1

Page, equation &

example numbers
refer to the text book
(Ref #1 in the list
below).
Three Major Topics:
EE2092: Mathematics A
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
16
2
13.1: Three-Dimensional Coordinate System (pages 801-804)

13.6: Quadric Surfaces (pages 841 - 846)

16.1: Double Integrals over Rectangles (pages 987-995)

16.2: Iterated Integrals (pages 995-1001)

16.3: Double Integrals over General Regions (pages 1001-1009)

16.4: Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates (pages 1010-1015)

16.6: Triple Integrals (pages 1026-1030)
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS: Contents
3
13.1
Three-Dimensional Coordinate
Systems
In this section, we will learn about:
Aspects of three-dimensional coordinate systems.
4
The direction of the z-axis is
determined by the right-hand
rule: Curl the fingers of your
right hand from the positive x-
axis to the positive y-axis. Then,
your thumb points in the positive
direction of the z-axis.
COORDINATE AXES
5
The +ve direction of the 3
rd
axis
is the Direction of motion
of the right-hand screw.
x
y
z
x
y
<
z-axis points out of
the plane, i.e.
opening a right-
handed bottle cap.
z
x
v
y-axis points into
the plane, i.e.
closing a right-
handed bottle cap.
Now, if P is any point in space, let:
a be the distance from the yz-plane to P.
b be the distance from the xz-plane to P.
c be the distance from the xy-plane to P.

We represent the point P by the ordered triple of
real numbers (a, b, c). We call a, b, and c the
coordinates of P.
a is the x-coordinate.
b is the y-coordinate.
c is the z-coordinate.
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
6
Question: What surfaces in R
3
are represented by y = 5?
Answer: The equation y = 5 represents the set of all points in R
3

whose y-coordinate is 5.
Example 13.1. b
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
7
This is the vertical plane
that is parallel to the xz-plane
(i.e. y=0) and five units to the
right of it.


R
3
represents the real 3-D space.
In Example 13.1.1, y = 5 represents a plane in R
3
. However,
of course, y = 5 can also represent a line in R
2
if we are
dealing with a two-dimensional analytic geometry.
2D Versus 3D Interpretation
8
Question: Describe and sketch the surface in R
3

represented by the equation y = x.

Answer: The equation represents the set of all points in R
3

whose x- and y-coordinates are equal,
that is, {(x, x, z) | x R, z R}.

This is a vertical plane that
intersects the xy-plane (i.e. z=0) in the
line y = x.

{(x, x, z) | x R, z R} represents the
set of all real x and z points.
Example 13.1.2
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
e e
9
e
e
such that
9
in
DISTANCE FORMULA IN THREE DIMENSIONS
The familiar formula for the distance between two points
in a plane is easily extended to the following 3-D
formula for the distance |P
1
P
2
| between the points
P
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) and P
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
):





2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) PP x x y y z z = + +
10
Example 13.1.3
2 2 2
(1 2) ( 3 1) (5 7)
1 4 4
3
PQ = + + +
= + +
=
Determine the
distance from the
point P(2, 1, 7) to
the point Q(1, 3, 5):
EQUATION OF A SPHERE
By definition, a sphere is the set of all points P(x, y ,z) whose
distance from centre C is r. Thus, an equation of a sphere with
center C(h, k, l) and radius r is:

(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
+ (z l)
2
= r
2

In particular, if the
center is the origin O,
then an equation of
the sphere is:

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= r
2
Example 13.1.4
11
Qn: Show that x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 4x 6y + 2z + 6 = 0
is the equation of a sphere. Also, find its center and radius.
Example 13.1.5 3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
12
Solution: We can rewrite the equation in the form of an
equation of a sphere if we complete squares:

(x
2
+ 4x + 4) + (y
2
6y + 9) + (z
2
+ 2z + 1) = 6 + 4 + 9 + 1
or (x + 2)
2
+ (y 3)
2
+ (z + 1)
2
= 8

Comparing this equation with the standard form on the previous
slide, we see that it is the equation of a sphere with center
(2, 3, 1) and radius=
8 2 2 =
What region in R
3
is represented by the following
inequalities?
1 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4
z 0
Example 13.1.6
3-D COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
13
The inequalities
1 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4
can be rewritten as:




So, they represent the points (x, y, z) whose distance from the
origin is at least 1 and at most 2.
However, we are also given that z 0.
So, the points lie on or below the xy-plane.
2 2 2
1 2 x y z s + + s
3-D COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
Example 13.1.6
14
Thus, the given inequalities represent the region that
lies:
Between or on
the spheres
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
and x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 4

Beneath or on
the xy-plane
3-D COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
Example 13.1.6
15
13.6
Quadric Surfaces
In this section, we will learn about:
Important Quadric Surfaces.
16
A quadric surface is the graph of a second-degree
equation in three variables x, y, and z.
The most general such equation is:

Ax
2
+ By
2
+ Cz
2
+ Dxy + Eyz
+ Fxz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0

A, B, C, , J are constants.
QUADRIC SURFACES
17
However, by translation and rotation,
it can be brought into one of the two standard
forms:

Ax
2
+ By
2
+ Cz
2
+ J = 0

Ax
2
+ By
2
+ Iz = 0
QUADRIC SURFACES
18
We collect the graphs of 6 surfaces in this table.
19
Circular paraboloidsobtained by rotating
a parabola about its axisare used to collect
and reflect light, sound, and radio and television
signals.
For instance, in a radio telescope, signals from
distant stars that strike the bowl are reflected to
the receiver at the focus and are therefore
amplified.

