,, ,: -B -, Spring force -.*: ,.-* 1.CB B.;: Rump Speed 3rpm+ C*B L:B LB9 ;*9 Weig t on follo!er B B.*9B B.9B B.;9B 1.BB 1.9B 34g+ Rump Speed 3rpm+ ::L :,; 99* 9*C -L: -;9

1C

E.pt( No(5

Date5

,. "otorised Gyroscope #erification of la!$s Determination of gyroscopic couple. MOTO$"SED GY$OSCO,E !"M (o determine t e gyroscopic couple %y using motori7ed gyroscope "NT$OD6CT"ON !: !8"S OF S,"N 5f a %ody is revolving a%out an a/is t e latter is 4no!n as a/is of spin. 3Defer =ig. 1 ! ere 0? is t e a/is of spin+. #: ,$ECESS"ON Precession means t e rotation a%out t e t ird a/is 0S 3Defer =ig. 1+ W ic is perpendicular to %ot t e a/is of spin Q0?$ and t at of couple $0T$. C: !8"S OF ,$ECESS"ON ( e t ird a/is 0S is perpendicular to %ot t e a/is of spin U0?V and t at of couple U0TV is 4no!n as a/is of precession. D: GY$OSCO,E 5t is a %ody, ! ic , ! ile spinning a%out an a/is, is free to rotate in eit er directions under t e action of e/ternal forces. E8!M,LES @ocomotive, automo%ile and aero>plane ma4ing a turn. 5n certain cases t e gyroscopic forces are undesira%le ! ereas in ot er cases t e gyroscopic effect may %e Ktili7ed in developing desira%le forces. E: GY$OSCO,"C EFFECT (o a %ody, revolving 3or spinning+ a%out an a/is say Q0?$ 3Defer fig.1+, if a couple represented %y a vector 0T perpendicular to Q0?$ is applied, t e %ody tries to Precess a%out an a/is Q0S$ ! ic is perpendicular %ot to Q0?$ and Q0T$. ( us t e plane of spin, plane of precession and plane of gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular. ( e a%ove com%ined effect is 4no!n as precession or gyroscopic effect. DESC$",T"ON !ND ;O$B"NG "NST$6CT"ONS Sc ematic arrangement of Gyroscope is as s o!n in t e =igure . ( e motor is coupled to t e disc rotor, ! ic is %alanced. ( e disc s aft rotates a%out Q?>T$ a/is in t!o> %all %earing oused in t e frame 8o. 1. ( is frame can s!ing a%out Qy>y$ a/is in %earings provided in t e yo4e type frame 8o. *. W ile in a steady position. =rame 8o.1 is %alanced. ( e yo4e frame is free to rotate a%out vertical a/is Q7$. ( us freedom of rotation a%out t ree perpendicular a/is is given to t e rotor.

*B

,$EC!6T"ONS 1. W ile measuring t e speed !it tac ometer do not e/ert pressure on rotor s aft.Kse of 8on> contact type tac ometer or stro%oscope for measurement of motor speed !ill give %etter results. *. W en t e speed of rotor spin is c anged, it ta4es some time to attain t e constant speed due to rotor inertia. Hence, it is advised to !ait until t e rotor spin reac es constant speed.

*1

TECHN"C!L D!T! 1+ Weig t of Dotor 3W+ *+ Dotor Diameter 3D+ ,+ Dotor ( ic4ness
-+ "oment of inertia of

