UNIT 6

A PERFECT WORLD

What is the video going to be about?

Watch the following video and write all the

words you think are related to it.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGnrT0F-Igs

LANDSCAPES FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

OUR World, OUR PLANET

DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, DIFFERENT FLAGS

And CURRENCY

THIS IS THE CHILEAN FLAG

and the Chilean CURRENCY (CLP)

OUR OWN TERRITORY

COUNTRIES BORDER TO OTHER COUNTRIES

MY COUNTRY: CHILE
It borders Peru to

the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east.

Chile and

Argentina have a natural border (coordillera de los Andes)

EVERY COUNTRY HAS ITS OWN GOVERNMENT

..AND THEIR OWN HEAD OF STATE

HEAD OF STATE
IT DEPENDS ON THE

GOVERNMENT THEY HAVE

IN ENGLAND, THEY DONT HAVE

PRESIDENT, BECAUSE THEY HAVE A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

SO THE HEAD OF STATE IS QUEEN

ELIZABETH II, AND THE PRIME MINISTER IS DAVID CAMERON (POLITICS)

WE LIVE IN

THAT MEANS CITIZENS HAVE THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THEIR PRESIDENTS AND CLAIM FOR THEIR RIGHTS

PRESIDENTS ARE CHOSEN by CITIZENS DURING THE ELECTIONS

WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO VOTE?

CITIZENS (PEOPLE

WHO HAVE CITIZENSHIP IN THE COUNTRY)

PEOPLE OF A CERTAIN

AGE (ADULTS)

IN EVERY SOCIETY THERE ARE LAWS

Law is a system

of rules and guidelines

Rules!
It is an statement that says what you are allowed or

not to do in a particular situation.

To talk about rules and permissions, we use

CAUSATIVE VERBS
CAUSATIVE VERB is a common structure in English.

It shows that somebody or something is indirectly responsible for an action. The subject doesn't perform the action itself, but causes someone or something else to do it instead. Pinker, (1988) .

Causative verbs
This means that the subject permit or force

someone/something else to do/not to do something.

Example:

LET AND MAKE

WE CAN USE LET AND MAKE.

LET (permission)
My mom lets me go to the party.

(I wanted to go to the party, so I am happy that my mom let me go)

MAKE (Obligation)
My mom makes me go to the party.

(I do not want to go the party, but my mom made me go there)

Lets talk about rules: WE USE LET

The word LET means the same as ALLOW OR GIVE PERMISSION e.g. My mother lets me go to the party
Subject + LET + object + verb infinitive

(infinitive without 'to')

Use LET
We can also use 'let' to mean 'allow' in

the sense of 'make something possible':

EXAMPLE:
The student card lets you pay $140 pesos

instead of $420 pesos.

You can buy a pass which lets you visit all

the art galleries more cheaply.

MAKE
'Make' can mean 'force someone to do

something that he or she doesn't want to do': Subject + MAKE+ object + VERB infinitive (infinitive without 'to') EXAMPLE His mother made him clean his room. The teacher made us study very hard.

MAKE
It can also be used to mean 'cause someone

to do something' (the thing can be good or bad):

EXAMPLES

That film made me cry.

My brother often makes me laugh.

Very important!
Present - Past Participle LET LET LET

EXAMPLE: PRESENT: My teacher lets us watch videos every class. PAST: My teacher let us watch videos yesterday

Very important!
Present Past Past Participle MAKE MADE MADE

Example: Present My teacher makes us read a long and boring text every week!

Past
My teacher made us read a long and boring text last week!

We can use MAKE/LET with Modal verbs

A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb

that is used to indicate modality For example: Suggestion, likehood, ability, permission, and obligation.

MODAL VERBS
CAN / COULD MAY / MIGHT MUST WILL / WOULD SHALL / SHOULD

SHOULD SHOULDNT
WE USE SHOULD AND SHOULDNT TO GIVE ADVICE

OR TO TALK ABOUT WHAT WE THINK IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

YOU SHOULD means something like I THINK IT IS A

GOOD IDEA FOR YOU TO DO IT.

YOU SHOULDNT means something like I THINK IT

IS A BAD IDEA FOR YOU TO DO IT.

EXAMPLE:

YOU SHOULD STUDY FOR YOUR TEST I THINK IT IS A GOOD IDEA FOR YOU TO STUDY FOR YOUR TEST

SHOULD + LET/MAKE
THE TEACHER SHOULD MAKE THEM WEAR THEIR SMOCKS
SUBJECT + SHOULD +MAKE+OBJECT+VERB+ COMPLEMENT

THE TEACHER SHOULDNT LET THEM GO EARLIER

FIRST CONDITIONAL: REAL POSSIBILITY

WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE. WE ARE

THINKING ABOUT A PARTICULAR CONDITION OR SITUATION IN THE FUTURE, AND THE RESULT OF THIS CONDITION. THERE IS A REAL POSSIBILITY THAT THIS CONDITION WILL HAPPEN.
FOR EXAMPLE

IMAGINE THAT IT IS SATURDAY MORNING

WHAT WILL YOU DO?

IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY AT HOME.
IF IF SIMPLE PRESENT IT RAINS SIMPLE FUTURE I WILL STAY AT HOME

NOTICE THAT WE ARE THINKING ABOUT A FUTURE CONDITION. IT IS NOT RAINING YET, BUT THE SKY IS CLOUDY AND YOU THINK THAT IT COULD RAIN. THE IMPORTANT THING ABOUT THE FIRST CONDITIONAL IS THAT THERE IS A REAL POSSIBILITY THAT THE CONDITION WILL HAPPEN

EXERCISES
IF I SEE MARY, I WILL TELL HER IF THEY PASS THE EXAM, THEIR TEACHER WILL BE

HAPPY
IF YOU WORK WELL, YOU WILL GET A GOOD MARK
IF I WIN THE LOTTERY, I WILL BUY A BIG HOUSE

IF YOU STUDY, YOU WILL GET A 7.0

 http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-

conditional-exercise-1.html

If Unless
Unless means the same as if ... not. It always refer

to the conditional part of the sentence and not the result part of the sentence:
If he doesn't get here soon, we will have to start the

meeting without him.

Unless he gets here soon, we will have to start the

meeting without him.

If Unless
We often use not + unless, which means only ... if,

when we want to emphasize a condition:

They will only sign the contract if we give them an

additional discount.
They won't sign the contract unless we give them

an additional discount.