APPLICATIONS OF QUADRIC SURFACES
20
The same principle
applies to microphones
and satellite dishes
in the shape of
paraboloids.
APPLICATIONS OF QUADRIC SURFACES
21
Cooling towers for
nuclear reactors are
usually designed in
the shape of
hyperboloids of one
sheet for reasons of
structural stability.
APPLICATIONS OF QUADRIC SURFACES
22
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
16.1
Double Integrals over Rectangles
(pages 987-995)
In this section, we will learn about double integrals and using
them to find volumes.
23
DEFINITE INTEGRALREVIEW
If f(x) is defined for a x b, we start by dividing the interval [a, b]
into n subintervals [x
i1
, x
i
] of equal width
x = (b a)/n.
We choose sample points x
i
*
in these subintervals. Then, we form the
sum
(height x width => area, w.r.t fig. in next slide)

Then, we take the limit of such sums as n to obtain the definite
integral of f from a to b:
*
1
( ) lim ( )
n
b
i
a
n
i
f x dx f x x

=
= A

}
(16.2)
*
1
( )
n
i
i
f x x
=
A

(16.1)
Equations 16.1 & 16.2
page 987
24 Also refer to the figure on the next slide.
DEFINITE INTEGRALREVIEW
In the special case where f(x) 0 between a &
b, the sum can be interpreted as the sum of
the areas of the approximating rectangles.
Then, represents the area under
the curve y = f(x) from a to b.

( )
b
a
f x dx
}
25
Well call f(x)
as the height
function.
y=f(x)

VOLUMES
Let S be the volume that lies above R and under the graph of
f, that is,
S = {(x, y, z) R
3
| 0 z f(x, y), (x, y) R}





Well call f(x, y) as the
height function.

Our goal is to find the
volume S.
R = [a, b] x [c, d]
= {(x, y) R
2
| a x b, c y d}

we assume that f(x, y) 0.
26
Real Rectangular Region
VOLUMES
The first step is to divide the rectangle R into sub-rectangles.

We divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals [x
i1
, x
i
] of equal
width x = (b a)/m.

Then, we divide [c, d] into n subintervals [y
j1
, y
j
] of equal width
y = (d c)/n.
each with area
A = x y


As m, &
n, well
have:
dA=dxdy.
27
VOLUMES
If we follow this procedure for all the rectangles and add the
volumes of the corresponding boxes, we get an approximation
to the total volume of S:
* *
1 1
( , )
m n
ij ij
i j
V f x y A
= =
~ A

(16.3)
Equation 16.3 (p. 988)
28
volume of this box = f(x
ij
*, y
ij
*) A
i=1
j=1
i=m
j=n & i=1
i=m & j=n
Well call z=f(x, y) as the
height function.
j=1
DOUBLE INTEGRAL
Our intuition tells us that the approximation given in Equation 16.3
becomes better as m and n become larger.

The double integral of f over the rectangle R is:



if this limit exists.
If f is a positive function always within R, we obtain volume.
If f takes positive & negative values within R, we do not obtain
volume.

(16.5)
* *
,
1 1
( , ) lim ( , )
m n
ij ij
m n
i j
R
f x y dA f x y A

= =
= A

}}
Equation 16.5 (p. 989)
29
Refer to Example 16.1 in Appendix
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
16.2
Iterated Integrals (pages 995-1001)
The evaluation of double integrals from first principle is usually
difficult. In this section, we will learn how to express a double
integral as an iterated integral, which can then be evaluated by
calculating two single integrals.
30
INTRODUCTION
Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable
on the rectangle R = [a, b] x [c, d]

We use the notation to mean:

x is held fixed and f(x, y) is integrated with respect to y,
from y = c to y = d

This procedure is called partial integration with respect to y.
Notice its similarity to partial differentiation.
We have seen partial differentiation & integration in the
1
st
part, for example, EXACT DIFFERENTIALS, among
others.
( , )
d
c
f x y dy
}
31
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Thus,



means that:
First, we integrate with respect to y from c to d,
while x is held fixed.
Then, we integrate the resulting function of x with
respect to x from a to b.

Notice that, we work from inside out.

( , ) ( , )
b d b d
a c a c
f x y dy dx f x y dy dx
(
=
(

} } } }
Equation 16.7 (996)
32
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Similarly, the iterated integral



means that:
First, we integrate with respect to x (holding y fixed)
from x = a to x = b.
Then, we integrate the resulting function of y
with respect to y from y = c to y = d.
Notice that, in both Equations 16.7 and 16.8, we work
from inside out.
( , ) ( , )
d b d b
c a c a
f x y dy dx f x y dx dy
(
=
(

} } } }
Equation 16.8 (996)
33
dx dy
Integrand and limits are the same only the order of integration is
different. Hence, the answers are the same.
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Evaluate the iterated integrals.

a.


b.
Example 16.2
3 2
2
0 1
x y dy dx
} }
2 3
2
1 0
x y dx dy
} }
Ans: 27/2
34
The height function
is z=f(x, y)=x
2
y
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Here, we first integrate w.r.t. x and then y:
Example 16.2
2 3 2 3
2 2
1 0 1 0
3
3
2
1
0
2
2
2
1
1
3
27
9 9
2 2
x
x
x y dx dy x y dx dy
x
y dy
y
y dy
=
=
(
=
(

(
=
(

(
= = =
(

} } } }
}
}
35
we obtain the same answer whether
we integrate w. r. t. y or x first.

The two iterated integrals in
Eqns 16.7 and 16.8 are always equal.

IMPORTANT:
FUBUNIS theorem gives this practical method for evaluating a
double integral by expressing it as an iterated integral (in either
order). (Details of the theorem on page 997)
ITERATED INTEGRALS
We integrate this function w.r.t. y first and then x:
Example 16.2
2
2
3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2
0 1 0 1 0
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
0
0
2
3

2 3
27

2
y
y
y
x y dy dx x y dy dx x dx
x
x dx
=
=
(
(
= =
(
(


(
= =
(

=
} } } } }
}
36
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Evaluate the double integral



where R = {(x, y)| 0 x 2, 1 y 2}

R specifies the limits of both integrations
Example 16.3
2
( 3 )
R
x y dA
}}
37
ITERATED INTEGRALS
we first integrate with respect to y first and then x:
E. g. 16.3 Solution 1
2 2
2 2
0 1
2
2
3
0
1
2
2
2
0
0
( 3 ) ( 3 )
( 7) 7
2
12
R
y
y
x y dA x y dy dx
xy y dx
x
x dx x
=
=
=
(
=

(
= =
(

=
}} } }
}
}
38
Notice the negative
answer. So, this integral
does not directly represent
a volume, as volume
cannot be negative.
ITERATED INTEGRALS
From the figure below, we see that f is always negative on R.
IMPORTANT: Thus, the value of the integral is the negative
of the volume that lies above the graph of f and below R.
IMPORTANT: The integrand f must be always +ve or always
ve within R for the magnitude to represent the volume.
39
Example 16.3
How do we know if f(x, y) is
always negative?

f(x, y)=(x-3y
2
) will have the
largest value when y is the
smallest & x is the largest.

