PROJECT 1 Security Lighting, Tucson, Arizona An ofcer at a military base near Tucson, Arizona, was required to install security

lighting on a one acre area. Overhead electric grid lines were prohibited and underground service was expensive. Her options were PV, wind or a diesel generator with battery storage. She could provide enough light to guard against intrusion with three 18-watt pole lamps. These lamps are 12 Volt DC loads. She decided to put one pole light near the guard shack, double the power system size on that unit, and provide an 18-watt lamp inside the shack. All lights were to operate all night every night so she decided to use a current sensing relay in the PV array circuit to control the lamps. Any time current was owing from the array the lamps would remain off. With this control method, all three independent lights would turn on and off at approximately the same time. KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Security Lighting SITE: Tucson, Arizona LOCATION/ELEVATION: 32 7 N, 110 56 W, 300 m ENVIRONMENT: Desert LOAD PROFILES: Every hour of darkness The details of the circuitry used to turn lights on and off should not be considered in your design. PROJECT 2 Navigation Lighting The Port Arthur canal northbound range and southbound range each have a green light that is on for 3 seconds and off for 3 seconds. The AC lamps consume 100 Watts when on and the control circuit consumes 10% of the lamp power when on. The system is required to have 12 hour energy storage. Design an isolated power system for the range lights considering PV and wind resources. Comment on the feasibility of the design. KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Maritime Navigation SITE: Near Port Arthur, Texas LOCATION/ELEVATION: 313 N, 110 2 W, 5 m AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Critical (>99.9% by regulation) LOAD PROFILES: Hours of darkness vary from 9.8 hours in July to 13.0 hours in December

PROJECT 3 Vaccine Refrigeration/Freezer, Roatan, Honduras A DC powered refrigerator/freezer was needed for medical vaccine storage on the remote tropical island of Roatan, Honduras. A dual compressor R/F unit was chosen. Each compressor operates independently and draws 5 amperes (60 W at 12 V) when operating. The R/F is used every day with the active compressor time estimated at 9 hours per day for the refrigerator and 5 hours for the freezer in the summer time with corresponding wintertime numbers of 7 hours and 4 hours. The operators of the clinic were briefed on the operation and maintenance of the installed R/F and told how to conserve energy by keeping the R/F closed as much as possible. Investigate options for powering the refrigerator/freezer with wind, PV and/or diesel generators with battery backup. KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Vaccine Refrigerator/Freezer Storage SITE: Roatan, Honduras LOCATION/ELEVATION: 16 N, 86 W, 30 m AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Critical PROJECT 4 Vaccine Refrigeration/Freezer, Abuja, Nigeria A DC powered refrigerator/freezer was needed for medical vaccine storage at a site outside the interior city of Abuja, Nigeria. A dual compressor R/F unit was chosen. Each compressor operates independently and draws 5 amperes (60 W at 12 V) when operating. The R/F is used every day with the active compressor time estimated at 9 hours per day for the refrigerator and 5 hours for the freezer in the summer time with corresponding wintertime numbers of 7 hours and 4 hours. The operators of the clinic were briefed on the operation and maintenance of the installed R/F and told how to conserve energy by keeping the R/F closed as much as possible. Investigate options for powering the refrigerator/freezer with wind, PV and/or diesel generators with battery backup. KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Vaccine Refrigerator/Freezer Storage SITE: Abuja, Nigeria LOCATION/ELEVATION: 9 4 N, 7 29 E, 520 m AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Critical

PROJECT 5 Off-Grid Cabin, outside Burlington, Vermont This system is designed to power lights, a stereo, and a refrigerator for a vacation cabin occupied three days per week, May through September, in the mountains of Vermont. The cabin is far from utility service and located in a scenic area where utility lines would not be welcome. A 4 cubic-foot refrigerator, typical of those used in the RV industry, is a major part of the load. The refrigerator will require power seven days per week during the summer period but on four of those days the unit will not be opened. Loads in the cabin are as follows. All loads consume 12 VDC. Load Qty Power (W) 96.0 8.4 22.8 16.8 36.0 24 Daily Duty Cycle (hr/ day) 6 1 2 2 2 2 Weekly Duty Cycle (days/ week) 7 3 3 3 3 3 Total Amp-Hr Load Amp-Hr Load (Ah/ day)

Refrigerator (RV type) Bathroom Light Kitchen Light Dining Light Reading Light Music Player

1 1 1 1 2 1

Total Load Power

KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Vacation cabin DC system SITE: Vermont LOCATION/ELEVATION: 44 28 N, 73 9 W, 560 m AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Noncritical LOAD PROFILES: Variable when cabin is used-refrigerator only during other summer days PROJECT 6 Travelers Information Radio

