17582_20_App_p1169-1209.

qxd

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Page 1169

APPENDIX

Statistical Tables

Table 1

Standard Normal
Curve Areas

Table 2

Percentage Points of
Students t
Distribution

Table 3

t Test Type II Error

Curves

Table 4

Percentage Points of
Sign Test: C
,n

Table 5

Percentage Points of
Wilcoxon Rank Sum
Test: TL and TU

Table 6

Percentage Points of
Wilcoxon SignedRank Test

Table 7

Percentage Points of
Chi-Square
Distribution: 
2

Table 8

Percentage Points of
F Distribution: F

Values of 2 Arcsin
1P

Percentage Points of
Studentized Range
Distribution: q
(t, )
Percentage Points
for Dunnetts Test:
d
(k, )
Percentage Points
for Hartleys Fmax
Test: Fmax,

Random Numbers
F Test Power Curves
for AOV
Poisson
Probabilities:
Pr (Y
y )
Percentage Points
of the Normal
Probability Plot
Correlation
Coefficient, r.

Table 9
Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13
Table 14
Table 15

Table 16

1169

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Appendix

Shaded area = Pr(Z

z)

TABLE 1
Standard normal curve areas

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0013

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0009
.0013

.0003
.0005
.0006
.0009
.0013

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0009
.0012

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0012

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0010

.0002
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

.0019
.0026
.0035
.0047
.0062

.0018
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0060

.0018
.0024
.0033
.0044
.0059

.0017
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0057

.0016
.0023
.0031
.0041
.0055

.0016
.0022
.0030
.0040
.0054

.0015
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0052

.0015
.0021
.0028
.0038
.0051

.0014
.0020
.0027
.0037
.0049

.0014
.0019
.0026
.0036
.0048

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

.0082
.0107
.0139
.0179
.0228

.0080
.0104
.0136
.0174
.0222

.0078
.0102
.0132
.0170
.0217

.0075
.0099
.0129
.0166
.0212

.0073
.0096
.0125
.0162
.0207

.0071
.0094
.0122
.0158
.0202

.0069
.0091
.0119
.0154
.0197

.0068
.0089
.0116
.0150
.0192

.0066
.0087
.0113
.0146
.0188

.0064
.0084
.0110
.0143
.0183

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

.0287
.0359
.0446
.0548
.0668

.0281
.0351
.0436
.0537
.0655

.0274
.0344
.0427
.0526
.0643

.0268
.0336
.0418
.0516
.0630

.0262
.0329
.0409
.0505
.0618

.0256
.0322
.0401
.0495
.0606

.0250
.0314
.0392
.0485
.0594

.0244
.0307
.0384
.0475
.0582

.0239
.0301
.0375
.0465
.0571

.0233
.0294
.0367
.0455
.0559

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

.0808
.0968
.1151
.1357
.1587

.0793
.0951
.1131
.1335
.1562

.0778
.0934
.1112
.1314
.1539

.0764
.0918
.1093
.1292
.1515

.0749
.0901
.1075
.1271
.1492

.0735
.0885
.1056
.1251
.1469

.0721
.0869
.1038
.1230
.1446

.0708
.0853
.1020
.1210
.1423

.0694
.0838
.1003
.1190
.1401

.0681
.0823
.0985
.1170
.1379

.9

.8

.7

.6

.5

.1841
.2119
.2420
.2743
.3085

.1814
.2090
.2389
.2709
.3050

.1788
.2061
.2358
.2676
.3015

.1762
.2033
.2327
.2643
.2981

.1736
.2005
.2296
.2611
.2946

.1711
.1977
.2266
.2578
.2912

.1685
.1949
.2236
.2546
.2877

.1660
.1922
.2206
.2514
.2843

.1635
.1894
.2177
.2483
.2810

.1611
.1867
.2148
.2451
.2776

.4

.3

.2

.1

.0

.3446
.3821
.4207
.4602
.5000

.3409
.3783
.4168
.4562
.4960

.3372
.3745
.4129
.4522
.4920

.3336
.3707
.4090
.4483
.4880

.3300
.3669
.4052
.4443
.4840

.3264
.3632
.4013
.4404
.4801

.3228
.3594
.3974
.4364
.4761

.3192
.3557
.3936
.4325
.4721

.3156
.3520
.3897
.4286
.4681

.3121
.3483
.3859
.4247
.4641

z

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00



Area
.00023263
.00003167
.00000340
.00000029
.00000000

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function pnorm (z).

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Appendix

1171

TABLE 1
(continued)
z

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554

.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591

.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628

.5120
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664

.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700

.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736

.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772

.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808

.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844

.5359
.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159

.6950
.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186

.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212

.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238

.7054
.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264

.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289

.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315

.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340

.7190
.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365

.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192

.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207

.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222

.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236

.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251

.8531
.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265

.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279

.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292

.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306

.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713

.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719

.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726

.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732

.9382
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738

.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744

.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750

.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756

.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761

.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918

.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920

.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922

.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925

.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927

.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929

.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931

.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932

.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934

.9817
.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981

.9940
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982

.9941
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982

.9943
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983

.9945
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984

.9946
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984

.9948
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985

.9949
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985

.9951
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986

.9952
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9987
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9987
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997

.9988
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9988
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9990
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998

z
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00


Area
.99976737
.99996833
.99999660
.99999971
1.0

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Appendix
Shaded area =

TABLE 2

t ,

Percentage points of Students t distribution

Right-Tail Probability (A)
df

.40

.25

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

.0005

1
2
3
4
5

.325
.289
.277
.271
.267

1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

318.309
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.599
12.924
8.610
6.869

6
7
8
9
10

.265
.263
.262
.261
.260

.718
.711
.706
.703
.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

11
12
13
14
15

.260
.259
.259
.258
.258

.697
.695
.694
.692
.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

16
17
18
19
20

.258
.257
.257
.257
.257

.690
.689
.688
.688
.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25

.257
.256
.256
.256
.256

.686
.686
.685
.685
.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

26
27
28
29

.256
.256
.256
.256

.684
.684
.683
.683

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659

30
35
40
50
60
120
inf.

.256
.255
.255
.255
.254
.254
.253

.683
.682
.681
.679
.679
.677
.674

1.310
1.306
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.697
1.690
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.042
2.030
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.457
2.438
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.750
2.724
2.704
2.678
2.660
2.617
2.576

3.385
3.340
3.307
3.261
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.646
3.591
3.551
3.496
3.460
3.373
3.291

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qt (1
a, df).

For 2-tailed tests and C.I.s use value in column headed by a/2.

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Page 1173

Appendix

1173

TABLE 3(a)
Probability of Type II
error curves for a  .01
(one-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

.9
.8
.7

.6
.5
3

.4
.3

.2
49

.1

39 29

99

19 14

74

0
0 .2 .4

.6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

TABLE 3(b)
Probability of Type II
error curves for a  .05
(one-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2

.3
3

.2

39 19 14
74
99 49 29

.1

4
8

0
0

.2 .4 .6

.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

17582_20_App_p1169-1209.qxd

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Page 1174

Appendix
TABLE 3(c)
Probability of Type II
error curves for a  .01
(two-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

.9
2

.8
.7
3

.6
.5

.4
.3

.2

99

.1

49
74 39

29

19

14

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)
Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

TABLE 3(d)
Probability of Type II
error curves for a  .05
(two-sided)

1.0
.9
Probability of Type II error

1174

11/26/08

.8
.7
.6
.5
2

.4
.3

3
4

.2

39
49 29

.1

99 74

14

19

0
0

.2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

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Page 1175

Appendix

1175

TABLE 4
Percentage points for confidence intervals on the median and the sign test: Ca,n
A(2)
A(1)

.20
.10

.10
.05

.05
.025

.02
.01

.01
.005

.005
.0025

.002
.001

n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

A(2)
A(1)

.20
.10

.10
.05

.05
.025

.02
.01

.01
.005

.005
.0025

.002
.001

9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
19

8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18

7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17

6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16

6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14

4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13

n
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8

*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7

*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4

Note: An * means that no test or confidence interval of this level exists.

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function pbinom (c, n, .5).

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

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Appendix

TABLE 5
Critical values of TL and TU for the Wilcoxon rank sum test: independent samples. Test statistic is rank sum associated with smaller
sample (if equal sample sizes, either rank sum can be used).
a. a  .025 one-tailed; a  .05 two-tailed
n1
n2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

16
18
21
23
26
28
31
33

6
11
12
12
13
14
15
16

18
25
28
32
35
38
41
44

6
12
18
19
20
21
22
24

21
28
37
41
45
49
53
56

7
12
19
26
28
29
31
32

23
32
41
52
56
61
65
70

7
13
20
28
37
39
41
43

26
35
45
56
68
73
78
83

8
14
21
29
39
49
51
54

28
38
49
61
73
87
93
98

8
15
22
31
41
51
63
66

31
41
53
65
78
93
108
114

9
16
24
32
43
54
66
79

33
44
56
70
83
98
114
131

b. a  .05 one-tailed; a  .10 two-tailed

n1
n2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11

15
17
20
22
24
27
29
31

7
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

17
24
27
30
33
36
39
42

7
13
19
20
22
24
25
26

20
27
36
40
43
46
50
54

8
14
20
28
30
32
33
35

22
30
40
50
54
58
63
67

9
15
22
30
39
41
43
46

24
33
43
54
66
71
76
80

9
16
24
32
41
52
54
57

27
36
46
58
71
84
90
95

10
17
25
33
43
54
66
69

29
39
50
63
76
90
105
111

11
18
26
35
46
57
69
83

31
42
54
67
80
95
111
127

Source: From F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures (Pearl River, N.Y.
Lederle Laboratories, 1964), pp. 20 23. Reproduced with the permission of American Cyanamid Company.

