Flow - Control Blasius Eq Lam Turb

input-output analysis and flow control applied to transition in the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate
Model reduction for flow control:
Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics
Dan Henningson
collaborators Onofrio Semeraro, Shervin Bagheri, Luca Brandt
Flow on an Airplane Wing

Friction Drag on surface smaller for laminar than turbulent flows Delay the transition to turbulence to save fuel
Drag breakdown
G. Schrauf, AIAA 2008

5
Friction drag reduction
Possible area for Laminar Flow Control: Laminar wings, tail, fin and nacelles -> 15% lower fuel consumption
Transition control
Transition is caused by breakdown of growing disturbances inside the boundary layer.
Prevent/delay transition by suppressing the growth of small perturbations.
Classical Transition on flat plate, model of a wing

high velocity low velocity contours of
turbulence
2
secondary 3D instability
turbulent spots
exponential growth of 2D TS waves
Low levels of free-stream turbulence (<1%)

8
Courtesy of Philipp Schlatter
Localized disturbance undergoing transition in Blasius flow

Linear TS-wavepacket
Nonlinear wavepacket
Turbulent spot
Control of transition in the Blasius boundary layer

Aim is to extend the laminar region by eliminating boundary layer disturbances Control based on linear theory since transitional disturbances usually small initially use linearized Navier-Stokes Target control at typical disturbances found in the boundary layer so called TS-waves Use model reduction based on balanced truncation to obtain low order controller
10
Linearized Navier-Stokes for Blasius flow
Continuous formulation
Discrete formulation: state space form
11
The discretized linearized Navier-Stokes equations

Disturbances around the laminar velocity i.e. U(x,y) + u(x,y,z,t) The disturbance flow velocities are in the vector field u(x,y,z,t) Horizontal directions (x,z) expanded in Fourier series Normal direction y in Chebychev series Discretization in time Runge-Kutta/Crank-Nicolson Fringe region with volume force to make flow periodic in x
12
Dont store matrix A too large dimension
Matrix A very large for complex flows Time-stepper technique:

Never store matrices Simulation code to steps velocity fields forward in time Work only with series of snapshots
13
Input-output configuration for linearized N-S
14
Solution to the complete input-output problem
Initial value problem: flow stability Forced problem: input-output analysis
15
Ginzburg-Landau example
Entire dynamics vs. input-output time signals
16
Input-output behavior on the flat plate

State-space formulation:
Solution:
w
time time
17
Traditional Model Reduction for Linear Systems

Obtain a set of functions on this basis: and project the state
n>105 m<100
Insert into the plant to obtain reduced model:
T can be Balanced modes obtained by solving two Lyapunov

equations related to controllability and observability Gramain.
Standard balanced truncation algorithm only computationally feasible for moderate-size systems (with less 10000 d.o.f)
18
Input-output operators
Past inputs to initial state: class of initial conditions possible to generate through chosen forcing
Initial state to future outputs: possible outputs from initial condition
Past inputs to future outputs:
19
Most dangerous inputs, creating the largest outputs

Singular vectors of the Hankel operator balanced modes
Controllability Gramian
Observability Gramian
20
Controllability Gramian for GL-equation
Correlation of actuator impulse response in forward solution POD modes: Ranks states most easily influenced by input Provides a means to measure controllability
Input
21
Observability Gramian for GL-equation
Output
Correlation of sensor impulse response in adjoint solution Adjoint POD modes: Ranks states most easily sensed by output Provides a means to measure observability
22
Controllability & Observability

Largest flow structures created by input forcing?
Input
Large response to input
Strong controllability
Which flow structures generate largest output energy?
Give rise to Strong observability large output Output
23
Balanced modes: singular vectors of the Hankel operator

Combine snapshots of direct and adjoint simulation
Expand modes in snapshots to obtain smaller eigenvalue problem
Balanced modes
24
Properties of balanced modes

