IT 2202

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

3104

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9 Principles of amplitude modulation, AM envelope, frequency spectrum and bandwidth, modulation index and percent modulation, AM Voltage distribution, AM power distribution, Angle modulation - FM and PM waveforms, phase deviation and modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation, Frequency analysis of angle modulated waves !andwidth requirements for Angle modulated waves UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9 "ntroduction, #hannon limit for information capacity, digital amplitude modulation, frequency shift $eying, F#% bit rate and baud, F#% transmitter, !& consideration of F#%, F#% receiver, phase shift $eying ' binary phase shift $eying ' (P#%, (uadrature Amplitude modulation, bandwidth efficiency, carrier recovery ' squaring loop, )ostas loop, *P#% UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 9 "ntroduction, Pulse modulation, P)M ' P)M sampling, sampling rate, signal to quanti+ation noise rate, companding ' analog and digital ' percentage error, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential pulse code modulation, pulse transmission ' "ntersymbol interference, eye patterns UNIT IV SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 9 "ntroduction, Pseudo-noise sequence, *# spread spectrum with coherent binary P#%, processing gain, F, spread spectrum, multiple access techniques ' wireless communication, -*MA and )*MA in wireless communication systems, source coding of speech for wireless communications UNITV SATELLITE AND OPTICALCOMMUNICATION 9

#atellite )ommunication #ystems-%eplers .aw,./0 and 1/0 0rbits, footprint, .in$ model0ptical )ommunication #ystems-/lements of 0ptical Fiber -ransmission lin$, -ypes, .osses, #ources and *etectors TUTORIAL: 15 TOTAL: 45 +15=60 TE T !OO"S: 2 &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4, 56e, Pearson /ducation, 7889 7 #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4, :th /dition, ;ohn &iley < #ons , 7882 REFERENCES: 2

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, -aub,* . #chilling ,1 #aha ,4Principles of )ommunication4=6e,7889 ! P .athi,4Modern Analog And *igital )ommunication systems4, =6e, 0xford >niversity Press, 7889 !la$e, 3/lectronic )ommunication #ystems4, -homson *elmar Publications, 7887 Martin # ?oden, 3Analog and *igital )ommunication #ystem4, =rd /dition, P,", 7887 ! #$lar,4*igital )ommunication Fundamentals and Applications476e Pearson /ducation 7889

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS # COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Q$%&'()* !+*, SU!-ECT: IT2202.PRNCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION #emesterA """ *epartmentA "-

>B"- "--Fundamentals 0f Analog )ommunication

PART.A
01+' (& 2)3$4+'()*5 Modulation is the process of changing any one parameter Camplitude, frequency or phaseD of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal or message signal 2/ D%6(*% +274('$3% M)3$4+'()*/ Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): AM 2)3$4+'%3 ;+8%/ V+2 =V< &(* =< ' + 2 V< <)& >=< . =2 ? ' @ 2 V< <)& >=< + =2? ' ...... ..... 2 2 where, Vam - amplitude of modulated signal Vc - amplitude of carrier signal Ec F 7 G fc F carrier frequency Em F 7G fm F modulating signal frequency 3/ D%6(*% M)3$4+'()* (*3%9 +*3 7%:<%*' 2)3$4+'()* 6): +* AM ;+8%/ Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform "t is also called as coefficient of modulation Mathematically modulation index is 2 = E2A E< &here m F Modulation coefficient /m F Pea$ change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage /c F Pea$ amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal 5/ G(8% '1% B+*3;(3'1 )6 AM5 !andwidth C!D of AM *#!F) is the difference between highest upper frequency and lowest lower side frequency != 262>2+9? fmCmaxD @ maximum modulating signal frequency 1/

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D:+; '1% &7%<':$2 )6 AM &(C*+4/ V< mVc67 fm mVc67 fm

fc-fm fc fcHfm frequency f.#! f>#! D/ G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9 (* '%:2& )6 V2+9 +*3 V2(*/ m F Vmax ' Vmin 6 Vmax H Vmin E/ G(8% '1% 6):2$4+ 6): AM 7);%: 3(&':(B$'()*/ P')'+4 = P< F1 + 22 A 2G where, Ptotal ' total power m- modulation index Pc ' carrier power 9/ G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): ')'+4 <$::%*'/ I')'+4 = I< F1 + 22 A 2G 1A2 where, "total ' total )urrent m- modulation index "c ' carrier current 10/ G(8% '1% 'H7%& )6 AM M)3$4+'()*/ *#!#)-*ouble sideband suppressed carrier ##!#)- #ingle sideband suppressed carrier *#!F)- *ouble sideband full carrier V#!#)-Vestigial sideband suppressed carrier 11/ 01+' +:% '1% 3(&+38+*'+C%& )6 <)*8%*'()*+4 >):? 3)$B4% &(3% B+*3 6$44 <+::(%: &H&'%25 "n conventional AM, carrier power constitutes two thirds or more of the total transmitted power -his is a maIor drawbac$ because the carrier contains no informationJ the sidebands contain the information #econd, conventional AM systems utili+e twice as much bandwidth as needed with single sideband systems 12/ D%6(*% S(*C4% &(3%B+*3 &$77:%&&%3 <+::(%: AM/ AM #ingle sideband suppressed carrier is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed and one of the sidebands removed 13/ D%6(*% AM V%&'(C(+4 &(3%B+*3/ AM vestigial sideband is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is transmitted 14/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 &(*C4% &(3%B+*3 ':+*&2(&&()*5 -he advantages of ##!#) are 2 Power conservation 7 !andwidth conservation = Boise reduction "- 7787 =

15/ 01+' +:% '1% 3(&+38+*'+C%& )6 &(*C4% &(3% B+*3 ':+*&2(&&()*5 i )omplex receivers ii -uning *ifficulties 16/ 01+' (& '1% +38+*'+C% )6 4);.4%8%4 2)3$4+'()*5 An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation 1D/ D%6(*% L);.4%8%4 M)3$4+'()*/ "n low-level modulation, modulation ta$es place prior to the output element of the final stage of the transmitter For low level AM modulator class A amplifier is used "t requires less power to achieve a high percentage of modulation 1E/ D%6(*% H(C1.4%8%4 M)3$4+'()*/ "n high-level modulators, the modulation ta$es place in the final element of the final stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude For high level modulator class ) amplifier is used "t requires a much higher amplitude modulating signal to achieve a reasonable percent modulation 19/ 01+' (& '1% +38+*'+C% )6 4);.4%8%4 2)3$4+'()*5 An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation 20/ D%6(*% (2+C% 6:%I$%*<H/ An image frequency is any frequency other than the selected radio frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the local oscillator, will produce a cross product frequency that is equal to the intermediate frequency 21/ D%6(*% (2+C% 6:%I$%*<H :%J%<'()* :+'()/ -he image frequency reIection ratio is the measure of the ability of preselector to reIect the image frequency Mathematically, "F?? is IFRR =>1+Q2K2?1A2 &here KF Cfim6f?FD-Cf?F6fimD ( ' quality factor of preselector fim-image frequency f?F- ?F frequency 22/ D%6(*% H%'%:)3H*(*C/ ,eterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing 23/ D%6(*% 3(:%<' 6:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'()*/ "n direct frequency modulation, frequency of a constant amplitude carrier signal is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal 24/ D%6(*% (*3(:%<' 6:%I$%*<H M)3$4+'()*/ "n indirect frequency modulation, phase of a constant amplitude carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal

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25/ D%6(*% (*&'+*'+*%)$& 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()*/ -he instantaneous frequency deviation is the instantaneous change in the frequency of the carrier and is defined as the first derivative of the instantaneous phase deviation 26/ D%6(*% 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()*/ Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it is acted on by a modulating signal frequency Frequency deviation is typically given as a pea$ frequency shift in ,ert+ CLfD -he pea$-to-pea$ frequency deviation C7 LfD is sometimes called carrier swing -he pea$ frequency deviation is simply the product of the deviation sensitivity and the pea$ modulating signal voltage and is expressed mathematically as L6 ="1V2 HM/ 2D/ S'+'% C+:&)* :$4%/ )arson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle modulated wave as twice the sum of the pea$ frequency deviation and the highest modulating signal frequency Mathematically )arsonMs rule is !=2>L6 +62? HM 2E/ D%6(*% D%8(+'()* :+'()/ *eviation ratio is the worst-case modulation index and is equal to the maximum pea$ frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating signal frequency Mathematically, the deviation ratio is DR= L6 >2+9? A 62>2+9? 29/ 0:('% 3);* '1% <)27+:(&)* )6 6:%I$%*<H +*3 +274('$3% 2)3$4+'()*/ A274('$3% 2)3$4+'()* F:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'()* 2 Boise interference is more Boise interference is less 7 Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a process of changing the frequency relatively high frequency carrier signal of a relatively high frequency in proportion with the instantaneous carrier signal in proportion with the value of the modulating signal instantaneous value of the modulating signal = -he depth of modulation has !ut in FM the depth of modulation limitation in AM can be increased to any value by increasing the deviation : #imple circuits used in transmitter >ses more complex circuits in and receiver transmitter and receiver @ Power varies in AM depending on -he amplitude of FM is constant depth of modulation ,ence transmitter power remains constant in FM 30/ D%6(*% P1+&% 2)3$4+'()*/ Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal 31/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 +*C4% 2)3$4+'()* +*3 +4&) 4(&' ('& 3(&+38+*'+C%&/ AdvantagesA i Boise reduction ii "mproved system fidelity iii more efficient use of power