I :.9 )gs. I ,BB mm 3,B cm.+ I 1Bmm 31 cm+ I


W D* 3 kg cm s * + g L

t e disc, coupling and motor rotor a%out central a/is 35+ 9+ Distance of %olt of I 1L.B cm. Weig t pan from disc Center 3@+ :+ "otor I 2C<DC, =ractional HP, Single p ase, :BBB rpm. $6LE NO(1 U( e spinning %ody e/erts a tor'ue or couple in suc a direction ! ic tends to ma4e t e a/is of spin coincides !it t at of t e precession.V (o study t e rule of gyroscopic %e avior follo!ing procedure may %e adopted. a+ &alance t e initial ori7ontal position of t e rotor. %+ Start t e motor %y increasing t e voltage !it t e dimmer, and !ait until it attains Constant speed. c+ Process t e yo4e frame 8o.* a%out vertical a/is %y applying necessary force %y and (o t e same 3in t e cloc4!ise sense seen from a%ove+. d+ 5t !ill %e o%served t at t e rotor frame s!ings a%out t e ori7ontal a/is QTT$. "otor Side is seen coming up!ard and t e !eig t pan side going do!n!ards. e+ Dotate t e vertical yo4e a/is in t e anti> cloc4!ise direction seen from a%ove and 0%serve t at t e rotor frame s!ing in opposite sense 3as compared to t at in Previous case follo!ing t e a%ove rule+. $6LE NO(2 U( e spinning %ody processes in suc a !ay as to ma4e t e a/is of spin coincide !it t at of t e couple applied, t roug CB turn a/is a+ &alance t e rotor position on t e ori7ontal frame. %+ Start t e motor %y increasing t e voltage !it t e dimmer and !ait till t e disc attains constant speed. c+ Put !eig t 31 4g., 1.9 4g. or * 4g+ in t e !eig t pan, and start t e stop !atc to note t e time in seconds re'uired for precession, t roug CB or 1LB etc. d+ ( e vertical yo4e processes a%out 0S a/is as per t e rule 8o.*. e+ Speed may %e measured %y t e tac ometer f+ 6nter t e o%servation in t e ta%le.

**

O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE 8 @oad (ime 3rpm+ 3!+ 34gs+ 3dt+ sec

Degrees 3d+

Gp 3rad<sec+

(act 34g.cm+

(t 34g.cm+

GY$OSCO,"C $EL!T"ON ( actual A 5 MG M Gp, ! ere 34g. cm+ 3Gyroscopic couple+ * 5 A ". 5. of disc 4g.cm.sec. G A 2ngular velocity of precession of disc in radians per second 8 A DP" of disc Gp A 2ngular velocity of precession of yo4e a%out vertical a/is radians per second. A 3d<dt+M3H<1LB+ rad<sec. =rom a%ove find (actual A 5G Gp 4g.cm @ A Distance of !eig t (t A !M@ 34g. cm+ ! A !eig t applied in 4gs. Gp is to %e calculated for s ort duration of time, as t e %alance of rotation of disc a%out t e ori7ontal a/is yy is due to application of tor'ue, and %ecause of ! ic ! p goes on reducing gradually. $ES6LT ( us t e gyroscopic couple as %een determined. MOTO$"SED GY$OSCO,E Sample Calc*lation) O#SE$7!T"ONS 1+ Dia. 0f disc I,BB mm A ,B cm 3D+ *+ Weig t of Dotor I :.L9 4g. 3!+MC.L1 8 ,+ Distance of &olt I1L.- cm3@+ =rom Disc "oment of 5nertia A 5 A !<g M 3D+*<L or mD* <* "oment of 5nertia A 5 A :.L9<CL1 M 3,B+*<L A :.CL M1B>, M11*.9 5 A B.;L )g.cm. sec*

O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE 8 @oad (ime 3DP"+ 3!+ 3dt+ sec

Degrees 3d+

!p 3rad<sec+

(act (t 34g.cm+ 34g.cm+ *,

34gs+ *C,* 1LBB B.9 1.B B.9 1.B ; ,.9 9 *.9 190 19 19
B B

B.B,; B.B;-, B.B9* B.1B

L.L: 1;.;C B;.:1-.;B

C.* 1L.BC.* 1L.-B

19B

Specimen calculations for reading 8o. 1> *C,* rpm for B.9 4g. @oad. 1+ ( act A 5 M G M Gp 2) Gp A3d<dt+M3H<1LB+ A 319<;+MH<1LB A B.B,;rad<sec. ,+ G A -+ (act A B.;LM,B;.B,MB.B,;A L.L: )g.cm 9+ (t A!M@ A B.9 M1L.- A C.* )g.cm 1( Gi<e the application) of g'ro)copic principle( 5t is usedI 1. in instrument or toy 4no!n as gyroscope, *. in s ips in order to minimi7e t e rolling and pitc ing effect of !aves, and ,. in aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses , etc. 2( Gi<e the application) of g'ro)copic principle( 5t is used 1. in instrument or toy 4no!n as gyroscope, *. in s ips in order to minimi7e t e rolling and pitc ing effect of !aves, and ,. in aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses , etc. 3( ;hat i) g'ro)copic torC*e> W en ever a rotating %ody c anges its a/is of rotation, a tor'ue is applied on t e rotating %ody. ( is tor'ue is 4no!n as gyroscopic tor'ue. ;hat i) the effect of g'ro)copic co*ple on rolling of )hip)> ;h'> We 4no! t at, for t e effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, t e a/is of precession s ould al!ays %e perpendicular to t e a/is of spin. 5n case of rolling of a s ip, t e a/is of precession is al!ays parallel to t e a/is of spin for all positions. Hence t ere is no effect of t e gyroscopic couple acting on t e %ody of t e s ip during rolling. Di)c*)) the effect of the g'ro)copic co*ple on a t?o ?heele% <ehicle ?hen ta@ing a t*rn ( e gyroscopic couple !ill act over t e ve icle out!ards. ( e tendency of t is couple is to over turn t e ve icle in out!ard direction ;hat i) g'ro)copic torC*e> W enever a rotating %ody c anges its a/is of rotation, a tor'ue is applied on t e rotating %ody. ( is tor'ue is 4no!n as gyroscopic tor'ue

