University of Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski Faculty of Classical and Modern hilolo!y "e#artment of $n!

lish and %merican Studies

Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press ! "#

Mariya "oncheva

Sofia &'('

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,*$-'./)$,'* ;n an e#och of !lo+ali<ation and usin! $n!lish as a lin!ua franca= it 1ill +e interestin! to study the steady influ0 of %n!licisms in the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. %fter many years of readin! ne1s#a#ers there came a time 1hen ; started noticin! that lan!ua!e em#loyed in 8ournalese has started chan!in!. .hus= ; decided to devote the #resent thesis to the an!licisms in the 7ul!arian media= in #articular= the 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers= +earin! in mind their undenia+le #o1er to #rovide the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e 1ith %n!licisms. ; shall address the media +ecause this is the alle!ed source throu!h 1hich many loan1ords enter the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. >ournalists have no restrictions in 1ritin! so that they use a !reat variety of 1ords to reach the desira+le effect. Moreover= the lan!ua!e of ne1s#a#ers is inundated 1ith 1ords of $n!lish ori!in 1hich comes to sho1 us the tendency to dra1in! nearer to the -estern societies. .his #rocess of -esterni<ation of the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e and the effort to look like -estern5oriented society +y usin! an!licisms ; shall call democrati<ation of the lan!ua!e. For the #ur#ose ; shall choose t1o ne1s#a#ers ?@ABCDAE and FDAGHAIDJ. 7oth ne1s#a#ers are re!arded as serious. Kevertheless= there is a difference +et1een them. @ABCDAE is a ne1s#a#er 1hich d1ells on e0tremely serious and im#ortant issues= a restricted num+er of #eo#le usually read it= its tar!et audience is selected and has a considera+ly hi!h educational statusL 1hereas= FDAGHAID is a daily #a#er kno1n for its varied audience and various to#ics mostly dedicated to far less im#ortant events= some of 1hich create the im#ression that they are 8ust sim#le fillin!s= a material 1ithout any si!nificant value. .he aim of my thesis is to ans1er the follo1in! Muestions 5 Which one of the two newspapers has a higher percentage of Anglicisms? How does the frequency of English borrowings vary in different news genres? Of what grammatical type are the English loanwords? And finally, which are the most frequently used Anglicisms in journalese in the two newspapers? .hese are Muestions 1hose ans1ers 1ill #rove the $n!lish influence on the 8ournalistic re!ister= the crucial role of the le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish in the 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers= and the efforts of 8ournalists to dra1 nearer to the -estern societies. Conductin! a thorou!h research +acked u# 1ith a theoretical frame1ork of the literature availa+le 1ill hel# me su##ly the a+ovementioned research Muestions 1ith e0haustive ans1ers. Since !lo+ali<ation is #ro+a+ly the most si!nificant socio5economic #rocess that affects the 1orld= ; shall devote the first cha#ter to issues concernin! !lo+ali<ation to!ether

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1ith the issue of le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish. -hile develo#in! the to#ic of !lo+ali<ation= ; shall address t1o main issues 1hich are of #articular concern and interest to such a !lo+ali<in! 1orld N common issue to solve and $n!lish as a !lo+al lan!ua!e. .he second su+section dedicated to le0ical +orro1in!s from $n!lish 1ill #resent the common trends in +orro1in! le0ical items from $n!lish into 7ul!arian. .he factors for +orro1in!= thematic classification= le0ico5semantic ada#tation= the differences +et1een the t1o leadin! treatments of le0ical +orro1in! and some forms of lin!uistic +orro1in! 1ill constitute this su+section= !ivin! an overall idea of the #rocess of le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish into 7ul!arian. %s a ne0t sta!e in develo#in! the first cha#ter ; shall e0#ress my o1n attitude to1ards the $n!lish loan1ords. ;n relation to the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation ; shall refer to "avid Crystal= 9raddol= Mc%rthur and Kachru. %s for the #rocess of le0ical +orro1in! ; shall dra1 on the o+servations and conce#ts of Kevena %le0ieva= Maria Kolarova= %ndre8 "anchev= Ohana Molhova and F. Field. ;n Cha#ter ;; ; shall cast li!ht u#on media discourse= and in #articular= ne1s#a#er discourse. 4ater on= ; shall #oint out the media #o1er and the effects of the ne1s content on the audience. Furthermore= ; shall ela+orate on the #ress in 7ul!arian 1hich encom#asses the #eriod after the fall of the communist system and the rise of democracy. .o me it is of si!nificant interest and im#ortance to reveal ho1 and in 1hat direction the #ress lan!ua!e is chan!in!. ;t 1ill +ecome clear that the #rocess of -esterni<ation underlies the #rocess of democrati<ation of the #ress. .he ne0t #oint 1hich 1ill +e considered is the sociolin!uistic #ers#ectives for em#loyin! %n!licisms in ne1s#a#ers. For this #ur#ose= ; shall refer to #rominent researches in the field of Critical "iscourse %nalysis and Media "iscourse= in #articular= such as .eun %. van "i8k and >ohn 2artley. Cha#ter ;;; 1ill +e devoted to the research 1hich ; am !oin! to conduct. First= ; shall #resent the methodolo!y 1hich ; 1ill a##ly in my analysis. ; shall use the #ro!ram 7U;4" to #rocess data. %fter e0#lainin! the ma8or ste#s throu!h 1hich ; 1ill #ass in the section dedicated to methodolo!y= ; shall #roceed 1ith the results. %s a final sta!e of this section dedicated to my o1n research= ; shall #rovide the analysis for the results attained= reachin! some conclusions that concern #resent5day 8ournalese. .he three5#artite +ody of my thesis 1ill serve me to e0#lore the sociolin!uistic and #sycholin!uistic factors for le0ical +orro1in! in the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e and #ress lan!ua!e= in #articular and #resent the trends in the 7ul!arian #ress durin! the transition of a communist re!ime to democratic in conditions of a !lo+ali<in! 1orld. ; ho#e that my o1n research 1ill shed some more li!ht u#on the #resent #eriod in terms of the hei!htened

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interest to1ards $n!lish resultin! in a !reat #ool of an!licisms that has entered and continued enterin! the 7ul!arian #ress lan!ua!e. .he investi!ation of an!licisms in the 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers 1ill #rom#t several Muestions for further study= 1hich ; 1ill #ro#ose at the end of my masterPs thesis. 3%'BA%,4A$,'*0 %&5,)A% B'--'6,*3 (-'7 &*3%,+20 10 3l89ali:ati8n

1010 )8mm8n issues t8 s8lIe .he idea of a 9lo+al villa!e is s#readin! at a tremendous s#eed. Some are inclined to think that the more su#erior nations 1ill assimilate the 1eaker ones= 1hereas= others are at variance 1ith such a statement= fore!roundin! the #reservation of cultural diversities and national identities. .hus= a discre#ancy +et1een the defenders of the t1o statements arises. .he first !rou# is at one e0treme of the scale= e0#ectin! the +itter future in 1hich the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation 1ill threaten to 1i#e out almost any cultural herita!e and destroy any national identity. .he other !rou# holds the vie1 that !lo+ali<ation should +e conceived of as an e0#ression of uniformity and homo!eneity ?9raddol= &'''Q**J. .he conce#t of !lo+ali<ation com#rises several #rinci#les 1hich one is su##osed to stick to N to sho1 res#ect to1ards cultural diversity and traditions= to #reserve national identities= not to let the minor societies +e devoured +y the #o1erful nations= etc. ;t is the latter !rou# that #oints out that the tendency to1ards differences and ineMualities is e0#ected to !ro1 1hich= on the other hand= 1ill a##ear to +e a stimulatin! mechanism for any develo#ment. .he statements themselves are irreconcila+le= +ut 1hat is o+vious is the common issues that are to +e solved. .hese common issues that the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation faces are climate changes, migration and education. %s climate change is not connected 1ith the to#ic of my #a#er= ; 1ill consider the other t1o issues= 1hich are eMually im#ortant. -hat is the role of migrationR More and more #eo#le tend to leave their native homes in search of ne1 hori<ons and a +etter life. .his #rocess of mi!ratin! ends u# 1ith de#o#ulation of #oorly develo#ed #laces and over#o#ulation of the cities of com#aratively sta+le and develo#ed economies. ;f 1e consider mi!ration on a lar!e scale= 1e shall conclude that lots of #eo#le #refer to seek ne1 o##ortunities in $n!lish s#eakin! countries= es#ecially in the US%= 1here every+ody is considered to have eMual o##ortunities #rovided

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heSshe #ossesses the #otential to develo#. .he %merican dream is still alive and many tend to +elieve that they 1ill +e a+le to achieve it. Since the idea of kno1led!e5+ased economy is +ecomin! #rominent= the tendency to1ards o+tainin! effective kno1led!e is !ainin! !round. -here could one o+tain sufficient and e0haustive kno1led!e in onePs field of interest in order to +ecome com#etitive on the 1orld sta!eR .he ans1er is o+vious N develo#ed countries offer that o##ortunity. .hus= smart= intelli!ent and vi!orous #eo#le are turnin! in one direction N +etter for them and 1orse for their country. Such #eo#le= in their search of a +etter education= mi!rate and settle in +lossomin! and #ros#erous countries. .he US% is a strikin! e0am#le of a ma!net for +rains. ;n this train of thou!hts the #henomena kno1n as +rain drain and +rain !ain is consistent 1ith the #icture sketched a+ove. .he countries 1hich shelter those 1ho decide to search for +etter education a+road are in a #osition of +rain !ainin! countries. .he countries= ho1ever= 1hich are left 1ithout those #eo#le and are de#rived of their +rains= e0ecute the role of +rain drained countries. ;n this 1ay= brain gaining and brain draining are #ro#erties of the a+ove5mentioned issue N mi!ration. %ctually= #eo#lePs +rains are not lostL they continue their 1ay= +ut this time= on forei!n soil 1here a +etter educational system and many more o##ortunities for #ersonal and #rofessional develo#ment are at hand. .he reason 1hy ; touched u#on these !lo+al issues is to em#hasi<e the crucial role of the #o1erful countries in their solvin!. .he US% as a re#resentative of one of the #o1erful countries as re!ards economy= #olitics and education= to!ether 1ith $n!land form a mi!hty consolidation of $n!lish s#eakin! countries. .he US% and $n!land are #refera+le destinations for mi!ration +ecause of the hi!h livin! standards they offer. Kno1in! $n!lish is useful no matter 1hich country you 1ant to settle in +ecause as 1e shall see in the ne0t su+section $n!lish is a lingua franca .he educational system of hi!hly develo#ed countries is #referred. .his serves as a #rereMuisite for creatin! terms such as +rain drain and +rain !ain. $n!land and the US% a!ain hold the leadin! #osition in +rain !ainin!. So= +earin! in mind the #o1er of the US% in economy= technolo!y and #olitics= its #resence and si!nificance in solvin! these !lo+al issues is hu!e. ;t attracts +rains and talent= to the detriment of their homelands. %nother reason 1hy ; dre1 attention to migration and educational problems is that these common issues #resu##ose international communication. eo#le have started interactin! across +orders to a far !reater de!ree than ever +efore. .he circulation of ideas and information throu!h the medium of ne1 technolo!ies encoura!es transnational civil society and 1orld1ide virtual communities ?-ri!ht= &''3Q(67J. .o meet the

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communicational needs of a !lo+ali<in! 1orld= the $n!lish lan!ua!e has come onto the sta!e as a !lo+al lan!ua!e. ;f 1e turn our !lance to the other side of the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation N the devices for mass communications= the easier access to information and the facilitation of communication +et1een #eo#le of different cultures and reli!ions= the #ossi+ility to talk in one and the same lan!ua!e and understand each other= it turns out that the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation has its undenia+le advanta!es. ;n other 1ords= !lo+ali<ation #resu##oses standardi<ation. Standardi<ation is a key factor in the #rocess of !lo+ali<ation 1hich ; shall consider in its lin!uistic as#ect. .hat is 1hy ; shall #roceed to the ne0t sta!e of !lo+ali<ation N the creation of an international lan!ua!e. 10B0 &nglish as a gl89al language 10B010 6hat maMes a gl89al languageN Ko one has a satisfactory ans1er to the Muestion what ma!es a global language -hat is +eyond any dou+t is that the num+er of native s#eakers does not assi!n to any lan!ua!e such a #rivile!ed #osition of a !lo+al lan!ua!e. ;n order to su##ort this statement= ; shall mention 2e+re1= 9reek= 4atin= %ra+ic and French= lan!ua!es 1hich en8oyed the #rivile!e to +e re!arded as international lan!ua!es. .he s#eakers of these lan!ua!es 1ere amon! those 1ho dared to 1a!e 1ars a!ainst more numerous #eo#le and= finally= succeeded in conMuerin! them. %ncient 9reece and the :oman $m#ire 1ere famous not only for their !iants in literature and arts= +ut also for their military #o1er. ;t 1as their military #o1er thanks to 1hich those lan!ua!es +ecame so 1ides#read. One of the 1orldPs authorities on lan!ua!e= "avid Crystal= su!!ests that 1hat makes a !lo+al lan!ua!e is who those s#eakers are. 2e #uts an accent on the #o1er of the #eo#le= +oth military and economic ?Crystal= &''*Q7=('J= 1hich underlies the creatin! of a !lo+al lan!ua!e. :eco!ni<in! the #o1er5+ased #rereMuisite for a lan!ua!e +ecomin! international= Crystal heavily invei!hs a!ainst the misconce#tion that the ease of learnin! has to do 1ith makin! a !lo+al lan!ua!e. .hat is 1hy he #oints out that $ase of learnin! has nothin! to do 1ith it= !ivin! e0am#les as 4atin= 9reek= %ra+ic 1hich have many inflectional endin!s and !ender differences ?Crystal= &''*Q/J. .hus= +riefly outlinin! the #rominent lin!uistTs vie1#oint on 1hat makes a !lo+al lan!ua!e= ; shall #resent a model 1hich 1ill cast more li!ht on this issue and= at the same time= s#ecify the 1ay a !lo+al lan!ua!e comes into +ein!. -hile "avid Crystal yields #recedence to military #o1er= 9raddol fore!rounds the com#le0ity of acMuirin! such an im#ortance 1hich could not +e +ased #rimarily on military

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#o1er. .hat is 1hy 9raddol re!ards "avid CrystalUs vie1#oint as outdated. 2e turns to the en!co model 1hich !ives an illustration of 1hat other kind of a##roach= #ro+a+ly more successful= can +e taken. .his forecastin! model has +een desi!ned +y .he $n!lish Com#any ?UKJ 4td= as a means of e0aminin! the relative status of 1orld lan!ua!es and makin! forecasts of the num+ers of s#eakers of different lan!ua!es +ased on demo!ra#hic= human develo#ment and economic data ?9raddol= &'''Q63J. .hus= the model !enerates a lan!ua!e hierarchy= takin! into consideration not only the num+er and the 1ealth of the s#eakers of a certain lan!ua!e= +ut also the likelihood that these s#eakers 1ill enter social net1orks +eyond their locality. .his means that these are the #eo#le 1ith the am+ition to !o a+out the 1orld= to influence it= and to have others seek to influence them ?9raddol= &'''Q,6J. Considerin! these three varia+les 5 demo!ra#hic= human develo#ment and economic data N o1in! to 1hich a relia+le lan!ua!e hierarchy could +e +uilt= ; shall #resent in the ne0t su+section revealin! information as to the !lo+al influence of the $n!lish lan!ua!e. 10B0B0 6hJ is &nglish a lingua ?rancaN %ccordin! to en!co model= the $n!lish lan!ua!e occu#ies the first #osition ?('' #ointsJ. ;t also sho1s that $n!lish is a lon! 1ay ahead of the other lan!ua!es and it is unlikely that any other lan!ua!e 1ill overtake it. 2o1ever= the #ositions of the rest of the lan!ua!es in all #ro+a+ility 1ill chan!e durin! the follo1in! decades. (. &. *. 3. ,. 6. 7. /. 6. ('. ((. (&. $n!lish French 9erman >a#anese S#anish Chinese %ra+ic ortu!uese Malay :ussian 2indiSUrdu 7en!ali ('' 3& ** *& *( && / , 3 * '=3 '='6

$a9le 1 9lo+al influence of ma8or lan!ua!es accordin! to the en!co model. Usin! the data of the en!co forecastin! model= the follo1in! 1orld lan!ua!e hierarchy can +e +uiltQ The big languages $K94;S2 F:$KC2

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Regional languages
%:%7;C= C2;K$S$= $K94;S2= F:$KC2= :USS;%K

National languages
%round /' lan!ua!es serve over (/' nation states

Official languages within nation states

%round 6'' lan!ua!es 1orld1ide

Local vernacular languages

.he remainder of the 1orldPs 6'''V lan!ua!es

(igure 1 .he 1orld lan!ua!e hierarchy %s 1e delve into the history of the $n!lish lan!ua!e s#readin!= 1e cannot ne!lect t1o factors that #lace $n!lish in such a hi!h #osition in the lan!ua!e hierarchy. .he first factor 1hich is to +e em#hasi<ed is !eo!ra#hical5historical. ;t is related to the e0#ansion of 7ritish colonial #o1er 1hose #eak 1as at the end of the nineteenth century. .hanks to this e0#ansion $n!lish is no1 re#resented in every continent= and in islands of the three ma8or oceans N %tlantic ?St 2elenaJ= ;ndian ?SeychellesJ and acific ?in many islands= such as Fi8i and 2a1aiiJ ?Crystal= &''*Q&6J. Such a 1orld51ide s#read of $n!lish adorns it 1ith the la+el global language .he second factor 1hich contri+utes to the #resent5day 1orld si!nificance of $n!lish is the emer!ence of the United States as the leadin! economic #o1er of the t1entieth century. ;t is this socio5cultural factor= 1hich ans1ers the Muestion why is English a lingua franca, and 1hich furnishes evidence for 1hy the $n!lish lan!ua!e continues to hold this #osition. Since the lan!ua!e has #ermeated almost all the international domains ?#olitical life= +usiness= safety= communication= entertainment= the media and educationJ= #eo#le all over the 1orld have +ecome de#endent on $n!lish for their economic and social 1elfare. One e0am#le of such de#endency is the com#uter soft1are industry= 1hich= in itself= #resents an e0am#le of total de#endency. %ll this #oints to the strikin! #o1er= +oth in military and economic as#ect= of the US%= to!ether 1ith its cultural foundations= such as the creation of ne1 terminolo!y of

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technolo!ies and scientific advance that assi!n the $n!lish lan!ua!e the leadin! #osition amon! all the lan!ua!es. .om Mc%rthurTs +ook .he O0ford 9uide to -orld $n!lish ?&''&J contains a remarka+le collection of ad8ectives characteri<in! the #resent status of $n!lish. 2e sees $n!lish as 1orld $n!lish= international $n!lish or !lo+al $n!lish= as the universalisin! lan!ua!e of the human race= or the 1orldTs default mode= or= the 1orldTs main medium of international e0#ression ?Mc%rthur= &''&Q&= (*= 3*3J0 10B0<0 $he ?uture 8? &nglish anA 68rlA &nglishes %fter considerin! the current status of $n!lish= let us look at the future of $n!lish. .he over1helmin! assum#tion must +e that the !lo+al future of $n!lish as a leadin! lan!ua!e is assured at least in the foreseea+le future. .he notion of -orld $n!lishes im#lies the idea that the lan!ua!e +elon!s to those 1ho use it= a##lyin! their o1n rules and norms to $n!lish and thus #roducin! functional and formal variation in the lan!ua!e ?Kachru W Smith (6/,Q&('J. ;n order to make clear the idea of -orld $n!lishes= ; shall dra1 on the US lin!uist KachruTs model 1hich #resents different 1ays the lan!ua!e has +een acMuired and is currently used. .he inner circle refers to those 1ho s#eak it as a first lan!ua!eQ it includes the US%= UK= ;reland= Canada= %ustralia and Ke1 Oealand. .he outer or e"tended circle involves the earlier #hases of the s#read of $n!lish in non5native settin!s and 1here the lan!ua!e #lays an im#ortant second lan!ua!e role in a multilin!ual settin!Q it includes Sin!a#ore= ;ndia= Mala1i and over fifty other territories. .he e"panding or e"tending circle involves those nations 1hich reco!ni<e the im#ortance of $n!lish as an international lan!ua!e= thou!h they do not have a history of coloni<ation +y mem+ers of the inner circle= nor have they !iven $n!lish any s#ecial administrative status. ;t includes China= >a#an= 9reece= Crystal= &''*= 9raddol= &'''J. oland and a steadily increasin! num+er of other states. ;n these areas= $n!lish is tau!ht as a forei!n lan!ua!e. ?Kachru (6/,=

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.he three circles of $n!lish accordin! to Kachru 1ith estimates of s#eaker num+ers accordin! to Crystal ?(667J