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*isadvantagesA i wider !andwidth ii uses more complex circuit in receiver and transmitter 32/ 01+' (& P1+&% 3%8(+'()* 5 -he relative angular displacement CshiftD of the carrier phase CradD in respect to reference phase is called phase deviationCLN? 33/ G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): B+*3;(3'1 )6 +*C4%.2)3$4+'%3 ;+8% (* '%:2& )6 !%&&%4O& '+B4%/ !F 7CnNfmD nFno of significant sidebands for m found using !esselMs table 34/ D%6(*% 3%8(+'()* &%*&('(8('H 6): FM +*3 PM +*3 C(8% ('& $*('&/ FM: )hange in output frequency occurs when amplitude changes in input signal U*(' %2FCrad6sD6V PM: )hange in output phase occurs when amplitude changes in input signal U*(' % FCradD6V 35/ I6 + 2)3$4+'%3 ;+8% ;('1 +* +8%:+C% 8)4'+C% )6 20V7 <1+*C%& (* +274('$3% P5VQ 3%'%:2(*% '1% 2+9(2$2 +*3 2(*(2$2 %*8%4)7% +274('$3%& +*3 '1% 2)3$4+'()* <)%66(<(%*'&/ Vm F 78Vp Vc F @ V m F Vmax ' Vmin 6 Vmax H Vmin Vmax F Vm H Vc F 78H@F 7@V Vmin F Vm - Vc F 78-@F 2@V mF Vmax ' Vmin 6 Vmax H Vmin F7@-2@ 67@H2@ F 0/25 36/ A* FM ':+*&2(''%: 1+& + :%&' 6:%I$%*<H 6< =96MHM +*3 + 3%8(+'()* &%*&('(8('H "1 = 4 "HMAV/ D%'%:2(*% '1% 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* 6): + 2)3$4+'(*C &(C*+4 V2>'? = E&(*>2R 2000'?/ D%'%:2(*% '1% 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9/ VmFOV, fm F7888,+ and %2 F: $,+ 6V Frequency deviation F P F %2Vm F : $,+6v N OV F 32,HM Modulation index F m F P6 fm F =7 $,+67888,+ F 16 3D/ F): +* FM :%<%(8%: ;('1 +* (*7$' 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* S6=4 ,HM +*3 + ':+*&6%: :+'() "= 0/01 VA, HMQ 3%'%:2(*% V)$'/ Vout F % N Qf F8 82N :8 F8 :V

PART @!
1/ F): +* AM DS!FC ;+8% ;('1 $*2)3$4+'%3 <+::(%: 8)4'+C% )6 10V7 +*3 4)+3 :%&(&'+*<% )6 10 )12&Q +*3 2=13%'%:2(*% >(? P);%: (* <+::(%:Q>((?P);%: (* $77%: +*3 4);%: &(3%B+*3&>(((?T)'+4 ':+*&2(''%3 7);%:/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2@2 2/ D%:(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): ')'+4 7);%: (* +* AM DS!FC +*3 3:+; '1% 7);%: &7%<':$2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2@8

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F): +* AM DS!FC ':+*&2(''%: ;('1 +* $*2)3$4+'%3 <+::(%: 7);%: P<=100; '1+' (& &(2$4'+*%)$&4H 2)3$4+'%3 BH 3 2)3$4+'(*C &(C*+4& ;('1 <). %66(<(%*' )6 2)3$4+'()* 21=0/2Q 22=0/4 +*3 23=0/5Q 3%'%:2(*%Q T)'+4 <)%66(<(%*' )6 2)3$4+'()*Q U77%: +*3 4);%: &(3%B+*3 7);%:Q T)'+4 &(3%B+*3 7);%:Q T)'+4 ':+*&2(''%3 7);%: +*3 '1%*Q D:+; '1% )$'7$' &7%<':$2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2@: 4/ O*% (*7$' ') +* AM DS!FC 2)3$4+'): (& 500 ,HM <+::(%: ;('1 7%+, +274('$3% )6 20V7/ T1% &%<)*3 (*7$' (& + 10 ,HM 2)3$4+'(*C &(C*+4 ;1)&% +274('$3% (& &$66(<(%*' ') 7:)3$<% + P D/5V7 <1+*C% (* '1% +274('$3% )6 '1% %*8%4)7%/ D%'%:2(*% '1% 6)44);(*C CiD U77%: +*3 4);%: &(3% 6:%I$%*<HQ >((?M)3$4+'()* <).%66(<(%*' +*3 7%:<%*' 2)3$4+'()*/,CiiiDM+9(2$2 +*3 2(*(2$2 +274('$3% )6 '1% %*8%4)7%Q>ivDD:+; '1% )$'7$' %*8%4)7%Q>8?D:+; '1% )$'7$' 6:%I$%*<H &7%<':$2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2:5 5/ D%:(8% E$&6 +*3 E4&6 (* '%:2& )6 V2+9 +*3 V2(* / ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2:7 6/ D%:(8% '1% )$'7$' %97:%&&()* 6): +* AM DS!FC +*3 +4&) 3:+; '1% AM &7%<':$2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2:@ D/ E974+(* (* 3%'+(4 +B)$' '1% !+*3;(3'1 :%I$(:%2%*'& )6 +*C4%.2)3$4+'%3 ;+8%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 7O5 E/ C)27+:% PM +*3 FM/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 7O2 9/ D%'%:2(*% '1% &(3% B+*3 6:%I$%*<(%& )6 +* +*C4%.2)3$4+'%3 ;+8%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 7O7 10/ D%:(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): +8%:+C% 7);%: )6 +* +*C4%.2)3$4+'%3 ;+8%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 7R=

>B"- ""--*igital )ommunication

PART.A
1/ 01+' (& 3(C('+4 2)3$4+'()*5 &hen the information signal is digital and any one of the parameters Camplitude, phase or frequencyD of the analog carrier is varied proportional to the information signal is called ad digital modulation

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4/

5/

6/

D/

E/

01+' (& (*6):2+'()* <+7+<('H5 "t is the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a system in a given unit of time G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): S1+**)* 4(2(' 6): (*6):2+'()* <+7+<('H/ "F ! log7 S2H #6BT &here, "F information capacity CbpsD !F bandwidth SAN=&(C*+4 ') *)(&% 7);%: :+'() >$*(' 4%&&? G(8% '1% NHI$(&' 6):2$4+'()* 6): <1+**%4 <+7+<('H/ fb F7! log7 M &here, fb 'channel capacity CbpsD !-minimum Byquist bandwidth C,+D M- number of discrete level or voltage levels C)27+:% QAS" +*3 QPS"/ QPS" QAS" 2 (uadrature phase (uadrature phase and modulation amplitude modulation 7 All signal points placed on #ignal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin = )ircuit is simple ?elatively complex : Boise immunity better then Poor than (P#% (A#% @ /rror probability less then ,igher than (P#% A(#% 01+' +:% A*'(7)3+4 &(C*+4&5 "n !P#%, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following signals, #ymbol U2M FV s2 CtD F W7P cos C7Gf8 tD #ymbol U8M FV s7 CtD F W7P cos C7Gf8 t H GD ,ere observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of 2O88 #uch signals are called antipodal signals D%6(*% 2(*(2$2 &1(6' ,%H(*C/ Minimum shift $eying uses two orthogonal signal to transmit U8M and U2M in such a way the difference between these two frequencies is minimum ,ence, there is no abrupt change in the amplitude and the modulated signal is continuous and smooth G(8% '1% 3(66%:%*<% B%';%%* &'+*3+:3 FS" +*3 MS"/ FS" MS" 2 -he two frequencies are *ifference between two integer multiple of base frequencies minimum and band frequency and at the at the same time they are same time orthogonal orthogonal 7 !andwidth C!&D F :fb !& F fb67 = ,as discontinuities Phase discontinuities are when phase changes from removed by smooth phase 8 to 2 or 2 to 8 transition

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01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 M.+:H &(C*+4(*C &<1%2%5 i M-ary signaling schemes transmit bits at a time ii !andwidth requirement of M-ary signaling schemes is reduced 10/ 01+' 3)%& <)::%4+'(8% <)3(*C 2%+*5 )orrelative coding allows the signaling rate of 7!8 in the channel of bandwidth !8 -his is made physically possible by allowing "#" in the transmitted signal in controlled manner -he receiver $nows this "#" ,ence effects of "#" are eliminated at the receiver )orrelative coding is implemented by duobinary signaling and modified duobinary signaling 11/ D(66%:%*'(+'% <)1%:%*' +*3 *)*<)1%:%*' 2%'1)3&/ C)1%:%*' >&H*<1:)*)$&? 3%'%<'()*: "n coherent detection, the local carrier generated at the receiver is phase loc$ed with the carrier at the transmitter -he detection is done by correlating received noisy signal and locally generated carrier -he coherent detection is a synchronous detection N)*. <)1%:%*' >%*8%4)7%? 3%'%<'()*: -his type of detection does not need receiver carrier to be phase loc$ed with transmitter carrier -he advantage of such a system is that the system becomes simple, but the drawbac$ is that error probability increases 12/ D%6(*% 7%+, 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* 6): FS"/ Pea$ frequency deviation CLfD is the half the difference between either the mar$ and space frequency >L6?=T62.6&TA2/ 13/ D%6(*% B(' :+'%/ "n digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is called the bit rate CfbD and has the unit of bits per second CbpsD 14/ D%6(*% !+$3 :+'%/ -he rate of change at the output of the modulator is called baud rate !audF 26ts, where, ts- time of one signaling element CsecondsD 15/ C)27+:% B(*+:H PS" ;('1 QPS"/ !PS" QPS" 2 0ne bit forms a symbol -wo bits form a symbol 7 -wo possible symbols Four possible symbols = Minimum bandwidth is Minimum bandwidth is twice of fb equal to fb : #ymbol duration F -b #ymbol duration F 7-b 16/ D%6(*% QAM/ (uadrature amplitude modulation is a form of digital modulation where the digital information is contained in both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted carrier 1D/ 01+' (& + <)*&'%44+'()* 3(+C:+25 "t is also called as signal state-space diagram, similar to phasor diagram where, the relative position of pea$s of phasors is shown 1E/ !:(*C )$' '1% 3(66%:%*<% B%';%%* DPS" +*3 !PS"/ DPS" !PS" 2 "t does not need a carrier "t needs a carrier at receiver at its receiver 7 !andwidth reduced More bandwidth