*-

E.pt( No(5

Date5

-. W irling of s aft Determination of critical speed of s aft !it concentrated loads ;H"$L"NG OF SH!FT !,,!$!T6S !"M (o determine t e ! irling speed of t e s aft for various diameters and lengt s and to compare its t eoretical and actual speeds. !,,!$!T6S $E96"$ED5 1. (est S afts *. 2uto (ransformer ,. (ac ometer -. "eter Scale DESC$",T"ON ( is apparatus is developed for t e demonstration of W irling p enomenon. ( e s aft can %e tested for free > free end conditions. ( e apparatus consists of a frame to support its driving motor, end fi/ing aving %earing %loc4s. 2 special design is provided to clear out t e effects of %earings of motor spindle from t ose of testing s afts. ( e special design features of t is e'uipment are as follo!sW 2+ C0KP@58G 2 fle/i%le s aft is used to drive t e test s aft from motor. &+ &2@@ &62D58G =5?6D 68DS ( ese ends fi/ t e s afts ! ile it rotates. ( e s aft can %e replaced !it in a s ort time !it t e elp of t is unit. C+ SH2=( SKPP@56D W5(H (H6 6XK5P"68( Polis ed steel s afts are supplied !it t e mac ine, t e dimensions %eing as under.. S aft 8o. Dia.3appro/+ @engt 3appro/+ B1. 9mm CBBmm B*. -mm CBBmm D+ 68D =5?58G 2DD28G6"68( 1+ Supported end condition I "a4e use of end %loc4 !it single Self aligning %earing. G6!$DS D1 !ND D2 ( e guards D1 and D* 3=ig.1+ is fi/ed permanently to t e %ase frame. Dotating s afts are to %e fitted in %loc4s in 2 and & stands. S,EED CONT$OL D$"7"NG MOTO$ ( e driving motor is 2.C.<D.C."otor,=.H.P.,:BBBrpm.,9Bc<s.,*9B volts and speed control unit is a Dimmer stat of *-B#.,* amps.,9Bc<s. ME!S6$EMENT OF S,EED (o measure t e speed of t e rotating s aft a simple tac ometer may %e used 3tac ometer not in scope of supply+. 2 provision is provided on t e opposite side of t e s aft of t e motor for measuring t e speed. *9

,$OCED6$E 1. ( e test s aft diameter lengt is fi/ed on t e supports of t e apparatus. *. ( e static deflection of s aft is noted in t e form of nodes. ,. ( en t e speed of t e s aft is controlled !it t e elp of an autotransformer -. ( e s aft is rotated until a %o% is formed in t e s aft and note t e corresponding speed. 9. Calculate t e fre'uency of vi%ration. :. (o find t!o node fre'uency increase t e speed of t e s aft until t!o %o% is formed in t e s aft and note t e corresponding speed. Calculate t e corresponding speed. ;H"$L"NG OF EL!ST"C SH!FTS 5f, @A@engt of t e s aft in cms. 6AToung$s "odulus A *.B:B / 1B: )g<cmJ 5A*nd moment of inertia of t e s aft cmWAWeig t of t e s aft per unit lengt )g<cm. gA2cceleration due to gravity, CL1 cm<sec* ( en t e fre'uency of vi%ration for t e various modes is given %y t e e'uation
f =K E I g WL-

( R.P.S .+ )
*:

( e various values for ) are given %elo! I

6nd condition =ree, =ree


d- I = :- D!T!