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TABLE 6
Critical values for the
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
[n  5(1)54]

3:38 PM

Page 1177

Appendix

1177

n
5

n
6

n
7

n
8

n
9

2
0

3
2
0

5
3
2
0

8
5
3
1
0

10
8
5
3
1
0

n
10

n
11

n
12

n
13

n
14

14
10
8
5
3
1
0

17
13
10
7
5
3
1

21
17
13
9
7
5
2

26
21
17
12
9
7
4

31
25
21
15
12
9
6

n
15

n
16

n
17

n
18

n
19

36
30
25
19
15
12
8

42
35
29
23
19
15
11

48
41
34
27
23
19
14

55
47
40
32
27
23
18

62
53
46
37
32
27
21

n
20

n
21

n
22

n
23

n
24

69
60
52
43
37
32
26

77
67
58
49
42
37
30

86
75
65
55
48
42
35

94
83
73
62
54
48
40

104
91
81
69
61
54
45

Two-Sided

n
25

n
26

n
27

n
28

n
29

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

113
100
89
76
68
60
51

124
110
98
84
75
67
58

134
119
107
92
83
74
64

145
130
116
101
91
82
71

One-Sided

Two-Sided

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

One-Sided

Two-Sided

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

One-Sided

Two-Sided

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

One-Sided

Two-Sided

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

One-Sided
p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

Source: Computed by P. J. Hildebrand.

157
140
126
110
100
90
79

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Appendix
TABLE 6
(continued)

One-Sided

Two-Sided

n
30

n
31

n
32

n
33

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

169
151
137
120
109
98
86

181
163
147
130
118
107
94

194
175
159
140
128
116
103

207
187
170
151
138
126
112

One-Sided

Two-Sided

n
35

n
36

n
37

n
38

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

235
213
195
173
159
146
131

250
227
208
185
171
157
141

265
241
221
198
182
168
151

281
256
235
211
194
180
162

One-Sided

Two-Sided

n
40

n
41

n
42

n
43

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

313
286
264
238
220
204
185

330
302
279
252
233
217
197

348
319
294
266
247
230
209

365
336
310
281
261
244
222

One-Sided

Two-Sided

n
45

n
46

n
47

n
48

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

402
371
343
312
291
272
249

422
389
361
328
307
287
263

441
407
378
345
322
302
277

462
426
396
362
339
318
292

One-Sided

Two-Sided

n
50

n
51

n
52

n
53

p  .1
p  .05
p  .025
p  .01
p  .005
p  .0025
p  .001

p  .2
p  .1
p  .05
p  .02
p  .01
p  .005
p  .002

503
466
434
397
373
350
323

525
486
453
416
390
367
339

547
507
473
434
408
384
355

569
529
494
454
427
402
372

n
34
221
200
182
162
148
136
121
n
39
297
271
249
224
207
192
173
n
44
384
353
327
296
276
258
235
n
49
482
446
415
379
355
334
307
n
54
592
550
514
473
445
420
389

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Appendix

TABLE 7

1179

Percentage points of the chi-square distribution

Right-Tail Probability (A)
df
1
2
3
4
5

.999

.995

.99

.975

.000002
.002001
.02430
.09080
.2102

.000039
.01003
.07172
.2070
.4117

.000157
.02010
.1148
.2971
.5543

.000982
.05064
.2158
.4844
.8312

.95

.90

.003932
.1026
.3518
.7107
1.145

.01579
.2107
.5844
1.064
1.610

6
7
8
9
10

.3811
.5985
.8571
1.152
1.479

.6757
.9893
1.344
1.735
2.156

.8721
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558

1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247

1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940

2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865

11
12
13
14
15

1.834
2.214
2.617
3.041
3.483

2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601

3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229

3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262

4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261

5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547

16
17
18
19
20

3.942
4.416
4.905
5.407
5.921

5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434

5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260

6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591

7.962
8.672
9.390
10.12
10.85

9.312
10.09
10.86
11.65
12.44

21
22
23
24
25

6.447
6.983
7.529
8.085
8.649

8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.52

8.897
9.542
10.20
10.86
11.52

10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12

11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61

13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47

26
27
28
29
30

9.222
9.803
10.39
10.99
11.59

11.16
11.81
12.46
13.12
13.79

12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
14.95

13.84
14.57
15.31
16.05
16.79

15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
18.49

17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
20.60

40
50
60
70
80

17.92
24.67
31.74
39.04
46.52

20.71
27.99
35.53
43.28
51.17

22.16
29.71
37.48
45.44
53.54

24.43
32.36
40.48
48.76
57.15

26.51
34.76
43.19
51.74
60.39

29.05
37.69
46.46
55.33
64.28

90
100
120
240

54.16
61.92
77.76
177.95

59.20
67.33
83.85
187.32

61.75
70.06
86.92
191.99

65.65
74.22
91.57
198.98

69.13
77.93
95.70
205.14

73.29
82.36
100.62
212.39

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qchisq (1
a, df).

For 2-tailed tests and C.I.s use value in column headed by a/2.

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Appendix
TABLE 7

Right-Tail Probability (A)

(continued)
.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.07

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.14
12.83

6.635
9.210
11.34
13.28
15.09

7.879
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47
20.52

1
2
3
4
5

10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99

12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31

14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48

16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21

18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59
25.19

22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88
29.59

6
7
8
9
10

17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31

19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00

21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49

24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58

26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80

31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70

11
12
13
14
15

23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41

26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41

28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17

32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57

34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00

39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82
45.31

16
17
18
19
20

29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38

32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65

35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65

38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31

41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93

46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62

21
22
23
24
25

35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26

38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77

41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98

45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89

48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34
53.67

54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
59.70

26
27
28
29
30

51.81
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58

55.76
67.50
79.08
90.53
101.88

59.34
71.42
83.30
95.02
106.63

63.69
76.15
88.38
100.43
112.33

66.77
79.49
91.95
104.21
116.32

73.40
86.66
99.61
112.32
124.84

40
50
60
70
80

107.57
118.50
140.23
268.47

113.15
124.34
146.57
277.14

118.14
129.56
152.21
284.80

124.12
135.81
158.95
293.89

128.30
140.17
163.65
300.18

137.21
149.45
173.62
313.44

90
100
120
240

For 2-tailed tests and C.I.s use value in column headed by a/2.

df

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Page 1181

Appendix

1181

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 1 and 6)

df1
df2

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01

5.83
39.86
161.4
647.8
4052.2

7.50
49.50
199.5
799.5
4999.5

8.20
53.59
215.7
864.2
5403.3

8.58
55.83
224.6
899.6
5624.6

8.82
57.24
230.2
921.8
5763.7

8.98
58.20
234.0
937.1
5859.0

9.10
58.91
236.8
948.2
5928.4

9.19
59.44
238.9
956.7
5981.0

9.26
59.86
240.5
963.3
6022.5

9.32
60.19
241.9
968.6
6055.8

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.57
8.53
18.51
38.51
98.50
198.5
998.5

3.00
9.00
19.00
39.00
99.00
199.0
999.0

3.15
9.16
19.16
39.17
99.17
199.2
999.2

3.23
9.24
19.25
39.25
99.25
199.2
999.2

3.28
9.29
19.30
39.30
99.30
199.3
999.3

3.31
9.33
19.33
39.33
99.33
199.3
999.3

3.34
9.35
19.35
39.36
99.36
199.4
999.4

3.35
9.37
19.37
39.37
99.37
199.4
999.4

3.37
9.38
19.38
39.39
99.39
199.4
999.4

3.38
9.39
19.40
39.40
99.40
199.4
999.4

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.02
5.54
10.13
17.44
34.12
55.55
167.0

2.28
5.46
9.55
16.04
30.82
49.80
148.5

2.36
5.39
9.28
15.44
29.46
47.47
141.1

2.39
5.34
9.12
15.10
28.71
46.19
137.1

2.41
5.31
9.01
14.88
28.24
45.39
134.6

2.42
5.28
8.94
14.73
27.91
44.84
132.8

2.43
5.27
8.89
14.62
27.67
44.43
131.6

2.44
5.25
8.85
14.54
27.49
44.13
130.6

2.44
5.24
8.81
14.47
27.35
43.88
129.9

2.44
5.23
8.79
14.42
27.23
43.69
129.2

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.81
4.54
7.71
12.22
21.20
31.33
74.14

2.00
4.32
6.94
10.65
18.00
26.28
61.25

2.05
4.19
6.59
9.98
16.69
24.26
56.18

2.06
4.11
6.39
9.60
15.98
23.15
53.44

2.07
4.05
6.26
9.36
15.52
22.46
51.71

2.08
4.01
6.16
9.20
15.21
21.97
50.53

2.08
3.98
6.09
9.07
14.98
21.62
49.66

2.08
3.95
6.04
8.98
14.80
21.35
49.00

2.08
3.94
6.00
8.90
14.66
21.14
48.47

2.08
3.92
5.96
8.84
14.55
20.97
48.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.69
4.06
6.61
10.01
16.26
22.78
47.18

1.85
3.78
5.79
8.43
13.27
18.31
37.12

1.88
3.62
5.41
7.76
12.06
16.53
33.20

1.89
3.52
5.19
7.39
11.39
15.56
31.09

1.89
3.45
5.05
7.15
10.97
14.94
29.75

1.89
3.40
4.95
6.98
10.67
14.51
28.83

1.89
3.37
4.88
6.85
10.46
14.20
28.16

1.89
3.34
4.82
6.76
10.29
13.96
27.65

1.89
3.32
4.77
6.68
10.16
13.77
27.24

1.89
3.30
4.74
6.62
10.05
13.62
26.92

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.62
3.78
5.99
8.81
13.75
18.63
35.51

1.76
3.46
5.14
7.26
10.92
14.54
27.00

1.78
3.29
4.76
6.60
9.78
12.92
23.70

1.79
3.18
4.53
6.23
9.15
12.03
21.92

1.79
3.11
4.39
5.99
8.75
11.46
20.80

1.78
3.05
4.28
5.82
8.47
11.07
20.03

1.78
3.01
4.21
5.70
8.26
10.79
19.46

1.78
2.98
4.15
5.60
8.10
10.57
19.03

1.77
2.96
4.10
5.52
7.98
10.39
18.69

1.77
2.94
4.06
5.46
7.87
10.25
18.41

Additional values can be obtained using the R function qf (1
a, df1, df2).