;n #resent5day situation= the native5s#eaker lan!ua!e use is 8ust one kind of reality. %ccordin! to the statistics= (., +illion #eo#le in the early &'''s s#eak fluent or com#etent $n!lish. .hus the num+er of s#eakers of $F4 is s#readin! at tremendous s#eed and develo#s inde#endently 1ith a !reat deal of variation +ut enou!h sta+ility to +e via+le for lin!ua franca communication ?Seidlhover= &''(Q(*/J. .he s#readin! of $n!lish tri!!ers the #henomenon of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich has touched almost every lan!ua!e in the 1orld. ;n the ne0t #art of my thesis ; shall #resent one of the most freMuent lan!ua!e chan!es= namely= le0ical +orro1in!. Since the rise of $n!lish as a !lo+al lan!ua!e is o+vious= le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish has +ecome an on!oin! #rocess and continues !ainin! !round 1ith every year. B0 %e=ical 98rr8>ing ?r8m &nglish0 One of the as#ects of !lo+ali<ation is language contact due to communication. 9lo+ali<ation #resu##oses hi!her intensity of contact +et1een the lan!ua!es. ;n turn= the outcome of lan!ua!e contact is lan!ua!e chan!e. ; shall focus on one of the ma8or #henomena in lan!ua!e chan!e N le0ical +orro1in!. .he #rocess of le0ical +orro1in! is controlled +y t1o eMually im#ortant as#ects that su##ort or hinder +orro1in!. .he first one is the e0tralin!uistic as#ect of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich leans on the essence of the lan!ua!e contact situation. .he 7ul!arian5 $n!lish lan!ua!e contact situation is intensive and it offers fruitful soil for the develo#in! of

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le0ical +orro1in! in 7ul!arian. .o!ether 1ith the e0tralin!uistic as#ect= the intralin!uistic as#ect of le0ical +orro1in!= i.e. the rece#tor lan!ua!e and its system are ready to acce#t the forei!n 1ords= and thus the t1o as#ects form a unity 1hich 1ill= inevita+ly= 1eaken if some crevices a##ear in them. ; shall #roceed 1ith the concrete factors 1ith the hel# of 1hich the #henomenon kno1n as le0ical +orro1in! is #ossi+le. B010 (act8rs ?8r le=ical 98rr8>ing .he most common factor for +orro1in! is a mere lin!uistic necessity. .he advent of ne1 #henomena= conce#ts= ideas stimulate the s#eakers to use +orro1ed 1ords to denote these unfamiliar ne1 o+8ects and #henomena 1hich have entered 7ul!arian society and for 1hich a native eMuivalent does not e0ist. One of the domains= fully de#ended on the $n!lish terminolo!y= is the ;. technolo!y. .he s#orts and music domains are also inters#ersed 1ith $n!lish terms N #$%&'(, )*+,, -'./0)-'(= for they have +een invented Xn 7ritish or %merican soil. ;n any case= +orro1in! these terms= 1hich have already turned into internationalisms= does not im#ly that $n!lish is su#erior to the other lan!ua!es and the other lan!ua!es such as S#anish= 9erman= and 7ul!arian are inferior. Conversely= every lan!ua!e is develo#in! in such a 1ay as to fulfill its communicative needs and increase its 1ord stock. .his #rocess of fillin! in communicative needs is called le"ical gap filling. resti!e is the second factor that stimulates the #henomenon of le0ical +orro1in!. ;t is +eyond any dou+t that the $n!lish lan!ua!e is a #resti!ious lan!ua!e for +ein! !lo+ally 1ides#read and havin! so far5reachin! influence. ;n the first su+section ; have mentioned the #rereMuisites for its +ein! a !lo+al lan!ua!e 1hich contri+ute to hei!htenin! the interest in it. ;n the #reface to the "ictionary of the Ke1 -ords and Meanin!s in the 7ul!arian 4an!ua!e it is noted that the ma8ority of le0ical +orro1in!s in 7ul!arian are names of technical= s#orts= musical= social and #olitical #henomena ori!inated in 7ritain or the US% 1hich have turned into internationalisms ? ernishka= &''*Q7J. .he #resti!e factor tri!!ers another factor that deserves consideration N the strivin! of the 7ul!arians for -esterni<ation ?7orislavov= &''6J. %nother reason is the a+ru#t transition from the communist system to democracy and market economy. .he desire to look like a -estern5oriented society= founded on seemin!ly solid foundations of democracy= result in an overuse of %n!licisms. Such an overuse also stems from dee# #sycholo!ical motives such as fashion and sno++ery ?YXEZX[A= (676Q &&/J. Some sno++ery is ty#ical of

67

forei!n lan!ua!e +e!inners 1ho have an am+ition to sho1 some kno1led!e= in this case= of $n!lish. On the one hand= the 1ords used +y a certain #erson are characteristic only of hisSher idiolect and do not +elon! to the #ool of $n!lish +orro1in!s in the lan!ua!e. ;t is of im#ortance ho1 freMuently a forei!n 1ord is used +y the ma8ority of the lan!ua!e community in order to acMuire the la+el +orro1in!. .hus= findin! its #lace amon! the other $n!lish +orro1in!s= the 1ord +ecomes 1idely s#read in 7ul!arian society 1ith a tendency to +ecomin! a 1ell5esta+lished loan1ord such as &1,0/2. On the other hand= some #eo#le !enerally #refer forei!n5soundin! 1ords such as 3/450106 and #-/0) to the native ones 25&1%1/ and 4-17%/( sim#ly +ecause they sound modern= no matter 1hether they are a1are of the difference in meanin! or re!ister +et1een the +orro1in!s and their native synomyns. ;n turn= such 1ords +ecome fashiona+le. .hese factors and tendencies in em#loyin! 1ords of $n!lish ori!in instead of the native ones are #resent in 8ournalese. ; shall concentrate once a!ain on them 1hen e0aminin! 8ournalese. B0B0 2ierarchies 8? 98rr8>a9ilitJ 2ierarchies of +orro1a+ility #resent the synchronic as#ect of le0ical +orro1in!. Such a hierarchy #resents a seMuence of le0ical elements +orro1ed from one lan!ua!e into another. ; shall refer to a distin!uished lin!uist N -illiam "1i!ht -hitney= 1ho 1as the first to state that some lin!uistic elements are +orro1ed more freely than others. -illiam -hitney 1as a Sanskrit s#ecialist= 1ho in (//( noted that nouns are mostly +orro1ed elements of lan!ua!e= follo1ed +y other #arts of s#eech= then suffi0es= inflections= and individual sounds\ ?Field= &''&Q*,J. .he offered idea of hierarchy of +orro1a+ility is su##orted +y irrefuta+le evidence and a relia+le analysis of !reat amount of te0ts. -hitney does not confine his field of interest only to the livin! lan!ua!es. -hat he does is +roaden his sco#e of research +y investi!atin! hierarchy of +orro1a+ility in Sanskrit. 2e #resents the seMuence in 1hich all the +orro1ed lin!uistic elements a##ear and he devices a #aradi!m a##lica+le to almost all lan!ua!es in terms of hierarchy of +orro1a+ility. 2ere is his #aradi!mQ

nouns ] other #arts of s#eech]suffi0es] inflections]individual sounds

67

%nother lin!uist su!!ests a similar hierarchy. 2au!en +uilt u# a hierarchy of +orro1a+ility +ased on a data collection from %merican Kor1e!ian and %merican S1edish ?2au!en= (6,'Q&&3JQ

nouns]ver+s]ad8ectives]adver+s= #re#ositions= inter8ections

.hese hierarchies #resent +orro1in! #atterns s#ecific to a particular contact situation. %s Field #oints out N content items are more easily +orro1ed from !rammatical items and !rammatical items more freMuently than infle0ional affi0es ?Field= &''&Q*,J. From the hierarchies a+ove= 1e can arrive at the conclusion that nouns are the most freMuently +orro1ed #art of s#eech. -hitney does not divide the other #arts of s#eech to make his hierarchy more s#ecific and to make clear 1hich #art of s#eech comes ne0tL 1hereas= 2au!en #uts the ver+s immediately after the nouns and the ad8ectives after the ver+s. 2au!enPs hierarchy is more so#histicated 1ith res#ect to 1hich #art of s#eech follo1s the nouns. On no occasion= ho1ever= should 1e overlook -hitneyPs hierarchy= +ecause it 1as he 1ho introduced such a hierarchy for +orro1in! #atterns^ ;n cha#ter ;;;= ; shall determine the freMuency of the +orro1ed items em#loyed in ne1s articles. .hen= ; shall +uild a hierarchy of +orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the #resent5day 7ul!arian5$n!lish contact situation reflected in the 7ul!arian 8ournalistsP 1ord choice.

B0<0 $hematic classi?icati8n 4oan1ords 1hich have entered 7ul!arian can +e semantically !rou#ed accordin! to the domain 1hich they #enetrated into. .hus= %ndrei "anchev differentiates +et1een (* areasQ Social and olitical 4ifeQ 81%106= &-1#106= &'9.'%, Finance= $conomy and .radeQ &:)*/%, &1,0/2, %-52%= &-'./-, Science and .echnolo!yQ )124(/9, -+)+-, .'84:%5-= Maritime .ermsQ %+0./-, (+90/-, 73%+, )/8:-1)*, Military .ermsQ %+0., &$0./-, .ravelin! and .ourismQ ;+-%5-, $1./0)= Foods and "rinksQ &/.'0, .'.%/9(, Clothin!Q )*1021, S#ortsQ #$%&'(, #101<, .'-%, 6'(, o# Music and $ntertainmentQ )*+,, 31%, 3/450106, Culture and %rtsQ #1(8, 3/41/0), &/2%2/(5-, %nimals and lantsQ 4'01, &-'9(/-, MeasuresQ 7-), 10;, 410%+ ?"anchev= (6/6Q6=('J. %ccordin! to the freMuency of the $n!lish +orro1in!s included in the "ictionary of Ke1 -ords and Meanin!s in 7ul!arian= &''*= the terminolo!y used in the Com#uter and ;nformation .echnolo!ies and

67

the ;nternet domain ?&'=6_J constitutes the lar!est !rou#. ;f 1e consider the fact that all the recent +orro1in!s re!istered in this dictionary num+er over (''' and around /*_ of them are $n!lish +orro1in!s= over ` from the overall num+er of the $n!lish +orro1in!s consists of terminolo!y characteristic of the ;. domain. .his confirms the fact that ;. domain is totally de#endent on the $n!lish terminolo!y= on the one hand= and on the other= #oints to the incredi+le s#eed 1ith 1hich 7ul!aria has o#ened to the ne1 technolo!ies and attem#ts to kee# #ace 1ith them. One thin! that the data on the $n!lish +orro1in! in 7ul!arian cited in the "ictionary sho1 is that the le0ical +orro1in!s from $n!lish outnum+er the +orro1in!s from other lan!ua!es= 1hich comes to sho1 1hat a hu!e influence $n!lish has had on 7ul!arian over the #ast decade. 7earin! in mind "anchevPs classification and thematic division of the loan1ords in 7ul!arian= ; shall also divide the loan1ords found in the ne1s articles accordin! to the ne1s !enre they +elon! to. 4ater on= ; shall make a ta+le in 1hich ; shall sho1 the #ercenta!e of the loan1ords found in these articles. On the +asis of the information in the ta+le= ; shall desi!n a chart 1hich 1ill #resent the #ercenta!e of loan1ords used in every sin!le ne1s !enre. B0K0 $reatments 8? le=ical 98rr8>ing

B0K010 $raAiti8nal treatment .he traditional treatment still dominates the field of le0ical +orro1in!. %ccordin! to it= loan1ords are ne1 le0ical units for the rece#tor lan!ua!e. .he ne1ly a##eared 1ord has its o1n !ra#hemic and #honemic structure characteristic of the source lan!ua!e and alien to the reci#ient lan!ua!e. .his is the case also 1ith the $n!lish +orro1in!s 1hich enter 7ul!arian. .he $n!lish #honemic system dramatically differs from ours 5 $n!lish differs from 7ul!arian as re!ards its di#hthon!s= the o##osition +et1een lon! and short vo1els and consonants 1hich do not e0ist or are Muite different from the 7ul!arian ones. .his #honemic as#ect to!ether 1ith the o#aMue and unmotivated meanin! of the loan1ord at the very +e!innin! re#resent a very stron! ar!ument that su##orts the traditional vie1 that forei!n 1ords= actually= #enetrate the reci#ient lan!ua!e. %ccordin! to the traditional vie1 a loan1ord is identical 1ith its source 1ord +ecause of their formal and often= semantic= closeness. %#art from these factors= there is one more factor that contri+utes to the com#leteness of this theoretical treatment N the meanin! of the term to borrow= .his term

67

has #reserved the meta#horical secondary meanin! to use an idea ?invention= etc.J ori!inated +y another ?CO" (66,Q(,'J. Modern co!nitive lin!uists +elieve that meta#horically e0tended meanin!s are due to the essentially associative nature of human thinkin!. 7ut it should +e #ointed out here that the source lan!ua!e is not de#rived of any of its 1ords +orro1ed+y other lan!ua!es. .he rece#tor lan!ua!e also has not even the sli!htest intention to !ive +ack or return the +orro1ed 1ords. ;n addition to the ada#tations on all levels ?#honolo!ical= mor#holo!ical= derivational and le0ico5semanticJ that the loan1ord is su+8ect to= the loan1ord alon! 1ith the 1ord formation #atterns starts #roducin! ne1 derived 1ords. ;n fact= the traditional treatment offers Muite an e0treme vie1#oint on le0ical +orro1in! descri+in! it as a #rocess of an intrusion of forei!n 1ords into the rece#tor lan!ua!e. Such a statement is contrary to facts and the threat of forei!n intruders is unrealistic. .hat is 1hy ; am turnin! to a more a##ro#riate and insi!htful treatment N the alternative treatment.

B0K0B0 AlternatiIe treatment Kevena %le0ieva is one of the #ro#onents of an alternative treatment of le0ical +orro1in!. .he lin!uist invei!hs a!ainst the traditional treatment of +orro1in!s 1hich im#oses the idea of +orro1in!s as forei!n 1ords= forei!n intruders in the rece#tor lan!ua!e ?aEbcdCb[A= &''7Q3(J. Moreover= Kevena %le0ieva defends the stand#oint that once havin! entered the +orro1in! lan!ua!e= the so5called forei!n 1ords start their ne1 life as le"ical copies. .he reci#ient lan!ua!e uses its o1n #honemic= !ra#hemic= !rammatical and le0ical resources to imitate the forei!n item. .he #oint here is the reco!nition of the active role that the reci#ient lan!ua!e #lays in this #rocess. .his active role is su##orted +y the conce#tual character of human thinkin! 1hich constantly demands ne1 lin!uistic e0#ressions. .hus= +earin! in mind the undenia+le role of the reci#ient lan!ua!e= ; also ti# the +alance to1ards the alternative a##roach to +orro1in!s= 1hich no lon!er #resents +orro1in!s as actual forei!n 1ords= +ut as le0ical co#ies of the res#ective source lan!ua!e. %fter all the term %n!licism means a le0ical co#y of the $n!lish etymon. -hat is more= the le0ical co#ies fit the reci#ient lan!ua!e !rammar rules and

67

su##lement 1ord formation +y #rovidin! non5motivated ne1 le0emes. .hus= this #rocess leads to the creation of further ne1 meanin!s alon! 1ith ne1 derived 1ords. %nother si!nificant vie1 of the alternative treatment is e0#ressed +y the 7ritish lin!uist .. 2o#e. 2e e0#lored in detail le0ical +orro1in!s in the :omance lan!ua!es and arrived at a very im#ortant insi!ht into le0ical +orro1in!sP true nature. 2o#e #oints to the fact that "urin! the act of transfer the most im#ortant factor !overnin! the rece#tion of a loan1ord is its loss of mor#holo!ical and semantic trans#arency ?2o#e= (67(Q6((J. So this factor leads to the creation of close le0ical co#ies of the source 1ords 1hich cannot +e e0#ected to convey the structural and semantic relationshi#s of their models in the source lan!ua!e. .he +orro1in! 1hich enters a ne1 lin!uistic system loses its #revious motivation and starts ada#tin! to the structural and semantic relations in the host lan!ua!e. .hus the loan1ord +ecomes motivated +y the rece#tor lan!ua!eTs socio5cultural situation 1hich it has entered. ;f the #rototy#e of the loan1ord is a com#ound 1ord or a derivation ?e.!. ratin!= wee!end, pain!illerJ= the loan1ord itself is non5trans#arent and structurally sim#le ?-/9%106, $1./0), 4/0.1(/-J. Fe1 7ul!arians 1ill think of the loan1ord pain!iller as consistin! of t1o se#arate inde#endent nouns= as is the case 1ith $n!lish pain!iller. .herefore= once havin! entered the ne1 lan!ua!e= the loan1ords start their o1n semantic net1orks of the reci#ient lan!ua!e. .he alternative method of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich ; sketched a+ove is the one that ; su##ort and rely on. .his treatment is far more realistic and close to the nature of le0ical +orro1in!. ; fully acce#t and firmly su##ort the idea of close le0ical co#ies of the etymons 1hich enter the semantic and structural net1orks of the host lan!ua!e and start com#lyin! 1ith the host lan!ua!ePs !rammar rules. .hat is 1hy the or!ani<ation of my cor#ora of an!licisms is +ased on this alternative model. .he an!licisms included are co#ies of the etymons= 1hich have entered our lan!ua!e mainly 1ith only one of the 1hole ran!e of meanin!s of their etymons= the ma8ority of them follo1 the !rammar rules of 7ul!arian and #roduce different derived forms as 1ell. ;n the follo1in! su+section= ; shall deal 1ith the ada#tation on the le0ico5semantic level 1hich the loan1ords under!o= leavin! aside the #honolo!ical= mor#holo!ical and the derivational level= 1hich ; mentioned a+ove. life inde#endent of their etymonsP life and !radually find their #lace in the structural and

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B0L0

%e=ic8Hsemantic aAaFtati8n

.he #rocess of inte!ration of $n!lish loan 1ords #resu##oses their le0ico5semantic ada#tation 1hich de#ends on the nature of the semantic structure of +oth the reci#ient and source lan!ua!es ?Molhova= (676Q&*,J. ;n a contact situation= le0ical co#ies usually enter the reci#ient lan!ua!e 1ith only one meanin!= leavin! the rest of the modelPs meanin!s in the source lan!ua!e. Such a 1ord= +orro1ed from one lan!ua!e into another= may remain semantically unchan!ed 1hen it is used to desi!nate ne1 o+8ects= ideas= #henomena= and activities= as is the case 1ith the s#orts lan!ua!e and the lan!ua!e of ;.. .hus= this le0ical co#y enters the rece#tor lan!ua!e as a !a# filler. Convenient !a# fillers can +e divided into t1o !rou#sQ the first !rou# com#rises loan 1ords 1hich desi!nate= as ; said= ne1 #henomena= activities and ideas resultin! from the rise of develo#ment in all domains. For these loan 1ords= native counter#arts do not e0ist and they are infiltrated into the reci#ient lan!ua!e to im#rove its communicative or referential functions. .he second !rou# of so5 called !a# fillers com#rises loan 1ords for 1hich 7ul!arian eMuivalents e0ist +ut they are= in most cases= lon!51inded native #hrasal e0#ressions ?$1./0) N the days of restJ. .he ma8or #oint here is that the need for such !a# fillers is o+vious as they hel# to achieve lan!ua!e economy. .hus= !a# fillers such as $1./0) instead of a #hrase meanin! the days of rest and -/9%106 instead of a #hrasal e0#ression to mean a de!ree of #o#ularity are already an inte!ral #art of the 7ul!arian 1ord stock. 7orro1ed 1ords may under!o some transformations of meanin! de#endin! on ho1 they are inter#reted and used +y the native s#eakers of the rece#tor lan!ua!e\ ?Kolarova= &'',Q('J. .he meanin! 1ith 1hich the +orro1ed 1ord initially entered the reci#ient lan!ua!e can under!o different semantic chan!es due to the active role of the native s#eakers and the rece#tor lan!ua!e= as 1ell. ;t is im#ortant to note that the moment the loan 1ord enters the rece#tor lan!ua!e 1ith a certain sense= the rest of its modelPs senses cease to e0ist. .hus= the loan 1ord starts it inde#endent develo#ment= 1hich is different from that of the etymon in its native environment. 7reakin! its relations 1ith its etymon= the loan starts +uildin! u# ne1 semantic relations in the reci#ient lan!ua!e. ;t enters the com#licated net1ork of synonyms= antonyms and homonyms that +ears the characteristics of another semantic structure. .he loan= thus= should !et ada#ted to it and find its due #lace ?YXEZX[A= (676Q&*6J. Maria Kolarova also #oints out that +orro1ed 1ords are forced to

67

esta+lish their o1n semantic identity ?Kolarova= &'',Q('J. 4ater on= the +orro1ed 1ord starts acMuirin! ne1 meanin!s 1hich= as ; #reviously said= ty#ically do not e0ist in the 1hole ran!e of meanin!s of the etymon. .o +riefly outline the main semantic chan!es 1hich the +orro1ed 1ord is su+8ect to= ; shall refer to Kevena %le0ievaPs ,5#ron! division of the le0ico5semantic ada#tation of the loan 1ords N the semantic reduction= semantic narro1in!= semantic 1idenin!= increase of loan 1ord meanin!s and loan cli##in!s ?%le0ieva= &''/Q3&5,(J. >emantic reduction denotes a reduction in the ran!e of le0ical meanin!s of a #olysemous $n!lish 1ord. %n e0am#le of this le0ical #henomenon is the loan1ord 6'( N it has retained only one of the * meanin!s of its etymon goal. >emantic narrowing is a semantic chan!e from a !eneral meanin! of the $n!lish source 1ord to a s#ecific one in the host lan!ua!e. 2ere is an e0am#le N the !eneral meanin! of the $n!lish 1ord !iller a #erson= animal or= thin! that kills ?CO" (66,J 1as narro1ed do1n to a hired= ruthless= killer 1hen the loan .1(5- entered 7ul!arian. .he #henomenon of semantic widening is o##osite to semantic narro1in!. ;t im#lies that an individual meanin! of an %n!licism is 1idened in com#arison 1ith the corres#ondin! sense of its etymon. 2ere ; shall mention the e0am#le #rovided +y the loan1ord /.<50 in 7ul!arian. ;t has develo#ed= inde#endently of $n!lish= the sense of a fi!ht= conflict. .his meanin! !ained !round as an e0tension of the ori!inal meanin! of the loan N an action movie. .he loan /.<50 is a cons#icuous e0am#le of ho1 t1o semantic develo#ments can take #lace in #arallel. On the one hand= 1e o+serve a semantic 1idenin! of an individual loan meanin!L on the other hand= the increasing of the loanword?s semantic range= as 1ell. @oan clippings com#rise an!licisms +oth le0ically and structurally different from their $n!lish etymons. 2ere are some e0am#lesQ 4+-.106, 3'()106, /.<50, &+2./% .hese #seudo5loans turned into internationalisms= 1hose $n!lish counter#arts are par!ingAlot, holdingAcompany, action movie, bas!etball %ll the $n!lish etymons are com#ounds 1hich in the #rocess of +orro1in! end u# in the host lan!ua!e as loan cli##in!s.