#alue of ) 1st "ode 1.9;

*nd mode :.*L

S aft Dia. B.9cm B.-cm

5Acm,.B:L / 1B>, *.91* / 1B>,

WA)g<cm B.1- / 1B>* B.1 / 1B>*

TY,"C!L TEST O#SE$7!T"ONS 1+ &ot ends of s aft free 3supported+ 1st and *nd mode of vi%ration can %e o%served on s afts !it -mm dia and 9mm dia. *+ ( ere is a difference %et!een t eoretical speed of ! irling and actual speed o%served, due to t e follo!ing reasonsW ( e end conditions are not so e/act as assumed in t eory. Pressure of damping at t e end %earings. 2ssumptions made in t eoretical predictions. @ac4 of 4no!ledge of e/act properties of s aft material. 2 uniformly loaded s aft as, t eoretically infinite no.of natural fre'uencies of transverse vi%ration for fundamental mode o%servation of t e first mode of ! irling is t erefore not so defined and t us difficult.* nd mode can %e very easily o%served. ,$EC!6T"ONS TO #E O#SE$7ED "N E8,E$"MENTS 1+ 5f t e revolutions of an unloaded s aft are gradually increased it !ill %e found t at a certain speed !ill %e reac ed at ! ic violent insta%ility !ill occur, t e s aft deflecting into a single %o! and ! irling round li4e a s4ipping rope. 5f t is speed is maintained, t e deflection !ill %ecome so large t at t e s aft !ill %e fractured. &ut if t is speed is 'uic4ly run t roug , t e s aft !ill %ecome straig t again and run true until at anot er ig er speed t e same p enomenon !ill occur. ( e deflection no! o!ever, %eing in a dou%le %o! and so on. Suc speeds are called critical speeds of ! irling. *+ 5t is advisa%le to increase t e speed first rat er t an o%serving t e 1st critical speed ! ic increases t e speed of rotation slo!ly. 5n t is process t ere is a possi%ility t at t e amplitude of vi%ration !ill increase suddenly %ringing t e failure of t e s aft. 5f, o!ever, t e s aft speed is ta4en to ma/imum first and t en slo!ly reduced, 3t us not allo!ing time to %uild>up t e amplitude of vi%ration resonance+ ig er mode !ill %e o%served first and t e corresponding speed noted and t en %y reducing t e speed furt er t e ne/t mode of lo!er fre'uency can %e o%served !it out any danger or rise in amplitude as t e speed is %eing decreased and t e inertia forces are smaller in comparison !it t e %ending spring forces ence possi%ility of %uild>up of dangerous amplitudes at resonance or near resonance is avoided.

*;

,+ ( us it can %e seen t at it is a destructive test of s afts and it is o%served t at t e elastic %e aviors of t e s aft material c anges a little after testing it for a fe! times and it is advisa%le t erefore, to use fres s aft samples after!ards. -+ =i/ t e apparatus firmly on t e suita%le foundation. O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE5 S(No B1. B*. B,. B-. En% con%ition =ree =i/ed Shaft %iameter+ % 9mm Spee% for 1)t Mo%e = $,M Spee% for 2n% Mo%e D $,M Length of Shaft Dmm LBB LBB LBB LBB

Supported . 9mm Supported 3free+ =ree =i/ed -mm Supported . -mm Supported 3free+

C!LC6L!T"ONS FO$ S6,,O$T"NG E S6,,O$TED AF$EE: S$(NO(2 $E!D"NG 5 FO$ F"$ST MODE = 3-11F D"! SH!FT 5 0%served speed >>>>>>>>>>> DP", @engt of s aft CBBmm Theoretical )pee% W irling of elastic s afts 3f+ =re'uency f A ) / 3Y 36 / 5 / g+ < 3W / @Z-++ ! ere, ) A 1.9; 6 A *.B: / 1B: )g<cm* g A 2cceleration due to gravity A CL1 cm<sec* W A B.19 / 1B>* 5 A *9.,C / 1B>: f A >>>>>>>>>> 3DPS+ M:BA >>>>>>>>>>>> 3DP"+ $ES6LTI ( e ! irling speed of t e s aft for various diameters and lengt s as %een determined and its t eoretical and actual speeds are compared.

*L

S!M,LE C!LC6L!T"ON O&)er<ation Ta&le5 S(No En% con%ition Shaft )iGe

Spee% for 1)t Mo%e Spee% for 2n% Length of Shaft = $,M Mo%e D $,M Dmm ---B ,BBB ,:19 > > > LBB LBB LBB LBB LBB LBB

B1. B*. B,. B-. B9. B:.