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Appendix

TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 1 and 6)
df1
inf.

df2

9.83
63.19
253.8
1016.1
6352.6

9.85
63.33
254.3
1018.3
6365.9

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01

3.47
9.48
19.49
39.49
99.49
199.5
999.5

3.47
9.49
19.49
39.49
99.50
199.5
999.5

3.48
9.49
19.50
39.50
99.50
199.5
999.5

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.47
5.15
8.57
13.99
26.32
42.15
124.5

2.47
5.14
8.55
13.95
26.22
41.99
124.0

2.47
5.14
8.54
13.92
26.17
41.91
123.7

2.47
5.13
8.53
13.90
26.13
41.83
123.5

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.08
3.80
5.72
8.41
13.75
19.75
45.09

2.08
3.79
5.69
8.36
13.65
19.61
44.75

2.08
3.78
5.66
8.31
13.56
19.47
44.40

2.08
3.77
5.64
8.28
13.51
19.40
44.23

2.08
3.76
5.63
8.26
13.46
19.32
44.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.88
3.17
4.50
6.23
9.38
12.66
24.87

1.88
3.16
4.46
6.18
9.29
12.53
24.60

1.87
3.14
4.43
6.12
9.20
12.40
24.33

1.87
3.12
4.40
6.07
9.11
12.27
24.06

1.87
3.11
4.38
6.04
9.07
12.21
23.92

1.87
3.10
4.36
6.02
9.02
12.14
23.79

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.75
2.80
3.81
5.07
7.23
9.36
16.67

1.75
2.78
3.77
5.01
7.14
9.24
16.44

1.74
2.76
3.74
4.96
7.06
9.12
16.21

1.74
2.74
3.70
4.90
6.97
9.00
15.98

1.74
2.73
3.69
4.88
6.92
8.94
15.86

1.74
2.72
3.67
4.85
6.88
8.88
15.75

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

9.41
60.71
243.9
976.7
6106.3

9.49
61.22
245.9
984.9
6157.3

9.58
61.74
248.0
993.1
6208.7

9.63
62.00
249.1
997.2
6234.6

9.67
62.26
250.1
1001.4
6260.6

9.71
62.53
251.1
1005.6
6286.8

9.76
62.79
252.2
1009.8
6313.0

9.80
63.06
253.3
1014.0
6339.4

3.39
9.41
19.41
39.41
99.42
199.4
999.4

3.41
9.42
19.43
39.43
99.43
199.4
999.4

3.43
9.44
19.45
39.45
99.45
199.4
999.4

3.43
9.45
19.45
39.46
99.46
199.5
999.5

3.44
9.46
19.46
39.46
99.47
199.5
999.5

3.45
9.47
19.47
39.47
99.47
199.5
999.5

3.46
9.47
19.48
39.48
99.48
199.5
999.5

2.45
5.22
8.74
14.34
27.05
43.39
128.3

2.46
5.20
8.70
14.25
26.87
43.08
127.4

2.46
5.18
8.66
14.17
26.69
42.78
126.4

2.46
5.18
8.64
14.12
26.60
42.62
125.9

2.47
5.17
8.62
14.08
26.50
42.47
125.4

2.47
5.16
8.59
14.04
26.41
42.31
125.0

2.08
3.90
5.91
8.75
14.37
20.70
47.41

2.08
3.87
5.86
8.66
14.20
20.44
46.76

2.08
3.84
5.80
8.56
14.02
20.17
46.10

2.08
3.83
5.77
8.51
13.93
20.03
45.77

2.08
3.82
5.75
8.46
13.84
19.89
45.43

1.89
3.27
4.68
6.52
9.89
13.38
26.42

1.89
3.24
4.62
6.43
9.72
13.15
25.91

1.88
3.21
4.56
6.33
9.55
12.90
25.39

1.88
3.19
4.53
6.28
9.47
12.78
25.13

1.77
2.90
4.00
5.37
7.72
10.03
17.99

1.76
2.87
3.94
5.27
7.56
9.81
17.56

1.76
2.84
3.87
5.17
7.40
9.59
17.12

1.75
2.82
3.84
5.12
7.31
9.47
16.90

240

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Appendix

1183

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 7 and 12)

df1
df2

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.57
3.59
5.59
8.07
12.25
16.24
29.25

1.70
3.26
4.74
6.54
9.55
12.40
21.69

1.72
3.07
4.35
5.89
8.45
10.88
18.77

1.72
2.96
4.12
5.52
7.85
10.05
17.20

1.71
2.88
3.97
5.29
7.46
9.52
16.21

1.71
2.83
3.87
5.12
7.19
9.16
15.52

1.70
2.78
3.79
4.99
6.99
8.89
15.02

1.70
2.75
3.73
4.90
6.84
8.68
14.63

1.69
2.72
3.68
4.82
6.72
8.51
14.33

1.69
2.70
3.64
4.76
6.62
8.38
14.08

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.54
3.46
5.32
7.57
11.26
14.69
25.41

1.66
3.11
4.46
6.06
8.65
11.04
18.49

1.67
2.92
4.07
5.42
7.59
9.60
15.83

1.66
2.81
3.84
5.05
7.01
8.81
14.39

1.66
2.73
3.69
4.82
6.63
8.30
13.48

1.65
2.67
3.58
4.65
6.37
7.95
12.86

1.64
2.62
3.50
4.53
6.18
7.69
12.40

1.64
2.59
3.44
4.43
6.03
7.50
12.05

1.63
2.56
3.39
4.36
5.91
7.34
11.77

1.63
2.54
3.35
4.30
5.81
7.21
11.54

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.51
3.36
5.12
7.21
10.56
13.61
22.86

1.62
3.01
4.26
5.71
8.02
10.11
16.39

1.63
2.81
3.86
5.08
6.99
8.72
13.90

1.63
2.69
3.63
4.72
6.42
7.96
12.56

1.62
2.61
3.48
4.48
6.06
7.47
11.71

1.61
2.55
3.37
4.32
5.80
7.13
11.13

1.60
2.51
3.29
4.20
5.61
6.88
10.70

1.60
2.47
3.23
4.10
5.47
6.69
10.37

1.59
2.44
3.18
4.03
5.35
6.54
10.11

1.59
2.42
3.14
3.96
5.26
6.42
9.89

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.49
3.29
4.96
6.94
10.04
12.83
21.04

1.60
2.92
4.10
5.46
7.56
9.43
14.91

1.60
2.73
3.71
4.83
6.55
8.08
12.55

1.59
2.61
3.48
4.47
5.99
7.34
11.28

1.59
2.52
3.33
4.24
5.64
6.87
10.48

1.58
2.46
3.22
4.07
5.39
6.54
9.93

1.57
2.41
3.14
3.95
5.20
6.30
9.52

1.56
2.38
3.07
3.85
5.06
6.12
9.20

1.56
2.35
3.02
3.78
4.94
5.97
8.96

1.55
2.32
2.98
3.72
4.85
5.85
8.75

11

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.47
3.23
4.84
6.72
9.65
12.23
19.69

1.58
2.86
3.98
5.26
7.21
8.91
13.81

1.58
2.66
3.59
4.63
6.22
7.60
11.56

1.57
2.54
3.36
4.28
5.67
6.88
10.35

1.56
2.45
3.20
4.04
5.32
6.42
9.58

1.55
2.39
3.09
3.88
5.07
6.10
9.05

1.54
2.34
3.01
3.76
4.89
5.86
8.66

1.53
2.30
2.95
3.66
4.74
5.68
8.35

1.53
2.27
2.90
3.59
4.63
5.54
8.12

1.52
2.25
2.85
3.53
4.54
5.42
7.92

12

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.46
3.18
4.75
6.55
9.33
11.75
18.64

1.56
2.81
3.89
5.10
6.93
8.51
12.97

1.56
2.61
3.49
4.47
5.95
7.23
10.80

1.55
2.48
3.26
4.12
5.41
6.52
9.63

1.54
2.39
3.11
3.89
5.06
6.07
8.89

1.53
2.33
3.00
3.73
4.82
5.76
8.38

1.52
2.28
2.91
3.61
4.64
5.52
8.00

1.51
2.24
2.85
3.51
4.50
5.35
7.71

1.51
2.21
2.80
3.44
4.39
5.20
7.48

1.50
2.19
2.75
3.37
4.30
5.09
7.29

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Appendix
TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 7 and 12)
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.68
2.67
3.57
4.67
6.47
8.18
13.71

1.68
2.63
3.51
4.57
6.31
7.97
13.32

1.67
2.59
3.44
4.47
6.16
7.75
12.93

1.67
2.58
3.41
4.41
6.07
7.64
12.73

1.66
2.56
3.38
4.36
5.99
7.53
12.53

1.66
2.54
3.34
4.31
5.91
7.42
12.33

1.65
2.51
3.30
4.25
5.82
7.31
12.12

1.65
2.49
3.27
4.20
5.74
7.19
11.91

1.65
2.48
3.25
4.17
5.69
7.13
11.80

1.65
2.47
3.23
4.14
5.65
7.08
11.70

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.62
2.50
3.28
4.20
5.67
7.01
11.19

1.62
2.46
3.22
4.10
5.52
6.81
10.84

1.61
2.42
3.15
4.00
5.36
6.61
10.48

1.60
2.40
3.12
3.95
5.28
6.50
10.30

1.60
2.38
3.08
3.89
5.20
6.40
10.11

1.59
2.36
3.04
3.84
5.12
6.29
9.92

1.59
2.34
3.01
3.78
5.03
6.18
9.73

1.58
2.32
2.97
3.73
4.95
6.06
9.53

1.58
2.30
2.95
3.70
4.90
6.01
9.43

1.58
2.29
2.93
3.67
4.86
5.95
9.33

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.58
2.38
3.07
3.87
5.11
6.23
9.57