Smallest value of y=1
Largest value of x=2
f(2, 1)=(x-3y
2
)=2-3=-1
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Qn: Evaluate where R = [1, 2] x [0, ]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution: If we first integrate with respect to x and then y:
E. g. 16.4Solution 1
|
t
t
t
t
=
=
=

=
= +
= + =
}} } }
}
}
2
0 1
2
1
0
0
1
2
0
sin( ) sin( )
cos( )
[ ]
( cos2 cos )
sin2 sin 0
R
x
x
y xy dA y xy dx dy
xy
y dy
y
y y dy
y y
sin( )
R
y xy dA
}}
40
Verify this integration
by differentiating -cos(xy)/y
w.r.t. x to get sin(xy).
(partial differentiation)
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Let us first integrate with respect to y and then
x. To evaluate the inner integral, we use
integration by parts with:
E. g. 16.4Solution 2
| |
0 0
0
2
0
2
cos( ) 1
sin( ) cos( )
cos 1
sin( )
cos sin
y
y
y
y
y xy
y xy dy xy dy
x x
x
xy
x x
x x
x x
t
t t
t t t
t t t
=
=
=
=
(
= +
(

= +
= +
} }
41
Next, this answer will be integrated w.r.t. x. There are two terms.
ITERATED INTEGRALS
If we now integrate only the first term by parts

E. g. 16.4Solution 2
2
cos sin sin x x x
dx dx
x x x
t t t t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
2
cos sin sin x x x
dx
x x x
t t t t
| |
+ =
|
\ .
}
42
Now we integrate both components in the previous slide:
-
+
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Therefore, integration w.r.t. x is:



Next substitute the limits of x:
E.g. 16.4Solution 2
2
cos sin sin x x x
dx
x x x
t t t t
| |
+ =
|
\ .
}
2
2
1 0
1
sin
sin( )
sin 2
sin 0
2
x
y xy dy dx
x
t
t
t
t
(
=
(

= + =
} }
43
As Expected, the same final answer.
Iterated Integrals Observations from Examples
In Examples 16.2 & 16.3, Solutions 1 and 2 are
equally straightforward.

However, in Example 16.4, the first solution is much
easier than the second one.

IMPORTANT
Thus, when we evaluate double integrals, it is wise to
choose the order of integration that gives simpler
integrals to solve
44
ITERATED INTEGRALS
If f(x, y) can be factored as a product of a function of x only and
a function of y only, then, the double integral of f can be
written as a product of two single integrals.
If R = [0, /2] x [0, /2], then:
Example 16.6

sinxcosy dA = sinxdx
0
t / 2
}
cosy dy
0
t / 2
}
R
}}
= cos x

0
t / 2
siny

0
t / 2
= 11= 1
45
This approach can be used only when the region of integration R
is a rectangle. Evaluating the above as a double iterated integral
will also yield the same answer.
ITERATED INTEGRALS
The function f(x, y) = sin x cos y is always positive
on R. So, the integral represents the volume of
the solid that lies above R and below the graph
of f shown here.
46
Example 16.6
Refer to Example 16.5 in Appendix
The height function
is z=f(x, y)= sin x cos y
16.3
Double Integrals over General Regions
(pages 1001-1009)
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
In this section, we will learn to evaluate double integrals over
regions of general shapes (i.e. not just rectangles).
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
In the case where f(x, y) 0 within
D, we can still interpret
as the volume of the solid that lies
above D and under the surface
z = f(x, y) (graph of f).
( , )
D
f x y dA
}}
48
For single integrals, the region over which we integrate is
always an interval. For double integrals, we want to be able
to integrate a function f not just over rectangles but also
over regions D of more general shape, as the one below.
TYPE I REGIONS
A planar region D is said to be of
type I if it lies between the
graphs of two continuous
functions of x, i.e. g
1
(x) and
g
2
(x) which are continuous in
[a, b].
49
TYPE I REGIONS
If f is continuous on a type I region D such that
D = {(x, y) | a x b , g
1
(x) y g
2
(x)} then

2
1
( )
( )
( , ) ( , )
b g x
a g x
D
f x y dA f x y dy dx =
}} } }
Equation 16.10 (1003)
The right side is an iterated integral similar to those considered in
Section 16.2 (i.e. Integration over a Rectangular Region). But, in the
inner integral, the limits of integration w.r.t. y become g
1
(x) and g
2
(x).

IMPORTANT: Order of the integration must be 1
st
w.r.t. y and then w.r.t
x because the limits of integration w.r.t. y are functions of x. If we want
to integrate w.r.t. x first, then the limits of integration w.r.t. x must
become h
1
(y) and h
2
(y). For example, see Examples 16. 9/11.

Why may we wish to change the order of integration?
50
16.10
TYPE II REGIONS
We also consider planar
regions of type II, which can
be expressed as:

D = {(x, y) | c y d,
h
1
(y) x h
2
(y)}

where h
1
and h
2
are
continuous.

Important: Arrows should be
fully inside the region of
integration D.
Equation 16.11 (1003)
51
TYPE II REGIONS
Using the same methods that were used in establishing
Equation 16.10, we can show that:



where D is a type II region given by Equation 16.11.
Equation 16.12 (1003)
2
1
( )
( )
( , ) ( , )
d h y
c h y
D
f x y dA f x y dx dy =
}} } }
52
16.12
IMPORTANT: Order of the integration must be 1
st
w.r.t. x and then w.r.t y
because the limits of integration w.r.t. x are functions of y.

If we want to integrate w.r.t. y first, then the limits of integration w.r.t. y
must become g
1
(x) and g
2
(x).