=ree =i/ed

,<1:V -.;:mm Supported . ,<1:V Supported 3free+ -.;:mm >>>>do>>>> 1<-V :.,9mm =i/ed fi/ed ,<1:V -.;:mm >>>>do>>>> 1<-[ :.,9mm >>>do>>> 9<1:V ;.C,mm

11-: ;*B 11BB 1:LB *19B *;:B

C!LC6L!T"ONS FO$ S6,,O$T"NG E S6,,O$TED AF$EE: S$(NO(2 $E!D"NG 5 FO$ F"$ST MODE = 3-11F D"! SH!FT 5 0%served speed ;*B DP", @engt of s aft LBBmm W irling of elastic s afts 3f+ =re'uency f A ) / 3 Y 6 / 5 / g < W / @-+ ! ere ) A 1.9; 6 A *.B: / 1B: )g<cm* g A 2cceleration due to gravity A CL1 cm<sec* W A B.19 / 1B>* 5 A *9.,C / 1B>: f A 1-.,- DPS A 1-.,-M:B A L:B DP"

*C

E.pt( No(5

Date5

9. Determination of "oment of inertia %y oscillation met od for connecting rod and fly! eel. Aa: MOMENT OF "NE$T"! OF FLY ;HEEL 25" (o determine t e moment of inertia of connecting rod and fly! eel %y oscillation met od. FO$M6L!
Tex = * K * + OG * g OG *

! ere ( A periodic time in sec ) A Dadius of gyration a%out C.G. in cm 0G A Distance of t e C.G. of rod from support A 1**mm @ A lengt of suspended pendulum cm A *B:mm ,$OCED6$E 1. support t e rod on 4nife edge *. allo! t e %ar to oscillate and determine periodic time Q($ ,. complete t e o%servation ta%le given %elo!. O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE A ?ith l*mpe% ma)): Sl. 0G 3Cms+ 8o. of 0sc Qn$ (ime for Qn$ t > sec 8o. 0sc. t 3sec+ 36/pt+ t<n

) 6/perimental

C!LC6L!T"ON =ind Q)$ e/perimentally from t e relation


Tex = * K * + OG * g OG *

! ere, (e/ A periodic time. (e/ A t<n t A (ime for Qn$ osc. n A 8o. of osc. =ind moment of inertia of connecting rod "5 of connecting rod A m / )* in 8m* ! ere, m A mass of connecting rod A B.C9 )g / C.L1 A C.,1 $ES6LT ( e moment of inertia of t e given connecting rod as %een determined.

,B

A&: MOMENT OF "NE$T"! OF FLY ;HEEL DESC$",T"ON ( e pendulum consists of fly! eel. ( e fly ! eel is supported %y t e 4nife edge. ,$OCED6$E 1. support t e fly! eel on 4nife edge. *. allo! t e fly ! eel to oscillate and determine periodic time Q($, %y 4no!ing t e time Qt$ for say Qn$ oscillations. ,. complete t e o%servation ta%le given %elo!. O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE( Sr. 0G 8o. of 0sc (ime for Qn$ t> sec ) 8o. Cms Qn$ 0sc. 36/pt+ 6/perimental Qt$ secs t<n

C!LC6L!T"ON =ind Q)$ e/perimental from t e relation


Tex = * K * + OG * g OG *

! ere, ( A periodic time in sec 3t<n+ ) A radius of gyration a%out C.G. in cm 0G A distance of t e C.G of ! eel from support A 1*.9cm (e/ A periodic time. (e/ A t<n t A (ime for Qn$ osc. n A 8o. of osc. =ind ) t eoretical ) A D< 3* , + ! ere D A Diameter of t e fly! eel A *9cm Compare values of Q)$ o%tained t eoretical and e/perimental and verify t e same

B*. =ind moment of inertia of =@T WH66@ "5 of fly ! eel A m / )* in 8m* W ere, m A mass of connecting rod A B.C9 )g / C.L1 A C.,1 8 ) A 5nternal radius of t e fly ! eel. $ES6LT5 ( e radius of gyration Q)$ and moment of inertia of t e given fly! eel as %een determined. S,EC"MEN C!LC6L!T"ON ,1

6?P(. 80. * I> C0"P0K8D P68DK@K" i+ (o determine t e raduius of gyration Q)$ of given compound pendulum. ii+ (o verify t e relation> O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE Sr. Center of 8o. of (ime for (>sec ) ) 8o. gravity in 0sc Qn$ 0sc 36/pt+ 6/perimental ( eoretical cms 0G Qn$ Qt$ secs t<n B1 ,;.9 1B 11.*1.:9 *B.9B B* *;.9 1B 1* 1.* 19.L; 19.B: C2@CK@2(508 =0D D62D58G 8B. B1 (e/ A *HY3)* F 30G+*+ < 3g30G+*+ 1.- A *HY3)* F 3,;.9+*+ < 3CL13,;.9+*+ )e/p A *B.9 @ =ind ) t eoretical A *Y, A ;9 < 3*Y,+ A *1.:9.