1.57
2.34
3.01
3.77
4.96
6.03
9.24

1.56
2.30
2.94
3.67
4.81
5.83
8.90

1.56
2.28
2.90
3.61
4.73
5.73
8.72

1.55
2.25
2.86
3.56
4.65
5.62
8.55

1.54
2.23
2.83
3.51
4.57
5.52
8.37

1.54
2.21
2.79
3.45
4.48
5.41
8.19

1.53
2.18
2.75
3.39
4.40
5.30
8.00

1.53
2.17
2.73
3.36
4.35
5.24
7.91

1.53
2.16
2.71
3.33
4.31
5.19
7.81

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.54
2.28
2.91
3.62
4.71
5.66
8.45

1.53
2.24
2.85
3.52
4.56
5.47
8.13

1.52
2.20
2.77
3.42
4.41
5.27
7.80

1.52
2.18
2.74
3.37
4.33
5.17
7.64

1.51
2.16
2.70
3.31
4.25
5.07
7.47

1.51
2.13
2.66
3.26
4.17
4.97
7.30

1.50
2.11
2.62
3.20
4.08
4.86
7.12

1.49
2.08
2.58
3.14
4.00
4.75
6.94

1.49
2.07
2.56
3.11
3.95
4.69
6.85

1.48
2.06
2.54
3.08
3.91
4.64
6.76

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

10

1.51
2.21
2.79
3.43
4.40
5.24
7.63

1.50
2.17
2.72
3.33
4.25
5.05
7.32

1.49
2.12
2.65
3.23
4.10
4.86
7.01

1.49
2.10
2.61
3.17
4.02
4.76
6.85

1.48
2.08
2.57
3.12
3.94
4.65
6.68

1.47
2.05
2.53
3.06
3.86
4.55
6.52

1.47
2.03
2.49
3.00
3.78
4.45
6.35

1.46
2.00
2.45
2.94
3.69
4.34
6.18

1.45
1.99
2.43
2.91
3.65
4.28
6.09

1.45
1.97
2.40
2.88
3.60
4.23
6.00

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

11

1.49
2.15
2.69
3.28
4.16
4.91
7.00

1.48
2.10
2.62
3.18
4.01
4.72
6.71

1.47
2.06
2.54
3.07
3.86
4.53
6.40

1.46
2.04
2.51
3.02
3.78
4.43
6.25

1.45
2.01
2.47
2.96
3.70
4.33
6.09

1.45
1.99
2.43
2.91
3.62
4.23
5.93

1.44
1.96
2.38
2.85
3.54
4.12
5.76

1.43
1.93
2.34
2.79
3.45
4.01
5.59

1.43
1.92
2.32
2.76
3.41
3.96
5.51

1.42
1.90
2.30
2.72
3.36
3.90
5.42

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

12

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Page 1185

Appendix

1185

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 13 and 18)

df1
df2

10

13

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.45
3.14
4.67
6.41
9.07
11.37
17.82

1.55
2.76
3.81
4.97
6.70
8.19
12.31

1.55
2.56
3.41
4.35
5.74
6.93
10.21

1.53
2.43
3.18
4.00
5.21
6.23
9.07

1.52
2.35
3.03
3.77
4.86
5.79
8.35

1.51
2.28
2.92
3.60
4.62
5.48
7.86

1.50
2.23
2.83
3.48
4.44
5.25
7.49

1.49
2.20
2.77
3.39
4.30
5.08
7.21

1.49
2.16
2.71
3.31
4.19
4.94
6.98

1.48
2.14
2.67
3.25
4.10
4.82
6.80

14

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.44
3.10
4.60
6.30
8.86
11.06
17.14

1.53
2.73
3.74
4.86
6.51
7.92
11.78

1.53
2.52
3.34
4.24
5.56
6.68
9.73

1.52
2.39
3.11
3.89
5.04
6.00
8.62

1.51
2.31
2.96
3.66
4.69
5.56
7.92

1.50
2.24
2.85
3.50
4.46
5.26
7.44

1.49
2.19
2.76
3.38
4.28
5.03
7.08

1.48
2.15
2.70
3.29
4.14
4.86
6.80

1.47
2.12
2.65
3.21
4.03
4.72
6.58

1.46
2.10
2.60
3.15
3.94
4.60
6.40

15

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.43
3.07
4.54
6.20
8.68
10.80
16.59

1.52
2.70
3.68
4.77
6.36
7.70
11.34

1.52
2.49
3.29
4.15
5.42
6.48
9.34

1.51
2.36
3.06
3.80
4.89
5.80
8.25

1.49
2.27
2.90
3.58
4.56
5.37
7.57

1.48
2.21
2.79
3.41
4.32
5.07
7.09

1.47
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.14
4.85
6.74

1.46
2.12
2.64
3.20
4.00
4.67
6.47

1.46
2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
4.54
6.26

1.45
2.06
2.54
3.06
3.80
4.42
6.08

16

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.42
3.05
4.49
6.12
8.53
10.58
16.12

1.51
2.67
3.63
4.69
6.23
7.51
10.97

1.51
2.46
3.24
4.08
5.29
6.30
9.01

1.50
2.33
3.01
3.73
4.77
5.64
7.94

1.48
2.24
2.85
3.50
4.44
5.21
7.27

1.47
2.18
2.74
3.34
4.20
4.91
6.80

1.46
2.13
2.66
3.22
4.03
4.69
6.46

1.45
2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
4.52
6.19

1.44
2.06
2.54
3.05
3.78
4.38
5.98

1.44
2.03
2.49
2.99
3.69
4.27
5.81

17

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.42
3.03
4.45
6.04
8.40
10.38
15.72

1.51
2.64
3.59
4.62
6.11
7.35
10.66

1.50
2.44
3.20
4.01
5.18
6.16
8.73

1.49
2.31
2.96
3.66
4.67
5.50
7.68

1.47
2.22
2.81
3.44
4.34
5.07
7.02

1.46
2.15
2.70
3.28
4.10
4.78
6.56

1.45
2.10
2.61
3.16
3.93
4.56
6.22

1.44
2.06
2.55
3.06
3.79
4.39
5.96

1.43
2.03
2.49
2.98
3.68
4.25
5.75

1.43
2.00
2.45
2.92
3.59
4.14
5.58

18

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.41
3.01
4.41
5.98
8.29
10.22
15.38

1.50
2.62
3.55
4.56
6.01
7.21
10.39

1.49
2.42
3.16
3.95
5.09
6.03
8.49

1.48
2.29
2.93
3.61
4.58
5.37
7.46

1.46
2.20
2.77
3.38
4.25
4.96
6.81

1.45
2.13
2.66
3.22
4.01
4.66
6.35

1.44
2.08
2.58
3.10
3.84
4.44
6.02

1.43
2.04
2.51
3.01
3.71
4.28
5.76

1.42
2.00
2.46
2.93
3.60
4.14
5.56

1.42
1.98
2.41
2.87
3.51
4.03
5.39

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Appendix
TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 13 and 18)
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.47
2.10
2.60
3.15
3.96
4.64
6.52

1.46
2.05
2.53
3.05
3.82
4.46
6.23

1.45
2.01
2.46
2.95
3.66
4.27
5.93

1.44
1.98
2.42
2.89
3.59
4.17
5.78

1.43
1.96
2.38
2.84
3.51
4.07
5.63

1.42
1.93
2.34
2.78
3.43
3.97
5.47

1.42
1.90
2.30
2.72
3.34
3.87
5.30

1.41
1.88
2.25
2.66
3.25
3.76
5.14

1.40
1.86
2.23
2.63
3.21
3.70
5.05

1.40
1.85
2.21
2.60
3.17
3.65
4.97

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

13

1.45
2.05
2.53
3.05
3.80
4.43
6.13

1.44
2.01
2.46
2.95
3.66
4.25
5.85

1.43
1.96
2.39
2.84
3.51
4.06
5.56

1.42
1.94
2.35
2.79
3.43
3.96
5.41

1.41
1.91
2.31
2.73
3.35
3.86
5.25

1.41
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.27
3.76
5.10

1.40
1.86
2.22
2.61
3.18
3.66
4.94

1.39
1.83
2.18
2.55
3.09
3.55
4.77

1.38
1.81
2.15
2.52
3.05
3.49
4.69

1.38
1.80
2.13
2.49
3.00
3.44
4.60

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

14

1.44
2.02
2.48
2.96
3.67
4.25
5.81

1.43
1.97
2.40
2.86
3.52
4.07
5.54

1.41
1.92
2.33
2.76
3.37
3.88
5.25

1.41
1.90
2.29
2.70
3.29
3.79
5.10

1.40
1.87
2.25
2.64
3.21
3.69
4.95

1.39
1.85
2.20
2.59
3.13
3.58
4.80

1.38
1.82
2.16
2.52
3.05
3.48
4.64

1.37
1.79
2.11
2.46
2.96
3.37
4.47

1.36
1.77
2.09
2.43
2.91
3.32
4.39

1.36
1.76
2.07
2.40
2.87
3.26
4.31

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

15

1.43
1.99
2.42
2.89
3.55
4.10
5.55

1.41
1.94
2.35
2.79
3.41
3.92
5.27

1.40
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.26
3.73
4.99

1.39
1.87
2.24
2.63
3.18
3.64
4.85

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.57
3.10
3.54
4.70

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.51
3.02
3.44
4.54

1.36
1.78
2.11
2.45
2.93
3.33
4.39

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.84
3.22
4.23

1.35
1.73
2.03
2.35
2.80
3.17
4.14

1.34
1.72
2.01
2.32
2.75
3.11
4.06

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

16

1.41
1.96
2.38
2.82
3.46
3.97
5.32

1.40
1.91
2.31
2.72
3.31
3.79
5.05

1.39
1.86
2.23
2.62
3.16
3.61
4.78

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.56
3.08
3.51
4.63

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.50
3.00
3.41
4.48

1.36
1.78
2.10
2.44
2.92
3.31
4.33

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.83
3.21
4.18

1.34
1.72
2.01
2.32
2.75
3.10
4.02

1.33
1.70
1.99
2.28
2.70
3.04
3.93

1.33
1.69
1.96
2.25
2.65
2.98
3.85

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

17

1.40
1.93
2.34
2.77
3.37
3.86
5.13

1.39
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.23
3.68
4.87

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.56
3.08
3.50
4.59

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.50
3.00
3.40
4.45

1.36
1.78
2.11
2.44
2.92
3.30
4.30

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.84
3.20
4.15

1.34
1.72
2.02
2.32
2.75
3.10
4.00

1.33
1.69
1.97
2.26
2.66
2.99
3.84

1.32
1.67
1.94
2.22
2.61
2.93
3.75

1.32
1.66
1.92
2.19
2.57
2.87
3.67

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

18

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Appendix

1187

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 19 and 24)

df1
df2

10

19

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.41
2.99
4.38
5.92
8.18
10.07
15.08