TYPE I REGIONS
Qn: Evaluate where D is the region
bounded by the parabolas y = 2x
2
and y = 1 + x
2
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
( 2 )
D
x y dA +
}}
Example 16.7
53
1
Ans: The parabolas intersect when 2x
2
= 1 + x
2
=> x
2
= 1
=> x = 1.

It is essential to draw a diagram
of the region D.

It is a type I region
D = {(x, y) | 1 x 1,
2x
2
y 1 + x
2
}
(Is it easy to integrate w.r.t x first?)
53
TYPE I REGIONS
2
2
2
2
1 1
1 2
1
2 1
2
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1
4 3 2
1
1
5 4 3 2
32
3 2
5 4 3 2 15
1
( 2 ) ( 2 )
[ ]
[ (1 ) (1 ) (2 ) (2 ) ]
( 3 2 1)
x
x
D
y x
y x
x x x x
x
x y dA x y dy dx
xy y dx
x x x x x x dx
x x x x dx
+

= +
=

+ + + =

+ = +
= +
= + + +
= + + +
(
=
(
(

}} } }
}
}
}
Example 16.7
54
TYPE I REGIONS
Qn: Find the volume of the solid that lies under
the paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
and above the region D
in the xyplane bounded by the line y = 2x and
the parabola y = x
2
.

y=2x y = x
2

Example 16.8
55
The height function
is z=f(x, y)= x
2
+ y
2

y x
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8

y x
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16

We can use these values to plot
the line and the parabola
TYPE I REGIONS
Solution: From the figure, we see that D is a type I
region and
D = {(x, y) | 0 x 2 , x
2
y 2x}


E. g. 16.8Solution 1
56
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
2
3
2
2
0
( )
( )
3
D
x
x
y x
y x
V x y dA
x y dy dx
y
x y dx
=
=
= +
= +
(
= +
(

}}
} }
}
TYPE I REGIONS
E. g. 16.8Solution 1
3 2 3
2
2 2 2
0
6 3
2
4
0
2
7 5 4
0
(2 ) ( )
(2 )
3 3
14
3 3
7 216
21 5 6 35
x x
x x x x dx
x x
x dx
x x x
(
= +
(

| |
= +
|
\ .
(
= + =
(

}
}
57
TYPE II REGIONS
From this figure, we see that D can also be written
as a type II region:
D = {(x, y) | 0 y 4 , y x }


E. g. 16.8Solution 2
y
58
TYPE II REGIONS
1
2
1
2
4
2 2 2 2
0
3
4
2
0
3/ 2 3 3
4
5/ 2
0
4
5/ 2 7/ 2 4
13 216 2 2
15 7 96 35
0
( ) ( )
3
3 24 2
y
D
x y
x y
V x y dA x y dx dy
x
y x dy
y y y
y dy
y y y
=
=
= + = +
(
= +
(

| |
= +
|
\ .
= + =
(

}} } }
}
}
59
E. g. 16.8Solution 2
y
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Qn: Evaluate

where D is the region bounded by the line
y = x 1 and the parabola y
2
= 2x + 6
----------------------------------------------------------------

Solution: We observe that y is expressed as
functions of x, i.e. Type I. It is also possible to
express x as functions of y, i.e. Type II.

D
xy dA
}}
60
Example 16.9
TYPE I & II REGIONS
D as a type I region is more complicated as the lower limit has
two parts. Hence, better to express D as type II region:
D = {(x, y) | 2 y 4 , 1/2y
2
3 x y + 1}
Type I: Lower bound of y includes a parabolic section BA left of
green line & linear section AED right of green line in Fig. (a).
Type II: Lower bound of x is only parabola ABCD in Fig. (b).

61
Example 16.9
A
E
C
D
B
A
B
C
D
E
Fig. Fig.
TYPE II REGION
2
1
2
2
1
2
4 1
2 3
1
2
4
2
3
4
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2
5
4
3 2
1
2
2
4
6 3
4 2
1
2
2
2
( 1) ( 3)
4 2 8
4
2 4 36
24 3
y
y
D
x y
x y
xydA xy dx dy
x
y dy
y y y dy
y
y y y dy
y y
y y
+

= +

=
(
=
(

= + (

| |
= + +
|
\ .
(
= + + =
(

}} } }
}
}
}
62
Example 16.9
TYPE I REGION
If we had expressed D as a type I region,
we would have obtained:



However, this would
involve more work than the
other method, as we have
to evaluate 2 double
integrals.
1 2 6 5 2 6
3 2 6 1 1
x x
x x
D
xydA xy dy dx xy dy dx
+ +
+
= +
}} } } } }
Ans: 36
63
Example 16.9
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Qn: Evaluate the iterated integral


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
1 1
2
0
sin
x
y dy dx
} }
( )
2
sin y dy
}
( )
2
sin y dy
}
64
Example 16.11
64
Ans: If we try to evaluate the integral as it stands,
we are faced with the task of first evaluating

Its impossible to do so in
finite terms since
is not an elementary function.

Lower limit of y=x & upper limit of y=1
where
D = {(x, y) | 0 x 1 , x y 1}

DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Then, from this figure, we see that an alternative
description of D is
D = {(x, y) | 0 y 1 , 0 x y}
65
Example 16.11
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
0
1
2
0 0
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
sin sin
sin
sin
sin
cos
(1 cos1)
x
D
y
x y
x
y dy dx y dA
y dx dy
x y dy
y y dy
y
=
=
=
=
= (

=
= (

=
} } }}
} }
}
}
66
Example 16.11
D = {(x, y) | 0 y 1 , 0 x y}
Refer to Example 16.10 in Appendix
Alternatively, you can substitute:
t=y
2
dt = 2y dy.
ysin(y
2
) dy = sin(t) dt/2

PROPERTIES 6, 7 and 8 (pages 1006-1007)





( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) , , , ,
D D D
f x y g x y dA f x y dA g x y dA + = +
}} }} }}
( ) ( )
, ,
D D
cf x y dA c f x y dA =
}} }}
If f(x, y) g(x, y) for all (x, y) in D, then
( , ) ( , )
D D
f x y dA g x y dA >
}} }}
67
PROPERTIES
The next property (Property #9) of double
integrals is similar to the property of single
integrals given by the equation
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +
} } }
68
PROPERTY 9 (page 1007)
If D = D
1
U D
2
, where D
1
and D
2
do not overlap
except perhaps on their boundaries, then
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, , ,
D D D
f x y dA f x y dA f x y dA = +
}} }} }}
69
PROPERTY 9
Property 9 can be used to evaluate double
integrals over regions D that are neither type I
nor type II but can be expressed as a union
of regions of type I and/or type II.
70
PROPERTY 10
The next property of integrals says that,
if we integrate the constant function f(x, y) = 1
over a region D, we get the area of D:



A(D): Area of Region D.
( )
1
D
dA A D =
}}
71
Equation 16.13 (1007)
Height function is 1 always
PROPERTY 10
The figure illustrates why Equation 16.13 is true.

A solid cylinder whose base is D and whose height
is 1 as volume
A(D) . 1 = A(D).
However, we know
that we can also write
its volume as
1
D
dA
}}
72
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
16.4
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
(pages 1010-1015)
In this section, we will learn to express double integrals in
polar coordinates.
73
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
Suppose that we want to evaluate a double integral
, where R is one of the regions
shown below. The description of R in terms of
rectangular coordinates is complicated but R is
easily described by polar coordinates.
( , )
R
f x y dA
}}
74
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
To perform the double integral in polar,
well have to map x, y and dA into polar.

From this figure, the polar coordinates (r, ) of a point
are related to the rectangular coordinates (x, y) by
the equations:

r
2
= x
2
+ y
2

cos =x/r & x = r cos

sin =y/r & y = r sin
75
( , )
R
f x y dA
}}
POLAR RECTANGLE
A polar rectangular shaded region is:

R = {(r, ) | a r b, }

Area of a sector of a circle (i.e. a slice of pizza) with radius r
and central angle is: r
2


Area of R is: b
2
(- ) - a
2
(- )

(Area of a whole circle with
radius r is: r
2
(2) = r
2
)
76
POLAR RECTANGLES
To compute the double integral
where R is a polar rectangle, we divide:

The interval [a, b] into m subintervals [r
i1
, r
i
]
of equal width r = (b a)/m.

The interval [ ,] into n
subintervals [
j1
,
i
] of equal
width = ( )/n.

77
( , )
R
f x y dA
}}
POLAR SUBRECTANGLE
The center of the shaded polar subrectangle has
polar coordinates
r
i
* = (r
i1
+ r
i
)

j
* =

(
j1
+
j
)

We compute the area of R
ij

using the fact that the area
of a sector of a circle with
radius r and central angle
is r
2
.

78
POLAR SUBRECTANGLE
By taking the difference between the areas of two
such sectors, each of which has central angle
=
j

j1
, we find that the area of R
ij
is:
2 2
1 1
1 2 2
2 2
1
1 2
1
1 1 2
*
( )
( )( )
i i i
i i
i i i i
i
A r r
r r
r r r r
r r
u u
u
u
u

A = A A
= A
= + A
= A A
79
i.e. dA = r.dr.d
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by
0 a r b,
where 0 2, then

IMPORTANT




The derivation in the last few slides is very similar to
the derivation in slides #25-28 w.r.t. Cartesian
coordinates.
( , ) ( cos , sin )
b
a
R
f x y dA f r r r dr d
|
o
u u u =
}} } }
(1011)
80
Equation 16.15
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Equation 16.15 says that we convert from rectangular to
polar coordinates in a double integral by:

Writing x = r cos and y = r sin
Using the appropriate limits of integration for r and
Replacing dA by r.dr.d
Be careful not to forget the additional factor r on the
right side of Equation 16.15 .

81
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Evaluate


where R is the region in the upper half-plane
bounded by the circles
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 and x
2
+ y
2
= 4.
Example 16.13
2
(3 4 )
R
x y dA +
}}
82
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
The region R can be described as:
R = {(x, y) | y 0, 1 x
2
+ y
2
4}
It is the half-ring shown here.

In polar coordinates,
it is given by:
1 r 2, 0

As the limits are
constants, we can regard
the region as a polar
Rectangle and can integrate
either r fist or first.
83
Example 16.13
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Hence, by Equation 16.15,
2
2
2 2
0 1
2
2 3 2
0 1
3 4 2 2
1
0
2
15
2
0 0
0
(3 4 )
(3 cos 4 sin )
(3 cos 4 sin )
[ cos sin ]
(7cos 15sin ] [7cos (1 cos 2 )]
15 15 15
7sin sin 2
2 4 2
R
r
r
x y dA
r r r dr d
r r dr d
r r d
d d
t
t
t
t t
t
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u u u u
u t
u u
=
=
+
= +
= +
= +
= + = +
(
= + =
(

}}
} }
} }
}
} }
84
Example 16.13
cos2 =1-2sin
2

CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Question: Find the volume of the solid
bounded by:
The plane z = 0
The paraboloid z = 1 x
2
y
2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
85
Example 16.14
Solution: If we put z = 0 (i.e. xy-plane) in the equation of
the paraboloid, we get x
2
+ y
2
= 1.

This means that the xy-plane intersects
the paraboloid in the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
This circle defines the region of integration!!

CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
So, the solid lies under the paraboloid
and above the circular disk D given by
x
2
+ y
2
1.
What are the limits of r and ?
86
Example 16.14
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
In polar coordinates, D is given by
0 r 1, 0 2.
Height function is: z = 1 x
2
y
2
= f(x, y)
(1 x
2
y
2
= 1 r
2
i.e.

x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
OR)
x = r cos and y = r sin
2 2
2 1
2
0 0
1
2 4
2 1
3
0 0
0
(1 )
(1 )
( ) 2
2 4 2
D
V x y dA
r r dr d
r r
d r r dr
t
t
u
t
u t
=
=
(
= = =
(

}}
} }
} }
87
Example 16.14
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Had we used rectangular coordinates instead, we
would have obtained:





This is not easy to evaluate.
2
2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
(1 )
(1 )
D
x
x
V x y dA
x y dy dx

=
=
}}
} }
88
Example 16.14
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Use a double integral to find the area enclosed
by one loop of the four-leaved rose r = cos 2.