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B0G0 (8rms 8? linguistic 98rr8>ing ;n her article in \$n!lish in $uro#e\ ?&''&Q &,65&,7J Kevena %le0ieva differentiates amon! three forms of lin!uistic +orro1in! 5 +orro1in! ?or loan #ro#erJ= calMuin! ?or loan translationJ and #seudo5loans. %ccordin! to her= +orro1in!s are to +e divided into three ty#esQ items 1hich are unada#ted and hence not felt too +e #art of 7ul!arian. 1ords 1hich still look forei!n in form or are insufficiently ada#ted fully inte!rated items. .hese include forei!nisms= Muotation 1ords= ad hoc loans ?ty#ically in media lan!ua!eJL #honolo!ically and mor#holo!icallyL Some of the 1ords +orro1ed from $n!lish and em#loyed in the ne1s#a#er discourse are sufficiently ada#ted #honolo!ically and mor#holo!ically and usually #roduce derived forms= such as 8/)17, 8/)1/0, 8/)190'B4-+C'DE (1)/-, (1)/-2.1 B2%1('C/D, (1)/-2%C'E 2%+-%, 2%+-%'C+ B(1017D, 2%+-%1-+F, 2%+-%1-+0/ Others do not share that #ossi+ility to #roduce different derived formsQ G1./0) BE wee!endD is the end of a 1eek= es#ecially the #eriod of time +et1een Friday evenin! and Monday mornin!= e.! H2/.1 $1./0) 8'*/ )+ 0'21 2C'7 +C%/0%1;/0 )$3 A )$35% 0+ IC-'4+J K1(5- BE !illerD is a hired #erson that kills= e.!. L$2.1 .1(5- ,+ M/'-61 N(1/C? N81)* BE imageD is the !eneral or #u+lic #erce#tion of a com#any= #u+lic fi!ure= etc.= es#ecially as achieved +y careful calculation aimed at creatin! 1ides#read !ood1ill= e.!. O0+(1, 0+ -+,(1;01 C1)'C/ 181)* ;-/, 10%/-C:, +0./%+ 1 8/)1/0 '&-+, P1,0/2 BE businessD is an occu#ation= #rofession= or trade= e.!. P1,0/25% 6$&1 4-/.+(/0' 80'6' C-/8/ ,+ 4-/')'(7C+0/ 0+ +)81012%-+%1C01 4-/6-+)1 %lthou!h such loan1ords do not #roduce derived forms= they usually com+ine 1ith other nouns thus creatin! the attri+utive model KVK= e.!. L+&'%/F1 &1,0/2 1)/1 '% Q7( 2C7%, .'1%' ;+.+% )+ &5)+% 4-1('*/01 C P5(6+-17, 181)* 2%$)1' RO(12R S'#17, #/<50 '&$C.1 Such KVK formations have +ecome more and more freMuently used in the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e= es#ecially in 8ournalese. .he reason 1hy such 1ords have not

67

develo#ed ne1 derived forms #ro+a+ly is rooted in the fact that they have entered 7ul!arian as a certain #art of s#eech= in this case= as nouns and #eo#le have not felt the need to coin ne1 derived forms. % second reason for this derivational deficit could +e the increasin! num+er of KVK formations 1hich are found to +e concise= informative= convenient= and contri+ute to lan!ua!e economy. .hus formations such as &1,0/2A)+8+, &1,0/2A.'), #/<50A%C'-/01/ are #roduced. ; shall cast some li!ht on these attri+utive KVK formations later on in my thesis. %nother form of lin!uistic +orro1in! 1hich comes to fill in some le0ical !a#s and to satisfy the terminolo!ical needs is calMuin!= the so5called loan5translation. CalMuin! is a #henomenon in 1hich the reci#ient lan!ua!e co#ies the meanin! of the sim#le 1ord= com#ound 1ord or #hrase and em#loys native le0ical material to render this meanin!. CalMuin! consists of four ma8or !rou#sQ o translation of the etymon ?e.!. $ hot news ] 7! 6'-/F+ 0'C10+= $ round table ] 7! .-56(+ 8+2+J. Sometimes there can e0ist the so5called semi5calMues= i.e. 8ust one #art of it is translated= ?e.!. $ attached file ] 7! 4-1.-/4/0 #+9(J. Sometimes loan #ro#er and calMues coe0ist ?e.!. $ freestyle ] 7! #-112%+9(T2C'&')/0 2%1(JL o renderin! N #rovides looser eMuivalents for a #art of the forei!n item or chan!es the order of the com#onents as reMuired in 7ul!arian structure ?e.!. $ brain drain ] 7! 1,%1;+0/ 0+ 8',5Q1JL o o memory ] 7! 4+8/%J. .he third ty#e of lin!uistic +orro1in! is #seudo5loans. .his form of lin!uistic +orro1in! conveys the assum#tion that a rece#tor lan!ua!e uses +orro1ed items to #roduce ne1 lin!uistic units= 1hich only formally resem+le $n!lish 1ords. .he author +reaks the #seudo5loans into * su+!rou#sQ le0ical #seudo5loans= 1hich are made 1ith com+inations of $n!lish mor#holo!ical #seudo5loans are shortenin!s of items 1hich ran!e from mor#hemic material ?e.!. +C%'6'( Vown goal=JL sim#le 1ords ?e.!. .-181W.-1810+(/0 criminalJ= throu!h com#ounds ?e.!. 3/41/0)e happy endingJL to #hrases ?e.!. .'.%/9( N Vcoc!tail party=JL creations N formally inde#endent eMuivalents= #rom#ted +y forei!n semantic loans N an e0istin! item in 7ul!arian= 1hether native or items ?e.!. $ cornfla!es U ,5-0/01 3-+01JL #reviously +orro1ed= takes over one meanin! of the #artial forei!n eMuivalent ?e.!. in ;.Q $

67

 Vtan!=D.

semantic #seudo5loans= 1here the an!licism develo#s a meanin! 1hich

does not e0ist in its etymon ?e.!. %+0.'C/ #latform shoes from the #lural of %+0.

67

<0 AttituAe %ny lan!ua!e is alive and it is +ound to +e constantly enriched 1ith ne1 1ords. Undou+tedly= ne1 1ords are !ainin! !round= 1hile others are fadin! a1ay. ;t is a matter of time 1hich 1ords 1ill remain and 1hich 1ill not. .his is an irreversi+le on!oin! #rocess due to lan!ua!esP chan!in! nature0 .hat is 1hy lan!ua!es kee# chan!in! and nothin! could sto# their chan!e. .hey could not remain still and unaltera+le +ecause it 1ould +e a!ainst their nature. .he enrichment of each lan!ua!ePs le0icon is a normal and incessant #rocess. ;t is connected 1ith the need to meet the !ro1in! necessity to name ne1 o+8ects and #rocesses from reality. "iana 7la!oeva em#hasi<es in her article Xeologisms in Yodern Zulgarian= that the chan!es in the le0icon take several directions ?7la!oeva= &''6J. On the one hand= there is a constant influ0 of ne1 1ords into the le0icon 1hich are created +y means of 1ord formation or are +orro1ed from a forei!n lan!ua!e. On the other hand= there are chan!es in the le0ical semantics and #ra!matics= some 1ords are develo#in! ne1 meanin!s= and others are chan!in! their evaluative content. %lthou!h it is a ceaseless #rocess= the le0ical addition is #erformed in different 1ays at different sta!es of lan!ua!e evolution. ;n times of social and historical eMuili+rium the #rocesses of lan!ua!e develo#ment= in most cases= take their normal course= and certain #arts of the lan!ua!e system !radually under!o a certain chan!e. ;n #eriods of dee# social= #olitical and economical reforms= ho1ever= the lan!ua!e chan!e !ains s#eed and the le0ical system +ecomes more dynamic. .his is a natural develo#ment= +earin! in mind that the voca+ulary is #rone to chan!es conditioned +y e0tralin!uistic factors such as social chan!es= chan!es in social moods and attitudes. .he #rocess of le0icon enrichment 1ith loan1ords= mainly of $n!lish ori!in= is o+vious. %s ; stated in the #revious cha#ter= !lo+ali<ation reMuires standardi<ation. Since the $n!lish lan!ua!e is functionin! as a !lo+al lan!ua!e= it is natural that the !reatest num+er of loan1ords in any lan!ua!e is $n!lish in ori!in. %nother reason 1hy $n!lish loan1ords are +ein! acce#ted and assimilated +y the other lan!ua!es is that the ma8ority of ne1 terms and conce#ts are coined in the US%. ;n this 1ay= the !lo+ali<in! 1orld en!enders colla+oration= on the one hand= and the cultural and technolo!ical advance of the US% +oost the #rocess of ne1 terminolo!y coina!e= on the other hand. Colla+oration !oes hand in hand 1ith the use of ne1 terms that mark the #rocess of any advancement. .hus= any lan!ua!ePs le0icon is +ein! enriched 1ith ne1 le0emes 1hich fill le0ical !a#s or are used to introduce some nuance in the semantic net1ork of an already e0istin! native 1ord.

67

; find myself 1onderin! 1hy some #eo#le re!ard loan1ords as forei!n intruders 1hen they e0ist in other lan!ua!es out of a #urely lin!uistic or #sycholin!uistic necessity. .he e0istence of loan1ords confirms the fact that= in order that the lan!ua!e should serve the human mind +etter= #eo#le need to resort to usin! loan1ords. .hus several reasons for usin! loan1ords= es#ecially $n!lish loan1ords= could +e enumerated. 7earin! in mind that a !reat variety of #eo#le tends to use various loan1ords= the ran!e of the $n!lish loan1ords em#loyed is hu!e. ;t de#ends on onePs idiolect= #rofessional s#here and social +elon!in!. .his is the #lace to say that :ollasonPs vie1#oint that the an!licisms should +e confined to the a+solute minimum= i.e. technical terms and conce#ts connected 1ith the %n!lo#hone culture takes a com#letely 1ron! direction ?:ollason= &''*Q**J. 2is vie1#oint makes one 1onder 1hat has made him !o to such e0tremes and arrive at such an unrealistic conclusion. Other #urists also have e0treme vie1s on the #henomenon of +orro1in! $n!lish loan1ords. .hey su!!est that all the unnecessary loan1ords should +e 1i#ed out from the le0icon. Such a su!!estion inevita+ly raises the follo1in! Muestions N 1ho 1ill +e in char!e of assessin! 1hich loan1ord is necessary and 1hich one N is notR -ho 1ill +e res#onsi+le for la+elin! one loan1ord useful and another su#erfluousR .he #oint here is that o+8ectively enou!h criteria 1hich 1ill hel# one decide 1hich 1ord could +e re!arded as necessary or not sim#ly do not e0ist. ;t is o+vious that the t1o #urist vie1#oints are e0tremely ina##ro#riate and ina##lica+le in times of !lo+ali<ation. Such vie1#oints are not 1ell5!rounded as to solid facts and convincin! e0#lanations. Ko one can claim that some 1ords are unnecessary. Kor can heSshe im#ose any restrictions on #eo#lePs 1ord choice. ;n this sense= the #uristsP vie1#oints are doomed not to take root. ; ho#e that it has +ecome clear that ; su##ort the influ0 of $n!lish loan1ords= for they not only fill le0ical !a#s= +ut also +enefit the e0#ressiveness of the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. ; am a!ainst any #urist ideas for the restriction of $n!lish loan1ords +y la+elin! them as forei!n intruders.

67

7&.,A .,+)'/-+&0 $2& P-&++ ,* B/%3A-,A* +'),&$E0 +'),'%,*3/,+$,) P&-+P&)$,D& ('- &7P%'E,*3 A*3%,),+7+0 10 7eAia Aisc8urse0 .he #rimary #ur#ose of the media is to inform #eo#le. ;n Convention of human ri!hts and li+erties= clause ('= it is said everyone has the ri!ht to e0#ress freely hisSher o#inion= to access and disseminate information and ideas. .hus= le!ally the media have the ri!ht to #u+lish or +roadcast 1hatever kind of information they have received= unless they violate some le!al norms #ointed out in the same clause of the Convention ?Convention of 2uman :i!hts and 4i+erties= (66/Q7J. ; shall confine my interest only to the first #art of the te0t in clause (' concernin! ne1s= facts= ideas= conce#tions and data= 1hich are not #rotected +y co#yri!htL therefore= they can +e freely accessed= used and #resented. .he #oint here is the 1ay the media #resent this information= the motives 1hich underlie the fashion in 1hich it is #resented= and the #ur#ose the 8ournalists are strivin! to achieve. ;n the cha#ter entitled Media discourse in the +ook [ritical \iscourse Analysis= .eun van "i8k reveals the strikin! #o1er of the media em#hasi<in! ho1 influential the lan!ua!e is and 1hat it could lead to ?van "i8k= &''(Q*,6J. One of the #rocesses it could lead to is deviation of #eo#lePs attention from reality= i.e. defocusin!= 1hich is reali<ed +y several lan!ua!e means. Fo1lerPs inter#retation of adducin! facts= on the other hand= defines ne1s not as a refle0ion of reality +ut as a #roduct of #olitical= economic and cultural forces ?Fo1ler= (66(Q&*J. Com+inin! such inter#retations of 1hat e0actly the ne1s is= 1e shall end u# 1ith the cons#icuous conclusion that #o1er and domination are re#roduced +y te0t ?van "i8k= &''(Q*6*J.

1010

$he F8>er 8? the Fress

Media #o1er is a +road conce#t 1hich ; shall restrict to the influence of the media on their audience= e0cludin! the role of the media in all the social= #olitical= cultural and economic #o1er structures. ; shall also ela+orate not on the #o1er of the media as a 1hole= +ut on the #o1er of the #ress. .hus= ; shall +e a+le to consider closely and in !reater detail the conditions under 1hich the ne1s media mi!ht e0ercise #o1er over their audience.

67

;n order to elucidate the role of the ne1s media and their messa!es= one needs to scrutini<e the strate!ies used in media discourse= on the one hand= and #ay attention to the audience= on the other hand ?fan "i8k=(6/,AQ('J. .here should +e dra1n a line +et1een the to#ics selection and the content and form of headlines in the #ress. .he to#ic choice su!!ests certain access to s#ecific sources of information= 1hereas the content and form of the headlines can affect the readersP inter#retation. 7earin! in mind these strate!ies of media discourse= the mani#ulative role of media #o1er comes into li!ht. Such a mani#ulative role im#lies #resence of #ersuasive ca#acity and #otential to control readersP minds. %s van "i8k #oints out= media mani#ulation raises ne!ative connotations +ecause the mediated information is veiled and +iased. .hus= this #henomenon N media mani#ulation N is usually related to #o1er a+use 1hich van "i8k calls dominance ?van "i8k= (667Q('=((J. fan "i8k is the first to introduce the term dominance 1hen s#eakin! of the 1ay the ne1s media take advanta!e of their o##ortunity to #resent ne1s to their +enefit and to the detriment of the readers and the 1ay the readers de#end u#on the ne1s media. ; can cite e0am#les from the t1o ne1s#a#ers included in my research in 1hich $n!lish loan1ords are intert1ined in the ne1s content makin! it hard for the readers to !ras# at once 1hat is +ein! im#liedQ gh dijXDX [Ibkb EAlbIiD GA dcbBDCmCDb dijX db AcDC[CnCIA= IAnBAE[AocC D.GAI. !#O! C BXdDA[pocC nA BXIbHbG BiD C BX5lIikXlEAdGX XD [dpcXlA BXH [iBIXd GAqrGCDb HXcAnADbEdD[A nA lEXsAEGXDX nADXBEpGb. ?K+4 J gh dbICp XD AIbdDC GA DbIXICdDC C #OPQ# GA DAoGCDb Ck qsbtCjA BIbn BXdEbHGCDb dbHkCmC CGHXGbnCodcADA BXECmCp IAncIC nGArCDbEGX cXECrbdD[X [nIC[GC [bjbdD[A C HIqlC kADbICAEC= d[iInAGC d DbnC BEAGX[b. ?K+4 J gub vwxy b IAnECrGA BAIDCp XD dijbdD[q[AjCp BXECDCrbdcC !R!= yXocX yXICdX[ db XBCDA HA HXcAtb= cADX BIC[Ebrb [ BAIDCpDA GpcXC GX[C ECmA= [cEzrCDbEGX qrCEC GA {ABAH CcXGXkCdDC C zICdDC. ?S%+0) J .he mani#ulative role of the #ress= in this case= is #resented +y $n!lish loan1ords 1hich only a certain circle of #eo#le 1ould +e ca#a+le of understandin!. Some mi!ht +e a+le to !et the !eneral idea of the 1ord of $n!lish ori!in 1ith the hel# of the conte0t= +ut others mi!ht not. .hus= the dominance of the #ress comes into +ein! in the li!ht of usin! $n!lish 1ords 1hich= in most cases= are non5trans#arent to most of the readers. .he

67

e0am#les !iven a+ove are closely related to the effects of the ne1s content on the audience 1hich 1ill +e considered later. 7ut the #rocess of media mani#ulation is not that sim#le. sycholo!ical and sociolo!ical evidence su!!ests that a minority of the readers 1ill let themselves +e mani#ulated. .here are a !reat num+er of #eo#le 1ho 1ithstand the #ersuasive and mani#ulative #o1er of the ne1s media. Such #eo#le re#resent the so5called active #artici#ants ?fan "i8k= &''(J or gactive audience ?%llan= &''3Q((7J. .hey do not take ne1s re#orts at their face value and usually acce#t them ske#tically= 1ith a certain amount of sus#icion and distrust. .he facts e0#osed= 1hich assi!n a due #lace to the readerPs #artici#ation 1hen s#eakin! of the ne1s media #o1er= su!!est that= in order to !ain an o+8ective insi!ht into media #o1er= mental re#resentations= includin! so5called social co!nitions such as attitudes and ideolo!ies= shared +y !rou#s of readers ?van "i8k= (667Q((J should +e taken into consideration. .here are numerous studies on attitudes= attitudes chan!e and #ersuasion 1hich cover to a si!nificant e0tent the issue of social co!nitions= i.e. kno1led!e= attitudes= values= norms and ideolo!ies. 10B0 &??ects 8? the ne>s c8ntent 8n the auAience