1.49
2.61
3.52
4.51
5.93
7.09
10.16

1.49
2.40
3.13
3.90
5.01
5.92
8.28

1.47
2.27
2.90
3.56
4.50
5.27
7.27

1.46
2.18
2.74
3.33
4.17
4.85
6.62

1.44
2.11
2.63
3.17
3.94
4.56
6.18

1.43
2.06
2.54
3.05
3.77
4.34
5.85

1.42
2.02
2.48
2.96
3.63
4.18
5.59

1.41
1.98
2.42
2.88
3.52
4.04
5.39

1.41
1.96
2.38
2.82
3.43
3.93
5.22

20

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.97
4.35
5.87
8.10
9.94
14.82

1.49
2.59
3.49
4.46
5.85
6.99
9.95

1.48
2.38
3.10
3.86
4.94
5.82
8.10

1.47
2.25
2.87
3.51
4.43
5.17
7.10

1.45
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.10
4.76
6.46

1.44
2.09
2.60
3.13
3.87
4.47
6.02

1.43
2.04
2.51
3.01
3.70
4.26
5.69

1.42
2.00
2.45
2.91
3.56
4.09
5.44

1.41
1.96
2.39
2.84
3.46
3.96
5.24

1.40
1.94
2.35
2.77
3.37
3.85
5.08

21

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.96
4.32
5.83
8.02
9.83
14.59

1.48
2.57
3.47
4.42
5.78
6.89
9.77

1.48
2.36
3.07
3.82
4.87
5.73
7.94

1.46
2.23
2.84
3.48
4.37
5.09
6.95

1.44
2.14
2.68
3.25
4.04
4.68
6.32

1.43
2.08
2.57
3.09
3.81
4.39
5.88

1.42
2.02
2.49
2.97
3.64
4.18
5.56

1.41
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.51
4.01
5.31

1.40
1.95
2.37
2.80
3.40
3.88
5.11

1.39
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.31
3.77
4.95

22

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.95
4.30
5.79
7.95
9.73
14.38

1.48
2.56
3.44
4.38
5.72
6.81
9.61

1.47
2.35
3.05
3.78
4.82
5.65
7.80

1.45
2.22
2.82
3.44
4.31
5.02
6.81

1.44
2.13
2.66
3.22
3.99
4.61
6.19

1.42
2.06
2.55
3.05
3.76
4.32
5.76

1.41
2.01
2.46
2.93
3.59
4.11
5.44

1.40
1.97
2.40
2.84
3.45
3.94
5.19

1.39
1.93
2.34
2.76
3.35
3.81
4.99

1.39
1.90
2.30
2.70
3.26
3.70
4.83

23

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.94
4.28
5.75
7.88
9.63
14.20

1.47
2.55
3.42
4.35
5.66
6.73
9.47

1.47
2.34
3.03
3.75
4.76
5.58
7.67

1.45
2.21
2.80
3.41
4.26
4.95
6.70

1.43
2.11
2.64
3.18
3.94
4.54
6.08

1.42
2.05
2.53
3.02
3.71
4.26
5.65

1.41
1.99
2.44
2.90
3.54
4.05
5.33

1.40
1.95
2.37
2.81
3.41
3.88
5.09

1.39
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.30
3.75
4.89

1.38
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.21
3.64
4.73

24

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.93
4.26
5.72
7.82
9.55
14.03

1.47
2.54
3.40
4.32
5.61
6.66
9.34

1.46
2.33
3.01
3.72
4.72
5.52
7.55

1.44
2.19
2.78
3.38
4.22
4.89
6.59

1.43
2.10
2.62
3.15
3.90
4.49
5.98

1.41
2.04
2.51
2.99
3.67
4.20
5.55

1.40
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.50
3.99
5.23

1.39
1.94
2.36
2.78
3.36
3.83
4.99

1.38
1.91
2.30
2.70
3.26
3.69
4.80

1.38
1.88
2.25
2.64
3.17
3.59
4.64

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Appendix
TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 19 and 24)
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.40
1.91
2.31
2.72
3.30
3.76
4.97

1.38
1.86
2.23
2.62
3.15
3.59
4.70

1.37
1.81
2.16
2.51
3.00
3.40
4.43

1.36
1.79
2.11
2.45
2.92
3.31
4.29

1.35
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.84
3.21
4.14

1.34
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.76
3.11
3.99

1.33
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.67
3.00
3.84

1.32
1.67
1.93
2.20
2.58
2.89
3.68

1.31
1.65
1.90
2.17
2.54
2.83
3.60

1.30
1.63
1.88
2.13
2.49
2.78
3.51

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

19

1.39
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.23
3.68
4.82

1.37
1.84
2.20
2.57
3.09
3.50
4.56

1.36
1.79
2.12
2.46
2.94
3.32
4.29

1.35
1.77
2.08
2.41
2.86
3.22
4.15

1.34
1.74
2.04
2.35
2.78
3.12
4.00

1.33
1.71
1.99
2.29
2.69
3.02
3.86

1.32
1.68
1.95
2.22
2.61
2.92
3.70

1.31
1.64
1.90
2.16
2.52
2.81
3.54

1.30
1.63
1.87
2.12
2.47
2.75
3.46

1.29
1.61
1.84
2.09
2.42
2.69
3.38

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

20

1.38
1.87
2.25
2.64
3.17
3.60
4.70

1.37
1.83
2.18
2.53
3.03
3.43
4.44

1.35
1.78
2.10
2.42
2.88
3.24
4.17

1.34
1.75
2.05
2.37
2.80
3.15
4.03

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.31
2.72
3.05
3.88

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.25
2.64
2.95
3.74

1.31
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.55
2.84
3.58

1.30
1.62
1.87
2.11
2.46
2.73
3.42

1.29
1.60
1.84
2.08
2.41
2.67
3.34

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.36
2.61
3.26

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

21

1.37
1.86
2.23
2.60
3.12
3.54
4.58

1.36
1.81
2.15
2.50
2.98
3.36
4.33

1.34
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.83
3.18
4.06

1.33
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.75
3.08
3.92

1.32
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.67
2.98
3.78

1.31
1.67
1.94
2.21
2.58
2.88
3.63

1.30
1.64
1.89
2.14
2.50
2.77
3.48

1.29
1.60
1.84
2.08
2.40
2.66
3.32

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.35
2.60
3.23

1.28
1.57
1.78
2.00
2.31
2.55
3.15

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

22

1.37
1.84
2.20
2.57
3.07
3.47
4.48

1.35
1.80
2.13
2.47
2.93
3.30
4.23

1.34
1.74
2.05
2.36
2.78
3.12
3.96

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.30
2.70
3.02
3.82

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.24
2.62
2.92
3.68

1.31
1.66
1.91
2.18
2.54
2.82
3.53

1.30
1.62
1.86
2.11
2.45
2.71
3.38

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.35
2.60
3.22

1.28
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.31
2.54
3.14

1.27
1.55
1.76
1.97
2.26
2.48
3.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

23

1.36
1.83
2.18
2.54
3.03
3.42
4.39

1.35
1.78
2.11
2.44
2.89
3.25
4.14

1.33
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.74
3.06
3.87

1.32
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.66
2.97
3.74

1.31
1.67
1.94
2.21
2.58
2.87
3.59

1.30
1.64
1.89
2.15
2.49
2.77
3.45

1.29
1.61
1.84
2.08
2.40
2.66
3.29

1.28
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.31
2.55
3.14

1.27
1.55
1.76
1.97
2.26
2.49
3.05

1.26
1.53
1.73
1.94
2.21
2.43
2.97

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

24

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Appendix

1189

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 25 and 30)

df1
df2

10

25

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.92
4.24
5.69
7.77
9.48
13.88

1.47
2.53
3.39
4.29
5.57
6.60
9.22

1.46
2.32
2.99
3.69
4.68
5.46
7.45

1.44
2.18
2.76
3.35
4.18
4.84
6.49

1.42
2.09
2.60
3.13
3.85
4.43
5.89

1.41
2.02
2.49
2.97
3.63
4.15
5.46

1.40
1.97
2.40
2.85
3.46
3.94
5.15

1.39
1.93
2.34
2.75
3.32
3.78
4.91

1.38
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.22
3.64
4.71

1.37
1.87
2.24
2.61
3.13
3.54
4.56

26

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.91
4.23
5.66
7.72
9.41
13.74

1.46
2.52
3.37
4.27
5.53
6.54
9.12

1.45
2.31
2.98
3.67
4.64
5.41
7.36

1.44
2.17
2.74
3.33
4.14
4.79
6.41

1.42
2.08
2.59
3.10
3.82
4.38
5.80

1.41
2.01
2.47
2.94
3.59
4.10
5.38

1.39
1.96
2.39
2.82
3.42
3.89
5.07

1.38
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.29
3.73
4.83

1.37
1.88
2.27
2.65
3.18
3.60
4.64

1.37
1.86
2.22
2.59
3.09
3.49
4.48

27

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.90
4.21
5.63
7.68
9.34
13.61