89
Example 16.15
Refer to Example 16.16 in Appendix
Plotting: To plot, use a few values for (e.g. 0
o
, 10
o
, 15
o
, 20
o
,
30
o
, 45
o
, etc.) and compute r. These coordinate pairs can be
plotted.

When we integrate x first, we draw arrows parallel to x-axis to
determine lower and upper limits of x.

We can also observe that r is expressed as a function of . Hence,
r-integration must be performed before -integration.

Draw radial lines to determine limits of integration w.r.t. r.
| |
/ 4 cos2
/ 4 0
/ 4
2 cos2
1
0 2
/ 4
/ 4
2
1
2
/ 4
/ 4
1
4
/ 4
/ 4
1 1
4 4
/ 4
( )
[ ]
cos 2
(1 cos 4 )
sin 4
8
D
A D dA r dr d
r d
d
d
t u
t
t
u
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
u
u
u u
u u
t
u u

= =
=
=
= +
= + =
}} } }
}
}
}
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
A loop is: D = {(r, ) | /4 /4, 0 r cos 2 }
Example 16.15
*
*
90
16.6
Triple Integrals (pages 1026-1030)
In this section, we will learn about Triple integrals.
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double
integrals for functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals
for functions of three variables.

Lets first deal with the simplest case
where f is defined on a rectangular box:


i.e. a, b, c, d, r, and s are all constants.


Practical Application: f(x,y,z) is visualized as a density
function, e.g. mass (or electron charge) density. Hence,
f(x,y,z)dv gives mass (or total charge) within dv.
( ) { }
, , , , B x y z a x b c y d r z s = s s s s s s
Equation 16.16 (1026)
92
FUBINIS TH. (TRIPLE INTEGRALS)
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
B = [a, b] x [c, d] x [r, s], then



The iterated integral on the right side of Fubinis Theorem
means that we integrate in the following order:

With respect to x (keeping y and z fixed)
With respect to y (keeping z fixed)
With respect to z
( ) ( )
, , , ,
s d b
r c a
B
f x y z dV f x y z dx dy dz =
}}} } } }
Equation 16.19
(1027)
93
FUBINIS TH. (TRIPLE INTEGRALS)
There are five other possible orders in which we
can integrate, all of which give the same value.

For instance, if we integrate with respect to y,
then z, and then x, we have:
( ) ( )
, , , ,
b s d
a r c
B
f x y z dV f x y z dy dz dx =
}}} } } }
94

If f(x,y,z) is +ve, it can be
visualized as a density function,
e.g. mass density. Hence,
f(x,y,z) v gives mass
Within volume v.
v= x y z
In order to obtain the total mass inside the whole volume, well
have to sum up the masses within all rectangular boxes v.
As v approaches 0, this summation becomes the triple integral
to give us the total mass:
TRIPLE INTEGRALS Density Interpretation
95
( ) ( )
, , , ,
b s d
a r c
B
f x y z dV f x y z dy dz dx =
}}} } } }
Evaluate the triple integral


where B is the rectangular box
2
B
xyz dV
}}}
( ) { }
, , 0 1, 1 2, 0 3 B x y z x y z = s s s s s s
Example 16.17
FUBINIS TH. (TRIPLE INTEGRALS)
96
We could use any of the six possible orders
of integration. If we choose to integrate with
respect to x, then y, and then z, we obtain the
following result.

3 2 1
2 2
0 1 0
1
2 2
3 2
0 1
0
1
2 2 2
3 2 3
0 1 0
1
3
2 3
3
0
0
2
2 4
3 27
4 4 4
B
x
x
y
y
xyz dV xyz dx dy dz
x yz
dy dz
yz y z
dy dz dz
z z
dz

=
=

=
=
(
=
(

(
= =
(

(
= = =
(

}}} } } }
} }
} } }
}
FUBINIS TH. (TRIPLE INTEGRALS)
97
Example 16.17
End of integration over rectangular box. In the next slide, we will look
at triple integration over general regions!
That is,



where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane.
Notice that:

The upper boundary of the
solid E is the surface
with equation z = u
2
(x, y).
The lower boundary is the
surface z = u
1
(x, y).

TYPE 1 REGION
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1 2
, , , , , , E x y z x y D u x y z u x y = e s s
Equation 16.20 (1027)
98
By the same sort of argument that led to
Equation 16.10 in Section 16.3, it can be
shown that, if E is a type 1 region given by
Equation 16.20, then
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
,
,
, , , ,
u x y
u x y
E D
f x y z dV f x y z dz dA
(
=
(

}}} }} }
Equation 16.21 (1028)
TYPE 1 REGIONS
99
Types I and II were used earlier in the context of double integrals.
Now, we use Types 1, 2, and 3 in the context of Triple Integrals.
The meaning of the inner integral on the right
side of Equation 16.21 is that x and y are
held fixed. Therefore,

u
1
(x, y) and u
2
(x, y) are regarded as constants.

f(x, y, z) is integrated with respect to z.
TYPE 1 REGIONS
100
After we integrate w.r.t. z, we will have a double integral in x and y.
W.r.t this double integral, we will be talking about types I and II.