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compared to !P#% = Probability of error or bit )omparatively low error rate more than !P#% : /rror propagation more, )omparatively low, since it since it uses two bits for its uses only single bit reception @ Boise interference more )omparatively low 19/ 01+' (& B+*3;(3'1 %66(<(%*<H5 "t is also called as information density or spectral efficiency, is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for particular modulation scheme 20/ 01+' (& +* O66&%' QPS"5 0ffset (P#% C0(P#%D is a modified form of (P#% where the bit waveforms on the " and ( channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other by one-half of a bit time 21/ M%*'()* +*H 6)$: +38+*'+C% )6 3(C('+4 2)3$4+'()* )8%: +*+4)C 2)3$4+'()*/ i Maximum data rate ii Minimum probability of symbol error iii Minimum transmitted power iv Minimum channel bandwidth v Minimum circuit complexity vi Maximum resistance to interfering signals 22/ D%6(*% <+::(%: :%<)8%:H/ "t is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal "t is also called as phase referencing 23/ 01+' (& DPS"5 *ifferential phase-shift $eying C*P#%D is an alternative form of digital modulation where the binary input information is contained in the difference between successive signaling elements rather than the absolute phase "t is not necessary to recover phase-coherent carrier 24.What do you mean by ASK? ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital data to analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values( ,!) are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal. S(t) " Acos# ft binary ! binary

PART.!
1/ E974+(* FS" B(' :+'%Q B+$3Q B+*3;(3'1 +*3 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =5R 2/ E974+(* )*.)66 ,%H(*C >OO"? ): AS"/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =5O "- 7787 28

3/ E974+(* QPS" ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%:/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =O2 4/ E974+(* DPS" ;('1 +* %9+274%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :89 5/ E974+(* !PS" >':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%:? +*3 +4&) 3(&<$&& +B)$' '1% B+*3;(3'1/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =95 6/ D(&<$&& '1% )7%:+'()* )6 16.QAM ':+*&2(''%:& +*3 :%<%(8%:&/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =RO D/ E974+(* (* 3%'+(4 +B)$' <+::(%: :%<)8%:H/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :8:

>B"- """ --*igital -ransmission

PART.A
1/ S'+'% '1% &+274(*C '1%):%2 6): B+*3.4(2('%3 &(C*+4& )6 6(*('% %*%:CH/ "f a finite energy signal gCtD contains no frequency higher than & ,+, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 267& seconds apart 2/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 3(C('+4 ':+*&2(&&()*5 i -he advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission is noise immunity *igital pulses are less susceptible than analog signals to variations caused by noise ii *igital signals are better suited to processing and multiplexing than analog signals iii *igital transmission systems are more noise resistant than the analog transmission systems iv *igital systems are better suited to evaluate error performance 3/ 01+' +:% '1% 3(&+38+*'+C%& )6 3(C('+4 ':+*&2(&&()*5 i -he transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly more bandwidth than simply transmitting the original analog signal ii Analog signal must be converted to digital codes prior to transmission and converted bac$ to analog form at the receiver, thus necessitating additional encoding and decoding circuitry 4/ D%6(*% 7$4&% <)3% 2)3$4+'()*/ "n pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed length, serial binary number for transmission -he binary number varies according to the amplitude of the analog signal

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01+' (& '1% 7$:7)&% )6 '1% &+274% +*3 1)43 <(:<$('5 -he sample and hold circuit periodically samples the analog input signal and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal 6/ 01+' (& '1% NHI$(&' &+274(*C :+'%5 Byquist sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency D/ 01+' (& '1% 7:(*<(74% )6 7$4&% 2)3$4+'()*5 Pulse modulation consists essentially of sampling analog information signal and then converting those discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a destination over a physical transmission medium E/ L(&' '1% 6)$: 7:%3)2(*+*' 2%'1)3& )6 7$4&% 2)3$4+'()*/ i Pulse width modulation CP&MD ii Pulse position modulation CPPMD iii Pulse amplitude modulation CPAMD iv Pulse duration modulation CP*MD 9/ 01+' (& <)3%<5 An integrated circuit that performs the P)M encoding and decoding functions is called a )odec Ccoder6decoderD 10/ D%6(*% +*3 &'+'% '1% <+$&%& )6 6)43 )8%: 3(&'):'()*/ -he minimum sampling rate CfsD is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency CfaD "f fs is less than two times fa, distortion will result -he distortion is called aliasing or fold over distortion -he side frequencies from one harmonic fold over into the sideband of another harmonic -he frequency that folds over is an alias of the input signal hence, the names 3aliasing4 or 3fold over distortion4 11/ D%6(*% )8%:4)+3 3(&'):'()*/ "f the magnitude of sample exceeds the highest quanti+ation interval, overload distortion occurs 12/ D%6(*% I$+*'(M+'()*/ (uanti+ation is a process of approximation or rounding off Assigning P)M codes to absolute magnitudes is called quanti+ing 13/ D%6(*% 3H*+2(< :+*C%/ *ynamic range is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude Mathematically, dynamic range is *?F Vmax 6 Vmin 14/ 01+' (& *)*$*(6):2 ): *)*4(*%+: %*<)3(*C5 &ith voice transmission, low-amplitude signals are more li$ely to occur than large-amplitude signals -herefore, if more codes are used for lower amplitude, it would increase accuracy and fewer codes are used for higher amplitudes, which would increase quanti+ation error -his type of coding is called nonuniform or nonlinear encoding 15/ 01+' (& '1% +38+*'+C% +*3 3(&+38+*'+C% )6 2(3':%+3 I$+*'(M+'()*5 AdvantageA less idle channel noise *isadvantageA largest possible magnitude for (e 16/ 01+' (& '1% *%<%&&('H )6 <)27+*3(*C5

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)ompanding is the process of compression and then expanding ,igher amplitude signals are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the receiver )ompanding is the means of improving dynamic range of communication systems 1D/ 01+' (& (34% <1+**%4 *)(&%5 &hen there is no analog input signal, the only input to PAM sampler is random, thermal noise -his noise is called idle channel noise 1E/ H); (& 7%:<%*'+C% %::): <+4<$4+'%35 27-bit encoded voltage-27-bit decoded voltage X /rror F --------------------------------------------------------------Y 288 27-bit decoded voltage 19/ C)27+:% &4)7% )8%:4)+3 +*3 C:+*$4+: *)(&%/ S4)7% )8%:4)+3 *)(&% G:+*$4+: *)(&% 2 #lope of analog signal is 0riginal input signal has greater than delta modulator relatively constant amplitude can maintain and the reconstructed signal has variation the were not present in the original signal 7 )aused when step- si+e is 7 )aused when step -si+e is small large 20/ G(8% '1% <)*<%7' )6 3%4'+ 2)3$4+'()* PCM/ ?ather than transmit a coded representation of the sample, only single bit is transmitted, which indicates whether the sample is larger or smaller then the previous sample 21/ 01+' (& ISI +*3 C(8% ('& <+$&%&/ -he ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with maIor pulse lobe -his interference is commonly called as intersymbol interference or "#" -he four primary causes of "#" are i -iming inaccuracies ii "nsufficient bandwidth iii Amplitude distortion iv Phase distortion 22/ 01+' (& +* %H% 7+''%:*5 -he performance of a digital transmission system can be measured by displaying the received signal on an oscilloscope and triggering the time base at data rate -hus, all waveform combinations are superimposed over adIacent signaling intervals #uch a display is called eye pattern or eye diagram 23/ L(&' '1% &(C*(6(<+*<% )6 %H% 7+''%:*/ "t used to determine the effects of degradations introduced into pulses as they travel to the regenerator "t discloses any noise or errors in line equali+ation "t also gives the amount of "#" present 24.What are the two fold effects of quantizing process? !. $he pea%&to&pea% range of input sample values subdivided into a finite set of decision levels or decision thresholds

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#. $he output is assigned a discrete value selected from a finite set of representation levels are reconstruction values that are aligned with the treads of the staircase. 2 .!efine quantization error? 'uanti(ation is the value of which equals the difference between the output and input values of quanti(er. 2".What is nyquist rate? $he minimum sampling rate of #) sample per second for a signal bandwidth of ) hert( is called the nyquist rate. 2#.What is $A%? *A+ is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion to sample values of a message signal. 2E/ 01+' 3) H)$ 2%+* BH &4)7% )8%:4)+3 3(&'):'()* (* 3%4'+ 2)3$4+'()*5 #lope of analog signal is greater than delta modulator can maintain )aused when the step si+e is small

PART.!
2 7 E974+(* PCM ;('1 + *%+' B4)<, 3(+C:+2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :7@ E974+(* PCM &+274(*C ;('1 *%<%&&+:H 3(+C:+2& +*3 <(:<$('&/ 0:('% + *)'% )*
+4(+&(*C/