,*

E.pt( No(5

Date5

:. Determination of influence coefficients for multi degree freedom suspension system. !"M (o determine influence num%ers<influence coefficients and natural fre'uency of a multi degree freedom system. !,,!$!T6S $E96"$ED Spring support, springs, "eter scale, Weig ts and &olts "NT$OD6CT"ON Consider t at a spring is suspended to t e spring support and t is system is fi/ed on a c annel %ase frame. (o t is spring, t ere is a %olt fitted to t e %ottom side of t e spring and to t is %olt !eig t is fitted. Due to t e !eig t, t ere !ill %e a certain deflection in t e spring, say \11. ( e second spring is fi/ed to t e *nd &olt and again !eig t is fitted to t e , rd %olt fitted to t e %ottom of t e second spring. Due to t is, t ere !ill %e some deflection on t e =irst and second spring, say \1* on t e first spring and \*1 on t e second spring. ( ese deflections on t e corresponding springs > \11 \1* \1, ..., \*1 \** \*, etc. are called as 58=@K68C6 8K"&6DS or 58=@K68C6 C06==5C568(. DESC$",T"ONI ( is system consists of a %ase frame to ! ic , centrally, a support frame of "S C annel is fi/ed vertically. &olts !it ole frilled on top and %ottom side are provided for fi/ing springs. =our springs of different !ire diameter and spring stiffness are supplied. Please refer =ig 1. Springs are suspended vertically in do!n!ard direction. 2ll t e springs are suspended to one anot er !it %olts and nuts in %et!een t e t!o springs. Desired !eig ts are fi/ed to t e %olts as s o!n in t e =ig 1. Wit t e elp of measuring scale, deflection in t e springs1, springs *, springs , etc is measured. Stop !atc is provided to measured t e num%er of oscillations of t e system. O,E$!T"NG ,$OCED6$E 1. Springs !ill %e suspended vertically do!n!ard to t e central spring support. *. =i/ t e spring !it eavy !ire Dia. to t e spring support %y %olt. ,. 2dd !eig t to t e %olt and spring assem%ly. 8ote do!n t e first spring deflection 1 \111 in t e o%servation ta%le. -. Place t e second spring to t e %ottom of t e %olt fi/ed first to first spring. 2dd some !eig t to t e second %olt. 8ote do!n t e deflection in t e first spring as \1* . \*1 of t e second spring in t e o%servation ta%le. 9. Depeat t e a%ove procedure for t ird and fourt spring and note do!n t e deflection of t e springs > \1,, \**, \,1 etc. in t e o%servation ta%le. :. 2fter measuring all t e deflections, %y giving some pressure to %ottom spring ma4e t e system to oscillate. "easure t e time re'uired for 181 oscillations of t e system. Depeat t is procedure for , to 9 times and ta4e mean of t ese readings.

,,

O#SE$7!T"ON T!#LE Deflection < 5nfluence 8o. or influence coefficient, 1\1 \ 11 \1* \ 1, \ *1 \** \*, \>>>> (ime De'uired for 181 oscillations, s 8atural =re'uency > 6/pt, f 8e 8atural =re'uency > ( eo, f 8t

S. 8o. 1 * , 9 : ;

C!LC6L!T"ONS Data < Constants I S.80 SPD58G W5D6 D52"6(6D 1 *mm

S(5==86SS B.1 4g<cm ,-

* , -

*.9mm ,mm ,.9mm a+ Spring !ire dia. i+ *mm ii+ *.9 mm iii+ ,mm iv+ ,.9mm

B.*94g<cm B.;:4g<cm B.C,4g<cm

W3

8atural =re'uency 6/perimentalI f 8e A 8<t ! ere 8 A 8o. of oscillations t A (ime re'uired for 0scillations in sec. 8atural =re'uency ( eoreticalI =or single degree of freedom f 8t A f1 A
K m

W2

W1

=or multi degree of freedom f 8t A f1F f* F f, ..... f1 A f* A ! ere ) A Spring Stiffness " A Weig t on t e %ase plate $ES6LT ( e influence num%ers<influence coefficients and natural fre'uency of a multi degree freedom system is determined.
K1 m1 K* m*

,9

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