.alkin! a+out the human nature and its idiosyncrasies= ; shall refer to the 1ords of one of the da<<lin! fi!ures in :oman history N Caesar= 1ho says 4i+enter homines id= Muod cu#iunt= credunt ? eo#le 1illin!ly +elieve 1hat they 1ant to +elieveJ. Such a #ers#icacious thou!ht holds its !round even today. ;t could +e a##lied even to the de+ate a+out media #o1er and the 1ay readers take an active #artici#ation in !ainin! an insi!ht into the #o1er of ne1s media. ;f 1e differentiate the #assive readers from the active readers and leave aside the #assive ones= 1e shall come u# 1ith an arsenal of active readers for 1hom these ancient 1ords hold. .hese readers 1ill +e the ones to e0ercise #o1er over the ne1s re#orts and +elieve 1hat they think is convenient and 1hat they 1ant to +elieve. Such mi!ht +e the effect caused +y the ne1s content N rejection of the information #rovided +y the #ress. .hus= leavin! aside the #o1er of the media= 1hich serves me as a #oint of de#arture on media discourse= ; focus my attention on the other side of the coin that is as im#ortant as media #o1er N the effects of the media content on the audience= ho1 the audience ne!otiates 1ith the te0t and 1hat the final results could +e. %nother effect that is also common amon! the readers is the perversion of the information #resented +y the #ress. .his is due to readersP ideolo!ies= values and attitudes

67

to1ard the facts in the #ress= the ma8ority of 1hich are #resented in a seemin!ly o+8ective fashion. .his revealin! fact 1ill serve the function of a #rereMuisite for various inter#retations= no matter 1hether they +order on acce#tance 1ith sli!ht modifications of the content= #artial #erversion= total #erversion or com#lete re8ection. ;n other 1ords= 1hereas it is the te0t= 1hich defocuses and e0erts #o1er over the audience= here= the reader is in a #osition to acce#t= re8ect or #ervert the information. ;n this 1ay= the role of the reader is not ne!lected. .hat is 1hy= the ne!otiation +et1een te0t and audience is considered= and it occu#ies a due #lace. ;t is #ointed out that ne!otiation is an inse#ara+le feature of the readin! #rocess= 1hich im#lies that the reader is not a #assive reci#ient of information= rather that it is the reader 1ho sha#es it ?2artley= &''&Q/&J. .he entire #rocess of ne!otiation +et1een the 1ritten te0t and the readers is very com#licated. 2artley claims that readin! media te0ts is a #rocess of ne!otiation +et1een the te0t= a !iven audience and 1hat ideolo!ies= +eliefs and values those !rou#s +rin! to the #rocess 1hich comes to sho1 that not only do the media e0ercise #o1er over and e0ert influence on their audience= +ut also the audience decides 1hether to succum+ to the mediaPs influence or a##roach it critically. Such a critical a##roach is al1ays useful 1hen media mani#ulation is cons#icuous. fan "i8kPs reflections on the evaluative #o1er of the human mind dra1 our attention to the control of attitudes that influence evaluation ?van "i8k= (667Q(,J. 7efore mentionin! the readersP attitudes 1hich are so im#ortant for ne1s re#orts evaluation= fan "i8k stresses the role of kno1led!e that is of #articular si!nificance to understandin! te0t messa!es. 2e declares the im#ortance of kno1led!e5+ased understandin! 1ithout 1hich a #ro#er evaluation is im#ossi+le. ; shall recall the e0am#le 1ith the .(18+%6/9% mentioned a+ove= 1hich also confirms the idea of the control of kno1led!e. ;f one does not kno1 that 56/9% is freMuently added to common nouns and the ne1 1ords are native creations 1hose meanin! is related to a #olitical scandal= e.!. &-58&+-6/9%, 4/%-'(6/9%= he or she 1ill not +e a+le to understand 1hat this 1ord means. -hile com#ilin! the data= ; came across other interestin! instances in 1hich the formative 56/9% is added to nouns= e.! #$%&'(6/9%, .+,+06/9%. .he latter is connected 1ith the issue of 7ul!arian ra!ia N 1hether its #roduction should +e restricted to s#eciali<ed areas 1hich 1ill +e le!ally ackno1led!ed as such in order to im#rove its Muality or any+ody 1ill +e a+le to still ra!ia %nother e0am#le= 1hich su##orts the idea of ho1 im#ortant the control of kno1led!e is= is the !ood command of $n!lish. ;n some te0ts in +oth ne1s#a#ers one can encounter 1ords of $n!lish ori!in= ?e0cludin! those that are fully domesticated and inte!rated in our lan!ua!e as !a# fillersJ= 1hich ham#er to some e0tent readersP understandin!. Such e0am#les areQ

67

|IbkCbIiD XsArb b HAE CnICrGA nABX[bH 5 CG[bdDCmCXGGADA BIXlIAkA HA Gb db BIb[iIGb [ #O GA \mAIdcCDb rb}kCrcC\ XD &'', lXHCGA.?S%+0) D )Xsp[CZA rEbGX[bDb GA qBIA[CDbEGCp di[bD GA yiElAIdcADA !#O AdXmCAmCp.?S%+0) D )kbtHqGAIXHbG #!#! [ yAnbE?K+4 D ;n these cases= the !ood command of $n!lish necessary for the readers to !ras# the 1hole #hrase 1hich at first si!ht seems Muite usual should not +e do1n#layed. .hus ranked= the #ro#erties of evaluation ?the control of kno1led!e follo1ed +y the control of attitudesJ form a dualistic relation. ;t is not sufficient to kno1 the !rammar and synta0 of a lan!ua!e= 1hat is more= kno1led!e of the 1orld is necessary for ne1s understandin!. Other1ise= lack of kno1led!e may limit ne1s understandin!= on the one hand= and limitin! ne1s understandin! may result in limitin! ne1s evaluation= on the other hand. .herefore= van "i8k reaches the conclusion that the inte!ral unity of the control of kno1led!e and the control of attitudes hel# readers evaluate ne1s events ?fan "i8k= (667Q(6J.

B0

$he Fress in Bulgaria0 $he Fress Auring the transiti8n0

$very historical #eriod leaves its o1n distin!uishin! mark on the lan!ua!e. .hus= the ('th of Kovem+er (6/6 is a turnin! #oint in the #olitical= social and economic as#ects= on the one hand= and cultural as#ect= on the other hand. One of the cultural transformations= 1hich that chan!e of the social order has +rou!ht a+out= refers to media lan!ua!e. Such a radical historical chan!e is usually accom#anied +y a chan!e +oth for the elite !rou#s and lan!ua!e. Ko sooner had the communist re!ime fallen than the chan!es in our society +e!an. %s ; am !oin! to #articulari<e the lan!ua!e chan!e= ; shall leave aside the other as#ects of such a historical chan!e. Ke1 key1ords +e!in to flood ?7orislavov= &''6J the 7ul!arian le0icon. %t the end of the 6'5s the 7ul!arian le0icon is enriched 1ith conce#ts such as VQ1C1(1,+Q1'0/0 1,&'-, /C-'10%/6-+Q17, /C-'+%(+0%1;/2.1 Q/00'2%1, -/./%, 8$%-1, ;+(6+ alon! 1ith eu#hemisms N 21('C1 6-$41-'C.1, 2/0;/2% &1,0/2 until 1e reach the follo1in! fresh e0am#les C/F1Q1= and V('7(/0 6-+*)+010. Most of them are calMues or semi5calMues= such as shady business N 2/0;/2% &1,0/2 and loyal citi]en 5

67

V('7(/0 6-+*)+010. Others are le0ical co#ies= such as -/./% or /C-'10%/6-+Q17. .hus the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e is turnin! 1est ado#tin! ne1 conce#ts and enrichin! its le0icon 1ith ne1 terms that !o hand in hand 1ith the scientific and technolo!ical advancement. "urin! recent years hundreds of ne1 le0emes have #enetrated the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. .heir #resence is due to the necessity to !ive names to the ne1 o+8ects= #henomena= that have arisen +ecause of the chan!es in our country. .he si!nificant reforms in our society are closely connected 1ith democrati<ation and the develo#ment of market economy= the freedom of s#eech= the intensification of #arliamentary activity. .hese chan!es have led to the a##earance of 1ords and #hrases such as 6-+*)+02.' '&F/2%C', '%C'-/0' '&F/2%C', 45% .58 IC-'4+, C7%5- 0+ 4-'870+%+, 24$2.+8 10#'-8+Q1'00+ ,+C/2+ ;t is im#ortant to say that the #rocess of enrichin! the voca+ulary is mediated +y the media 1hich ea!erly em+race every neolo!ism. %fter the ('th of Kovem+er= the media are freed from the ri!id do!mas of la lan!ue de +ois. -hat is more= 8ournalists em+ark on searchin! for effectiveness and functionality of the te0t #roduction= 1hich are found in the street lan!ua!e= 8ar!on and vul!ar lan!ua!e. %s a result= the media lan!ua!e has +ecome many5sided N sometimes it can +e succinct= e0act and colorful= sometimes N frivolous or cynical= and finally= it can assume the ima!e of a cruel= ne!li!ent and insi#id destroyer and distorter of 1hat the freedom of lan!ua!e is su##osed to +e. %s every freedom leads to une0#ected and #ernicious effects= lan!ua!e freedom leads to undesira+le conseMuences. 7ein! #erverted and misinter#reted= the conce#t of lan!ua!e freedom has attained ne1 #ro#erties. .he colloMuial style has +ecome a valua+le source of #iles of e0#ressive 1ords 1hich make the headlines less stiff= more attractive and informative= and sli!htly e0trava!ant. .his #rocess seems to +e a kind of democrati<ation of the lan!ua!e 5 a democrati<ation in the sense of lan!ua!e freedom close to cynicism and vul!arity. -hat is o+vious is that moral values have almost colla#sed= #revious restrictions have fallen= and the 8ar!on #reviously for+idden has +ecome #art of a fashiona+le 1ritin! style. %lon! 1ith the a+ovementioned conseMuences of the democratic #o1er= the influ0 of forei!n 1ords ?mainly of $n!lish ori!inJ has +ecome #al#a+leL street lan!ua!e is +ecomin! more and more freMuently used so that the difference +et1een the style of 1ritin! and oral s#eech is almost +lurred. %nother #rocess= 1hich is e0tremely nota+le= is the se!mentation of the media lan!ua!e= resultin! from the se!mentation of its audience. .his #rocess is hi!hly #al#a+le amon! ne1s#a#ers 1here the lan!ua!e em#loyed +y a ne1s#a#er s#eaks of the social and the education class that its audience +elon!s to. For e0am#le= ne1s#a#ers= 1hich mostly

67

d1ell on economic su+8ects= are likely to +e read +y a selected circle of readers 1hose interests lie in the field of economics. -hereas= other ne1s#a#ers en!a!ed in= so to s#eak= fields of interest less im#ortant as re!ards kno1led!e and intellectual ca#acity= such as rumors= insi!nificant events= ordinary Muarrels= hot ne1s 1hich do not #resu##ose mental strain. .herefore= the lan!ua!e of ne1s#a#ers such as \"nevnik\ and \Ka#ital\ is different from that of \Shok\ and \-eekend\ due to the target audience. ;n less serious ne1s#a#ers= the 8ournalists are attem#tin! to attract the audiencePs attention= offerin! them more interestin!= divertin! and #iMuant ne1s= no matter ho1 #oor in information it mi!ht +e. Such ne1s#a#ersP one and only aim is to distance the audience from the !ray and monotonous reality and immerse them is a 1orld of fictitious= unencum+ered and scandalous stories. 7orislavov ?&''6J claims that it is the media ?1hich involves the #ress= television= the radio and advertisin!J that introduces ne1 le0emes 1hich either fill le0ical !a#s= or= 1hat is +ecomin! a common trend= 8ournalists sim#ly em#loy a forei!n 1ord to im#rove 1ord e0#ressiveness= to +lur the ideas im#lied= to sho1 a !ood command of $n!lish and so on. %ll the a+ove5mentioned reasons 1hy 8ournalists a##ly forei!n 1ords= mainly from $n!lish= to the 7ul!arian !rammar rules= indicate that the lan!ua!e democrati<ation is revealed throu!h the #rocess of mere su+stitution of an e0istin! 7ul!arian 1ord 1ith its +orro1ed eMuivalent. .he author also #oints out that such a #rocess hides many dan!ers +ecause #eo#le are used to +elievin! that re#lacin! a native 1ord 1ith its forei!n eMuivalent makes them more democratic= res#ectively= -estern oriented. ;n :ecent .endencies in the %da#tation of %n!licisms in 7ul!arian Kevena %le0ieva ar!ues that a ne1 develo#ment on the syntactic level is !ainin! !round. .his ne1 develo#ment com#rises t1o models N the increase in the #roductivity of com#oundin! and the KVK attri+utive model ?%le0ieva= &'''Q(,J. .his is a noticea+le trend in contem#orary 7ul!arian synta0 1ith a vie1 to achievin! a hi!her de!ree of lan!ua!e economy. Kot sur#risin!ly= these models are also a##lica+le to 8ournalese for the sake of lan!ua!e economy and 1ord e0#ressiveness. Com#oundin! 1ithout a linkin! vo1el is ra#idly !ainin! !round in 7ul!aria as the influ0 of com#ound an!licisms is increasin!. ;t is difficult to dra1 a line +et1een com#ounds +orro1ed and native creations. -hat is a##arent to almost all the natives is that the method of creatin! such com#ounds is not native= it is strictly $n!lish. 2ere are some e0am#les N %'4 0'C10+, %'48')/(, %'4 -/4'-%/-, 2/.26/9%, .+,+06/9%, 2/.22.+0)+(, )'4106 4-'&+. .he KVK attri+utive model has +ecome dramatically intensive over the #ast years as a conseMuence of +orro1in!. .his #henomenon is characteristic of $n!lish and alien to the inflectional system of 7ul!arian\ ?%le0ieva= &'''Q(6J. Kevertheless=

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the rece#tor lan!ua!e 5 7ul!arian and its system N have acce#ted this attri+utive #attern= 1hich at #resence is hi!hly #roductive mainly in 8ournalistic articles ?cf 3+9 %/. #'-$8, &1,0/2 4+-%0^'-, '#12 %/301.+, %198 &1()106J. .his ne1 attri+utive #attern is !ainin! over1helmin! #o#ularity 1ith acronyms 1here the acronym is the modifier 5 _> 4'(1%1.+, `ab 4-'Q/2 2avin! outlined some of the tendencies in the #ress lan!ua!e durin! the transition= ; shall #roceed to the ne0t #oint that concerns the sociolin!uistic #ers#ectives for em#loyin! an!licisms. <0 +8ci8Hlinguistic FersFectiIes ?8r emFl8Jing anglicisms0

.here are several socio5lin!uistic factors of 1hy the 8ournalistic re!ister is stre1n 1ith an!licisms. .hese factors= such as terminolo!ical ri!our= sectoral 8ar!on= +revity= unconscious #ro5$n!lish refle0es= underlie the usa!e of terms of $n!lish ori!in. -e shall take a look at the sociolin!uistic #ers#ectives 1hich are considered motives for the so 1ides#read use of an!licisms amon! 7ul!arian 8ournalists. <010 $ermin8l8gical rig8ur >ournalists a##ly the loan 1ord instead of a native one in many cases. Sometimes= this is sim#ly +ecause an eMuivalent native 1ord for the conce#t does not e0ist. Such cases are numerous 1hen usin! terms related to culturally or institutionally s#ecific su+8ects. ;n such cases= 8ournalists usually use the loan 1ord to denote the su+8ect they are referrin! to. ;n cases 1hen a ne1 o+8ect= idea or activity enters a culture= the 1ord or 1ords 1hich e0#ress them are +orro1ed. %s 2offer states in his @anguage Zorrowing and @anguage \iffusion= the most +asic function of a loan1ord is communicating the ne1 o+8ectSactionSidea ?2offer= &''&Q(/J. .hus= the loan1ord enters the lan!ua!e and +ecomes #art of its le0icon. ; 1ill cite an e0am#le that is in accord 1ith the a+ovementioned statement that #uts the communicative function of the loan1ords first. .erms from ;. and ;nternet= 1hose terminolo!y is coined in US% and 9reat 7ritain= enter the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e ?e.!. .'84:%5-, 4-10%/-, 2./0/-, )-+9C5-, -$%5-J. For these terms no 7ul!arian eMuivalents e0ist. Factors such as scientific5technical #ro!ress= the ne1 information and communication technolo!ies and the steady information e0chan!e lead to a !reat ran!e of innovations in the everyday life of individuals. .hese factors are the #rereMuisites for the influ0 of ne1 le0emes. So= 1ords such as 10%/-0/%, .'84+.%)12. are

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+ound to e0ist in our lan!ua!e. ; could add one more e0am#le of a term 1hich does not have a 7ul!arian counter#art 5 S %M ?a term for electronic 8unk mailJ. S#eakin! of the ;. terminolo!y= 1e cannot overlook the fact that a lot of the terms used are translated in 7ul!arian +ut they are i!nored either for +ein! too lon! to articulate= or for #eo#lePs #referrin! the $n!lish term to the 7ul!arian one for different reasons N 8ust a ha+it= a kind of sho1in! off= strivin! for +ein! #art of community= a fashion. On the other hand= a native e0#ression e0ists as a lon!51inded #ara#hrase 1hich is not convenient at all. Such a lon! #hrase is o+structive to readersP !ras#in! its idea and could result in +iases in its meanin!. <0B0 Branch Sarg8n

;n some areas= there is an arsenal of ready5made $n!lish5lan!ua!e terminolo!y ?:ollason= &''*Q&7J 1hich cannot +e su+stituted 1ith a native one +ecause of its s#ecificity. ;n addition= it is #ointless to su+stitute it sim#ly +ecause it conveys certain associations that a native 1ord is not a+le to convey. %n e0am#le of sector 8ar!on could +e non5classical musicQ ja]], roc! cn? roll. .his #henomenon dates +ack to the early &'th century 1hen the s#read of non5classical music 1as risin!. Famous names in these music +ranches succeeded in makin! their music styles #o#ular in the non5$n!lish s#eakin! countries. .hese music !enres +ecame e0tremely #o#ular and the interest 1as risin!. %nother e0am#le of +ranch 8ar!on is s#orts. ;t inundates 1ith $n!lish loans +ecause the !reater #art of the s#orts ori!inates in $n!land or the US% N g#$%&'(, &+2./%&'(, .-1./%, &'$(106, C'(/9&'(, %/012, and 3'./9. .his s#orts terminolo!y has #ermeated the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e and remained here for !ood. <0<0 BreIitJ

.he role of the 9rechamPs la1 of lan!ua!e economy is undou+tedly ackno1led!ed. ;t says that 1e rarely use t1o 1ords 1here 1e can use only a sin!le 1ord. ;t is the human as#iration for sayin! somethin! as concisely as #ossi+le. -e could frankly state that economy leads to #ro!ress and #ro!ress itself results in develo#ment. 4an!ua!e economy 1ill al1ays hold an im#ortant #osition 1hen talkin!= 1ritin! or s#eakin!. One al1ays strives to say hea#s of thin!s 1ithin a minute and for the sake of +ein! Muick one may use loan1ords. Sometimes loan1ords 1hich are shorter than the native ones are used in ne1s#a#er headlines. On the one hand= they are easy to read= on the other= the idea is much easier to !ras# and assimilate. One should not overlook the fact that some

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1riters and 8ournalists a##ly loan 1ords instead of native ones not only +ecause of the un1ritten rule of lan!ua!e economy= +ut also +ecause of onePs 1ill to sound e0traordinary and to incite the readers to read the 1hole article. >ournalists often #lay 1ith 1ords in an attem#t to attract the readerPs attention. O1in! to $n!lish +orro1in!s= 8ournalists succeed in shortenin! the messa!e directed at the audience and makin! it more e0#ressive. %n a##ro#riate e0am#le here is the loan1ord g.1(5-= instead of d0+/8/0 $&1/Q=. First= the +orro1ed 1ord g.1(5-= is much more e0#ressive than the native com+ination of 1ords d0+/8/0 $&1/Q=. Second= the loan is more concise than the native one. ;n this case= the la1 of lan!ua!e economy and the strivin! for 1ord e0#ressiveness com+ine #erfectly. <0K0 )8mFrehensi9ilitJ .he factor of com#rehensi+ility should not +e underestimated +ecause it is the key to revealin! 1hat lies +ehind the 1ord 1e use. % certain amount of #eo#le +ecause of nationalistic vie1s try to #reserve the lan!ua!e as #ure as #ossi+le. .hey start su+stitutin! ackno1led!ed loan1ords 1ith native 1ords. .hus= the outcomes of such su+stitutions a##ear to +e= at least= t1o N either the ne1ly coined native 1ord 1ill +e com#letely incom#rehensi+le to most #eo#le or the native made5u# 1ord 1ill cause +e1ilderment at the fact the forei!n ready5made 1ord is re#laced +y a native and less trans#arent one. .hat is 1hy for the sake of com#rehensi+ility 1ords of $n!lish ori!in are used to denote s#ecific o+8ects= #henomena= conce#ts and activities. <0L0 /nc8nsci8us Fr8H&nglish re?le=es

