Integrated Civil Engineering Design Project (Building Structure Design)

CIVL 395

HKUST
By : Ir. K.S. Kwan Date: 3/07

Content 1. Building Control in Hong Kong 2. Design Criteria 3. Structural Form (Residential Building) 4. Hong Kong Wind Loading 5. Computer Modeling 6. Design Example

BUILDING CONTROL IN HONG KONG

1. Building Control in Hong Kong

Building Department (BD) to control the building development in private sectors. All development plans should be submitted to BD for approval and seek consent for construction. BD will approval/reject the plans based on the statuary requirements such as development area, building height, strength and stability of building etc
Under Building (Construction) Regulation), the following plans should be submitted by Authorised Person (AP), Registered Structural Engineer (RSE) or Registered Geotechnical Engineer (RGE).

Building Plan (architectural design on site and building layout) Structural Plan (structural framing and detail) Foundation Plan (foundation design of building e.g. piling layout) Site Formation Plan (civil and geotechnical engineering work) Demolition Plan (structural engineering work)

Site Layout Plan

To show the major development of the site e.g. site location, relationship with surrounding buildings, slopes , no of blocks, external works , etc.

In particular to the site closed to some scheduled area such as Marble Area, MTRC, The development should make provision on the design such as reduced stress in foundation design in Marble Area and no foundation work within 3m from the MTRC structure

Building Floor Plan (Architectural Plan)

It is prepared by the AP to show the block layout including development area, height of building, building shape, floor plans, lift location, fire escape route, prescribe window Other than the tower typical floor plan, the layout of podium, car park, roof, water tank, pump room, transformer room et. are included. Based on this plan, the RSE should prepare corresponding structural layout including the structural details to BD for approval.
Flat roof at 37F

Part plan at 37F- 40/F`

Structural Framing Plan

This is the skeleton of building. All members shown on this plans are called structural elements. Any change/removal should be verified by RSE. The drawing should show all member sizes (i.e. wall, column, slab and beam), concrete grade and any special issue such as transfer or cantilever structure The contractor can use this drawing for formwork construction

Structural detail drawing

To show the reinforcement detail for construction All bar length, size, spacing should be shown The contractor can use this drawing for steel fixing
Slab reinforcement detail

Foundation Plan
To show all the foundation layout including footing, pilecap and piles.

Pilecap layout

Pile layout

Building Design Standard

Building

(Construction) Regulation (The law used to control building

development including the precedure to submit building plan, material used for construction, foundation requirement at building design)

Local

(They provide most technical standard for designer. A new set of CoP have been issued between 2004 and 2005. The coming CoP will include Loading and seismic design. Wind CoP is specially specified for local wind climate. Concrete CoP is similar to BS8110 other than the material properties. Steel CoP is similar to BS5950))

Code of Practice Wind, Concrete, Steel, Fire

Practice

Note for Authority Person/Register Structural Engineer (PNAP) (up to 301 notes to provide some requirements on design and

construction other than above two such the identification of scheduled area, use of code of practice etc..)

PNAP

What is the Role of Structural Engineer in Building Design?

Architect Structural Engineer Building Service Engineer Landscape Architect Geotechnical Engineer Civil Engineer
Overall building concept, floor plan, Building height, elevation

Structural system, foundation

Building service system, lift..

Client

Landscape design

Slope, subsoil condition

Site formation

Structural Engineer

Structural engineer is to develop the skeletal framework and the foundation and other soil/structural interfacing works for bridges, buildings and other structural forms, which are to withstand against the natural forces due to gravitational wind, soil, water, earthquake and/or other environmental effects.

Factors to be considered for Building Development

Cost-effective Quality
(material control, Workmanship.) (To reduce the construction cost which Is about HK$4,000 to 8,000/m2)

Buildability
(Easy for construction, Safety.)

Functional
(Residential, commercial, factory, school)

Environmental
(Energy saving, formwork Saving, .)