The State of New Mexico recently installed twenty ve short range radio systems to broadcast historical facts and folklore to passing motorists. These stand-alone systems were installed along highways in the southern part of the State. The land varies from high desert to mountains with elevations greater than 12,000 feet. The pole mounted 12 volt dc systems include the batteries, controller, transmitter and media player. The messages play continuously. The power demand of the system is dominated by the transmitter which draws a maximum of 1.5 A. Design the system for optimal performance keeping in mind each system requires a dedicated power source. KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Travellers Information Radio SITE: Southern New Mexico LOCATION/ELEVATION: 31-36 N 103-109 W 1300 m ENVIRONMENT: High Desert AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Noncritical LOAD PROFILES: Continuous PROJECT 7 Off-Grid House, outside Atlantic City, New Jersey An enterprising, environmentally sensitive person wants to take their small summer residence off the grid by incorporating a single- or multi-source energy system with storage (solar, wind, generator, batteries). A conservation effort has already been made to nd appliances with the lowest energy consumption. For example, the electric water heater was replaced with a propane-red unit. All loads are AC. The load distribution through the day can be see in Figure 1. The owner is not willing to do without their already minimal set of appliances, so the unmet electrical need must be zero even if the loads change by 10% or the insolation varies by 25%. Can the owners desires be met, and what combination of energy sources best meet their needs?
Table 1. Electric Loads in Off-Grid House Appliances Kitchen Oven Cooking plate Kettle Power (W) 2000 3000 2200 Operating Time (min/day) 30 20 3 Consumption (kWh/day) 1.00 1.00 0.11

Kitchen Table 1. Electric Loads in Off-Grid House Appliances Power (W) Operating Time (min/day) 14 290 10 5 240 240 540 60 5 240 260 240 240 120 30 10 Consumption (kWh/day) 0.35 0.37 0.05 0.17 0.17 0.06 0.77 0.03 0.57 0.00 0.26 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.20 0.07

Coffee maker Refrigerator Mixer Microwave oven Light Hallway Light Freezer Bathroom Light Washing machine Shaver Room 1 Computer Wi Router Light Room 2 Shed Light Light Drill Power saw

1520 77 300 800 42 14 85 28 50 65 12 10 14 14 400 400

Figure 1. Peak load through the day with normal and efcient appliances KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Off-Grid House SITE: Atlantic City, New Jersey LOCATION/ELEVATION: 39 21' N, 74 25' W, 0 m ENVIRONMENT: Coastal AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Critical LOAD PROFILES: Continuous from May through August PROJECT 8 Off-Grid House, Palm Desert, California An enterprising, environmentally sensitive person wants to take their small summer residence off the grid by incorporating a single- or multi-source energy system with storage (solar, wind, generator, batteries). A conservation effort has already been made to nd appliances with the lowest energy consumption. For example, the electric water heater was replaced with a propane-red unit. All loads are AC. The load distribution through the day can be see in Figure 1. The owner is not willing to do without their already minimal set of appliances, so the unmet electrical need must be zero even if the loads change by 10% or the insolation varies by 15%.

Can the owners desires be met, and what combination of energy sources best meet their needs?
Table 1. Electric Loads in Off-Grid House Appliances Kitchen Oven Cooking plate Kettle Coffee maker Refrigerator Mixer Microwave oven Light Hallway Light Freezer Bathroom Light Washing machine Shaver Room 1 Computer Wi Router Light Room 2 Shed Light Light Drill Power saw Power (W) 2000 3000 2200 1520 77 300 800 42 14 85 28 50 65 12 10 14 14 400 400 Operating Time (min/day) 30 20 3 14 290 10 5 240 240 540 60 5 240 260 240 240 120 30 10 Consumption (kWh/day) 1.00 1.00 0.11 0.35 0.37 0.05 0.17 0.17 0.06 0.77 0.03 0.57 0.00 0.26 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.20 0.07

Figure 1. Peak load through the day with normal and efcient appliances KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Off-Grid House SITE: Palm Desert, California LOCATION/ELEVATION: 33 43' N, 116 22' W, 160 m ENVIRONMENT: High Desert AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Critical LOAD PROFILES: Continuous from May through September PROJECT 9 Off-Grid Cabin, outside Columbia, South Carolina This system is designed to power lights, a stereo, and a refrigerator for a vacation cabin occupied three days per week, May through September, in the hills outside of Columbia, South Carolina. The cabin is far from utility service and located in a scenic area where utility lines would not be welcome. A 4 cubic-foot refrigerator, typical of those used in the RV industry, is a major part of the load. The refrigerator will require power seven days per week during the summer period but on four of those days the unit will not be opened. Loads in the cabin are as follows. All loads consume 12 VDC.

Load

Qty

Power (W) 96.0 8.4 22.8 16.8 36.0 24

Daily Duty Cycle (hr/ day) 6 1 2 2 2 2

Weekly Duty Cycle (days/ week) 7 3 3 3 3 3

Amp-Hr Load (Ah/ day)

Refrigerator (RV type) Bathroom Light Kitchen Light Dining Light Reading Light Music Player

1 1 1 1 2 1

Total Load Power

Total Amp-Hr Load

KEY DESIGN INFORMATION APPLICATION: Vacation cabin DC system SITE: Columbia, South Carolina LOCATION/ELEVATION: 34 0 N, 81 2 W, 70 m AVAILABILITY REQUIRED: Noncritical LOAD PROFILES: Variable when cabin is used-refrigerator only during other summer days