%nother sociolin!uistic factor to 1hich !reat im#ortance should +e attached is the unconscious #ro5$n!lish refle0es. Such refle0es could +e en!endered +y t1o factorsQ e0#ression of fashion and over5e0#osure to $n!lish media. eo#le talk a+out fashion in clothin!= fashion in music choice= the 1ay one +ehaves and treats others= etc. .o!ether 1ith these as#ects of the fashion= there is another as#ect= 1hich is 1orth as much attention as the a+ovementioned ones N the fashion in s#eakin!. ;n terms of 1ord usa!e= some #eo#le tend to +e the first to use ne1 items that enter the le0icon. .he reasons for #referrin! loan1ords to native ones are numerous. One reason for usin! loan1ords is that they la+el the s#eaker as fashiona+le. ;n an attem#t to sound u#5to5date= #eo#le usually resort to the usa!e of loan1ords. ;t is a 1orld1ide trend to use a forei!n 1ord= es#ecially $n!lish +ecause of its un#recedented #osition as a lin!ua franca. .he fashion ensuin! from the usa!e of $n!lish

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+orro1in!s leads to #uttin! a si!n of eMuality +et1een $n!lish and fashion ?$n!lish~fashionJ. Such associations make #eo#le= 1ho are !reatly influenced +y the current tendencies in the fashion= includin! the fashion in lan!ua!e= turn to usin! %n!licisms. .he fact that $n!lish is a #roven fashiona+le lan!ua!e= the lan!ua!e of the #resent and the future= the lan!ua!e of a modern and #ros#erous life= is ackno1led!ed. $ndeavorin! to kee# #ace 1ith this modern 1orld and 1in the la+el of fashiona+le= onePs s#eech or 1ritten discourse is inters#ersed 1ith %n!licisms. .he ne1 items used may enter and remain for centuries or they may enter for a time and then fall into disuse. ; su##ort 2offerPs statement that students seem to +e constantly a1are of chan!es in the most recent usa!e in lan!ua!e as 1ell as in fashion from a+road ?2offer= &''&Q(6J. ;t should +e +orn in mind that some fashiona+le items 1ill #ro+a+ly +e short5lived= unless they #rove themselves useful. .he over5e0#osure to the $n!lish media is a core factor 1hen considerin! unconscious #ro5 $n!lish refle0es. ;t is so +ecause the channels throu!h 1hich one can listen to $n!lish s#eech or read $n!lish ne1s#a#ers are numerous and the !reater #art of them is easily accessi+le= +earin! in mind the #o1er of ;nternet and the influence 1hich e0erted on the #eo#le= their 1ay of thinkin!= s#eakin! and 1ay of life as a 1hole. .oday $n!lish is a source of information= communication and entertainment. .here e0ists no o+stacle 1hich could hinder one from listenin! to $n!lish radios or readin! $n!lish ne1s#a#ers. $ven if one is not 1illin! to !et closer to $n!lish= in the end= heSshe faces reality N the una+ated flood of an!licisms. Unconsciously the individual starts usin! an!licisms and finally= heSshe !ets accustomed to them. .he t1o factors considered N the e0#ression of fashion and over5e0#osure to $n!lish media N may account for the 1ides#read use of loan1ords ?:ollason= &''*Q&/J. %s an e0am#le ; could !ive the 1ords 3/450106, )/)(+90 1hich make their 1ay throu!h the e0u+erance of 7ul!arian 1ords and their synonyms and are !ainin! !round.

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-&+&A-)2 10 7eth8A8l8gJ anA g8al 8? the research .he !oal of this research is to determine the density of an!licisms in t1o 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers 5 T"! and U!P!= focusin! on four ne1s !enres that are common to +oth ne1s#a#ers N bolitics and Economy, >ociety, World and >port. .his 1ill ena+le me to investi!ate ho1 the freMuency of $n!lish loan1ords varies in different ne1s !enres and 1hich are the most freMuently occurrin! an!licisms. .he follo1in! research 1ill !ive an ans1er to the research Muestions #osed in the introductory #artQ BeD Which one of the two newspapers has a higher percentage of anglicisms? ?&J. genres? ?*J. Of what grammatical type are the English loanwords? ?3J. Which are the most frequently occurring anglicisms in journalese? .o +e!in 1ith= ; do1nloaded the editions of K+41%+( of the last year ?&''6J. .he total num+er of all its editions durin! that year is 36. ; decided to randomly choose 36 editions of the daily #a#er S%+0)+-% in order to make eMual the num+er of the editions of +oth ne1s#a#ers. ; e0amined them and found that four ne1s !enres overla# in the t1o #a#ers N olitics and $conomy= Society= -orld and S#ort. .hus ; decided to investi!ate the freMuency of $n!lish loan1ords in these 3 ne1s !enres. So= ; investi!ated (/3 articles #er a ne1s#a#er 5 *6/ articles in all. Choosin! different ne1s !enres allo1s me to determine 1hich of them is likely to have a hi!her #ercenta!e of an!licisms. .o alleviate the #ro!ram= ; divided all the articles of each ne1s !enre into , files in Kote#ad format. %s a ne0t ste#= ; #rocessed all the *6/ articles divided into several Kote#ad files 1ith the hel# of the #ro!ram 7U;4" that !ave me all the 1ords in the ne1s#a#ers in an al#ha+etic order 1ith the freMuency they had a##eared in the ne1s#a#ers. From the lists of 1ords ; e0tracted all the $n!lish loan1ords= com#ound 1ords 1ith an $n!lish #art and shortened loan 1ords makin! thus lists of an!licisms that 1ere the material for my research. Some ty#es of 1ords that are not included in the count are #ro#er names= names of cities= and names of events ?festivals= .f +roadcastin!s= ne1s#a#ers e.! Yusic idol, >urvivor, andependentJ. 2avin! com#iled all the material needed ; added every list of 1ords connected 1ith a certain ne1s !enre to the list of the same !enre. .hus= ; came u# 1ith a list How does the frequency of English borrowings vary in different news

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com#risin! all the 1ords of $n!lish ori!in in one ne1s !enre= e.!. >ociety. ;t !ave me all the an!licisms in an al#ha+etic order 1ith the num+er of their occurrences. 7earin! in mind that ; studied four ne1s !enres in each ne1s#a#er= ; ended u# 1ith / lists dedicated to bolitics and Economy, >ociety, World and >port in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. 2avin! counted all the 1ords= ; determined the #ercenta!e of the an!licisms em#loyed in each of the ne1s !enres in the t1o ne1s#a#ers= sho1in! thus ho1 the freMuency of $n!lish loans varies in different ne1s !enres. ; have to #oint out that the lists of 1ords are #resented in %##endi0 ;. .he ad8ectivesSadver+s and #artici#les are in +old= 1hile all the ver+s are underlined. .hus= it is more convenient to distin!uish nouns from ad8ectives= adver+s= #artici#les and ver+s. %fter that= ; determined 1hich ne1s#a#er contains more $n!lish loan1ords than the other. .hen ; com+ined the #ercenta!es of each ne1s !enre of the t1o ne1s#a#ers and concluded 1hich ne1s !enre is the most #rolific in an!licisms. Furthermore= ; determined the freMuency of the an!licisms used and noted 1hich +orro1in! items are freMuently used in 8ournalese. .a+le 6 sho1s the (, most freMuently occurrin! loan1ords and their num+er of occurrences. Finally= ; +uilt a hierarchy of +orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the #resent5day 7ul!arian5$n!lish contact situation reflected in the 7ul!arian 8ournalistsP 1ord choice. .hus it +ecame evident of 1hat !rammatical cate!ory the $n!lish loans ty#ically are. .here is one more %##endi0 in 1hich native creations under the influence of $n!lish and calMues are included. .hese native creations are divided into several !rou#s de#endin! on the $n!lish com#onent 1hich is a constituent of a certain creation. Conductin! such research 1ill hel# me identify one side of the #henomenon #o#ular 1ith 8ournalists= called democrati<ation of ne1s#a#er lan!ua!e= 1hich overla#s 1ith the idea of -esterni<ation of 8ournalese.

67

&. -esults anA AnalJsis .he #resent analysis 1ill elucidate the ma8or trends in the 7ul!arian #ress lan!ua!e= in this case in Ka#ital and Standart= under the influence of the $n!lish lan!ua!e. .he first trend noted in the t1o #a#ers= 1hich is characteristic of the $n!lish lan!ua!e= is com#oundin! 1ithout a linkin! vo1el +et1een the t1o roots. %s Maria Kolarova states it has +een +oosted not only +y the direct +orro1in! of $n!lish com#ounds +ut also +y some other im#ortant factors ?Kolarova= &''6Q7,J. .he hi!h #roductivity of the KounVKoun #attern is the most im#ortant factor= 1hich has stimulated the creation of a !reat num+er of com#ounds kno1n as native creations ?%le0ieva= &''(Q&,*J. .hus= for e0am#le= the loan noun qbs ?$ 1e+J com+ines 1ith a num+er of native nouns so that a lar!e num+er of com#ound 1ords are #roduced such as $/&2%-+01Q+, $/&+)-/2, $/&)/2%10+Q17, $/&.+8/-+ .he first element is a modifier= 1hile the second element= 1hich is the head= determines the le0ical meanin! and the mor#holo!ical characteristics of the com#ound 1ord. Concernin! the fact that all com#ound nouns are 1ritten either solid or 1ith a hy#hen= the instances in 1hich some com+inations are not s#elled solid or 1ith a hy#hen are re!arded as KVK syntactic constructions= not as com#ounds. For e0am#le= )'4106 4-'&+, -'. ,C/,)+, 10%/-0/% %5-6'C17 and many others. Other e0am#les of com#ounds re!istered in my cor#us areQ &+-4('%, 6'(8+92%'-, 6'(#16-+;, 6/9#/2%1C+(, )*14&+01;+-.+, 10%/-0/%4'%-/&1%/(, 81%106A.'0Q/-%, 2/.2('&12%, 2/.24+-%17, 2/.24'))-5*01Q1, 2%-/2A%/2%, #/0A+-%1.$(1, #/0.($&, #'(.1)'( %s is o+vious= the $n!lish atri+utive #attern KVK has +ecome so #roductive in 7ul!arian that a lar!e num+er of com#ounds have a loan noun as their first com#onent. .hese com#ounds may not have an $n!lish eMuivalent 1hich is also a com#ound 1ord ?Kolarova= &''6Q77J. Kative com+inations are +ein! coined under $n!lish influence. %n interestin! e0am#le of a native creation is )*14&+01;+-.+ 1hich does not have an $n!lish eMuivalent for sure. CalMues are also !ainin! !round= e.!. 6'2%A,C/,)+. .his trend is +ecomin! stron! in the 7ul!arian #ress lan!ua!e out of the need for lan!ua!e economy= on the one hand= and the increase of the $n!lish influence on the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e as a 1hole= on the other. Other e0am#les created under the influence of $n!lish areQ 2'Q(12%+%+, 24/Q;/06/%+%+ f 1hose first com#onents are cli##ed forms. Some ne1 elements in 1ord5formation in 7ul!arian encountered in my cor#us are %'4A, /A g'4A is a hi!hly #roductive element in 1ord5formation at #resent= 1hich com+ines 1ith a variety of native nouns addin! to them the feature of of the +est Muality or hi!hly

67

#o#ular= im#ortant and demanded. .he e0am#les 1ith %'4A as a first com#onent in my cor#us are the follo1in!Q %'4;/06/, %'48+#1'%, %'4)/4$%+%, %'44+-%0^'-, %'4 1.'0'812%, %'4#10+0212%, %'4/.24/-%, %'4 16-+;1 and %'4 %+.2+, %'4 #1-8+, %'4 01C', %'4%18 .he ma8ority of the e0am#les consist of nouns denotin! #eo#le. g'4A also com+ines 1ith a num+er of inanimate nouns 1hich +oosts this #attern of 1ord5formation 5 %'4 %+.2+ and %'4%18, %'4 <+841'0+%, %'4 #'-8+, %'4 01C' EA or 1A is another #o#ular ne1 element in 1ord5formation due to the advances in information technolo!ies. ;t is used in com+ination 1ith inanimate nouns addin! to their meanin! the feature electronic. .he e0am#les 1ith eATuA as a first com+inin! element in my cor#us are the follo1in!Q 1A6/985-, eA&+0.1-+0/ .he first e0am#le 1ith 1A is +ased on the $n!lish #ronunciation of eA Other com+inin! forms +orro1ed from $n!lish and re!istered in my cor#us areQ C1)/'A B$ video5J, /C-'A ?$ euro5J, /.'A ?$ eco5J .hese forms usually com+ine 1ith native and +orro1ed nouns to #roduce com#ound 1ords such as C1)/'.(14, C1)/'.+8/-1, C1)/'4'2(+01/, C1)/''&-5F/01/E /C-'#$%&'(, /C-'(12%+, /C-'4+-1, /C-','0+, /C-'6+#'C/, /C-'2$&21)17, /C-'#'0)'C/, /C-'0'-8+E /.'8+#17 %nother interestin! and !radually increasin! trend in the 7ul!arian #ress is the usa!e of the formative 56/9% as a means to desi!nate some kind of a !ro1in! scandal. ;t is freMuently added to common nouns and the ne1 1ords are native creations 1hose meanin! is related to some kind of a scandal= either #olitical ?&-58&+-6/9%J= nature5related ?.(18+%6/9%D or= as is the case 1ith .+,+06/9%, economic. ;n the latter e0am#le= the formative 56/9% is added to .+,+0 to form a very curious com#ound 1ord= 1hich denotes the issue related to ra!ia stillin!. .he Muestion is 1hether there 1ill +e any restrictions im#osed on the #roduction of ra!ia or not., %#art from the native creations under the influence of $n!lish= there is a !ood num+er of direct $n!lish loan1ords such as 50)5-6-+$0) f dH-5,.1%/ 0+ 50)5-6-+$0)+ 2 $4-+C01Q1%/ 2+ .-12%+(0' 7201= BS%+0)D Other e0am#les of %n!licisms areQ #/5-4(/9, 2%-/2, 2%+-%, -'$8106, ('&1, .'0.-+.%, (1,106, .($&, .+2%106, (+4%'4, -18/9., etc. %s is salient= some of the 1ords of $n!lish ori!in are fully esta+lished= others are neolo!isms. ;t is a matter of time 1hether the latter 1ill !ain !round or dro# out of the 7ul!arian 1ord stock. Ko one can make any su!!estions 1hether one 1ord 1ill +e a+le to ada#t to the ne1 system of the reci#ient

67

lan!ua!e and 1ill +e cordially acce#ted +y the +ulk of the 7ul!arian community or not. .hat is 1hy a statement made +y %ndrei "anchev that a 1ord such as <'$ 1ill turn out to +e only a fashiona+le 1ord that 1ill +ecome o+solete and 1ill dro# out of the 7ul!arian 1ord stock is unacce#ta+le and too e0treme ?"anchev= (6/(Q&'(J. %s 1e see= this 1ord has found its #ro#er #lace in the 7ul!arian le0icon. Moreover= <'$ is no lon!er considered forei!n= +ut a loan1ord necessary for the com#letion of the 7ul!arian 1ord stock. .here are e0am#les that evoke #e8orative associations N a si!n of a stylistic se!mentation of $n!lish loan1ords= 1hich on native soil are stylistically neutral. .he same holds for 65-(+ M5-(+ is +urdened 1ith a #e8orative connotation in 7ul!arian= 1hereas girl lac!s such a #e8orative connotation in the source lan!ua!e. 4ately= ho1ever= it has started to develo# a more neutral sense. Some cli##in!s re!istered in the cor#us are also colloMuialQ 01., 2/<50 .he cor#us also contains a num+er of loan1ords= 1hich have #reserved the colloMuial connotation of their $n!lish etymon. Such e0am#les areQ &'2, -/./%, #/0 2ere are some e0am#les that illustrate the use of these loansh diC+8+%+ 45%01 &'2'C/ '%.+,+3+ )+ 2/ +06+*1-+% 2 4-'60',+=BS%+0) D dg+.+ #1-81%/ 2+ &1(1 4')('*/01 0+ 2C'/'&-+,/0 -/./%= BK+4 D dL+,';+-'C+01/%' 0+ #/0'C/%/ 252 216$-0'2% / &1(' 6'(78'=BS%+0) D Similarly= 6+-), .1(5- also have colloMuial or #e8orative connotations in 7ul!arian in contrast 1ith their neutral $n!lish etymonsQ guard= !iller. M+-) refers to a #erson 1ho is su##osed to #rotect another #erson of hi!h re#utationQ g6+-)'C/%/ 2+ 12%102.1 4-'#/21'0+(12%1 1 2 %73 01.'6+ 0/ / 18+(' 10Q1)/0%1= BK+4 D dj+<1 6+-)'C/ 4+,7% 8+)-1)2.1 %'48+#1'%= BS%+0) D K1(5- is mainly used in the #ress to refer to a #erson hired to kill someone. .his loan is also used to achieve a certain sensational effect. 2ere is an e0am#le of a headline in Standart N SOk 'F/ %5-27% .1(5-1%/ 0+ -+,;(/0/0 0+<= Some loan1ords take on a different= more favora+le direction as o##osed to their $n!lish etymons. % !ood e0am#le from the cor#us is 0'$A3+$ 1hich has a #resti!ious $n!lish soundin! unlike its etymon !nowAhow 1hich has a colloMuial useQ dl-'2%' C1 / 0$*0' ;$*)'%' 0'$3+$VBK+4 D =F/ 01 4'8'60/ )+ 4-1)'&1/8 0'$A3+$ ,+ -+&'%+ 2 %/,1 4+-1= BS%+0) D

67

dl' 4-'6-+8+%+ 4-/)4-17%17%+ F/ 4'($;+% 0'$A3+$ C '&(+2%%+ 0+ 1,4'(,C+0/%' 0+ #10+02'C1%/ 102%-$8/0%1 0+ IS= BS%+0)D \irect borrowings such as `ab, _>, _>Z, bm, n>Y, o`, >Y> are 1idely used in 8ournalese 1ith their ori!inal $n!lish s#ellin! #reserved. $0am#les here areQ `ab 4/-2'01, `ab 0'8/-, bm /#/.%1, _> 4'2(+01., _> C'901Q1, bm +6/0%, n>Y +0%/01 7ut in the articles in +oth ne1s#a#ers= ; came across some instances in 1hich these acronyms are s#elled out in Cyrilic letters 5 /2/8/2, 41+-, C14 More and more ne1 conce#ts are makin! their 1ay into 7ul!arian. .he steady #enetration into 7ul!arian of conce#ts for items invented in $n!land or the US% is easi+ly noticea+le. ; can cite some of them that are included in my cor#us= such as )/(1C5-1)*, (/C5-1)*, )*'90% C/0;5-, 3/0)1.+4. $0am#les of this kind areQ dH SOk 4-'Q/21%/ 0+ )/(1C5-1)* B'&-+%0'%' 0+ (/C5-1)* 4-'Q/2, 4-1 .'9%' 2 Q/( -/+(1,1-+0/ 0+ 4'A6'(/81 4/;+(&1, 2/ 1,4'(,C+% ,+/801 4+-1D,p, 4-10$)13+ +8/-1.+02.1%/ )'8+.102%C+ )+ 4'%-/&7C+% 4'A8+(.' 1 )+ 24/2%7C+% 4'C/;/ = Bqa4 D dO.' %'C+ &5)/ 4',C'(/0', 0+ 4-+.%1.+ dM+,4-'8V F/ 2%+0/ 2'&2%C/01. 0+ ;+2% '% &5(6+-2.1%/ %-5&1, %59 .+%' ,+ dr*/0 4'%'.V / )'6'C'-/0' )+ 2/ 25,)+)/ )*'90% C/0;5- Bst 0+ stD 2 -$2.17 .'0Q/-0 = BK+4 D du1C5-1)*5% / #10+02'C 102%-$8/0%, 4-1 .'9%' 10C/2%1%'-5% $;+2%C+ C 4'.$4.+%+ 0+ )+)/0 +.%1C 2 0/,0+;1%/(01 2'&2%C/01 2-/)2%C+, + '2%+0+(1%/ 2+ ,+/801 l' 4-10Q14 C27.+ 14'%/.+ / 07.+.C+ #'-8+ 0+ #10+02'C (1C5-1)*= BS%+0) D dv/0)1.+4 / (1;/0 .'/#1Q1/0% ,+ +8+%^'-1, 1,;12(/0 24'-/) %/301%/ 4'2%1*/017 1 2%/4/0 0+ 6'(# $8/017 = BK+4 D .he e0am#les cited a+ove are a !ood illustration of ho1 the usa!e of $n!lish loan1ords can enrich the lin!uistic means throu!h 1hich one can e0#ress a certain thou!ht. On no occasion does such a usa!e of a loan1ord hinder readers from !ras#in! 1hat is meant. .he e0#lanation of the ne1 terms is 1hat hel#s the audience to understand 1hat is +ein! re#orted. ;t is e0haustive and the audience can easily follo1 the ne1s content 1ithout +ein! em+arrassed +y the novel term. .he an!licisms 4+-.106 and )+02106 are some of the most freMuently used 1ords that end in Ning. .he #oint here is that once havin! entered the reci#ient lan!ua!ePs system=

67

the an!licisms +reak any relations 1ith the le0ical and !rammatical system of their model 1ords. .hus= the le0ical co#ies 4+-.106 and )+02106, corres#ond to com#ounds in $n!lish N par!ingAlot, dancingAfloor ;n this case= these #artial le0ical co#ies have #reserved the ori!inal meanin! of their etymons and= at the same time= have under!one structural sim#lification +y dro##in! out their second root. ; came across= ho1ever= an e0am#le in 1hich the t1o roots of the $n!lish etymon are #reserved in the loan 5 4+-.106A872%' .he %n!licism com#letely corres#onds to its etymon. .his e0am#le is one of a kind and the reason 1hy the second root is #reserved is sim#ly a 8ournalistPs decision. %#art from the curious fact that the %n!licism is structurally similar to its $n!lish etymon= it is a si!n that the 8ournalist has= at least= some kno1led!e in $n!lish. .here are several #seudo5loans that are included in my cor#us. $0am#les areQ +C%'6'(, %+0.'C/, 3/41/0), .'.%/9(. .hese #seudo5loans are min!led 1ith the direct +orro1in!s. Kevertheless= they do not have any effect on the total #ercenta!e of le0ical co#ies +ecause they are fe1. 2o1ever= these #seudo5loans su!!est a strivin! for -esterni<ation not only of the #ress lan!ua!e= +ut also of 7ul!arian as a 1hole. 2avin! made an analysis of the t1o %##endices and havin! outlined the ma8or trends in +oth ne1s#a#ers= ; shall turn to the Muantitative as#ect of this research. $a9le B !ives a summary of all the data collected. .he num+ers indicate the #ercenta!es of %n!licisms out of the total num+er of 1ords in the articles. .he num+ers that corres#ond to a s#ecific ne1s section in a certain ne1s#a#er 1ere calculated +y dividin! the total num+er of an!licisms across all articles of that !enre in the #articular ne1s#a#er +y the total num+er of 1ords in these articles. .he last column indicates the #ercenta!es of $n!lish loan1ords in each !enre across all articles in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. .he last ro1 indicates the #ercenta!es of %n!licisms in each ne1s#a#er across all articles in the four !enres. .he num+er in the +ottom ri!ht cell sho1s the overall #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords of all articles included in the research.