Building Development Process

Feasibility Design
To test the development by different design parameters (population, number of flat, no. of blocks, location etc. ) for development cost estimation. In some case, the foundation is extremely high and it is a factor to be considered when disposition of blocks)

Preliminary Design (Scheme Design)

Based on experience, designer provides professional input (wall layout, element size) in accordance with preliminary architectural layout and estimate the construction cost for comparison. Build up simple computer model to test the structural form if required. After confirming the scheme, prepare detail design and submission to BD for approval and tender documents

Detailed Design Stage

Construction Stage

AP, RSE and RGE to supervise the construction work on site and report to BD on completion

DESIGN CRITERIA

2. Design Criteria
(Most details are specified in above Building Design Standard

The structural criteria are:

Adequate strength against failure (Ultimate limit state) e.g. stability of building, strength of element

Adequate lateral stiffness (Serviceability limit state) e.g. deflection of building, comfortable requirement

An efficient performance during the service life of the building (Serviceability limit state) e.g. cracks, durability, fire protection..

Loading

Gravity Load
Dead Live

Load (self weight of member or imposed dead load such as finishes, fixed
partition..) floor or for classroom is different)

Load (as requirement specified in B(C)R) e.g. the loading requirement for domestic

Wind Load (as HK CoP of Wind 2004) Seismic Load (Being studied by the Government)

Gravity Load

Dead Load
Self

Weight (24KN/m3) Finishes (thickness x 24/m3 =?/m2) Fixed partition (thickness x height x 24/m3 = ?/m)

Imposed Load
As

HK Building (Construction) Regulations (BCR)

Domestic area Common area

= 2.5 KN/m2 = 3.0 KN/m2

Partition

Load (non-fixed) = thickness x height x 24 /3

= ?/m2 Live load reduction factor (as BCR)

Imposed Live Load Requirement as B(C) R

Strength and Stability

The structure must have adequate strength to resist, and to remain stable under, the probable worst load actions Any additional stresses caused by restrained differential movements due to creep, shrinkage or temperature must be considered.

Stability Checking

Checking Overturning

Stability Check on underground structure

Uplift Checking

Sliding Checking

Sliding Checking

Beneficial case : 1.0D +1.4 Water uplift pressure to check the bottom slab

Excess Response to Wind Loads

(Ref: CoP Cl. 7.3.2)
Excessive

accelerations under wind loads that may cause discomfort or alarm to occupants should be avoided in particular some high aspect ration building (Height /Width i.e. H/B >5) static or dynamic analysis could be employed into account the pertinent features of the structure and its surroundings. Limited deflection at the top of a building to H/500 when considering a static characteristic wind load should result in an acceptable environment for occupants in normal buildings. cladding and finished., etc. need to be specifically detailed to allow for the anticipated relative lateral deflection in any one storey under the characteristic wind load.

A

Partitions

Deflection (CoP Cl. 5.2)

The deflections or deformations from all load types should not impair the strength or effective functioning of a structure, supporting elements or its components, nor cause damage to the finishes. For typical structures, the deflection limits are:

 Excess
When

Response to Wind Loads

a dynamic analysis is undertaken, the maximum peak acceleration of building should be assessed for wind speeds based on a 1-in-10-year return period of 10 minutes duration with the following limits:
Function Residential Office or Hotel Peak Acceleration 0.15m/s2 0.25m/s2

The

use of dampers on tall and slender buildings should be supported with dynamic analysis and specialist literature should be consulted.

Secondary Effect

Creep and Shrinkage Effects

In very tall concrete buildings, the cumulative vertical movements due to creep and shrinkage may be sufficiently large to cause distress in nonstructural elements, and to induce significant structural actions in the horizontal elements, especially in the upper levels of the building In buildings with partially or fully exposed exterior columns, significant temperature differences may occur between exterior columns, and any restraint to their relative deformations will induce stresses in the members concerned.