1.46
2.51
3.35
4.24
5.49
6.49
9.02

1.45
2.30
2.96
3.65
4.60
5.36
7.27

1.43
2.17
2.73
3.31
4.11
4.74
6.33

1.42
2.07
2.57
3.08
3.78
4.34
5.73

1.40
2.00
2.46
2.92
3.56
4.06
5.31

1.39
1.95
2.37
2.80
3.39
3.85
5.00

1.38
1.91
2.31
2.71
3.26
3.69
4.76

1.37
1.87
2.25
2.63
3.15
3.56
4.57

1.36
1.85
2.20
2.57
3.06
3.45
4.41

28

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.89
4.20
5.61
7.64
9.28
13.50

1.46
2.50
3.34
4.22
5.45
6.44
8.93

1.45
2.29
2.95
3.63
4.57
5.32
7.19

1.43
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.07
4.70
6.25

1.41
2.06
2.56
3.06
3.75
4.30
5.66

1.40
2.00
2.45
2.90
3.53
4.02
5.24

1.39
1.94
2.36
2.78
3.36
3.81
4.93

1.38
1.90
2.29
2.69
3.23
3.65
4.69

1.37
1.87
2.24
2.61
3.12
3.52
4.50

1.36
1.84
2.19
2.55
3.03
3.41
4.35

29

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.89
4.18
5.59
7.60
9.23
13.39

1.45
2.50
3.33
4.20
5.42
6.40
8.85

1.45
2.28
2.93
3.61
4.54
5.28
7.12

1.43
2.15
2.70
3.27
4.04
4.66
6.19

1.41
2.06
2.55
3.04
3.73
4.26
5.59

1.40
1.99
2.43
2.88
3.50
3.98
5.18

1.38
1.93
2.35
2.76
3.33
3.77
4.87

1.37
1.89
2.28
2.67
3.20
3.61
4.64

1.36
1.86
2.22
2.59
3.09
3.48
4.45

1.35
1.83
2.18
2.53
3.00
3.38
4.29

30

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.88
4.17
5.57
7.56
9.18
13.29

1.45
2.49
3.32
4.18
5.39
6.35
8.77

1.44
2.28
2.92
3.59
4.51
5.24
7.05

1.42
2.14
2.69
3.25
4.02
4.62
6.12

1.41
2.05
2.53
3.03
3.70
4.23
5.53

1.39
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.47
3.95
5.12

1.38
1.93
2.33
2.75
3.30
3.74
4.82

1.37
1.88
2.27
2.65
3.17
3.58
4.58

1.36
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.07
3.45
4.39

1.35
1.82
2.16
2.51
2.98
3.34
4.24

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Appendix
TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 25 and 30)
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.36
1.82
2.16
2.51
2.99
3.37
4.31

1.34
1.77
2.09
2.41
2.85
3.20
4.06

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.30
2.70
3.01
3.79

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.24
2.62
2.92
3.66

1.31
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.54
2.82
3.52

1.29
1.63
1.87
2.12
2.45
2.72
3.37

1.28
1.59
1.82
2.05
2.36
2.61
3.22

1.27
1.56
1.77
1.98
2.27
2.50
3.06

1.26
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.22
2.44
2.98

1.25
1.52
1.71
1.91
2.17
2.38
2.89

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

25

1.35
1.81
2.15
2.49
2.96
3.33
4.24

1.34
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.81
3.15
3.99

1.32
1.71
1.99
2.28
2.66
2.97
3.72

1.31
1.68
1.95
2.22
2.58
2.87
3.59

1.30
1.65
1.90
2.16
2.50
2.77
3.44

1.29
1.61
1.85
2.09
2.42
2.67
3.30

1.28
1.58
1.80
2.03
2.33
2.56
3.15

1.26
1.54
1.75
1.95
2.23
2.45
2.99

1.26
1.52
1.72
1.92
2.18
2.39
2.90

1.25
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.13
2.33
2.82

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

26

1.35
1.80
2.13
2.47
2.93
3.28
4.17

1.33
1.75
2.06
2.36
2.78
3.11
3.92

1.32
1.70
1.97
2.25
2.63
2.93
3.66

1.31
1.67
1.93
2.19
2.55
2.83
3.52

1.30
1.64
1.88
2.13
2.47
2.73
3.38

1.28
1.60
1.84
2.07
2.38
2.63
3.23

1.27
1.57
1.79
2.00
2.29
2.52
3.08

1.26
1.53
1.73
1.93
2.20
2.41
2.92

1.25
1.51
1.70
1.89
2.15
2.35
2.84

1.24
1.49
1.67
1.85
2.10
2.29
2.75

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

27

1.34
1.79
2.12
2.45
2.90
3.25
4.11

1.33
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.75
3.07
3.86

1.31
1.69
1.96
2.23
2.60
2.89
3.60

1.30
1.66
1.91
2.17
2.52
2.79
3.46

1.29
1.63
1.87
2.11
2.44
2.69
3.32

1.28
1.59
1.82
2.05
2.35
2.59
3.18

1.27
1.56
1.77
1.98
2.26
2.48
3.02

1.25
1.52
1.71
1.91
2.17
2.37
2.86

1.24
1.50
1.68
1.87
2.12
2.31
2.78

1.24
1.48
1.65
1.83
2.06
2.25
2.69

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

28

1.34
1.78
2.10
2.43
2.87
3.21
4.05

1.32
1.73
2.03
2.32
2.73
3.04
3.80

1.31
1.68
1.94
2.21
2.57
2.86
3.54

1.30
1.65
1.90
2.15
2.49
2.76
3.41

1.29
1.62
1.85
2.09
2.41
2.66
3.27

1.27
1.58
1.81
2.03
2.33
2.56
3.12

1.26
1.55
1.75
1.96
2.23
2.45
2.97

1.25
1.51
1.70
1.89
2.14
2.33
2.81

1.24
1.49
1.67
1.85
2.09
2.27
2.73

1.23
1.47
1.64
1.81
2.03
2.21
2.64

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

29

1.34
1.77
2.09
2.41
2.84
3.18
4.00

1.32
1.72
2.01
2.31
2.70
3.01
3.75

1.30
1.67
1.93
2.20
2.55
2.82
3.49

1.29
1.64
1.89
2.14
2.47
2.73
3.36

1.28
1.61
1.84
2.07
2.39
2.63
3.22

1.27
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.30
2.52
3.07

1.26
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.21
2.42
2.92

1.24
1.50
1.68
1.87
2.11
2.30
2.76

1.23
1.48
1.65
1.83
2.06
2.24
2.68

1.23
1.46
1.62
1.79
2.01
2.18
2.59

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

30

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1191

TABLE 8
F

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 at least 40)

df1
df2

10

40

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.36
2.84
4.08
5.42
7.31
8.83
12.61

1.44
2.44
3.23
4.05
5.18
6.07
8.25

1.42
2.23
2.84
3.46
4.31
4.98
6.59

1.40
2.09
2.61
3.13
3.83
4.37
5.70

1.39
2.00
2.45
2.90
3.51
3.99
5.13

1.37
1.93
2.34
2.74
3.29
3.71
4.73

1.36
1.87
2.25
2.62
3.12
3.51
4.44

1.35
1.83
2.18
2.53
2.99
3.35
4.21

1.34
1.79
2.12
2.45
2.89
3.22
4.02

1.33
1.76
2.08
2.39
2.80
3.12
3.87

60

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.35
2.79
4.00
5.29
7.08
8.49
11.97

1.42
2.39
3.15
3.93
4.98
5.79
7.77

1.41
2.18
2.76
3.34
4.13
4.73
6.17

1.38
2.04
2.53
3.01
3.65
4.14
5.31

1.37
1.95
2.37
2.79
3.34
3.76
4.76

1.35
1.87
2.25
2.63
3.12
3.49
4.37

1.33
1.82
2.17
2.51
2.95
3.29
4.09

1.32
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.82
3.13
3.86

1.31
1.74
2.04
2.33
2.72
3.01
3.69

1.30
1.71
1.99
2.27
2.63
2.90
3.54

90

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.34
2.76
3.95
5.20
6.93
8.28
11.57

1.41
2.36
3.10
3.84
4.85
5.62
7.47

1.39
2.15
2.71
3.26
4.01
4.57
5.91

1.37
2.01
2.47
2.93
3.53
3.99
5.06

1.35
1.91
2.32
2.71
3.23
3.62
4.53

1.33
1.84
2.20
2.55
3.01
3.35
4.15

1.32
1.78
2.11
2.43
2.84
3.15
3.87

1.31
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.72
3.00
3.65

1.30
1.70
1.99
2.26
2.61
2.87
3.48

1.29
1.67
1.94
2.19
2.52
2.77
3.34

120

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.34
2.75
3.92
5.15
6.85
8.18
11.38

1.40
2.35
3.07
3.80
4.79
5.54
7.32

1.39
2.13
2.68
3.23
3.95
4.50
5.78

1.37
1.99
2.45
2.89
3.48
3.92
4.95

1.35
1.90
2.29
2.67
3.17
3.55
4.42

1.33
1.82
2.18
2.52
2.96
3.28
4.04

1.31
1.77
2.09
2.39
2.79
3.09
3.77

1.30
1.72
2.02
2.30
2.66
2.93
3.55

1.29
1.68
1.96
2.22
2.56
2.81
3.38

1.28
1.65
1.91
2.16
2.47
2.71
3.24

240

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.33
2.73
3.88
5.09
6.74
8.03
11.10

1.39
2.32
3.03
3.75
4.69
5.42
7.11

1.38
2.10
2.64
3.17
3.86
4.38
5.60

1.36
1.97
2.41
2.84
3.40
3.82
4.78

1.34
1.87
2.25
2.62
3.09
3.45
4.25

1.32
1.80
2.14
2.46
2.88
3.19
3.89

1.30
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.71
2.99
3.62

1.29
1.70
1.98
2.25
2.59
2.84
3.41

1.27
1.65
1.92
2.17
2.48
2.71
3.24

1.27
1.63
1.87
2.10
2.40
2.61
3.09

inf.