U!P!
olitics W economy Society S#ort -orld *e>sFaFer V8IerallW (='3_ '=76_ *='3_ (=&6_ 1XL<Y

T"!
'=66_ '=6/_ &=63_ '=63_ 1XB<Y

3enre ?8IerallJ
'=/,_ '=7&_ &=66_ '=6,_ 1X<ZY

$a9le B[ Summary of all the data collected

67

(igure B +elo1 is a histo!ram of the data in $a9le B0

(igure B[ ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in K+41%+( and S%+0)+-% BwD How does the frequency of English borrowings vary in different newspapers? .he S%+0)+-% stands out 1ith (=,*_ $n!lish loan1ords. .he K+41%+( has the #ercenta!e of $n!lish 1ords (=&*_. .he ne1s#a#ers can +e ranked 1ith res#ect to the #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords they have as follo1sQ

*e>sFaFers FDAGHAID @ABCDAE

&nglish l8an>8rAs as a Fercentage 8? t8tal >8rAs 1XL<Y 1XB<Y

$a9le <[ FreMuency of $n!lish loan1ords in the t1o ne1s#a#ers BxD How does the frequency of English loanwords vary in different genres of news? -ith res#ect to the num+er of $n!lish loans in the #ress lan!ua!e of the t1o #a#ers= the >port section stands out 1ith &=66_. Second #lace= +ut far +elo1 the >port section= holds the World section 1ith '=6,_. .he olitics W $conomy ?'=/,_J and the Society ?'=7&_J ne1s !enres are not too far a#art from the -orld one. 2o1ever= the Society

67

section occu#ies the last #lace in .a+le *. .he difference +et1een the ne1s !enres in the first and last #lace is #al#a+le N &=&7_. .hus the S#ort section amon! all four sections holds the first #osition 1ith the outstandin! #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords of &=66_. $a9le K sho1s the #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in different !enres of ne1s. .he last ro1 indicates the overall #ercenta!e of an!licisms in the four ne1s !enres of each ne1s#a#er e0amined.

*e>s genre olitics W economy Society -orld S#ort 'Ierall

&nglish l8an>8rAs as a Fercentage 8? t8tal >8rAs '=/,_ '=7&_ '=6,_ &=66_ 1X<ZY

$a9le K[ FreMuency of $n!lish loan1ords in different !enres of ne1s .he #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords across all !enres is (=*/_. .he ne1s !enre >port has the hi!hest num+er of $n!lish loan1ords= follo1ed +y -orld= olitics and $conomy and Society. %s is clear from .a+le 3= >ociety has the lo1est num+er of $n!lish loan1ords. .he reasons for the hi!her #ercenta!e of $n!lish loans in the >port section are o+vious. Many of the s#ort5related +orro1in!s are domain5s#ecific= i.e. there are no 7ul!arian eMuivalents= and the usa!e of $n!lish +orro1in!s is a necessity. -ith the hu!e num+er of s#orts terms comin! from $n!land and the United States= the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e has ado#ted a vast ma8ority of ne1 terms= e.!. #$%&'(, .-1./%, %/012, C'(/9&'( %#art from the >port section= the other sections have a relatively small #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords ran!in! from '=7&_ to '=6,_.

BsD Hierarchy of borrowability Or!ani<in! the 1ords into their !rammatical cate!ories #rovides an insi!ht into 1hich !rammatical ty#e of 1ords tends to +e +orro1ed more often from $n!lish into 7ul!arian. $a9le L sho1s the num+er of occurrences of an!licisms in the !rammatical cate!ories of noun= ver+= ad8ectiveSadver+S#artici#le= and other.

67

3rammatical $JFe Koun fer+ %d8ectiveS%dver+S artici#le Other

*um9er 8? 8ccurrences 7/6/ (37 /'6 '

$a9le L[ "istri+ution of $n!lish +orro1in!s 1ith res#ect to !rammatical cate!ories On the +asis of the data from .a+le ,= ; can +uild the follo1in! hierarchy of +orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the t1o ne1s#a#ers involved in my research N K+41%+( and S%+0)+-%Q

n8uns \ aASectiIes]aAIer9s]FarticiFles \ Ier9s

.he num+er of occurrences of nouns in the t1o ne1s#a#ers is 7/6/. 7/6/ out of the total num+er of $n!lish loan1ords N //&3 5 #resent /6=&_ nouns. .hus= nouns are +y far the most freMuently +orro1ed !rammatical ty#e. fer+s ?(37J and %d8ectivesS%dver+sS artici#les ?/'6J to!ether #resent ('=/_ of the total num+er of the $n!lish loan1ords.

fer+s include e0am#les like )*+,1-+8, <'.1-+8, ('&1-+, 2.+01-+, 3'2%C+ ad8ectivesSadver+s include #$%&'(/0, &'-)'C1, &:)*/%/0, ('&1-+F, 8/)1/0 Ko $n!lish loan1ords from any cate!ory other than the three a+ovementioned 1ere +orro1ed. .he data in .a+le , illustrate a !eneral tendency of lan!ua!e to +orro1 nouns over 1ords of any other !rammatical cate!ory. %ccordin! to .rask= there are three main reasons for this.

67

First= nouns are far more numerous than any other cate!ory of 1ords. Second= ne1 thin!s are most likely to +e denoted +y nouns= and third= ne1 nouns are !enerally easier to accommodate 1ithin the !rammatical system of a lan!ua!e ?.rask= (666Q&*J. %ccordin! to .rask= many $n!lish +orro1in!s are terms denotin! domain5s#ecific innovations that did not ori!inate in 7ul!arian. %s such thin!s are often o+8ects invented or discovered in 7ritain or the U.S.= or names of #eo#le or !rou#s of #eo#le first used in the U.S.= it is normal that most of them are nouns. ;n fact= lookin! at the list of the fifteen most freMuently used $n!lish loan1ords ?see .a+le 6 +elo1J= 1e find that t1o of them B10%/-0/%, 3'()106D refer to recent inventions in the U.S.= and five of them ?.($&, (1)/-, %198, #$%&'(12%, &1,0/28/0J refer to or are connected 1ith cate!ories of #eo#le. BsD And finally, which are the most frequently used anglicisms in journalese? -hile some $n!lish loans are not used very freMuently= others occur over and over a!ain. $a9le G sho1s the fifteen most freMuently5occurrin! $n!lish loans amon! those found in all the articles in the t1o ne1s#a#ers included in my research. .he value in the freMuency column on the ri!ht counts the occurrences of the 1ord as 1ell as the instances in 1hich they form #art of a com#ound. For e0am#le= included in the 1ord count for &:)*/% is the num+er of times &:)*/% occurred as 1ell as 1ords like 4-'/.%'&:)*/%. lural forms are also included in the count. ^ (. &. *. 3. ,. 6. 7. /. 6. ('. ((. (&. (*. (3. (,. %8an>8rAs ECHbI=C szHtbD=C sCnGbd=C kAr=X[b cEqs=X[b kbHCp=CC szHtbDbG=GC=GA=GX sCnGbdkbG=C DCk= DCok=X[b qDsXECdD=C CGDbIGbD ZXEHCGl=C qDsXE CGDbI[z=DA qDsXEbG=GA=GX *um9er 8? 'ccurrences 6,6 6'( 36, *67 *(* &(7 &'/ (7' (,6 (3& (*6 (&' ((/ ((* ('/

67

$a9le G[ (, most freMuently occurrin! $n!lish loan1ords $a9le G sho1s that (1)/-,1 1ith 6,6 occurrences is the most freMuently occurrin! $n!lish loan1ord. P:)*/%,1 holds the second #osition 1ith 6'( occurrences. .he third #lace is for &1,0/2,1 N 36,. .he fourth and fifth #laces are assi!ned to 8+;,'C/ ?*67J and .($&,'C/ ?*(*J. .he difference in num+er of occurrences +et1een the ne0t t1o $n!lish loans 5 8/)17,11 ?&(7J and &:)*/%/0,01,0+,0' ?&'/J 5 is sli!ht. P1,0/28/0,1 ?(7'J and %18, %198,'C/ ?(,6J occu#y the ne0t t1o #ositions in the ta+le. .he difference +et1een the follo1in! loans 5 #$%&'(12%,1 ?(3&J and 10%/-0/% ?(*6J 5 is Muite insi!nificant= only 6 1ords. .he last four loans that have ha##ened to +e #art of the most freMuently used loans in the t1o ne1s#a#ers are 3'()106,1 ?(&'J= #$%&'( ?((/J= 10%/-C:,%+ ?((*J and #$%&'(/0,0+,0' ?('/J. .he interval +et1een the last loan1ords in the ta+le ran!es from & to , 1ords. .his comes to sho1 that the four of them are com#etin! 1ith each other for the (& th #lace. O+viously= their #laces are interchan!ea+le. .he %n!licisms in 7ul!arian evidently +elon! to a variety of re!isters. 7ut a lar!e num+er of 1ords are fully inte!rated and +elon! to the neutral everyday lan!ua!e. 4ookin! throu!h the list of the (, most freMuently a##earin! loan1ords in the t1o 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers= one can easily come to the only conclusion #ossi+le N they are all fully inte!rated in the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. ;n this 1ay= these loan1ords are re!arded as esta+lished loans. .hat is 1hy the reason for their freMuent occurrence in the 7ul!arian ne1s#a#er lan!ua!e is their thorou!h assimilation in our lan!ua!e. .he second reason for their 1ides#read usa!e is that most of them are le0ical !a# fillers N &:)*/%, &1,0/2, 3'()106, #$%&'(, .($&, 8/)17. Solely the loan %18 or %198 has a 7ul!arian eMuivalent N '%&'-. 2o1ever= if 1e refer to #eo#le 1ho 1ork to!ether= usually at one and the same #lace= the 7ul!arian 1ord '%&'- 1ill not +e #ro#erly used. .he monthly or yearly meetin! or!ani<ed to +rin! to!ether all the 1orkers of a certain com#any is often called %198 &1()106. ;t is +ecomin! a steady trend in +usiness environment to use this $n!lish loan 1ord. From the analysis conducted a+ove= to!ether 1ith the ta+les and charts that sho1 the $n!lish loan1ords #resence in the t1o 7ul!arian ne1s#a#ers= one can !et a clear vie1 of the cons#icuous use of $n!lish loan1ords= +oth fully esta+lished and neolo!isms= acce#ted +y the 1hole 7ul!arian society or characteristic of onePs idiolect= le0ical !a# fillers or associatively and stylistically colored loan1ords. .he amount of the $n!lish loan1ords in any ne1s !enre is not too lar!e +ut the use of almost any $n!lish 1ord is noticea+le. .he terms +orro1ed to meet the need to name a ne1ly invented o+8ect= conce#t or #henomenon

67

?e.!. 3'()106, 18419;850%, (1C5-1)*J are +ecomin! more and more as a result of the advancin! evolution of human thou!ht. %s 9adamer states 5 it ?lan!ua!eJ is somethin! 1e live in and it lives in ourselves. 2is thou!ht re#resents the dualistic relation +et1een lan!ua!e and #eo#le. eo#le use lin!uistic e0#ressions to desi!nate somethin! they have invented or discovered. On the other hand= lan!ua!e is alive due to our ca#a+ility to use it in such a 1ay that 1e can e0#ress our thou!hts= ideas and o#inion= +ut= 1hat is more= 1e can add a nuance and a mani#ulative hue only throu!h the careful 1ord choice 1e make. .hus= the desired effect 1ill +e achieved. %n!licisms= 1hich have stylistic or associative nuance= are used to achieve a certain effect and convey an idea as clearly as #ossi+le. 2o1ever= some loan1ords= as 1e sa1 a+ove= 1hen ; discussed media #o1er and its effects on the audience focusin! on the control of kno1led!e= are +ein! chosen= intentionally or not= to +lur the ne1s content and ham#er readersP understandin!. .his fact once a!ain corro+orates the undenia+le #o1er of lan!ua!e. .he $n!lish loans re!istered in my cor#us are a clear manifestation of 8ournalistsP attem#t to inte!rate into the #resti!ious modern -estern life. ;n this 1ay= the usa!e of $n!lish loans ?and $n!lish syntactic constructions 1hich have 1idened their sco#eJ illustrates the strivin! for -esterni<ation N a characteristic feature of democrati<ation.

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)'*)%/+,'* 9lo+ali<ation is a dynamic #rocess that is +ecomin! more and more #al#a+le amon! #eo#le of different nations. One of the evident outcomes of the !lo+ali<in! 1orld is standarti<ation +acked u# +y on!oin! communication. .he risin! need for communication and the #ressin! need for creatin! standarti<ation are the t1o fundamental #rereMuisites for the creation of an international lan!ua!e. .he e0#ansion of 7ritish colonial #o1er and the emer!ence of the United States as the leadin! economic #o1er #laced the $n!lish lan!ua!e on to# of the lan!ua!e hierarchy makin! it a !lo+al lan!ua!e. .hus= the $n!lish lan!ua!e comes onto the scene at a certain historical #oint. Since the usa!e of $n!lish as an international lan!ua!e is 1ides#read= every lan!ua!e is +ound to chan!e +ecause of its contact 1ith $n!lish. .hat is 1hy lan!ua!e chan!e is due to lan!ua!e contact. .he #rocess of !lo+ali<ation= in turn= tri!!ers lan!ua!e contact. .hus= the reci#rocity of these #henomena is evident. ; have focused on one of the ma8or #henomena of lan!ua!e chan!e 5 le0ical +orro1in!= 1hich is #ossi+le +ecause every lan!ua!e and its semantic system is ready to acce#t loan1ords. .he 7ul!arian5$n!lish contact situation tri!!ers the advent of $n!lish loan1ords in 7ul!arian. 7ul!arian is Muite a hos#ita+le reci#ient lan!ua!e that em+races any ne1 le0ical co#y cordially. ; am em#loyin! the term le0ical co#y for ; follo1 the alternative treatment of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich reco!ni<es the active role that the reci#ient lan!ua!e #lays in this #rocess. Moreover= the rece#tor lan!ua!e uses its o1n #honemic= !ra#hemic= !rammatical and le0ical resources to imitate the forei!n item. %nother #oint that is 1orth mentionin! is that the le0ical co#y loses its mor#holo!ical and semantic trans#arency and +ecomes motivated +y the rece#tor lan!ua!eTs socio5cultural situation. .he #henomenon of le0ical +orro1in! is due to several factors. .he most common factor is a sheer lin!uistic necessity to fill le0ical !a#s= follo1ed +y the #resti!e attached to the $n!lish lan!ua!e= the si!n of fashion that evolves from usin! modern5soundin! $n!lish 1ords= the strivin! for dra1in! nearer to -estern societies that su!!ests -esterni<ation of the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e= 1hich= in turn= re#resents the #rocess of democrati<ation of our lan!ua!e. ; narro1ed do1n the sco#e of the !reat to#ic of le0ical +orro1in! to le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish in the 7ul!arian #ress. .he t1o ne1s#a#ers that ; have investi!ated are @ABCDAE and FDAGHAID. .he data collected from each of them are or!ani<ed in a cor#us a##lied in %##endi0 ;. My cor#us consists of //&3 $n!lish le0ical co#iesQ 766/ nouns= /'6

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ad8ectivesSadver+sS#artici#les and (37 ver+s. ;t is im#ortant to mention that my cor#us com#rises the three forms of lin!uistic +orro1in!Q direct +orro1in!= calMues and #seudo5 loans. .hus= the %##endi0 ; com#rises mainly direct +orro1in!s and fe1 #seudo5loans such as +C%'6'(, 3/41/0), %+0.'C/ %s ; said= these #seudo5loans constitute an insi!nificant #ercent of the total num+er of $n!lish loan1ords and it does not affect the calculations further on. CalMues as 1ell as native creations are #resented in a sin!le %##endi0 entitled %##endi0 ;;= 1hich illustrates the fle0i+ility of the host lan!ua!e to #roduce its o1n meanin!ful le0ical items. %n interestin! e0am#le of native creations is )*14&+01;+-.+ 1hich harmoniously com+ines in itself the le0ical co#y )*14 and the native 1ord &+01;+-.+ %nother interestin! native creation in .+,+06/9% 1hich ; discussed a+ove. .he overall #ercenta!e of the le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers is (=*/_. Such a #ercenta!e of %n!licisms cannot arouse any an0iety a+out lan!ua!e #ollution 1ith le0ical co#ies. ;n this 1ay= the fears of #urists that the influ0 of $n!lish loan1ords 1ill flood 7ul!arian are !roundless. .he 7ul!arian #ress= 1hich is one of the alled!ed sources throu!h 1hich le0ical co#ies are likely to enter 7ul!arian= is not s#rinkled 1ith %n!licisms. .hat is 1hy our lan!ua!e is not in #eril at all. .here is no cons#icuous evidence that $n!lish 1ill su+stitute 7ul!arian. -hat is o+vious is the $n!lish influence on our lan!ua!e= 1hich comes naturally= +earin! in mind its #osition as a !lo+al lan!ua!e. %fter all= every lan!ua!e is lia+le to chan!e under the influence and in the contact 1ith another lan!ua!e. ;n this case= the 7ul!arian5$n!lish contact has lead to the lin!uistic #henomenon of +orro1in!. Moreover= the syntanctic construction K V K attri+utive model= 1hich= #reviously= 1as com#letely alien to the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e= no1= is +ecomin! more and more usa+le as in )'4106 4-'&+, -'. ,C/,)+, 10%/-0/% %5-6'C17. Undou+tedly= this trend in the #ress lan!ua!e is !ainin! !round under $n!lish influence. 4eavin! aside the unMuestiona+le influence of $n!lish= it is the la1 of lan!ua!e economy that also has to +e taken into account. ;t is less time5consumin! and more s#ace5 savin! to say somethin! in a com#act 1ay 1ith less 1ords. >ournalists are tryin! to e0#ress their thou!hts in a concise 1ay= on the one hand= and attract readerPs attention= on the other. ;n this sense= ; am touchin! u#on the socio5lin!uistic #ers#ectives for usin! $n!lish le0ical co#ies. .he main socio5lin!uistic #ers#ectives are terminolo!ical ri!our= +ranch 8ar!on= +revity= com#rehensi+ility and unconscious #ro5$n!lish refle0es. $ach of these socio5 lin!uistic #ers#ectives is #resent in +oth the ne1s#a#ers N @ABCDAE and FDAGHAID. .o ans1er the first research Muestion 5 Which one of the two newspapers has a higher percentage of Anglicisms? N ; shall refer to .a+le * 1hich indicates that FDAGHAID