In particular, if the
projection D of E onto
the xy-plane is a type I
plane region, then
( ) { }
1 2 1 2
, , , ( ) ( ), ( , ) ( , )
E
x y z a x b g x y g x u x y z u x y
=
s s s s s s
TYPE 1 REGIONS
101
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
, ,
, ,
E
b g x u x y
a g x u x y
f x y z dV
f x y z dz dy dx =
}}}
} } }
If, instead, D is a
type II plane
region, then
( ) { }
1 2 1 2
, , , ( ) ( ), ( , ) ( , )
E
x y z c y d h y x h y u x y z u x y
=
s s s s s s
TYPE 1 REGIONS
102
Equation 16.22 (1028)
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
, ,
, ,
E
d h y u x y
c h y u x y
f x y z dV
f x y z dz dx dy =
}}}
} } }
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
Evaluate

where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by
the four planes:
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1
E
z dV
}}}
Example 16.18
103
Note: x = 0 is yz-plane . y = 0 is xz-plane. z = 0 is xy-plane.
Weve decided to do the z-integral first!
Equation of a plane
When we set up a triple integral, it is wise to draw two
diagrams:
The solid region E
Its projection D on the xy-plane (i.e. as soon as we complete z-
integral, z-dimension perpendicularly collapses onto xy-plane)
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
104
Example 16.18
x + y + z = 1
The lower boundary of the tetrahedron is
the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is
the plane x + y + z = 1 (or z = 1 x y).

So, we use u
1
(x, y) = 0
and u
2
(x, y) = 1 x y
in Equation 16.22.
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
105
Example 16.18
Notice that the planes x + y + z
= 1 and z = 0 intersect in the
line x + y = 1 (or y = 1 x) in
the xy-plane.
So, the projection of E
is the triangular region
shown here, and we have
the following equation.
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
106
Example 16.18
( ) { }
, , 0 1, 0 1 , 0 1 E x y z x y x z x y = s s s s s s
This description of E enables us to evaluate the integral
as follows...

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1
0 0 0
1
2
1 1
0 0
0
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
1
3
1
1
2
0
0
1
4
1
3
1
6
0
0
2
1
1
3
1
1 1
1
6 4 24
x x y
E
z x y
x
z
x
y x
y
z dV z dz dy dx
z
dy dx
x y dy dx
x y
dx
x
x dx

=

=
=
=
(
=
(

=
(

=
(
(

(

= = =
(
(

}}} } } }
} }
} }
}
}
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
107
Example 16.18
Homework: Integrate w.r.t.
y or x first!
TYPE 2 REGION
A solid region E is of type 2 if it is of the form


where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.
( ) ( )
{ }
1 2
, , , , ( , ) ( , ) E x y z y z D u y z x u y z = e s s
108
The back surface is
x = u
1
(y, z).

The front surface is
x = u
2
(y, z).
TYPE 2 REGION
109
( )
( )
2
1
( , )
( , )
, ,
, ,
E
u y z
u y z
D
f x y z dV
f x y z dx dA
(
=
(

}}}
}} }
Equation 16.23 (1029)
TYPE 3 REGION
Finally, a type 3 region is of the form


where:

D is the projection of E
onto the xz-plane.
y = u
1
(x, z) is the left
surface.
y = u
2
(x, z) is the right
surface.
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1 2
, , , , ( , ) , E x y z x z D u x z y u x z = e s s
110
For this type of region, we have:
( ) ( )
1
2( , )
( , )
, , , ,
u x z
u x z
E D
f x y z dV f x y z dy dA
(
=
(

}}} }} }
Equation 16.24 (1029)
TYPE 3 REGION
111
In each of Equations 16.23 and 16.24, there may
be two possible expressions for the resulting
double integral depending on:

Whether D is a type I or type II plane region
(and corresponding to Equations 16.10 and 16.12 in
Section 16.3).
TYPE 2 & 3 REGIONS
112
1. Sketching : It is important for double and triple integrals,
even though for triple integral sketching may be a little hard
to do.
2. Order of integration: We must perform the easier / easiest
integration first.
3. If the suggested order of integration is complex, we will have
to change the order of integration, including the limits
appropriately. (Example 16.11)
4. In the case of triple integration, we will have to choose the
order of integration (out of the 6 different ordering) as in the
example in the next slide!
5. For the double integrals, there is a need to decide whether
to use polar or rectangular coordinate system.
Key Observations for Multiple Integrals
113
Evaluate


where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid
y = x
2
+ z
2
and the plane y = 4.
-------------------------------------------------------

Observation: The integrand (or density function) is
difficult to integrate w.r.t. x and z. But, w.r.t. y, it is a
constant!
Which integration should we perform first?

2 2
E
x z dV +
}}}
BOUNDED REGIONS
Example 16.19
114
Here, we consider integrating
w.r.t z first!

The solid E is shown here
on the left.

If we consider its projection
D
1
onto the xy-plane, the
trace of y = x
2
+ z
2
in the plane
z = 0 is the parabola y = x
2

TRIPLE INTEGRALS
115
Example 16.19
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
From y = x
2
+ z
2
, we obtain:

So, the lower boundary surface of E is
and the upper surface is
Therefore, the description of E is:


Thus, we obtain




Though this expression is correct, it is extremely difficult to
evaluate.
2
z y x =
2
z y x =
2
z y x =
( )
{ }
2 2 2
, , 2 2, 4, E x y z x x y y x z y x = s s s s s s
2
2 2
2 4
2 2 2 2
2
y x
x y x
E
x y dV x z dz dy dx

+ = +
}}} } } }
116
Example 16.19
Z
So, lets instead consider y-integral
first. For y-integration, the left boundary
of E is the paraboloid y = x
2
+ z
2
and
the right boundary is the plane y = 4.

Once we complete the y-integration,
y-direction is projected onto the
xz-plane as D
3
which is the disk
x
2
+ z
2
4 which is obtained by solving
y = x
2
+ z
2
and y = 4.


TRIPLE INTEGRALS
117
Example 16.19
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
So,



This integral could be written as:



However, its easier to convert to polar coordinates in the xz-plane:
x = r cos , z = r sin & dA=dzdx=rdrd
( )
2
2
2 4
2 2 2 2
2 4
4
x
x
x z x z dz dx

+
} }
( )
2 2
3
3
4
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4
x z
E D
D
x y dV x z dy dA
x z x z dA
+
(
+ = +
(

= +
}}} }} }
}}
118
Example 16.19
Z
4
2 2
2 2
. .
=
+ =
+
y
z x y
z x y e i

That gives:
( )
( )
( )
3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
2 4
0 0
2
3 5
0
4
4
4
4 128
2
3 5 15
E D
x z dV x z x z dA
r r r dr d
d r r dr
r r
t
t
u
u
t
t
+ = +
=
=
(
= =
(

}}} }}
} }
} }
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
119
Example 16.19
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Applications of Multiple Integrals
In this section, we will learn about the physical applications
of Multiple integrals.
120
APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
We have already seen one application of double
integrals: computing volumes. Others such as

Mass, with varying mass density
Electric charge, with varying charge density
Center of mass, with varying mass density
Moment of inertia

Double integrals can also be applied to finding the
probability density functions of two random
variables.
121
Appendix

Additional Worked Examples
122
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Estimate the volume of the solid that lies above
the square R = [0, 2] x [0, 2] and
below the elliptic paraboloid
z = f(x,y)=16 x
2
2y
2
.