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.32
2.71
3.84
5.02
6.63
7.88
10.83

1.39
2.30
3.00
3.69
4.61
5.30
6.91

1.37
2.08
2.60
3.12
3.78
4.28
5.42

1.35
1.94
2.37
2.79
3.32
3.72
4.62

1.33
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.02
3.35
4.10

1.31
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.80
3.09
3.74

1.29
1.72
2.01
2.29
2.64
2.90
3.47

1.28
1.67
1.94
2.19
2.51
2.74
3.27

1.27
1.63
1.88
2.11
2.41
2.62
3.10

1.25
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.32
2.52
2.96

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Page 1192

Appendix
TABLE 8
Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 at least 40)
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.31
1.71
2.00
2.29
2.66
2.95
3.64

1.30
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.52
2.78
3.40

1.28
1.61
1.84
2.07
2.37
2.60
3.14

1.26
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.29
2.50
3.01

1.25
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.20
2.40
2.87

1.24
1.51
1.69
1.88
2.11
2.30
2.73

1.22
1.47
1.64
1.80
2.02
2.18
2.57

1.21
1.42
1.58
1.72
1.92
2.06
2.41

1.20
1.40
1.54
1.68
1.86
2.00
2.32

1.19
1.38
1.51
1.64
1.80
1.93
2.23

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

40

1.29
1.66
1.92
2.17
2.50
2.74
3.32

1.27
1.60
1.84
2.06
2.35
2.57
3.08

1.25
1.54
1.75
1.94
2.20
2.39
2.83

1.24
1.51
1.70
1.88
2.12
2.29
2.69

1.22
1.48
1.65
1.82
2.03
2.19
2.55

1.21
1.44
1.59
1.74
1.94
2.08
2.41

1.19
1.40
1.53
1.67
1.84
1.96
2.25

1.17
1.35
1.47
1.58
1.73
1.83
2.08

1.16
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.67
1.76
1.99

1.15
1.29
1.39
1.48
1.60
1.69
1.89

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

60

1.27
1.62
1.86
2.09
2.39
2.61
3.11

1.25
1.56
1.78
1.98
2.24
2.44
2.88

1.23
1.50
1.69
1.86
2.09
2.25
2.63

1.22
1.47
1.64
1.80
2.00
2.15
2.50

1.20
1.43
1.59
1.73
1.92
2.05
2.36

1.19
1.39
1.53
1.66
1.82
1.94
2.21

1.17
1.35
1.46
1.58
1.72
1.82
2.05

1.15
1.29
1.39
1.48
1.60
1.68
1.87

1.13
1.26
1.35
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.77

1.12
1.23
1.30
1.37
1.46
1.52
1.66

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

90

1.26
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.34
2.54
3.02

1.24
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.19
2.37
2.78

1.22
1.48
1.66
1.82
2.03
2.19
2.53

1.21
1.45
1.61
1.76
1.95
2.09
2.40

1.19
1.41
1.55
1.69
1.86
1.98
2.26

1.18
1.37
1.50
1.61
1.76
1.87
2.11

1.16
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.66
1.75
1.95

1.13
1.26
1.35
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.77

1.12
1.23
1.31
1.38
1.46
1.52
1.66

1.10
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.38
1.43
1.54

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

120

1.25
1.57
1.79
2.00
2.26
2.45
2.88

1.23
1.52
1.71
1.89
2.11
2.28
2.65

1.21
1.45
1.61
1.77
1.96
2.09
2.40

1.19
1.42
1.56
1.70
1.87
1.99
2.26

1.18
1.38
1.51
1.63
1.78
1.89
2.12

1.16
1.33
1.44
1.55
1.68
1.77
1.97

1.14
1.28
1.37
1.46
1.57
1.64
1.80

1.11
1.22
1.29
1.35
1.43
1.49
1.61

1.09
1.18
1.24
1.29
1.35
1.40
1.49

1.07
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.25
1.28
1.35

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

240

1.24
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.18
2.36
2.74

1.22
1.49
1.67
1.83
2.04
2.19
2.51

1.19
1.42
1.57
1.71
1.88
2.00
2.27

1.18
1.38
1.52
1.64
1.79
1.90
2.13

1.16
1.34
1.46
1.57
1.70
1.79
1.99

1.14
1.30
1.39
1.48
1.59
1.67
1.84

1.12
1.24
1.32
1.39
1.47
1.53
1.66

1.08
1.17
1.22
1.27
1.32
1.36
1.45

1.06
1.12
1.15
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.31

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

inf.

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qf(1
a, df1, df2).

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Page 1193

Appendix
TABLE 9
Values of 2 arcsin 1p

1193

.001
.002
.003
.004
.005

.0633
.0895
.1096
.1266
.1415

.041
.042
.043
.044
.045

.4078
.4128
.4178
.4227
.4275

.36
.37
.38
.39
.40

1.2870
1.3078
1.3284
1.3490
1.3694

.76
.77
.78
.79
.80

2.1177
2.1412
2.1652
2.1895
2.2143

.971
.972
.973
.974
.975

2.7993
2.8053
2.8115
2.8177
2.8240

.006
.007
.008
.009
.010

.1551
.1675
.1791
.1900
.2003

.046
.047
.048
.049
.050

.4323
.4371
.4418
.4464
.4510

.41
.42
.43
.44
.45

1.3898
1.4101
1.4303
1.4505
1.4706

.81
.82
.83
.84
.85

2.2395
2.2653
2.2916
2.3186
2.3462

.976
.977
.978
.979
.980

2.8305
2.8371
2.8438
2.8507
2.8578

.011
.012
.013
.014
.015

.2101
.2195
.2285
.2372
.2456

.06
.07
.08
.09
.10

.4949
.5355
.5735
.6094
.6435

.46
.47
.48
.49
.50

1.4907
1.5108
1.5308
1.5508
1.5708

.86
.87
.88
.89
.90

2.3746
2.4039
2.4341
2.4655
2.4981

.981
.982
.983
.984
.985

2.8650
2.8725
2.8801
2.8879
2.8960

.016
.017
.018
.019
.020

.2537
.2615
.2691
.2766
.2838

.11
.12
.13
.14
.15

.6761
.7075
.7377
.7670
.7954

.51
.52
.53
.54
.55

1.5908
1.6108
1.6308
1.6509
1.6710

.91
.92
.93
.94
.95

2.5322
2.5681
2.6061
2.6467
2.6906

.986
.987
.988
.989
.990

2.9044
2.9131
2.9221
2.9314
2.9413

.021
.022
.023
.024
.025

.2909
.2978
.3045
.3111
.3176

.16
.17
.18
.19
.20

.8230
.8500
.8763
.9021
.9273

.56
.57
.58
.59
.60

1.6911
1.7113
1.7315
1.7518
1.7722

.951
.952
.953
.954
.955

2.6952
2.6998
2.7045
2.7093
2.7141

.991
.992
.993
.994
.995

2.9516
2.9625
2.9741
2.9865
3.0001

.026
.027
.028
.029
.030

.3239
.3301
.3363
.3423
.3482

.21
.22
.23
.24
.25

.9521
.9764
1.0004
1.0239
1.0472

.61
.62
.63
.64
.65

1.7926
1.8132
1.8338
1.8546
1.8755

.956
.957
.958
.959
.960

2.7189
2.7238
2.7288
2.7338
2.7389

.996
.997
.998
.999

3.0150
3.0320
3.0521
3.0783

.031
.032
.033
.034
.035

.3540
.3597
.3653
.3709
.3764

.26
.27
.28
.29
.30

1.0701
1.0928
1.1152
1.1374
1.1593

.66
.67
.68
.69
.70

1.8965
1.9177
1.9391
1.9606
1.9823

.961
.962
.963
.964
.965

2.7440
2.7492
2.7545
2.7598
2.7652

.036
.037
.038
.039
.040

.3818
.3871
.3924
.3976
.4027

.31
.32
.33
.34
.35

1.1810
1.2025
1.2239
1.2451
1.2661

.71
.72
.73
.74
.75

2.0042
2.0264
2.0488
2.0715
2.0944

.966
.967
.968
.969
.970

2.7707
2.7762
2.7819
2.7876
2.7934

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function 2*asin (sqrt (p )).

17582_20_App_p1169-1209.qxd

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Page 1194

Appendix

TABLE 10
Percentage points of the Studentized range
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120


t
Number of Treatment Means

A

10

11

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01

3.64
5.70
3.46
5.24
3.34
4.95
3.26
4.75
3.20
4.60
3.15
4.48
3.11
4.39
3.08
4.32
3.06
4.26
3.03
4.21
3.01
4.17
3.00
4.13
2.98
4.10
2.97
4.07
2.96
4.05
2.95
4.02
2.92
3.96
2.89
3.89
2.86
3.82
2.83
3.76
2.80
3.70
2.77
3.64

4.60
6.98
4.34
6.33
4.16
5.92
4.04
5.64
3.95
5.43
3.88
5.27
3.82
5.15
3.77
5.05
3.73
4.96
3.70
4.89
3.67
4.84
3.65
4.79
3.63
4.74
3.61
4.70
3.59
4.67
3.58
4.64
3.53
4.55
3.49
4.45
3.44
4.37
3.40
4.28
3.36
4.20
3.31
4.12

5.22
7.80
4.90
7.03
4.68
6.54
4.53
6.20
4.41
5.96
4.33
5.77
4.26
5.62
4.20
5.50
4.15
5.40
4.11
5.32
4.08
5.25
4.05
5.19
4.02
5.14
4.00
5.09
3.98
5.05
3.96
5.02
3.90
4.91
3.85
4.80
3.79
4.70
3.74
4.59
3.68
4.50
3.63
4.40