?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :79 = 01+' (& <)27+*3(*C5 E974+(* (* 3%'+(4 A*+4)C +*3 3(C('+4 <)27+*3(*C/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo ::7 4/ 0('1 + *%+' B4)<, 3(+C:+2 %974+(* D%4'+ 2)3$4+'()*/ H); &4)7% )8%: +*3 C:+*$4+: *)(&% <+* B% 2(*(2(M%3/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :@@ 5/ 01+' (& '1% +38+*'+C% )6 DPCM5 0('1 + *%+' B4)<, 3(+C:+2 %974+(* ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%:/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :@O 6/ 0:('% *)'%& )* ISI +*3 %H% 7+''%:*/

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?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :58

>B"- "V -#P?/A* #P/)-?>M AB* M>.-"P./ A))/## -/),B"(>/#

PART A
1/ D%6(*% &7:%+3 &7%<':$2/ #pread spectrum is defined in two parts i *ata of interest occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send the date ii -he spectrum spreading is accomplished before transmission through the use of code that is independent of data sequence -he same code is used in receiver to despread the signal so that the original data may be recovered 2/ 01+' 3) H)$ 2%+* BH 3(:%<' &%I$%*<% &7:%+3 '%<1*(I$%5 -he data sequence directly modulates the pseudo noise sequence .et the data signal be b CtD and pseudo-noise signal be c CtD -hen the modulated signal is given as, m CtD F b CtD cCtD 3/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'()*5 #pread spectrum modulation spreads the message signal over wide bandwidth with the help of special code C$eyD "t has following important advantages iD >nwanted interference is reIected iiD Protection against antiIamming signals is also provided iiiD Multipath interference reIection 4/ D%6(*% 7&%$3) *)(&% &%I$%*<%/ -he pseudo noise sequence is a noise li$e high frequency signal -his signal is binary in nature "t loo$s li$e pulses -he sequence is not completely random, but it is generated by a well-defined logic -he same logic is used at transmitter and receiver ,ence the sequence is rather UpseudoM random ,ence it is called pseudo-random Cor pseudo-noiseD sequence -he pseudo noise sequence can be generated by a feedbac$ shift register and combinational logic 5/ 01+' (& 6:%I$%*<H 1)7 &7:%+3(*C5 "n frequency hop spread spectrum, the carrier frequency randomly changes among different slots -hese frequency slots are called hops -he data is transmitted in these hops 6/ 01+' +:% '1% +774(<+'()*& )6 S7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'()*5 i -he spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional Iamming Previously this antiIam capability was used in military application #ome commercial applications also use spread spectrum because of its antiIam capability

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.ow probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in military "n this case, the signal spectral density is $ept small such that the presence of the signal is not detected easily iii #pread spectrum is used in mobile communications -his is because the spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath fading !ecause of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in fade D/ L(&' '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 3(:%<' &%I$%*<% &H&'%2& i -his system has best noise and antiIam performance ii >nrecogni+ed receivers find it most difficult to detect direct sequence signals iii "t has best discrimination against multipath signals E/ L(&' '1% 3(&+38+*'+C%& )6 3(:%<' &%I$%*<% &H&'%2& i "t requires wideband channel with small phase distortion ii "t has long acquisition time iii -he pseudo-noise generator should generate sequence at high rates iv -his system is distance relative 9/ L(&' '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C &H&'%2& i -hese systems bandwidth are very large ii -hey can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum iii -hey have relatively short acquisition time iv -he distance effect is less 10/ L(&' '1% 3(&+38+*'+C%& )6 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C &H&'%2& i -hese systems need complex frequency synthesi+ers ii -hey are not useful for range and range 'rate measurement iii -hey need error correction 11/ D%6(*% &4); 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C &hen several symbols are transmitted in one frequency hop CslotD, then it is called slow frequency hopping -his means the symbol rate is higher than hop rate 12/ D%6(*% 6+&' 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C &hen several frequency hops ta$e place to transmit one symbol, then it is called fast frequency hopping -his means the symbol rate is less than hop rate 13/ 01+' (& 7:)<%&&(*C C+(*5 Processing gain is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth of spreaded signal to the bandwidth of the unspreaded signal 14/ 01+' +:% '1% 7:)7%:'(%& )6 2+9(2$2 4%*C'1 &%I$%*<%5 !+4+*<% 7:)7%:'H: -he number of 2Ms is always one more than the number of +eros in each period of a maximum length sequence R$* 7:)7%:'H: ?un means subsequence of identical symbols i e 2Ms or 8Ms within one period of the sequence -he length of the run is equal to the length of the subsequence C)::%4+'()* 7:)7%:'H: -he auto correlation function of maximum length sequence is periodic and it is binary valued 15/ M%*'()* '1% <4+&&(6(<+'()* )6 2$4'(74% +<<%&& 7:)')<)4&/ i -ime division multiple access C-*MAD

ii

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ii Frequency division multiple access CF*MAD iii )ode division multiple access C)*MAD 16/ C)27+:% &4); +*3 6+&' 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C/ S4); F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C F+&' F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C 2 More than one symbols are More than one frequency hops are transmitted per frequency hop required to transmit one symbol 7 )hip rate is equal to symbol rate )hip rate is equal to hop rate = #ymbol rate higher than hop ,op rate higher than symbol rate rate 1D/ 01+' (& TDMA5 "n time division multiple access, the time of the channel is shared by multiple users )omplete bandwidth of the channel is available to the user in given time slot -*MA is in satellite communication 1E/ 01+' 3)%& CEPT &'+*3 6):5 )onference of /uropean Postal and -elecommunication Administrations C)/P-D is a commonly used -*MA frame format for digital satellite systems 19/ G(8% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): 7:)B+B(4('H )6 C+(*/ -he bandwidth of signal before and after encoding, using spread spectrum is related by processing gain CP1D P1F-b 6 -c &here, -b ' bit duration -c ' chip duration 20/ 01+' +:% ):'1)C)*+4 <)3%&5 "f half the bits within a code were made the same and half were exactly the opposite, the resultant would be +ero cross correlation between chip codes #uch a code is called orthogonal codes 21/ 01+' +:% '1% ';) 3(66%:%*' '%<1*(I$%& $&%3 (* &7%%<1 <)3(*C 6): ;(:%4%&& <)22$*(<+'()*5 i Multi-pulse excited .inear Predictive )oding C.P)D ii )ode-excited .P) 22.What are the two function of fast frequency hopping? !. Spread ,ammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of transmitted signal. #. -etuning the ,amming signal over the frequency band of transmitted signal. 2&.What are the features of code !i'ision multiple Accesses? !. It does not require e.ternal synchroni(ation networ%s. #. /0+A offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users is increased 1ut it is easy to add new user to the system. 2. If offers an e.ternal interference re3ection capability.

PART . !

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1/ D%&<:(B% ;1+' + :%6%:%*<% B$:&' (& 6): TDMA +*3 %974+(* '1% 6)44);(*C '%:2&: 7:%+2B4%Q <+::(%: :%<)8%:H &%I$%*<%Q B(' '(2(*C :%<)8%:HQ $*(I$% ;):3 +*3 <)::%4+'()* &7(,%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 228: 2/ D%&<:(B% '1% )7%:+'()* )6 CEPT 7:(2+:H 2$4'(74%9 6:+2%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2285 3/ E974+(* (* 3%'+(4 '1% *)'()* )6 &7:%+3 &7%<':$2/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :OO 4/ E974+(* CDMA +*3 +4&) C(8% '1% ):'1)C)*+4 <)*3('()* )6 '1% &(C*+4& (* CDMA/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 228O 5/ E974+(* 3(:%<' &%I$%*<%.&7:%+3 &7%<':$2 ;('1 +77:)7:(+'% ;+8%6):2& +*3 %97:%&&()*&/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :R8 6/ E974+(* '1% C%*%:+'()* )6 7&%$3).*)(&% &%I$%*<% ;('1 +* %9+274%/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :O8 D/ L(&' '1% 7:)7%:'(%& )6 2+9(2$2 4%*C'1 &%I$%*<% ;('1 %9+274%&/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :O7 E/ 0('1 '1% 1%47 )6 ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%: 3(+C:+2 %974+(* 6:%I$%*<H 1)77%3 &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 +*3 3(&<$&& +B)$' &4); @6:%I$%*<H 1)7 +*3 F+&'.6:%I$%*<H 1)7/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :RR

>B"--V --#A-/.."-/ AB* 0P-")A. )0MM>B")A-"0B

PART.A
1/ D%6(*% ):B('/ -he satellite can be rotated around the earth through various paths -hese paths are called orbits of the satellite -hese orbits are used to cover the specific application areas 01+' (& + &+'%44('% &H&'%25 A satellite system consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a ground ' based station to control the operation of the system, and a user networ$ of earth stations 2/ S'+'% '1% B+&(< 6$*<'()* )6 &+'%44('% ':+*&7)*3%:/

