Practice exercise 1.

A study that examines the association between coffee consumption and type II diabetes reported an unadjusted RR of 0.87 (95% CI 0.81 1.08) when it compared the risk of type II diabetes between those who consume 2 cups of coffee per day to those who consume no coffee at all . (1) How will you interpret the RR in the above scenario? (2) If you were to consider the 95% CI of this RR, what will you conclude about these results? i) Now, assume that the authors in the above example also reported that after adjusting for the age in years, smoking status (measured as never, a pack a day, 2 packs a day, more than 2 packs a day) and BMI of the participant; the results suggested a RR of 0.82 and a 95% CI of (0.78 0.96). (a) How will you interpret this latter RR (b) Considering the 95% CI of this result, was this RR statistically significant (Were you able to reject the null hypothesis)? Explain

ii) When comparing the results of the unadjusted versus the adjusted RR above? How would you explain the impact of adjustment (What happened that probably explains the change in the results?) iii) If a patient who consumes 2 cups of coffee a day asks you: Based on the adjusted RR results, by how much does my consumption of 2 cups of coffee per day decreases my risk for type II diabetes in comparison with someone who does not consume any coffee? iv) Using your understanding of the above scenario, please identify the measurement level of the following the variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Diabetes Age Smoking status BMI Coffee consumption

2. In the Emergency department (ED), the probability of a patient admitted with CHF is 0.04. The probability of a patient admitted with type II diabetes is 0.32 and the probability of a patient having a CHF and type II diabetes is 0.10. What is the probability that a patient who visits the ED will have CHF or type II diabetes?

3. If two authors report identical P values of (p = 0.062) for the same exact research question. The first author uses an alpha of 0.05 and concludes insignificant results, while the other uses an alpha of 0.1 and concludes significant results. Which of the two is likely committing type I error? Explain your answer 4. Indicate the direction of the impact that the alpha level, effect size, and sample size have on statistical power? 5. Lack of statistical power is likely to lead us to commit ______________error, while inflation of the alpha is likely to lead us to commit _________________ error.