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outruns @ABCDAE +y '=*'_ in le0ical co#ies usa!e. So= the #ercenta!e of %n!licisms in FDAGHAID is (=,*_ and in @ABCDAE N (=&*_. Ko matter ho1 small the difference of the #ercenta!es of le0ical co#ies of $n!lish is= after all= it e0ists^ .he t1o ne1s#a#ers are deemed serious. FDAGHAID= ho1ever= is an everyday ne1s#a#er= read +y a !reat variety of readers 1ith various interests= of different social classes= #olitical +elon!in! and education level. 2ere the educational level and the social class #lay the crucial role in understandin! the ne1s content. .he 8ournalists 1ho are 1ell acMuainted 1ith this fact take advanta!e of the #oor kno1led!e of $n!lish of some readers and use %n!licisms to mani#ulate them. 7ein! una+le to !ras# 1hat is +ein! im#lied +y a certain %n!licism unfamiliar to them= they aare +ecomin! de#endent on the #ress lan!ua!e. ;n this 1ay= the #ress reveals its true face N that of the #o1er a+user= a mani#ulative device for ne1s creatin! and domination over the ne1s content. ; shall leave aside the dominance of the #ress that= as has +ecome clear= !oes hand in hand 1ith the control of kno1led!e and ; shall turn to the other e0treme of the scale. .he +i!!er #art of the le0ical co#ies is= in fact= le0ical !a# fillers. ; 1as ama<ed at the fact that those le0ical co#ies= 1hich are +orro1ed out of lin!uistic necessity= either +ecause there is no 7ul!arian eMuivalent for the ne1 conce#t= #henomenon or idea ?e.!. &1,0/2, (1)/-, #$%&'(, 10%/-0/%, 3'()106J= or the e0istin! 7ul!arian eMuivalent is a cum+ersome and lon!51inded #hrase ?e.!. $1./0) the days of rest= 18419;850% accusation of a #u+lic fi!ure of misconduct in office= (1C5-1)* the use of a small initial investment= credit= or +orro1ed funds to !ain a very hi!h return in relation to oneTs investmentJ= re#resent the lar!er #art of the 1hole #ool of $n!lish loan1ords. %nother im#ression= 1hich ; !ained 1hile trackin! the unfamiliar and interestin! e0am#les= is that some of the terms 1ere accom#anied +y e0#lanations that facilitate readersP understandin!. ;t is also a 1ay of introducin! ne1 terms that enrich the 7ul!arian 1ord stock as 1ell as onePs o1n le0icon. .he second research Muestion 5 How does the frequency of English borrowings vary in different news genres? N is #ro+a+ly one of the most curious Muestions. "urin! the 1hole #rocedure of !atherin! and #rocessin! data= ; 1as askin! myself e0actly this Muestion. Sincerely= ; had an e0#ectation that the S#ort section 1ould +e the most #rolific in le0ical co#ies since the s#ort5related terms are fully esta+lished and cannot +e su+stituted +y any other 1ords. ; did not have any idea of 1hich ne1s !enre 1ould occu#y the ne0t #osition. My e0#ectation that the S#ort section 1ill +e the most inundated 1ith le0ical co#ies is !rounded in the data in .a+le &. .he #ercenta!e of the S#ort section in the t1o ne1s#a#ers is almost *_= the second #lace holds the ne1s !enre -orld ?'= 6,_J= the third #lace +y the

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olitics and $conomy section ?'=/,_J and the last #lace is occu#ied +y the Society ne1s !enre ?'=7&_J. %s is evident= the distance +et1een the first and the second #lace as to the #ercenta!e of $n!lish le0ical co#ies is enormous N &=',_. .hus= the S#ort section is a lon! 1ay ahead of the other ne1s !enres. .he others have an almost eMual #ercenta!e of le0ical co#ies. ;f 1e consider the #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in different ne1s !enres in each ne1s#a#er= 1e 1ill see that the #ercenta!es in t1o of the ne1s !enres in +oth ne1s#a#ers overla# and they are N the Society section and the S#ort section. ;n the S#ort section there is a variety of s#orts and s#ort5related terms invented or coined in the US% or in $n!land= 1hich have come into the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e 1ith their ori!inal names. .he Society section= on the other hand= is or!ani<ed in a considera+ly similar 1ay in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. .hey d1ell on almost the same to#ics= concernin! the everyday life and everyday #ro+lems of 7ul!arian society. .his is the reason 1hy this ne1s !enre has A similar #ercenta!e of le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. .he rest of the ne1s !enres N olitics and $conomy and -orld N have different #ercenta!es of le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. .he olitics and $conomy section has '=66_ in @ABCDAE and (='3_ in FDAGHAID. 2ere= the difference is due to the content of the ne1s. ; have come across several articles dedicated to resource !rantin! to s#orts or!ani<ations or a #oliticianPs visit to a famous resort 1here heSshe can #ractice different s#orts. %lso= articles 1hich de#ict some situation= 1hich has taken #lace in virtual s#ace= are s#rinkled 1ith ;. terminolo!y. .he articles in 1hich= a#art from #olitical and economic terms= there are other domain5s#ecific terms of $n!lish ori!in are not rare. ;t is evident that the articles in 1hich le0ical co#ies related to other domains in the olitics and $conomy section in FDAGHAID are more than those in @ABCDAE. .he difference in #ercenta!e is minimal= +ut it does e0ist. .he -orld section is the last ne1s !enre in my research. ;t has different #ercenta!es in the t1o ne1s#a#ers N '=63_ in @ABCDAE and (=&6_ in FDAGHAID. .he title of the ne1s !enre #resu##oses the #resence of various to#ics from all over the 1orld. .he articles #resent different stories= related to different domains. .he reason 1hy FDAGHAID outruns @ABCDAE in le0ical +orro1in!s in the -orld section is that the articles #u+lished in FDAGHAID d1ell on such to#ics that su!!est the usa!e of more le0ical co#ies. %nother reason for its +i!!er num+er of le0ical co#ies is the constant re#letion of a set of $n!lish loan1ords. .he le0ical co#ies 1hich are freMuently em#loyed in the -orld section are 181)*, 10%/-C:, &:)*/%, (1)/-, -56&1, -/9%106, )'(+-, 41.01., )*+.4'%, #/-8/- N loan1ords that are fully inte!rated into the 7ul!arian lan!ua!e. %s ; mentioned a+ove= out of //&3 an!licisms= 766/ are nouns= /'6 are ad8ectivesSadver+sS#artici#les and (37 are ver+s. .his confirms the lon!5standin! vie1 that

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the !rammatical cate!ory of nouns is +orro1ed more easily than others. Kevertheless= the second #osition of my o1n hierarchy of +orro1a+ility is occu#ied +y ad8ectivesSadver+sS#artici#les= 1hich is at variance 1ith 2au!enPs hierarchy of +orro1a+ility. 2o1ever= if ; a##ly the first ever5made hierarchy= created +y -hitney= 1ho assi!ns the first #lace for the most freMuently +orro1ed #art of s#eech to nouns and the ne0t #osition to the other #arts of s#eech= my hierarchy 1ill com#letely tally 1ith it. ;n this case= the more !eneral conclusions as re!ards +orro1a+ility serve me +est. .hus= !oin! +ack to the third of the research Muestions #osed at the +e!innin! A Of what grammatical type are the English loanwordsR N ; shall say that the !reatest num+er of $n!lish loan1ords is re#resented +y nouns= follo1ed +y the a!!re!ate !rou# of ad8ectives= adver+s and #artici#les. .he last= third #lace is occu#ied +y ver+s. .hese findin!s undou+tedly #resent nouns as the dominant !rammatical cate!ory in le0ical +orro1in!. Finally= which are the most frequently used Anglicisms in journalese in the two newspapers? ; traced the (, most freMuently occurrin! le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. .hese areQ (1)/-, &:)*/%, &1,0/2, 8+;, .($&, 8/)17, &:)*/%/0, &1,0/28/0, %18, #$%&'(12%, 10%/-0/%, 3'()106, #$%&'(, 10%/-C: and #$%&'(/0. .he most cons#icuous common feature of all these le0ical co#ies ?e0cludin! the co#y %18, 1hich has recently entered 7ul!arianJ is that they are fully esta+lished and inte!rated into our lan!ua!e. .hey all are le0ical !a# fillers 1hich do not have 7ul!arian eMuivalents. .his is another #roof that the !reater #art of the an!licisms in the t1o ne1s#a#ers consists of le0ical !a# fillers that do not endan!er any native 1ord. -hat is more= they enrich the 7ul!arian le0icon. From all that has +een said= four conclusions can +e made. First= the !reater num+er of the le0ical co#ies re#resents le0ical !a# fillers. Secondly= there are le0ical co#ies that to!ether 1ith $n!lish syntactic constructions= 1hich are !radually !ainin! !round on 7ul!arian soil and some com+inin! elements= hint at the -esterni<ation of the #ress lan!ua!e. %s a third conclusion= ; 1ill mention that the introduction of ne1 names of ne1ly created conce#ts or ideas enriches the 8ournalistic arsenal of ready5made terms as 1ell as the 7ul!arian 1ord stock. .he last conclusion is not less im#ortant N the aim of the usa!e of more recent and o#aMue le0ical co#ies of $n!lish ori!in is to mani#ulate readers and to hinder them from understandin! and !ras#in! 1hat is +ein! im#lied. % to#ic such as Anglicisms in the Zulgarian press offers numerous #ossi+ilities for futher investi!ation. ; 1ill #ro#ose several Muestions that deserve attentionQ How does the usage of Anglicisms in Zulgarian newspapers affect the meaning implied in the journalistic

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articles? \oes the usage of Anglicisms hinder or help readers grasp the ideas conveyed by the journalists? How does the language of newspapers illustrate the process of democrati]ation of Zulgarian society? .hese Muestions are e0tremely interestin! +ut they are +eyond the sco#e of my #a#er. 2o1ever= it 1ill +e 1onderful if these Muestions tri!!er onePs interest and +ecome the +asis of a future study.

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APP&*.,5 , P'%,$,)+ _ &)'*'7E %6s ` BLK< 6'-.+ ` <Z< GZC Y %6 ` CXGG n8uns ` BBKL aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` BaK Ier9s ` BK AqDdAoHbIC &. b sAGcbIC *. sAGcGXDC &. sAI *. sAIDbI= C 6. sAIsbcz (. sbdDdbEiI (. yCnGbd= 5A= 5iD= C &67. sCnGbdkbG= C 73. sCor &. sCEsXIH= X[b (6. sEXl= X[b 6. sEXliI= C &. sEXcAHA 3. sXcd (. sXIH= X[b 6,. QPQ 10 sXd= X[b 3. sICCGl &. sIXcbI= C &. sqckbociI= C ,. c #O B0 sqEHXnbIC (. sqk (3. sqkbIAGl (. sqbI= C (/. cd## <0 szHtbD= C *,,. szHtbDCIAGb (. bePf#!# 1BZ0 g [ADkAG &. [CHbXcAHIC (. [CnCDA= C *. h lAIHX[b (. lbo (. lXE 36. lXEiIC (. i HbdcDXB (. HbEC[iICHt *. HtAcBXD (. HtbD (. HtCBsAGCrAIcA (. HtCBX[b &. HtXoGD [bGriI (. HCnAoG *. PO# Q 10 HXEAI (''. PQQ K0 HXkboG= C 6. j bcdBXID= 5iD 3. bc}iG *. k tqIC &. CkboEC (. l CkCHt= 5A (/. CkCHtkbociIC (. Pf#O 10 CkBCorkiGD (. !#e 10 CGDbI[z= DA 6&. CGDbIcXGbcDXIA (. CGDbIbod (. CGtbGbICGl (. CGDbIGbD *6. T cbDiICGl (. cb} 3. cEqs= X[b &,. cEidDiIC (. cXkBzDiI= DIC ('. Q"e! <0 @XGDboGbI= C ('. cXID (. cIXdCGAGdCIAGb (. m EAoDkXDC[ (. EABDXB (. EC[iICHt (. ECHbI= C &&(. P# nX H X H Q 1<0 ECHbIdD[X ,. ECnCGl 7. Q L0 ECkCD= C 7. ECkCDCIA (. ECD= 5X[b ((. d!Q B0 EXsC= DA (/. EXsCnkA &. EXsCIAGb (&. EXsCIA ((. EXsCdD= 5cA= 5DC= 5DcC (/. EXlX[bDb (. o kAGCbdD (. kAIcbDCGl 6. #!Q 10 kAdDiI (. kblAsAoDC (. kblAZXEHCGl &. kbHCp= 5CC 66. #POX HQX HX H# La0 kbGCHtkiGD (&. kbGCHtiI= 5C &/. #Pf B0 kCcd *. kCDCGl= 5C 7. !cp 10 kXHbE= 5C 66. kXE &. kXGCDXICGl (3. Q!QQ 10

67

q GCc &. GCcGbok (. GXq5ZAq (. r XGEAoG &&. XCd= 5C (/. X}XIcA (. QdRQX HnX H Z0 s BAo (. BAIcCGl= 5C /. BAIc= 5X[b &(. BAIcCIAGb (. " 10 BCc (. BEboXC (. BXIDXECX &. BXdDCGl (. BIXbcDXszHtbD 3. t IboH (. IboDCGl= 5a= 5iD (/. IbcbD (. IbEdC (. #Q 10 IbdDAIDCIAGb (. ICkboc &. IXqkCGl (. U dAoD= 5X[b 36. dcAGCIA (. dcC (/. dcCXICDb (. dcICoGCGl (. dXDqbI= 5C (/. Qd!c## G0 dBCociI (. dBXGdXI= 5C ,. "QQ 10 dBXID ,. "Q!#X H 1<0 dBXIDCdD &. dDAID 6. dDAIDCIA 7. !! B0

!!Q 10 dDbcX[b (. dDbGH5sAo (. dDXB (. dDIbd *. diI[iI= 5C ,. diICIA (. u DbdD= 5X[b ('. DbGCd (. DCk 6. DCk sCEHCGl (. DCoGboHtiIC (. DIACc= 5A= 5iD (,. DIbGH &. DqICdD (*. v rAD (. rADCDb (. w qbs &. qbsdAoD *. qbsdDIAGCmA (. qbscAkbIA (. qCcbGH= C &. x AoE (. Acd &. AE (. AEdDAID *. bIkbI= 5C 6. CEk= 5C 6. EAl &. CDGbd &. EA} (. EA}cC (. EXBCDA (. IAGrAon 6. IXGD (. qDsXE &. dc!Q#X H B0 qDsXECdD (. y ZAnAID &'. z!X HX Hn K0

ZAIHqbI (. z#Pf 10 z#Pfp <0 ZbBCbGH (. ZCBbIkAIcbDC &. ZXEHCGl= 5A ('&. zQPQ B0 ZXdDCGl &. ZXDbE= 5C (7. zQ!# B0 ZXDbECbI (. { }XBCGl (. | iGHiIlIAqGH (. } pZDC 6. c8FJHFaste 10 mainstreama 10 P- K0 +'),&$E 6'-.+ ~ a1 ZCB %6s H KZK Y`CXGZY n8uns ` KLB aAI0]aAS0]Fart0 ` Ba Ier9s ` L b sAIkAG (. sAIkAGdD[XDX (. sAIBEXDA (. sbdDdbEiIC (. sCnGbd= 5iD (3. sCnGbdkbG= 5C *. sEXl= 5X[b 6. sEXliI=5iD= 5IC /. sEi (. sXIHiD (. sXocXDCIAD (. sIXcbIcA (. szHtbD= 5a *.

67

ePf#!nX H B0 g [XEbosXE &. h lbo &. i HAqGEXqH (. HbdcDXBA (. HCnAoG (. HCEiIC (. HXEAI (. HXGXI= 5C (,. HXGXIdD[X *. j bc}iG (. k tqICDX (. l CkboE= 5C &. CkCHt (. CkBXID (. CGDbI[z=5DX= 5DA (,. CGDbIGbD ,6. CGDbIGbDBXDIbsCDbE (. T cA[iI (. cECc (. cEqs= 5X[b 3. cXEbt= 5C &. cXkBzDiI=5A= 5iD= 5DIC 7. Q"e!X H B0 m ECHbI= 5CDb 6. ECkCD *. ECGc=5iD= 5X[b 3. EXsCDA (. o kAIcbD (. #POQX HX H# @0 kbHCC=Db= kbHCp &,. kboEA (.

kbGCHtkiGD (. kbGCHtiI= 5C 6. kCDCGl= 5A= 5C 7. kXHbECbI &. kXHbE= 5iD= 5C ('. c!#POX HQ B0 q GCcGbokX[bDb (. r XGEAoG *'. XCd= 5C /. Qd# 10 XEAoG 3. s BAIc (. BCcGCc (. BXdDCGl (. BIX[AoHiICDb &. t IboH (. U dAoD= 5A= 5iD= 5X[b *,. 10 dcC 3. dcICoG}XD (. dXDqbI (. dBXIDCdD (. dDAIDCIA (. dqBbIkAIcbDA (. diI[iICDb (. u DAGcbI=5A= 5C *. DAIlbD (. DbGCdcC (. DbdD[A (. DCoGboHtiIC= 5Db= 5IcC 6. !O#OPf Q!Q 10 DCk &. DIbGH &. !#Q B0 DIbGXI (. DICEiI (. DC}iIDCDb (. DIACc *.

DIbGCGl (. DqICdD 6. w qbsAHIbd (. qbsHbdDCGAmCp (. qbsdAoD (. qbsdDIAGCmADA (. qCcbGH (. x AoEX[b=5Db 3. AEdDAID (. bG= 5X[b ((. bG5AIDCcqEC (. bGcEqsA= 5X[b *. bGdAoD (. CEk= 5iD= 5A= 5C= 5rb 3(. dQ 10 EAl (. XEc (. dQ QX H# B0 ICoEAGdiI (. qDsXE &. dc!QX H#X HQ K0 y ZAIHqbI (. ZbBCbGH (. ZXsCDA &. ZXDbE= 5C?DbJ /. ZXDbECbIA (. ZXDbECbIdD[X (. v rAD (. | iGHiIlIAqGH (. } pZDA &.

67

+P'-$ %6s ~ 1KaK 6'-.+ ~ LC 1a1 Y %6s ~ BX@KY n8uns ` 1BZ@ aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` 1aG Ier9s ` @ AqDdAoHbI *. b sAI &. sAdcbDsXE ((. sAdcbDsXECdDA (. #!Q! B0 sbonsXE *. sCnGbd ((. sCnGbdkbG *. sCGlX (. sEXlX[b *. Q Q B0 sXcdX[b (. sXdX[bDb *. sICHt &. c #O ! <0 sqckbociIC &7. szHtbDA &7. ePf#! 10 g [bZAEiD (. [CHbX (. [XEbosXE 6. h lbo ((. lbokA (. lEbDrbI &. lXEkAodDXIA (. lXEX[b *. QQ 10 lXE &,. lXEClIAr (. lXEiIC 7.

i HbDbcDC[ ( HtXlCGl (. HXEAI &7. HXBCGl &*. j b[IXdBXID (. b[IXqDsXE (. l CkCHt ,. PfQQ 10 CkCHtkbociIC (. CGDbI[z(6. CGDbIGbD 6. T cEqs &'&. c X # 1G0 cXID (&. o kAIcbDCGl 3. #!Q G0 m ECHbIA ('. P# ! 10 ECHeIdD[XDX &. ECkCD (. ! 10 EXsC *. EXsCIAGb (. o kAIcbDCGl &. kAr (3'. kbHCCDb 6. #POQ <0 kbGCHtkiGD &. kbGCHtiI &*. #Pf <0 kCcIXsEXlX[b (. kXHbE ('. kXDXIdBXID &. q QePf#! 10

r XGEAoG *. XCdC *. s BCAI (. BCc (. BEboXCDb 3. t ICGl &. U dAoDA 6. dbI[Cd *. dcC *6. dcCXI= cA (&. dGXqsXIH &. dXDsXE (. dBXGdXI &'. dBXGdXICIA (. "QQ L0 dBXGdXIdD[X &. dBXID 6,. dBXIDCdDC /. "Q!X # KB0 dBICGDA (. dBICGDCIA}b (. dBICGDXI *. dDAID &7. dDAIDCIA &. dDICoDsXE (. dqBbIsAoc (. u DAosIbc *. DbdDA ,. DbGCd *7. DbGCdCdDC (&. !O#OPf 10 DCk 7(. DXBcEqsX[b (. DXB dcCXIC (. DIbGCIA ,. !#Q#X <0 DIbGCIX[cA= C 6. DIbGXI 37. !#Q Q @0 DqICdD *.