Divide R into four equal squares and choose the
sample point to be the upper right corner
of each square R
ij
.

Sketch the solid and the approximating rectangular
boxes.
Example 16.1
123
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The squares are shown here.
The paraboloid is the graph of
f(x, y) = z = 16 x
2
2y
2


The area of each
square is 1.
Example 16.1
124
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Approximating the volume by the sum with m =
n = 2, we have:
2 2
1 1
( , )
(1,1) (1, 2) (2, 2)
13(1) 7(1) 10(1) 4(1)
34
i j
i j
V f x y A
f A f A f A
= =
~ A
= A + A + A
= + + +
=

Example 16.1
125
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The volume of
the approximating
rectangular boxes
shown here.
Example 16.1
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
We get better approximations to the volume in Example 1 if we increase the
number of squares. The figure shows how, when we use 16, 64, and 256
squares,
The columns start to look more like the actual solid.
The corresponding approximations get more accurate.
Using Iterated Integrals, we will be able to show that the exact volume is
48.
Homework:
Try and see if
youre able to
Get the 3 volume
numbers!
127
Example 16.1
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Find the volume of the solid S that is
bounded by:

The elliptic paraboloid x
2
+ 2y
2
+ z = 16

The planes x = 2 and y = 2

The three coordinate planes
Example 16.5
128
ITERATED INTEGRALS
We first observe that S is the solid that lies:

Under the surface z = 16 x
2
2y
2

Above the square R = [0, 2] x [0, 2]
Example 16.5
This solid was considered in
Example 16.1. Now, we will
evaluate the double integral.
129
ITERATED INTEGRALS
Thus,
Example 16.5
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
0 0
2
2
3 2
1
3
0
0
2
2
88
3
0
2
3
88 4
3 3
0
(16 2 )
(16 2 )
16 2
4
48
R
x
x
V x y dA
x y dx dy
x x y x dy
y dy
y y
=
=
=
=
(
=

=
(
= =

}}
} }
}
}
130
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the
following 4 planes
x + 2y + z = 2
x = 2y
x = 0 (i.e. yz-plane)
z = 0 (i.e. xy-plane)

Which is the height function f(x,y)?
Note: In the previous examples, the domain of integration D is
defined separately from the height function f(x,y). In this
example, the intersection between the height function and
the xy-plane defines a part of the boundary of domain D.

131
Example 16.10
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
For questions like this, it is wise to draw 2 diagrams:
The three-dimensional solid
The plane region D over which it lies
132
Example 16.10
The figure shows the tetrahedron
T bounded by the coordinate
planes x = 0, z = 0, the vertical
plane x = 2y, and
the plane x + 2y + z = 2.
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
As the plane x + 2y + z = 0 intersects the xy-plane
(which is z = 0) along the line
x + 2y = 2, we see that:

T lies above the
triangular region D
in the xy-plane
within the lines
x = 2y
x + 2y = 2
x = 0
133
Example 16.10
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The plane x + 2y + z = 2 can be written as
z = 2 x 2y = f(x,y). Here z is the height
axis.

So, the required volume lies under the graph of
the function f(x,y) = z = 2 x 2y and above
D = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, x/2 y 1 x/2}
134
Example 16.10
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Therefore,
( )
1 1 / 2
0 / 2
1
1 / 2
2
/ 2
0
2
2 2
1
0
1
3
1
2 2
0
0
(2 )
(2 2 )
2
2 1 1
2 2 2 4
1
2 1
3 3
D
x
x
y x
y x
V x y dA
x y dy dx
y xy y dx
x x x x
x x x dx
x
x x dx x x

=
=
=
=
= (

(
| | | |
= + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

(
= + = + =
(

}}
} }
}
}
}
135
Example 16.10
2
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Find the volume of the solid that
lies:
Under the paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2

Above the xy-plane

Inside the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 2x
136
Example 16.16
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
The solid lies above the disk D whose
boundary circle has equation x
2
+ y
2
= 2x.

(Equation of the circle with radius 1 and centered at (1,0):
(x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1
2
=> x
2
2x + 1 + y
2
= 1 => x
2
+ y
2
= 2x )
137
Example 16.16
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
In polar coordinates, we have:
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and x = r cos

So, the boundary circle (x
2
+ y
2
= 2x) becomes:
r
2
= 2r cos , or
r = 2 cos

Thus, the disk D is given by:
D = {(r, ) | /2 /2 , 0 r 2 cos }
138
Example 16.16
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS
Use this Eqn:
/ 2 2cos
2 2 2
/ 2 0
2cos
4
/ 2 / 2
4
/ 2 / 2
0
2
/ 2 / 2
4
0 0
/ 2
1
2
0
/ 2
3 1
0 2 8
( )
4 cos
4
1 cos 2
8 cos 8
2
2 [1 2cos 2 (1 cos 4 )]
3 3
2[ sin 2 sin 4 ] 2
2 2 2
D
V x y dA r r dr d
r
d d
d d
d
t u
t
u
t t
t t
t t
t
t
u
u u u
u
u u u
u u u
t t
u u u

= + =
(
= =
(

+
| |
= =
|
\ .
= + + +
| || |
= + + = =
| |
\ .\ .
}} } }
} }
} }
}
139
Example 16.16
2
1
( )
( )
( , ) ( cos , sin )
h
h
D
f x y dA f r r r dr d
| u
o u
u u u =
}} } }