Balanced modes Adjoint balanced diagonalize observability Gramian modes diagonalize controllability Gramian
Ginzburg-Landau example revisited
25
Input-Output system for 3D Blasius
26
Disturbance, TS wavepacket B1
27
Actuators and Sensors- B2 and C2
Actuators represented by localized volume forcing close to the wall Sensors flow variables weighted with localized Gaussian function
28
Objective function C1
Projection of flow on first 10 POD modes of wavepacket,
targeting the 10 most energetic structures
POD1 - TS
29
Snapshots of direct and adjoint solution in Blasius flow

Direct simulation: Adjoint simulation:
30
Balanced and adjoint balanced modes

Leading balanced mode: wave-packet structure mainly located downstream
Leading adjoint balanced mode: tilted structure located upstream
31
Model reduction
Project dynamics on balanced modes using their biorthogonal adjoints Reduced representation of input-output relation, useful in control design
32
Performance of the reduced order model
Disturbance Sensor
Actuator Output
Disturbance Output
System degrees of freedom: n>107
Reduced order model: r=60

33
Optimal Feedback Control LQG
cost function
w
g (noise)
L
controller
=K
Find an optimal control signal (t) based on the measurements (t) such that in the presence of external disturbances w(t) and measurement noise g(t) the output z(t) is minimized. Solution: LQG/H2
34
LQG controller formulation with DNS

Apply in Navier-Stokes simulation
35
TS-packet evolution with and without control
37
Input output signals
Sensor and actuator signals for controlled flow on the centerline Wave-packet in sensor and resulting control signal
38
Input output signals
Sensor and actuator signals for controlled flow in the off-center elements of the array Wave-packet in sensor and resulting control signal shifted in time
39
Energy of the controlled and noncontrolled cases
Three cases considered: cheap controller (l=100), intermediate controller (l=250), expensive controller (l=500). 9 actuators, 9 sensors, 1 compensator/controller.
40
Parametric analysis - actuators
7 actuators, 7 sensors, 1 compensator/controller Reference case: full setup, 9 actuators, 9 sensors

41

42

43
Input stochastic forcing
44
Conclusions
Input-output formulation ideal for analysis and design of feedback control systems applied in Blasius flow, a model of an airplane wing Balanced modes
Obtained from snapshots of forward and adjoint solutions Give low order models preserving input-output relationship between sensors and actuators
Feedback control of Blasius flow

Reduced order models with balanced modes used in LQG control Controller based on small number of modes works well in DNS
Outlook: incorporate realistic sensors and actuators in 3D problem and test controllers experimentally
45

Flow - Control Blasius Eq Lam Turb

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Flow - Control Blasius Eq Lam Turb

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

input-output analysis and flow control applied to transition in the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate

Model reduction for flow control:

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Flow on an Airplane Wing

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

G. Schrauf, AIAA 2008

Friction drag reduction

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Prevent/delay transition by suppressing the growth of small perturbations.

Classical Transition on flat plate, model of a wing

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

exponential growth of 2D TS waves

Low levels of free-stream turbulence (<1%)

Courtesy of Philipp Schlatter

Localized disturbance undergoing transition in Blasius flow

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Control of transition in the Blasius boundary layer

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Linearized Navier-Stokes for Blasius flow

Discrete formulation: state space form

The discretized linearized Navier-Stokes equations

Dont store matrix A too large dimension

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Matrix A very large for complex flows Time-stepper technique:

Input-output configuration for linearized N-S

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Solution to the complete input-output problem

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Initial value problem: flow stability Forced problem: input-output analysis

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Input-output behavior on the flat plate

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Traditional Model Reduction for Linear Systems

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Insert into the plant to obtain reduced model:

T can be Balanced modes obtained by solving two Lyapunov

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Initial state to future outputs: possible outputs from initial condition

Past inputs to future outputs:

Most dangerous inputs, creating the largest outputs

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Controllability Gramian for GL-equation

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Observability Gramian for GL-equation

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Controllability & Observability

Large response to input

Which flow structures generate largest output energy?

Give rise to Strong observability large output Output

Balanced modes: singular vectors of the Hankel operator

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Expand modes in snapshots to obtain smaller eigenvalue problem

Properties of balanced modes

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Ginzburg-Landau example revisited

Input-Output system for 3D Blasius

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics

Actuators and Sensors- B2 and C2

Linn Flow Centre KTH Mechanics