67

w qAoEH cAIH *. qbsdAoD (. qCcbGH ,. x AEdDAID (. bG *(. biIBEbo (. bdD ,. CEk &. CDGbd (. IAGrAon (. ICdDAoE (. qDsXE 77. qDsXElboD (. dc!Q# aL0 qDsXECdD 66. y ZAo5Dbc ,. ZAE 7. ZAIH (. ZbGHCcAB= C ,. ZXcbCdDC (. ZXcbo ,. ZXDbEC 7. zQ!# 10 zQ!## n 10 ZXEHCGl &. { }XBCGliD (. }Xq 3.

6'-%. %6s ~ 1B1C 6'-.+ ~ 1ZZ K<a Y%6 ~ CXGKY n8uns ` 1Ca@ aAS0]aAI0]Fart0` 11G Ier9s ` 1Z AqDdAoHbI &. AqDdXId[AGbDX (. AIXAkbICcAGbm ((. dQ# 10 b sAGcbI= C ,. sAI *. sAIsbcz (. #OQ! 10 sbdDdbEiICDb (. sCnGbdA ,/. sCnGbdkbGC 37. sCEsXIH *. sEXl= X[b 7. sEXlXdbIADA (. sEXliI= C *. sEXcAHA 6. sEiCIAZA &. sEi &. sXHClAIHX[b &. sXocXD 3. sXocXDCIAD *. sXIHA /. QPQn B0 sXd= X[b 6. sIAGHX[b (. sIXcbI= C 3. Q # 10 sqckbociICDb (. c #O ! 10 sqEHXnbIC (. sqkiD 3. sqbI *. szHtbD 7(. ePf#!# KG0

g [CHbXcECB (. [CHbXcAkbIC (. [CHbXBXdEAGCb (. [CHbXXsIijbGCb (. [CHbXDX &. [CnCDA (3. h lAIHX[b (. lbokiI *. lXE (. i HtbGDiEkbG (. HtCG (. HtCBX[b (. HXEAI (6'. PQQ <0 HXBCGl 3. j bc}iG (. k tXcbIC (. tqIC (. l C5lbokiI (. CkboE (. CkCHt &7. PfQ 10 CkBCorkiGD (. CGDbI[zDX *6. CGDbIGbD ('. T cQO 10 cbo *. cbrCdD (. cb} (. cECkADlboD 3. cEqs /. cXcDboEA (. cXEbtA 3. cXkBzDIC 3. cXGDboGbIC *. cikBCGl (.

67

m EABDXBA= C &. EbosiEA (. ECHbI= C (3(. P# <0 ECHbIdD[X &. ECkCD &. EXsC 6. Q a0 EXsCIAGb &. EXsCdDiD *. o kAIcbDCGl (. #!Q 10 kAr (. kbHCp= CC 6'. #PO Z0 kbGCHtkiGD &. kbGCHtiI ,. kCcd 3. kCDCGl /. kXHbE *&. kXGCDXICGl *. q GAIcXDIACcA *. GbD (. r XGEAoG (. XCd= C (/. QdRQ# Z0 X}XIcCDb (. s BAIc &. BAIcCGl (. BCc *. BCcGCc ('. " Qn 10 BEbosXo (. BXcbI &. BIXbcDXszHtbD (. t IABiIA *. IboHX[b *. IboDCGl (*. #O!Q! B0

IbcbD (. IbdDAID &. IbdDAIDCIA 3. IbdDAIDCIAGb (. IXc *. IilsC (. U dAoD 6. dbo (. dbcd 6. # c# 10 dcC ((. dEXlAGiD (. dkXcCGlA (. dXDqbICdDC (. Qd!c# 10 dBXGdXICIAD (. dBXGdXICDb (. dBXID (. dDAID 7. !!Q! B0 dDAIDCIA ,. dqBbIkAIcbD &. u DAGcbI (. DAGcX[bDb (. DbdD ,. !O#OPf Q 10 DCk 3. DIACc /. DIACcAGDCDb ,. !d ! !# 10 DIbGCGl (. DIbGCIA *. !# 10 !#Q# B0 DIbGCIX[cC *. DICEiI (. DqGbEC (. DqICdD (*. w qbsdAoD (. qCcbGHC &. x AoEA (. AEdDAID (.

bGX[b *. d#Q! B0 bIkbI ,. CEk (3. dQQ <0 CEkrb (. EAlrbDA (. XobI[bIcC &. IAGrAon (. IXGD *. IXGDkbG (. qDsXE *. dc!Q# a0 qDsXECdDC *. y zP# 10 ZAIHEAoGbIC (. ZbHt (. ZCD &. z!Qn 10 ZXEHCGl (. ZXDbECbICDb &. ZXDbECDb (3. v rAD (. rbcX[b (. rbcBXoGD ,. { }Xc /. RQ pX Q B0 RQ Q 10 }XBCGl (. }XqDX (. } pZDA &. nz!#Q B0

67

 P'%,$,)+ _ &)'*'7E %6s ~ ZC< 6'-.+ ~ aa LB1 Y ` 1X CKY n8uns `a<1 aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` K< Ier9s ` B@ A[DXBAIcA &. AlIXsCnGbdkbGCDb (. b sAGcbI 6. sAGcCIAGb (. sAGcGXDC *. sAI &. sCnGbd *7. sCnGbdkbG= 5C &&. sCEsXIHX[b &. sXocXDCIA *. sXIH ('. sXd *. sIAHiIA &. sIAqniI (. sICCGl (. sIXcbIC 6. sqk *. szHtbD *7. ePf#!X H <0 g [AqrbIC (. [CnCDA= 5DC ,. [CB ('. [XEbosXECdDA &. Q#OQn 10 i HtbGDiEkbG (. HtCB= 5X[b 6. P"Q 10 j b5sAGcCIAGb (. b[IXECdDA (&.

b[iIlICoG (. bcdBXID (. bc}iG (. bdbkbd (. l CkboEC (. CkCHtA (. CGDbI[z &. !#e!# 10 CGDbIGbD &&. CGDbIbod (. T cAdDCGl &. cb} &. cEqs ('. cEidDbI (. cXcDboE (. cXEmbGDiIA (. cXkBzDiI 6. cdbIXcd (. m EABDXB (. ECHbI= 5C (7*. P# Q!Q L0 ECHbIdD[X (. ECnCGl (*. Qn! 10 ECkCD 3. EXsC &. EXsCIA}b (. EXlXDX &. o kAdDiIcAID *. kblAsAoD &. kblAkXE (. kbHCC= 5p (*. #POX HQ K0 kbGCHtkiGD (. kbGCHtiI 6. kCDCGl ((. kCDCGl5cXGmbID (. kXHbE= 5C (/. kXE 6. q GAIcXsXd &.

GAIcXDIACcAGD (. #Q 10 GXq5ZAq &. r XGEAoG ,. XCd= 5C 6. s BAIc= 5X[b (3. BAIcCGl5kpdDX (. BAIcCIAGb &. BAIcCIAZA (. BCAI 3. BCc (. BXdDbI (. BIXbcDkbGCHtkiGD (. t IboDCGl ('. #O!Q! B0 IbcbD &. ICkboc (. ICDboE (. IXc *. IXqkCGl ,. U dAoD ('. dcbGbI (. dcC 3. dXmECHbIiD *. dBXID 3. "Q!#X H Z0 dDAID (3. dDAIDCIA &'. dDAIDCIAGb (. !!p 10 !!Q 10 dqBbIkAIcbDA 3. diICIAkb (. u DbdD[A (. DIbGCIA &. !# 10 DIbGXI (. DCoGboHtiICDb (. DCok (. DCk (.

67

DXdD &. DIACc 7. DICEiI (. DqGbE &. DqGbI (. x bIkbI= 5C (/. biIBEbp (. CEkC 3. dQ!# 10 CEDiIA (. qDsXE &. dc!QX H K0 qDsXECdDCDb (. y z!! 10 ZAE (. ZbHt (. ZbBiGCGlC (. ZCBbIkAIcbDCDb &. ZCD ,. z!QX H B0 ZXEHCGl 6. zQPQ 10 ZXDbE= 5C ((. ZXDbECbIC ,. zQ!## 10 ZXDbECbIdD[XDX (. zQ!# 10 { }bnEXGl (. }Xq (. }XqkbGiD (. zBCDADA &. } pZDA= 5C ((. nz!#Q B0 pZDdkbG (. !sm 7. vi# 3. us (. sms *

+'),&$E 6'-.+ ~ Za BCC %6s ~ GGG Y %6 ~ CXaGY n8uns ` La@ aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` G< Ier9s ` BK b sAHtX[bDb &. sAGbIC (. sAGcGXDA= 5C &. sAGcbIC *. sAGcIqD (. sAdcbDsXECdD (. sCnGbd 6,. sCnGbdkbG= 5C /. sCEsXIH= 5X[b ,. sEXl (. sEiCIAZA (. sXHClAIH (. sXocXD (. sXcd (. sXIH ((. sXd= 5X[b (3. sIAHiIA= 5C 3. sIAGH (. sqk &. sqkbIAGl &. sqkbIAGliD (. sqbI= C *. cd##X B0 szHtbD= 5C &6. ePf#!X HX n BB0 [AqrbI= 5C &. g [CB= 5iD 7. [XEbosXECdD (. h lbobdDC[AE (. lXE (. lXE *. liIEA (. i HtCB (.

HtCBCDX (. HCEiIC 3. HXEAIA 3,. HqsiE (. j b[IXECdDA 3. bcdBXID 3. nXksCIAD (. l CkCHt 7. CkCHtkbociIC *. CGDbI[zCIAk (. !#e!# B0 CGDbIGbD ('. CdDisEC}kiGD (. T cbo (. cb} (. cEqs= 5X[b 6. c!# 10 cXcDboEC (. cXE (. cXGDIAcDC (. m EAoDkXDC[iD (. EC[iICHt 6. ECHbI= 5C 73. P# K0 ECHbIdD[X (. EXsC (. EXsCIAkb 3. EXsCIAGb 3. o kAIcbDCGl &. kAr 7. #P# <0 kbHCC= 5p &,. #POX H G0 kbGCHtkiGDA *. kbGCHtiIC *. kCDCGl= 5C 6. kXHbE (3. kXGCDXICGl *.

67

q GXGdDXB (. r XGEAoG (. XCd (. s BAo *. BAIc &. BboGDsXE (. BCAI= 5C (3. BCc &. BdCZXDICEiI (. t IboDCGl (6. #O!Q! 10 IbcbD 6. IbcbDXI (. # #!Q B0 ICkboc (. IXcbGHIXEA (. U dAoD= 5X[b (&. dbDiEkbGD (. dcbrX[b (. dcC (. dcqDbI (. dkXcCGlA (. dBXGdXIC &. dBXID ,. "Q!# a0 "Q!# 10 dDAID 7. dDAIDCIA /. dDAIDCIAGb &. !!Qn! 10 !!p 10 dDbGHsAo (. dDIbd &. dDIbd5DbdD &. dqBbIkAIcbD (. dp!# 10 u DbdD[A &. DbdDX[b *. DCoGboHtiIC 3.

DCk &. DIACcA *. DICcX[b &. DqGbEA (. DqICdDCDb ,. w qCcbGH (. qCdcC (. x AEdDAID (. bG= 5X[b 3. bIkbI= 5C 6. d## !# 10 biIBEbp (. CEk 7. EA}cADA (. dQ Q 10 dc!QX H G0 y ZXEHCGl &. ZXDbE= 5C ,. ZXDbECbI= 5C 3. v !!# 10 { }Xc (. }XcCIA (. RQ pQ 10 }Xq 3. }XqkbGC (. | iGHiIlIAqGHA (. iBbIciDC (.

+P'-$ 6'-.+ ~ <a @aZ %6s ~ 11LK Y %6s H <X CKY n8uns ` 1CL< aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` aK Ier9s ` Ba A[DXsqd ,. A[DXlXEA (. AoHiEcA (. AqD &. AqDdAoHbIC (. b sAGcGXDC (. sAdcbDA &. sAdcbDsXE ,. sAdcbDsXECdDCDb &. #!Qn 10 sCnGbdA 3. sCnGbdkbG= C 7. sCGlXDX (. sEXl= X[b *. sXHClAIH (. sXcd &. sXIHA (. sXd= X[b ('. sqckbociI 3. sqk (. szHtbDA &. g [CB5EXtADA (. [XEbosXE (3. [XEbosXECdD 3. Q#OQ!# K0 h lXE= X[b 76. lXEAHtCp (. lXEkAodDXI 6. QQQ B0 lIAGHZXDbE &. lICE (.

67

i HtXcbI (. HXEAIA 3. HXBCGl *. HICok (. Pcpn 10 HqsiE 7. j b[IXqDsXE (&. bc}iG &. l CGDbI[z 7. CGDbIGbD *. CGDbIZXDbE (. T cAnAGlboD &. cAdDCGlCDb (. cbDiICGl (. cEqs ,7. c# @0 m ECHbI (6. ECHbIdD[X (. EXsC (. EXlXDX &. o kAr &33. Q 10 kbHCC 7. #PO!# B0 kboE &. kbGCHtiI= C (,. #Pf ! B0 kCcd (. r XCdA *. X}XIcA (. s BAIc 3. BAIcCGl *. " !# 10 "#OQd! 10

t IbbI 6. U dAoD= X[b ((. dbcd &. dGXqsXIH (. dXDqbIA (. dBXGdXI ,. "QQ 10 dBXID= X[b 6. dBXIDCdD (,. "Q!n! BG0 "Q!QH!#z# ! L0 dDAID /. dDAIDCIA 7. !!Q 10 dqBbIsXqE &. u DAosIbcA (. DbGCd ,. DbGDA (. DbdD[AZA (. DbdDX[b *. DCok (. DCk= X[b 66. DCBDXB (. DIbGCIAE (7. DIbGCIX[cA= C *,. !#Q# B0 DIbGXI 66. !#Q ! Z0 DICEiIA (. DirHAqG &. DirECGCpDA (. DirIbbICDb &. w qAoEHcAIH (. qbsdAoD &. x Acd &. bG ,*. bGcEqs (. CEkCDb &. CGC}CIA (. CDGbdA &. EAl (.

XobI[bIcC (. XEc (. XEcCHXEiD (. XEcEXI (. qDsXEA *3. qDsXECdDC 67. dc!Q! 1C0 y ZAnAIDA &. ZAEiD &,. ZbDDICc 3. ZXDbE (&. ZqEClAGA *. ZqEClAGdD[X (. v rAIDiIA (. rAD (. { }Xc (. }XcCIA (.

67

6'-%. 6'-.+ ~ <Z GB1 %6s ~ KZa Y %6s ~ 1X BGY n8uns ` K<Z aAS0]aAI0]Fart0 ` <G Ier9s ` 1< A[CX}Xq (. A[DXcikBCGl (. A[DXsqd *. AqD (. b sAI (. sCnGbd 6. sCnGbdkbG 6. sCEsXIHX[b (. sEXcAHADA (. sXHClAIHiD (. sXCGl &. sXocXD (. sXIH &7. QPQ 10 sXd (. szHtbD 6. ePf#!# G0 g [bGriId &. [CnCDA 7. h lAGldDbI (. lAIHX[b &. lbo 7. lXEkAodDXI (. i HbIAoECIA 3. HtAnCIA *. HtAcBXD ,. HtCB &. HtXlCGl (. HXEAIA **.

j bcXkACpDA (. bc}iG *. biIsid &(. l CkboE &. CGDbI[z ((. CGDbIGbD *. CGDbIAcd *. T cAnCGXDX (. cb} (. cCEiICDb &. cEqs (. cXcDboEC (. cXkBzDiI ((. Q"e!! B0 cXGDboGbIA &. c# K0 cikBCGl (. "cp 10 m EAoGbIiD &. ECHbI (/. P# ! B0 ECGc= X[b &. EXsCIA (. EXsCIAGb (. Qp 10 EXsCdDcA (. o kAr ,. #P# 10 kbHCC (&. kboE *. kbGCHtiICDb (. kCGCkAIcbDC (. kCdDiI (. kCDCGl &. kXHbE 7. kXGCDXICGl (. q GAIcXsCnGbd (. GAIcXHCEiI (. GAIcXcAIDbECDb (.

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67

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B,B%,'3-AP2E %le0ieva= Kevena. \7ul!arian\. ;n $n!lish in $uro#e. edited +y M. 9rlach. O0fordQ O0ford U = &''&. &3(5&6'. . 2o1 and -hy are %n!licisms often 4e0ically "ifferent from their $n!lish $tymonsR ;n %n!licisms in $uro#eQ 4in!uistic "iversity in a 9lo+al Conte0t= edited +y :. Fischer and 2. ulac<e1ska= 3&5,(. Cam+rid!eQ Cam+rid!e Scholars u+lishin!= &''/. %le0ieva= Kevena. g$n!lish in $uro#e. 7ul!arian. .he Usa!e "ictionary of %n!licisms in $uro#ean 4an!ua!es. O0fordQ O0ford University ress= &''(. . g:ecent .endencies in the %da#tation of %n!licisms in 7ul!arian. Seventy ears of $n!lish and %merican Studies in 7ul!aria ?Conference #roceedin!sJ= edited +y O. Katalan= C. Stamenov= $. ancheva. SofiaQ St. Kl. Ohridski University ress= &'''Q (*5(/. %llan= Stuard. Ke1s Culture. Ke1 orkQ O#en University ress= &''3. CO" 5 .he Concise O0ford "ictionary of Current $n!lish= 6th. ". .hom#son ?ed.J. O0ford= Clarendon ress. (66,. Convention of 2uman :i!hts and 4i+erties. (66/. Crystal= "avid. $n!lish as a 9lo+al 4an!ua!e. Cam+rid!eQ Cam+rid!e University &''*. "anchev= %ndrei. g.he $n!lish $lement in 7ul!arian. $n!lish in Contact 1ith Other 4an!ua!es. 7uda#estQ %kademiai Kiado= (6/6. 75&*. Field= F. g2ierarchies of 7orro1a+ility. 4in!uistic 7orro1in! in 7ilin!ual Conte0t. %msterdamS hiladel#hiaQ >ohn 7en8amins= &''&. *,. Fo1ler= :o!er. 4an!ua!e in the Ke1s. "iscourse and ;deolo!y in the :outled!e and Ke!an aul= (66(. 9raddol= "avid. .he Future of $n!lish. 4ondonQ .he 7ritish Council= &'''. ress. 4ondonQ ress=

2artley= >ohn. Communication= Cultural and Media StudiesQ .he Key Conce#ts. 4ondon and Ke1 orkQ :outled!e= &''&. 2au!en= :. g.he %nalysis of 4in!uistic 7orro1in!. 4an!ua!e. (6,'. &('5*&. 2offer= 7.4. g4an!ua!e 7orro1in! and 4an!ua!e "iffusion. ;ntercultural Communication Studies ;Q3. .rinityQ .rinity University ress= &''&. 2o#e= .homas. 4e0ical 7orro1in! in the :omance 4an!ua!es. O0fordQ 7lack1ell= (67(. Kolarova= Maria. g.he $n!lish ;nfluence on Com#oundin! as a Method of -ord5formation in 7ul!arian. Contrastive 4in!uistics ?&''6JQ 7,5/'. Mc%rthur= .om. .he O0ford 9uide to -orld $n!lish. O0fordQ O0ford University &''&. :ollason= Christo#her. g.he Use of %n!licisms in Contem#orary French. Crossin! 7arriers and 7rid!in! Cultures. 9reat 7ritainQ Crom1ell ress 4td.= &''*. Seidlhover= 7ar+ara. gClosin! a Conce#tual 9a#Q the Case for a descri#tion of $n!lish as a lin!ua franca. ;nternational >ournal of %##lied 4in!uistics ?&''(JQ (*/. .rask= :. 4. 2istorical 4in!uistics. Ke1 orkQ O0ford University ress= ;nc.= (666. van "i8k= .eun. gMedia "iscourse. 2and+ook of "iscourse %nalysis. O0fordQ 7lack1ell= &''(. . Ke1s as "iscourse. Chica!oQ %dventure -orks ress= (6/6. van "i8k= .eun. g o1er and the Ke1s Media. olitical Communication in %ction. ress=

%msterdamQ University of %msterdam ress= (667. -ri!ht= Sue. g4an!ua!e olicy and 4an!ua!e lannin!. 4lamas= Carmen= 4ouise Mullany C eter Stock1ell. .he :outled!e Com#anion to Sociolin!uistics. 4ondonQ :outled!e= &''3. (67.

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