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-he transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is $nown as a transponder -he basic function of a transponder is amplification and frequency translation 3/ L(&' '1% &+'%44('% ):B('&/ #atellite orbits about the earth are either circular or elliptical -he satellite orbits areA Z "nclined orbit Z Polar orbit Z /quatorial orbit 4/ D%6(*% (*<4(*%3 ):B('/ "nclined orbits are virtually all orbits except those that travel directly above the equator or directly over the north and south poles 5/ D%6(*% 7)4+: ):B('/ #atellite orbits with inclinations of R8[are called polar orbit Polar orbits are used for special applications li$e navigational satellites 6/ D%6(*% C%)&'+'()*+:H ):B('/ -he circular equatorial orbit is exactly in the plane of equator on earth All the points in this orbit are at equal distance from earth surface, and a satellite in this orbit appears to be stationary to the point of earth -herefore this orbit is called geostationary orbit D/ D%6(*% C%)&H*<1:)*)$& ):B('/ &hen the inclination of the orbit is not +ero and eccentricity is not +ero, it is called as geosynchronous orbit -he period of geosynchronous orbit is equal to the period of revolution of earth with itself E/ D%6(*% 7%:(C%% +*3 +7)C%%/ -he point in the orbit where the satellite is closest to the earth is called the perigee -he point in the orbit where the satellite is farthest from the earth is called the apogee 9/ D%6(*% +*C4% )6 (*<4(*+'()* +*3 +*C4% )6 %4%8+'()*/ A*C4% )6 (*<4(*+'()*: "t is the angle between the earthMs equatorial plane and the orbital plane of a satellite measured counter cloc$wise at the point in the orbit where it crosses the equatorial plane traveling from south to north A*C4% )6 %4%8+'()*: "t is the vertical angle formed between the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth station antenna pointing directly toward a satellite and the hori+ontal plane 10/ S'+'% '1% 4+;& )6 74+*%'+:H 2)'()*/ %eplerMs law may be simply stated as C2D the planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus,C7D the line Ioining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, and C=D the square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets 11/ H); +:% &+'%44('%& <4+&&(6(%3 B+&%3 )* %4%8+'()*5 i .ow earth orbit C./0DA 2 1,+ -7 @ 1,+ ii Medium /arth orbit CM/0DA 2 71,+-2 55 1,+

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iii 1eosynchronous earth orbit C1/0DA 7 1,+ -2O 1,+ 12/ D%6(*% AM(2$'1 +*C4%/ "t is defined as the hori+ontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna 13/ D%6(*% + ':+*&7)*3%:/ 01+' (& ('& B+&(< 6$*<'()*5 A satellite radio repeater is called a transponder "t is an ?F-?F repeater 14/ 01+' (& + 6))'7:(*'5 -he geographical representation of a satellite antennaMs radiation pattern is called a footprint or footprint map 15/ 01+' (& &'+'()* ,%%7(*C5 -he process of maneuvering a satellite within a pre assigned window is called station $eeping 16/ S'+'% '1% $74(*, 6:%I$%*<H +*3 3);*4(*, 6:%I$%*<H/ A typical uplin$ frequency is 5 1,+ and a common downlin$ frequency is : 1,+ 1D/ 01+' +:% '1% '%<1*(I$%& 6): (*<:%+&(*C <1+**%4 <+7+<('H5 -wo of the techniques for increasing channel capacity areA Z Frequency reuse Z #patial isolation 1E/ 01+' +:% '1% 2+J): &$B&H&'%2& (* + <)22$*(<+'()* &+'%44('%5 -he maIor subsystems in a communication satellite are Z )ommunications subsystems Z Power subsystems Z -elemetry trac$ing and control C--)D subsystems Z Propulsion subsystems Z Attitude stabili+ation subsystems Z Antenna subsystems 19/ 01+' (& '1% B+&(< ':+*&7)*3%: <)*6(C$:+'()*5 -here are three basic transponder configurations used in communication systems -hey are Z #ingle conversion transponder Z *ouble conversion transponder Z ?egenerative transponders 20/ S'+'% '1% 2+J): &$B&H&'%2& (* + &+'%44('% %+:'1 &'+'()*/ -he maIor subsystems in a satellite earth station areA Z -ransmit subsystems Z ?eceive subsystems Z Power subsystems Z Antenna subsystems Z -elemetry trac$ing and control C--)D subsystems Z 1round control equipment C1)/D subsystems 21/ L(&' '1% +774(<+'()*& )6 + &+'%44('% #ome of the applications of a satellite areA Z #urveillance or observation Z Bavigation

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Z -V broadcast Z #atellite telephones 22/ 01+' (& +* )7'(<+4 <)22$*(<+'()* &H&'%25 "t uses light as the carrier of information "t uses glass or plastic fiber cables to contain the light waves and guide them 23/ S'+'% '1% 6:%I$%*<H :+*C% )6 )7'(<+4 6(B%: <)22$*(<+'()*/ .ight frequencies range - 2x282: to :x282: 24/ L(&' '1% )7'(<+4 &)$:<%& $&%3 6): )7'(<+4 6(B%: <)22$*(<+'()*/ -he optical sources used for optical fiber communication are Z .ight /mitting *iodes and Z #olid-state lasers 25/ L(&' '1% )7'(<+4 3%'%<'):&/ -he optical detectors used for optical fiber communication are Z Photodiodes and Z Avalanche photodiodes 26/ S'+'% '1% +774(<+'()*& )6 )7'(<+4 6(B%:&/ a .ocal and long distance telephone systems b -V studio-to-transmitter interconnection, eliminating microwave radio lin$ c )losed circuit -V systems used in buildings for security d )omputer networ$s, wide area and local area f #hipboard communications g Aircraft communication and Aircraft controls $ Buclear plant instrumentation 2D/ L(&' '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 )7'(<+4 6(B%: &H&'%2&/ 2 &ider bandwidthA they have higher information carrying capability 7 .ower lossA with fiber optic cables, there is less signal attenuation over long distances = .ightweightA glass or plastic cables are much lighter than copper cables and offer benefits in those areas where low weight is critical Ci e , aircraftD : #mall si+eA practical fiber optic cables are much smaller than electrical cables in diameterJ therefore more can be contained in a smaller space @ #trengthA fiber optic cables are stronger than electrical cables and can support more weight 5 #ecurityA fiber optic cables cannot be 3tapped4 as easily as electrical cablesJ they donMt radiate signals that can be pic$ed up for eavesdropping purposes 9 "nterference immunityA fiber optic cables do not radiate signals as some electrical cables do and cause interference to other cables -hey are also immune to pic$up of interference from other sources O 1reater safetyA fiber optic cables donMt carry electricity -herefore, there is no shoc$ ha+ard -hey are also insulators so are not susceptible to lightning stri$es as electrical cables are 2E/ D%6(*% :%6:+<'(8% (*3%9/

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?efractive index or index of refraction CnD is ratio of the velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light in a given material nFc6v where, n-refractive indexCunit lessD c-velocity of light in free space C=N28\O meters per secondD v- velocity of light in given material Cmeters per secondD 29/ D%6(*% <:('(<+4 +*C4%/ -he angle of incidence at which the refracted angle becomes R8[to the normal is said to be the critical angle 30/ D%6(*% ')'+4 (*'%:*+4 :%64%<'()*/ &hen the light ray stri$es the interface between the air and the glass, at an angle greater than the critical angle, the light ray does not pass through the interface into the glass &hen this occurs the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence as if a real mirror were used -his action is $nown as total internal reflection 31/ D%&<:(B% '1% <)*&':$<'()* )6 )7'(<+4 6(B%: <+B4%/ -he portion of a fiber optic cable that carries the light is made from either glass CsilicaD or plastic -he fiber, which is called the core, is usually surrounded by a protective cladding -he cladding is also made of glass or plastic of low refractive index -his ensures that proper interface is achieved so that the light waves remain within the core "n addition to protecting the fiber, the cladding adds strength A plastic Iac$et is put over the cladding for insulation

32/ D%6(*% 2)3%/ Mode refers to the various paths that the light rays can ta$e in passing through the cable -here are two classificationsA Z #ingle mode and Z Multimode 33/ 01+' (& 2%+*' BH &'%7 (*3%9 6(B%: +*3 C:+3%3 (*3%9 6(B%:5 #tep index fiber refers to the fiber, in which there is a sharply defined step in the index of refraction where the fiber core and cladding interface "t means the core has one constant refractive index B2 while the cladding has another constant refractive index B7 1raded index fiber refers to the fiber, in which the refractive index of the core is not constant "nstead it varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter of the core, reaching a pea$ at the center and then declining as the outer edge of the core is reached 34/ 01+' (& &(*C4% 2)3% 6(B%: +*3 2$4'(2)3% 6(B%:5

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A single mode fiber is one in which, the light follows a single path through the core and a multimode fiber is one in which, the light ta$es many paths through the core 35/ 01+' (& 2%+*' BH 2)3+4 3(&7%:&()*5 -he stretching of the pulse due to the attenuation of the light in the cable and increase in duration of arrival times of various light rays is referred to as modal dispersion 36/ L(&' '1% :%+&)*& 6): '1% 4)&&%& (* )7'(<+4 6(B%: <+B4%/ -he main reasons for the losses in optical fiber cable are Z .ight absorption Z #cattering and Z *ispersion 3D/ D%6(*% +B&):7'()*/ Absorption refers to how the light waves are actually 3soa$ed up4 in the core material 3E/ D%6(*% &<+''%:(*C/ #cattering refers to the light lost because of light waves entering at the wrong angle and being lost in the cladding due to refraction 39/ S'+'% '1% %97:%&&()* 6): +''%*$+'()* (* )7'(<+4 6(B%: <+B4%/ -he attenuation of a fiber optic cable is expressed in decibels per unit of length -he standard decibel formula used is