Temperature Effects

Fire Resisting Construction

For concrete structure, wall, beam size and concrete cover are specified

Detailing -Ductility Requirement

HK CoP 2004 : Clause 9.9

STRUCTURAL FORM

Common Form of Residential Building in Hong Kong

Tower (Shear wall structure) Carpark (Frame + Shear wall structure) Podium (Transfer plate structure)

Foundation structure (Pilecap + Pile)

High-Rise Behaviour

A high-rise structure is essentially a vertical cantilever Behaviour of tall building subjected to shear, moment and torsion The resistance of the structure to the external moment is provided by flexure of the vertical components, and by their axial action acting as the chords of a vertical truss. The floor slabs, which act as a rigid diaphragm, play an important role in distributing horizontal shear and torsion to the vertical components

Cantilever Deflections

Shear Force

Moment

Overturning Resistance
Axial force

Horizontal Force Flow

Wind Load

Rigid diaphragm

Building under Wind

Plan
Deflection of building

Plan

Plan

Unbalanced force at long building to create torsion force on building

Building Horizontal Structure

Common beam and slab system at residential building
Beams are arranged to support the slab, stair, partition..

Some beams (called lintel) to link wall together to form the wind resistance structure

Slab is designed as one way or two way slab depending on the span and the normal thickness is arranged from 100mm to 400mm

Ex. 1 -To select the economical structural form for a slab between four sides of wall
Finishes thickness = 25mm, Partition load = 2.0KN/m2

Scheme A: 3 nos. 2.7m x 8m one way slab + 8m span beam

Scheme B: 2 nos. 4m x 8m one way slab + 8m span beam

Cost of Construction Concrete = HK$ 700/m3 Steel= HK$ 8,000 /T Formwork = HK$ 500/m2

Detail of cost breakdown on slab design (Scheme B)

Concrete Volume of Concrete slab (160mm thick) : 0.16x8x8=10.24m3 Volume of Beam (0.5x 0.75mm deep) = 0.5x(0.75-0.16)x8 =2.36 m3 Cost of Concrete = (10.24+2.36) x 700 = 8820 Formwork Area of Formwork = 8x8 + (0.75-0.16)x8x2 =73.44 m2 Cost of Formwork = 73.44 x 500 = 36720 Steel Total weight of Steel = 1953 Kg Cost of Formwork = 1953 x8000/1000 = 15624 Total Cost = Concrete + Formwork + Steel = HK $ 61,164

Building Vertical Structure

<10 storey: designed for gravity loading can normally accommodate wind loading without any increase in member size > 10 storey: additional material required for wind resistance increases nonlinearly with height

Symmetrical Building

Unsymmetrical Building with Additional Twisting force

Common System Form at high-rise building

Frame Shear Tube Outrigger

Wall

Frame Structure

Economical for building below 20 storey Wind resistance structure is formed by the rigid joined beam and column structure

Shear Wall
Economical for building between 20 to 50 storey Wind resistance structure is formed by the cantilever behavior of wall or the axial force of wall when linking together Common structural form of residential, hotel building with more partition walls

Tube Structure

Economical for building between 50 to 70 storey Wind resistance structure is formed by the axial force of internal and exterior tube

Outrigger

Used for building over 70 storey to reduce the deflection of building.

Shear Wall Building Behaviour

Wind load transmitted to individual shear wall (without linkage) by the floor diaphragm Shear wall acts as cantilever to resist wind load

Structural system load path

Lateral wind load : V V

The stiffness of building is as close as the wind load Centre to avoid twisting at the building

Shear Wall Building Behaviour Coupled Shear Wall

For single shear wall, the reaction at base in moment (M) only. If two walls are linked together by beam (lintel), the couple action will change the reaction at base from moment force to axial force which is more economical

Relative properties of various wall geometries

Relative deflection of coupled walls

To enhance the stiffness of building by increasing the moment of inertia of each wall section (for rectangular section I = bd3/12) With same area, moment of inertia (I) can be obtained by flange section better than rectangular section sacred

To enhance the stiffness of building by linking the walls as much as possible

lintel

Ex. 2 -To identify the structural wall layout which can provide the block to be built up to 50 storey

Preliminary Architectural Plan

Q &A