40/ 0:('% &1):' *)'%& )* <+B4% &74(<(*C +*3 <)**%<'):&/ )onnectors are special mechanical assemblies that allow fiber optic cables to be connected to one another Fiber optic connectors are the optical equivalent of electrical plugs and soc$ets Fiber optic connectors can be spliced by gluing )onnectors are used at the repeater units and at the end of the cable applied to the light source or photo detector 41/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 4+&%:& )8%: LEDO&5 ./*Ms covers a narrow spectrum of frequencies, less intense and are good only for short distances whereas, the .asers are monochromatic, coherent, and highly intense and can be used over long distances 42/ 01+' +:% '1% +38+*'+C%& )6 &(*C4% 2)3% &'%7 (*3%9 6(B%: )8%: 2$4'(2)3% &'%7 (*3%9 6(B%:5 #ingle mode step index fibers are of extremely small si+e and therefore difficult to ma$e and very expensive &hereas multimode step index fibers are the easiest to ma$e and the least expensive 43/ N+2% '1% 2$4'(74%9(*C &<1%2% $&%3 6): 6(B%: )7'(< <)22$*(<+'()*/ -he multiplexing scheme used for fiber optic communication is &*M, wavelength division multiplexing

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PART . !
1/ E974+(*Q (* 3%'+(4Q +B)$' 4(C1' ;+8% 7:)7+C+'()*/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo @O= 2/ C4+&&(6H +*3 %974+(* '1% F(B%: )7'(< <+B4% B+&%3 )* (*3%9 )6 :%6:+<'()* +*3 2)3%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo @R: 3/ E974+(* (* 3%'+(4 4)&%& (* )7'(<+4 6(B%:&/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo @R9 4/ D:+; '1% B+&(< B4)<, 3(+C:+2 )6 + F(B%: )7'(< <)22$*(<+'()* &H&'%2 +*3 %974+(* '1% 6$*<'()* )6 %+<1 B4)<,/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo @O8 5/ E974+(* )7'(<+4 &)$:<%& $&%3 (* 6(B%: )7'(< <)22$*(<+'()*/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 589 6/ E974+(* )7'(<+4 &)$:<%& $&%3 (* 6(B%: )7'(< <)22$*(<+'()*/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 52= D/ 0:('% *)'%& )* &+'%44('% %4%8+'()* <+'%C):(%& +*3 &+'%44('% ):B('+4 7+''%:*&/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 28@O E/ E974+(* '1% &+'%44('% &H&'%2 ;('1 + *%+' B4)<, 3(+C:+2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2895 9/ S'+'% +*3 %974+(* '1% 4+;& )6 74+*%'+:H 2)'()*/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 28@5 10/ 01+' (& + C%)&H*<1:)*)$& &+'%44('%5 D(&<$&& ('& +38+*'+C%& +*3 3(&+38+*'+C%&/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2857

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7:

!/E/A!/ TECH/ DEGREE E AMNIATIONQ NOVADEC 2005

-hird #emester I*6):2+'()* T%<1*)4)CH IT1202.PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION T(2%: T1:%% 1)$:& A*&;%: +44 Q$%&'()*& M+9(2$2: 100 2+:,&

PART A @ >10 U2 =202+:,&?

1/ I6 '1% :2& 8+4$% )6 '1% +%:(+4 <$::%*' B%6):% 2)3$4+'()* (& 12/5A +*3 3$:(*C 2)3$4+'()* (& 14A/C+4<$4+'% '1% 7%:<%*'+C% )6 2)3$4+'()* %274)H%3Q +&&$2(*C *) 3(&'):'()*/ "total F "c S2 H m7 6 7T ] FV "total6 "c F S2 H m7 6 7T 267 2:627 @ F S2 H m7 6 7T ] F2 7@:: F2Hm76 7 mF8 92== MF 92 ==X 2/ D:+; '1% B4)<, 3(+C:+2 )6 + &$7%: 1%'%:)3H*% AM :%<%(8%: +*3 %974+(* ;1H '1% $&$+4 AM :+3() :%<%(8%: $&%& + &$7%: 1%'%:)3H*% &H&'%2/

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AM uses a #uper heterodyne receiver to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing 3/ 0:('% 3);* '1% <)27+:(&)* )6 6:%I$%*<H +*3 +274('$3% 2)3$4+'()*/ A274('$3% 2)3$4+'()* F:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'()* 2 Boise interference is more Boise interference is less 7 Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process process of changing the amplitude of a of changing the frequency of a relatively high frequency carrier signal relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal value of the modulating signal = -he depth of modulation has !ut in FM the depth of limitation in AM modulation can be increased to any value by increasing the deviation >ses more complex circuits in transmitter and receiver -he amplitude of FM is constant ,ence transmitter power remains constant in FM : A* +*C4% 2)3$4+'%3 &(C*+4 (& 3%&<:(B%3 BH <>'?=10 <)&F2R >106? ' + 0/1 &(* >103? R 'G <)*&(3%:(*C <>'? +& PM S(C*+4 ;('1 "7=10Q6(*3 2>'?/G mCtDFVc sinSEc t H %pVm cos Em tT mCtDF28 cosS7G C285D t H 2 sin C28=D G tT 5/ S,%'<1 '1% ;+8%6):2 :%7:%&%*'+'()* )6 AS"Q FS"Q PS" 6): NRV <)3%3 B(*+:H &%I$%*<% +*3 :%7:%&%*' +4&) %+<1 <+&% 2+'1%2+'(<+44H/ : #imple circuits used in transmitter and receiver @ Power varies in AM depending on depth of modulation

>+?PS"

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75

>B? AS"

> <? FS" 6/ D:+; '1% &(C*+4 <)*&'%44+'()* )6 QPS" +*3 C(8% <)22%*'& )* QPS"

(P#% is an M-ary encoding scheme with BF7 and MF: &ith two bits there are four possible conditions and four possible output phases H:@8 , H2=@8Q .:@8 and -2=@8 D/ D%6(*% &+274(*C '1%):%2/ "f a finite energy signal gCtD contains no frequency higher than & ,+, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 267& seconds apart E/ D:+; EH% 7+''%:* +*3 (*'%:7:%' (' 7:)7%:4H/ MB - Margin over noise ;- ' distortion at +ero crossings #- ' time interval over which the wave can be sampled *A ' distortion at sampling time

9/ M%*'()* '1% <4+&&(6(<+'()* )6 2$4'(74% +<<%&& 7:)')<)4&/ i -ime *ivision Multiple access C-*MAD ii )ode *ivision Multiple access C)*MAD iii Frequency *ivision Multiple access CF*MAD

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79

10/ S,%'<1 '1% &':$<'$:% )6 + CDMA &H&'%2 +*3 C(8% '1% ):'1)C)*+4 <)*3('()* 6): '1% &(C*+4& (* CDMA/
!alanced Modulator P#% Modulator ?F Modulator
,igh-power amplifier < !PF

B-bit code word generator

"F )arrier

?F )arrier

CDMA E*<)3%: *ata in .ogic 2FH2 .ogic 8 F -2 Y 0rthogonal code 2 2 '2 2 '2 -2 -2 '2 2 '2 2 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Product code 2 2 -2 2 -2 -2 -2 '2 2 -2 2 2 ?ecovered chip code 2 2 -2 '2 2 2 2 2 -2 -2 2 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------)orrelation 2 2 2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 2 2 2

PART !W>5U16=E0 2+:,&?

11/ >(? V%:(6H '1+' '1% 2%&&+C% &(C*+4 2>'? (& :%<)8%:%3 6:)2 + 2)3$4+'%3 DS! &(C*+4 BH 6(:&' 2$4'(74H(*C (' BH + 4)<+4 &(*$&)(3+4 <+::(%: +*3 '1%* 7+&&(*C '1% :%&$4'+*' &(C*+4 '1:)$C1 + 4); 7+&& 6(4'%:>1? (* '1% '(2% 3)2+(*>2? (* '1% 6:%I$%*<H 3)2+(*/>((? D%:(8% '1% %66(<(%*<H X )6 ):3(*+:H AM +*3 &1); '1+' 6): + &(*C4% ')*% AMQ X2+9=33/3Y +' Z =1/ CiD sCtD Product Modulator
.ocal 0scilltor

vCtD

.PF

VoCtD

CiiD Psb F ma 7/c 7 6 : Pt F /c767S2Hma 767T ^ F Psb 6 Pt at _ F2 , ma F 2 substituting , ^max F == =X 12/ >+? C)*&(3%: +* +*C4% 2)3$4+'%3 &(C*+4 <>'? = 10 <)& >=<>'? + 3 &(* =2>'??/A&&$2% FM +*3 62=1,HM/<+4<$4+'% '1% 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9 +*3 6(*3 '1% B+*3;(3'1 ;1%* >1?62 (& 3)$B4%3 >2? 62 (& BH )*% 1+46 )arsonMs rule is !F7CLf HfmD ,+ *?F Lf CmaxD 6 fmCmaxD LfF =%,` C2Dfm is doubled , !F28 %,` "- 7787 7O mF=

C7D fm is by one half, !F 9%,+ >B? >(?A B4)<, 3(+C:+2 )6 +* (*3(:%<' >A:2&':)*C? FM ':+*&2(''%: (& &1);* (* 6(:/>1?/C)27$'% '1% 2+9(2$2 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()*>S6? )6 '1% )$'7$' )6 '1% FM ':+*&2(''%: +*3 '1% <+::(%: 6:%I$%*<H 6< (& 61=200 ,HMQ 64)=10/EMHMQ S61=25HMQ *1=64 +*3 *2=4E )$' Frequency Frequency Y 2>'? Narrow multiplier multiplier band FM f2 Y n2 f= Y n7 Qf2 f7Fn2f2 Qf= fc ~ Qf7 Qf flo f7Fn2f2 F 5:N788 $,+F27 O M,+ f= F f7 - flo F7M,+ fc Fn7 f= F :ON7 FR5 M,+ Qf F n7Qf= F 95 O$,+ 13/ >+? 0('1 '1% 1%47 )6 + B4)<, 3(+C:+2 >':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%:? %974+(* '1% 7:(*<(74% )6 + 3(66%:%*'(+4 71+&% &1(6' ,%H(*C/ I44$&':+'% '1% C%*%:+'()* )6 DPS" &(C*+4 ;('1 +* %9+274% &%I$%*<%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :89 14/ >B?0:('% &1):' *)'%& )* (*'%:&H2B)4 (*'%:6%:%*<%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :58 15/ >+? 0('1 *%+' ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%: B4)<, 3(+C:+2 )6 D(:%<' S%I$%*<% &7:%+3 <)1%:%*' 71+&% &1(6' ,%H(*CQ %974+(* ('& 7:(*<(74% )6 )7%:+'()*/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :R8 >B? >(? D%&<:(B% ;1+' + :%6%:%*<% B$:&' (& 6): TDMA +*3 %974+(* '1% 6)44);(*C '%:2&: 7:%+2B4%Q <+::(%: :%<)8%:H &%I$%*<%Q B(' '(2(*C :%<)8%:HQ $*(I$% ;):3 +*3 <)::%4+'()* &7(,%/ >((? !:(%64H 3%&<:(B% '1% )7%:+'()* )6 CEPT 7:(2+:H 2$4'(74%9 6:+2%/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 228:

!/E/A!/ TECH/ DEGREE E AMNIATIONQ NOVADEC 2006

T1(:3 S%2%&'%: I*6):2+'()* T%<1*)4)CH IT1202.PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION T(2%: T1:%% 1)$:& M+9(2$2: 100 2+:,& A*&;%: +44 Q$%&'()*&

PART A @ >10 U2 =202+:,&?

"- 7787

7R

1/ A B:)+3<+&' :+3() ':+*&2(''%: :+3(+'%& 5 "0 7);%: ;1%* '1% 2)3$4+'()* 7%:<%*'+C% (& 60Y /H); 2$<1 (& '1% <+::(%: 7);%:5 Pt F @$&,mF8 5 or 58X Ptotal F Pc S2 H m7 6 7T Pc F Ptotal 6 S2 H m7 6 7T F @N 287 6 S2H C 5D 7 6 7T F 4/24 ,0 2/ 01+' +:% '1% ';) 2+J): 4(2('+'()*& )6 '1% &'+*3+:3 6):2 )6 +274('$3% 2)3$4+'()*5 i AM less efficient because most of power is transmitted in carrier ii -he effect of noise is more because of amplitude variations 3/ I44$&':+'% '1% :%4+'()*&1(7 B%';%%* 6:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'()* >FM? +*3 71+&% 2)3$4+'()*/ Phase modulation is the first integral of FM a CtD F b aM CtD dt where, a CtD ' instantaneous phase deviation aM CtD 'instantaneous frequency deviation 4/ A <+::(%: (& 6:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'%3 ;('1 + &(*$&)(3+4 &(C*+4 )6 2 ,HM :%&$4'(*C (* + 2+9(2$2 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* )6 5 ,HM/ F(*3 '1% B+*3;(3'1 )6 '1% 2)3$4+'%3 &(C*+4/ fmF7$,+ Qf F @ $,+ !&F 7CQf H fm D F7C@ N28= H 7 N 28=DF14 "HM 5/ C)27+:% QAS" +*3 QPS"/ QPS" QAS" 2 (uadrature phase modulation (uadrature phase and amplitude modulation 7 All signal points placed on #ignal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin = )ircuit is simple ?elatively complex : Boise immunity better then Poor than (P#% (A#% @ /rror probability less then A(#% ,igher than (P#% 6/ 01+' +:% A*'(7)3+4 &(C*+4&5 "n !P#%, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following signals, #ymbol U2M FV s2 CtD F W7P cos C7Gf8 tD #ymbol U8M FV s7 CtD F W7P cos C7Gf8 t H GD ,ere observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of 2O88 #uch signals are called antipodal signals D/ S'+'% &+274(*C '1%):%2 6): B+*3.4(2('%3 &(C*+4& )6 6(*('% %*%:CH/ "f a finite energy signal gCtD contains no frequency higher than & ,+, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 267& seconds apart E/ H); (& %H% 7+''%:* $&%3 ') 2%+&$:% (*'%:&H2B)4 (*'%:6%:%*<% (* + 3+'+ ':+*&2(&&()* &H&'%25

"- 7787

=8

9/

-he width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the received wave can be sampled without error from intersymbol interference "t is apparent that the preferred time for sampling is the instant time at which the eye is open widest MB - Margin over noise ;- ' distortion at +ero crossings #- ' time interval over which the wave can be sampled *A ' distortion at sampling time ii &hen the effect of intersymbol interference C"#"D is severe traces from the upper portion of the eye pattern cross traces from the lower portion with the result that the eye is completely closed I44$&':+'% '1% ';) 2)3%& )6 +* +3+7'(8% %I$+4(M%:/ a -raining mode b *ecision *irected mode *ecision device xSnT Adaptive ySnT a \SnT aSnT -raining
equali+er Sw$T sequence generator

eSnT c 10/ L(&' )$' '1% <)27+:(&)* B%';%%* &4); +*3 6+&' 6:%I$%*<H 1)77(*C/ S4); F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C 2 More than one symbols are transmitted per frequency hop 7 )hip rate is equal to symbol rate = #ymbol rate higher than hop rate F+&' F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C More than one frequency hops are required to transmit one symbol )hip rate is equal to hop rate ,op rate higher than symbol rate

PART.! >5
"- 7787

16=E0 MAR"S?
=2

11/ >+? >(?E974+(* '1% 7:)<%&& )6 3%2)3$4+'(*C DS!SC &(C*+4 BH $&(*C &H*<1:)*)$& 3%2)3$4+'):Q ;('1 '1% 1%47 )6 *%+' B4)<, 3(+C:+2 +*3 6:%I$%*<H &7%<':$2/ ?efer Bov6*ec 788@ '22 CiD 12/ >+?D%'%:2(*% '1% &7%<':$2 )6 &(*C4% ')*% FM ;+8% 6): +* +:B(':+:H 8+4$% )6 '1% 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9 [/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 7O7 >B?>(? A 20 MHM <+::(%: (& 6:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'%3 BH + &(*$&)(3+4 &(C*+4 &$<1 '1+' '1% 2+9(2$2 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* (& 100 ,HM/ D%'%:2(*% '1% 2)3$4+'()* (*3%9 +*3 '1% +77:)9(2+'% B+*3;(3'1 )6 '1% FM &(C*+4 (6 '1% 6:%I$%*<H )6 '1% 2)3$4+'(*C &(C*+4 (& 100 ,HM/ mF Qf6 fm F2 !&F 7CQf H fm D F :88$,+ 13/ >+? >(? E974+(* !PS" ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%: ;('1 '1% 1%47 )6 B4)<, 3(+C:+2/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =95 >B? >((?T1% B(' &':%+2 1011100011 (& ') B% ':+*&2(''%3 $&(*C DPS"/ D%'%:2(*% '1% %*<)3%3 &%I$%*<% +*3 ':+*&2(''%3 71+&% &%I$%*<% I*7$' 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 YB0? 8 8 2 2 2 2 8 2 8 8 8 0utput 0utput 2O 2O 8 8 8 8 2O 8 2O 2O 2O8 phase 8 8 8 8 8 14/ >+? >(? D:+; '1% 6$*<'()*+4 B4)<, 3(+C:+2 )6 + 3(:%<' &%I$%*<% &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'): +*3 3%2)3$4+'): +*3 %974+(*/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :R8 >((? 01+' +:% '1% +774(<+'()*& )6 &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 '%<1*(I$%&5 ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :O8 >B? 0('1 '1% 1%47 )6 ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%: B4)<, 3(+C:+2Q %974+(* '1% 7:(*<(74% )6 )7%:+'()* 6:%I$%*<H 1)77%3 >FH? &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 &H&'%2 ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :RR

!/E/A!/ TECH/ DEGREE E AMNIATIONQ A7:(4AM+H 200E

-hird #emester I*6):2+'()* T%<1*)4)CH IT1202.PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION T(2%: T1:%% 1)$:& M+9(2$2: 100 2+:,&

"- 7787

=7

A*&;%: +44 Q$%&'()*&

PART A @ >10 U2 =202+:,&?

1/ D:+; '1% &7%<':$2 )6 AM &(C*+4/ V< mVc67 fm mVc67 fm

2/

3/

4/

5/

6/ D/

fc-fm fc fcHfm frequency f.#! f>#! C+4<$4+'% '1% !0 )6 FM &(C*+4 ;1)&% 6:%I$%*<H 3%8(+'()* (& D5"HM +*3 &(C*+4 6:%I$%*<H (& 2/5"HM/ fmF7 @$,+ Qf F 9@ $,+ !&F 7CQf H fm D F7C9@ N28= H 7 @ N 28=DF2@@ "HM D%6(*% 71+&% 2)3$4+'()*/ Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal !:(*C )$' '1% 3(66%:%*<% B%';%%* DPS" +*3 !PS"/ DPS" !PS" 2 it does not need a carrier at "t needs a carrier at receiver its receiver 7 !andwidth reduced More bandwidth compared to !P#% = Probability of error or bit )omparatively low error rate more than !P#% : error propagation more, since )omparatively low, since it it uses two bits for its reception uses only single bit @ noise interference more )omparatively low M%*'()* +*H 6)$: +38+*'+C%& )6 D(C('+4 M)3$4+'()* )8%: +*+4)C 2)3$4+'()*/ i Maximum data rate ii Minimum probability of symbol error iii Minimum transmitted power iv Minimum channel bandwidth 01+' (& PAM5 -he amplitude of constant width, constant-position pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal D%6(*% &)$:<%.<)3(*C '1%):%2/ -he entropy represents a fundamental limit on the average number of bits pr source symbol necessary to represent a discrete memoryless source in that it can be made as small as, but smaller than entropy ==

"- 7787

E/ 01+' +:% '1% 7:)7%:'(%& )6 7&%$3) *)(&% &%I$%*<%5 !+4+*<% 7:)7%:'H: -he number of 2Ms is always one more than the number of +eros in each period of a maximum length sequence R$* 7:)7%:'H: ?un means subsequence of identical symbols i e 2Ms or 8Ms within one period of the sequence -he length of the run is equal to the length of the subsequence C)::%4+'()* 7:)7%:'H: -he auto correlation function of maximum length sequence is periodic and it is binary valued 9/ D(66%:%*'(+'% B%';%%* F+&' FH +*3 S4); FH ;('1 :%&7%<' ') &H2B)4 :+'% +*3 1)7 :+'%/ S4); F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C F+&' F:%I$%*<H H)77(*C 2 More than one symbols are More than one frequency hops are transmitted per frequency hop required to transmit one symbol 7 )hip rate is equal to symbol rate )hip rate is equal to hop rate = #ymbol rate higher than hop ,op rate higher than symbol rate rate 10/ 0:('% '1% <)*3('()* :%I$(:%3 ') +8)(3 '1% &4)7% )8%: 4)+3 3(&'):'()* (* 3%4'+ 2)3$4+'()*/ a "ncreasing the cloc$ frequency reduces the probability of slope overload noise b increase the magnitude of the minimum step si+e

PART @ !
11/ >+? >((? D%:(8% '1% ;+8%6):2 )6 7);%: :%4+'()* B%';%%* <+::(%: 7);%: +*3 ')'+4 ':+*&2(''%: 7);%: )6 AM &(C*+4/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2:R >B? >((? D:+; '1% ;+8%6):2 )6 AM &(C*+4 6): )8%: 2)3$4+'()*Q $*3%: 2)3$4+'()* +*3 100Y 2)3$4+'()*/ >+? U*3%: 2)3$4+'()*

>B? 100Y 2)3$4+'()*

><? )8%: 2)3$4+'()*

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12/ >B? >(? D(&'(*C$(&1 B%';%%* FM +*3 AM/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =2R 13/ >+? 0('1 B4)<, 3(+C:+2 %974+(* QPS" ':+*&2(''%: +*3 :%<%(8%:/ D:+; '1% QPS" ;+8%6):2 6): + 3(C('+4 3+'+ 100110/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =O2 >B?>((?D%6(*% MS" +*3 1); (& (' 3(66%:%*' 6:)2 FS"/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =9@ 14/ C+?>((?01+' (& 2%+*' BH I*'%:&H2B)4 (*'%:6%:%*<%5 >ISI?/ S$CC%&' + &$('+B4% &(C*+4 7:)<%&&(*C '1+' 1+& ') B% 3)*% ') '1% B+&%B+*3 &(C*+4 ') )8%:<)2% ISI/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :58 15/ >+?>(? 01+' (& &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'()*5 D%&<:(B% '1% 6)44);(*C 6%+'$:%& )6 &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'()*: >1? A*'(J+22(*C >2? R+*C(*C >3? M$4'(74% +<<%&&(*C >4? M%&&+C% &%<$:('H/ >((? D:+; + PN &%I$%*<% C%*%:+'): ') C%*%:+'% D B(' &%I$%*<%/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :9R >B? >(? D(&'(*C$(&1 CMDA +*3 TDMA/ ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 228: < 228O >((? D:+; DS &7:%+3 &7%<':$2 2)3$4+'()* ;('1 B4)<, 3(+C:+2/ D%:(8% +* %97:%&&()* 6): 7:)<%&&(*C C+(* PG/ ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :R8 2009 A**+ U*(8%:&('H !/T%<1 I*6):2+'()* T%<1*)4)CH IT 2202.P:(*<(74%& O6 C)22$*(<+'()* Q$%&'()* P+7%: Answer all questions PA?--A

R%C$4+'()* 200E

2 *efine amplitude modulation Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal

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7 &hat is modulation indexd Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform "t is also called as coefficient of modulation Mathematically modulation index is 2 = E2A E< &here m F Modulation coefficient /m F Pea$ change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage /c F Pea$ amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage = &hy is A#% called as 0B-0FF $eying d A#% CAmplitude #hift %eyingD is a modulation technique which converts digital data to analog signal "n A#%, the two binary valuesC8,2D are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal #CtD F Acos7 ft binary 2 8 binary 8 : &hat is the difference between (A#% and (P#% d QPS" QAS" 2 (uadrature phase (uadrature phase and modulation amplitude modulation 7 All signal points placed on #ignal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin = )ircuit is simple ?elatively complex : Boise immunity better then Poor than (P#% (A#% @ /rror probability less then ,igher than (P#% A(#% @ *efine sampling rate sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency 5 &hat is "#" d -he ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with maIor pulse lobe -his interference is commonly called as intersymbol interference or "#" 9 *efine Pseudonoise sequence -he pseudo noise sequence is a noise li$e high frequency signal -his signal is binary in nature "t loo$s li$e pulses -he sequence is not completely random, but it is generated by a well-defined logic -he same logic is used at transmitter and receiver ,ence the sequence is rather UpseudoM random ,ence it is called pseudo-random Cor pseudo-noiseD sequence -he pseudo noise sequence can be generated by a feedbac$ shift register and combinational logic O &hat are the different types of multiple access techniques d iii -ime division multiple access C-*MAD iv Frequency division multiple access CF*MAD v )ode division multiple access C)*MAD R *efine %epleres three laws of planetary motion

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%eplerMs law may be simply stated as C2D the planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus,C7D the line Ioining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, and C=D the square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets 28 &hat are the losses encountered by optical fiber d Absorption loss Material or ?ayleigh, scattering losses )hromatic CorD wavelength, dispersion ?adiation losses Model dispersion )oupling losses PA?--! 22 CaD CiD&rite short notes on C2D AM voltage distribution C:D C7D AM power distribution C:D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2:@-2@= CiiD An audio frequency signal 28sin7pN@88t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of @8 sin7pN28\@t )alculate C2D Modulation index C7D Vm6vcF286@8F8 7 C7D#ide band frequencies C7D >#!F fcHfmF@88H288888F288@88 ,+ .#!Ffc-fmFR8@88 ,+ C=D!& required C7D 7fm F@88N7F2888,+ C:D-otal power delivered to the load of 5880 C7D Ptotal F Pc S2 H m7 6 7T C0?D CbD CiD)ompare FM and AM C27D A274('$3% 2)3$4+'()* 2 Boise interference is more 7 Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal F:%I$%*<H 2)3$4+'()* Boise interference is less Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the frequency of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal

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= -he depth of modulation has !ut in FM the depth of modulation can limitation in AM be increased to any value by increasing the deviation CiiD -he phase deviation constant in a phase modulation system is %F8 82rad6v )alculate the maximum phase deviation when the modulating signal of 28V is applied C:D 27 CaD CiD/xplain the principle of F#% transmitter and receiver C28D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =5:-=9@ CiiD&rite short note on spectrum and bandwidth of F#% C5D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo =5R-=97 C0?D CbD CiD)ompare the various types of digital modulation techniques COD ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition,

CiiD/xplain the eye pattern in base band digital transmission with neat diagram COD

?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :57-:5= 2= CaD CiD/xplain the elements of P)M system with a neat bloc$ diagram C27D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :7@-:79 CiiD&hat is companding d C:D )ompanding is the process of compression and then expanding ,igher amplitude signals are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the receiver )ompanding is the means of improving dynamic range of communication systems C0?D CbD CiDFind the signal amplitude for minimum quanti+ation error in a delta modulation system if step si+e is 2 volt having repetition period 2 ms -he information signal

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operates at 288,+ C:D CiiD *escribe the operations of *P)M system with relevant diagram C27D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo :@@-:@5 2: CaD CiD&rite short notes on Frequency hop spread spectrum C28D ?eferA #imon ,ay$in, 3)ommunication #ystems4 Fourth edition, Page Bo :RR CiiD/xplain the applications of spread spectrum techniques C5D -he spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional Iamming Previously this antiIam capability was used in military application #ome commercial applications also use spread spectrum because of its antiIam capability iv v .ow probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in military "n this case, the signal spectral density is $ept small such that the presence of the signal is not detected easily #pread spectrum is used in mobile communications -his is because the spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath fading !ecause of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in fade

C0?D CbD CiD1ive a detailed account of multiple access techniques C28D i -ime division multiple access C-*MAD ii Frequency division multiple access CF*MAD iii )ode division multiple access C)*MAD CiiD)ompare -*MA and )*MA C5D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 228: < 228O 2@ CaD CiD*iscuss briefly the basic satellite communication system COD ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2895 CiiD&rite short notes on ./0 and 1/0 orbits COD ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo 2857 C0?D CbD /numerate the elements of an optical fiber transmission lin$ C25D ?eferA &ayne -omasi, 3Advanced /lectronic )ommunication #ystems4 Fifth edition, Page Bo @O8

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