5.67
8.42
5.30
7.56
5.06
7.00
4.89
6.62
4.76
6.35
4.65
6.14
4.57
5.97
4.51
5.84
4.45
5.73
4.41
5.63
4.37
5.56
4.33
5.49
4.30
5.43
4.28
5.38
4.25
5.33
4.23
5.29
4.17
5.17
4.10
5.05
4.04
4.93
3.98
4.82
3.92
4.71
3.86
4.60

6.03
8.91
5.63
7.97
5.36
7.37
5.17
6.96
5.02
6.66
4.91
6.43
4.82
6.25
4.75
6.10
4.69
5.98
4.64
5.88
4.59
5.80
4.56
5.72
4.52
5.66
4.49
5.60
4.47
5.55
4.45
5.51
4.37
5.37
4.30
5.24
4.23
5.11
4.16
4.99
4.10
4.87
4.03
4.76

6.33
9.32
5.90
8.32
5.61
7.68
5.40
7.24
5.24
6.91
5.12
6.67
5.03
6.48
4.95
6.32
4.88
6.19
4.83
6.08
4.78
5.99
4.74
5.92
4.70
5.85
4.67
5.79
4.65
5.73
4.62
5.69
4.54
5.54
4.46
5.40
4.39
5.26
4.31
5.13
4.24
5.01
4.17
4.88

6.58
9.67
6.12
8.61
5.82
7.94
5.60
7.47
5.43
7.13
5.30
6.87
5.20
6.67
5.12
6.51
5.05
6.37
4.99
6.26
4.94
6.16
4.90
6.08
4.86
6.01
4.82
5.94
4.79
5.89
4.77
5.84
4.68
5.69
4.60
5.54
4.52
5.39
4.44
5.25
4.36
5.12
4.29
4.99

6.80
9.97
6.32
8.87
6.00
8.17
5.77
7.68
5.59
7.33
5.46
7.05
5.35
6.84
5.27
6.67
5.19
6.53
5.13
6.41
5.08
6.31
5.03
6.22
4.99
6.15
4.96
6.08
4.92
6.02
4.90
5.97
4.81
5.81
4.72
5.65
4.63
5.50
4.55
5.36
4.47
5.21
4.39
5.08

6.99
10.24
6.49
9.10
6.16
8.37
5.92
7.86
5.74
7.49
5.60
7.21
5.49
6.99
5.39
6.81
5.32
6.67
5.25
6.54
5.20
6.44
5.15
6.35
5.11
6.27
5.07
6.20
5.04
6.14
5.01
6.09
4.92
5.92
4.82
5.76
4.73
5.60
4.65
5.45
4.56
5.30
4.47
5.16

7.17
10.48
6.65
9.30
6.30
8.55
6.05
8.03
5.87
7.65
5.72
7.36
5.61
7.13
5.51
6.94
5.43
6.79
5.36
6.66
5.31
6.55
5.26
6.46
5.21
6.38
5.17
6.31
5.14
6.25
5.11
6.19
5.01
6.02
4.92
5.85
4.82
5.69
4.73
5.53
4.64
5.37
4.55
5.23

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qtukey (1
a, t, df).

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Page 1195

Appendix

1195

TABLE 10
(continued)
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120


t
Number of Treatment Means

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

7.32
10.70
6.79
9.48
6.43
8.71
6.18
8.18
5.98
7.78
5.83
7.49
5.71
7.25
5.61
7.06
5.53
6.90
5.46
6.77
5.40
6.66
5.35
6.56
5.31
6.48
5.27
6.41
5.23
6.34
5.20
6.28
5.10
6.11
5.00
5.93
4.90
5.76
4.81
5.60
4.71
5.44
4.62
5.29

7.47
10.89
6.92
9.65
6.55
8.86
6.29
8.31
6.09
7.91
5.93
7.60
5.81
7.36
5.71
7.17
5.63
7.01
5.55
6.87
5.49
6.76
5.44
6.66
5.39
6.57
5.35
6.50
5.31
6.43
5.28
6.37
5.18
6.19
5.08
6.01
4.98
5.83
4.88
5.67
4.78
5.50
4.68
5.35

7.60
11.08
7.03
9.81
6.66
9.00
6.39
8.44
6.19
8.03
6.03
7.71
5.90
7.46
5.80
7.26
5.71
7.10
5.64
6.96
5.57
6.84
5.52
6.74
5.47
6.66
5.43
6.58
5.39
6.51
5.36
6.45
5.25
6.26
5.15
6.08
5.04
5.90
4.94
5.73
4.84
5.56
4.74
5.40

7.72
11.24
7.14
9.95
6.76
9.12
6.48
8.55
6.28
8.13
6.11
7.81
5.98
7.56
5.88
7.36
5.79
7.19
5.71
7.05
5.65
6.93
5.59
6.82
5.54
6.73
5.50
6.65
5.46
6.58
5.43
6.52
5.32
6.33
5.21
6.14
5.11
5.96
5.00
5.78
4.90
5.61
4.80
5.45

7.83
11.40
7.24
10.08
6.85
9.24
6.57
8.66
6.36
8.23
6.19
7.91
6.06
7.65
5.95
7.44
5.86
7.27
5.79
7.13
5.72
7.00
5.66
6.90
5.61
6.81
5.57
6.73
5.53
6.65
5.49
6.59
5.38
6.39
5.27
6.20
5.16
6.02
5.06
5.84
4.95
5.66
4.85
5.49

7.93
11.55
7.34
10.21
6.94
9.35
6.65
8.76
6.44
8.33
6.27
7.99
6.13
7.73
6.02
7.52
5.93
7.35
5.85
7.20
5.78
7.07
5.73
6.97
5.67
6.87
5.63
6.79
5.59
6.72
5.55
6.65
5.44
6.45
5.33
6.26
5.22
6.07
5.11
5.89
5.00
5.71
4.89
5.54

8.03
11.68
7.43
10.32
7.02
9.46
6.73
8.85
6.51
8.41
6.34
8.08
6.20
7.81
6.09
7.59
5.99
7.42
5.91
7.27
5.85
7.14
5.79
7.03
5.73
6.94
5.69
6.85
5.65
6.78
5.61
6.71
5.49
6.51
5.38
6.31
5.27
6.12
5.15
5.93
5.04
5.75
4.93
5.57

8.12
11.81
7.51
10.43
7.10
9.55
6.80
8.94
6.58
8.49
6.40
8.15
6.27
7.88
6.15
7.66
6.05
7.48
5.97
7.33
5.90
7.20
5.84
7.09
5.79
7.00
5.74
6.91
5.70
6.84
5.66
6.77
5.55
6.56
5.43
6.36
5.31
6.16
5.20
5.97
5.09
5.79
4.97
5.61

8.21
11.93
7.59
10.54
7.17
9.65
6.87
9.03
6.64
8.57
6.47
8.23
6.33
7.95
6.21
7.73
6.11
7.55
6.03
7.39
5.96
7.26
5.90
7.15
5.84
7.05
5.79
6.97
5.75
6.89
5.71
6.82
5.59
6.61
5.47
6.41
5.36
6.21
5.24
6.01
5.13
5.83
5.01
5.65

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01

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Appendix

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: da(k, n)
A
.05 (one-sided)
k
2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

2.44
2.34
2.27
2.22
2.18

2.68
2.56
2.48
2.42
2.37

2.85
2.71
2.62
2.55
2.50

2.98
2.83
2.73
2.66
2.60

3.08
2.92
2.82
2.74
2.68

3.16
3.00
2.89
2.81
2.75

3.24
3.07
2.95
2.87
2.81

3.30
3.12
3.01
2.92
2.86

3.36
3.17
3.05
2.96
2.90

3.41
3.22
3.10
3.01
2.94

3.45
3.26
3.13
3.04
2.97

3.57
3.37
3.23
3.14
3.06

3.72
3.50
3.36
3.25
3.18

10
11
12
13
14

2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08

2.34
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25

2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.37

2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.46

2.64
2.60
2.58
2.55
2.53

2.70
2.67
2.64
2.61
2.59

2.76
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.64

2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.69

2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.72

2.89
2.85
2.81
2.78
2.76

2.92
2.88
2.84
2.82
2.79

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

3.12
3.07
3.03
3.00
2.97

15
16
17
18
19

2.07
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.03

2.24
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.20

2.36
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.31

2.44
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.40

2.51
2.50
2.49
2.48
2.47

2.57
2.56
2.54
2.53
2.52

2.62
2.61
2.59
2.58
2.57

2.67
2.65
2.64
2.62
2.61

2.70
2.69
2.67
2.66
2.65

2.74
2.72
2.71
2.69
2.68

2.77
2.75
2.74
2.72
2.71

2.85
2.83
2.81
2.80
2.79

2.95
2.93
2.91
2.89
2.88

20
24
30
40
60

2.03
2.01
1.99
1.97
1.95

2.19
2.17
2.15
2.13
2.10

2.30
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21

2.39
2.36
2.33
2.31
2.28

2.46
2.43
2.40
2.37
2.35

2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.39

2.56
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44

2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51
2.48

2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51

2.67
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54

2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.56

2.77
2.74
2.70
2.67
2.63

2.87
2.83
2.79
2.75
2.72

120


1.93
1.92

2.08
2.06

2.18
2.16

2.26
2.23

2.32
2.29

2.37
2.34

2.41
2.38

2.45
2.42

2.48
2.45

2.51
2.48

2.53
2.50

2.60
2.56

2.68
2.64

From C. W. Dunnett (1955), A Multiple Comparison Procedure for Comparing Several Treatments with a Control, Journal of the American
Statistical Association 50, 1112 1118. Reprinted with permission from Journal of the American Statistical Association. Copyright 1955 by the
American Statistical Association. All rights reserved. C. W. Dunnett (1964), New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control, Biometrics 20,
482 491. Also additional tables produced by C. W. Dunnett in 1980.

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Appendix

1197

TABLE 11
(continued)
A
.01 (one-sided)
k
2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

3.90
3.61
3.42
3.29
3.19

4.21
3.88
3.66
3.51
3.40

4.43
4.07
3.83
3.67
3.55

4.60
4.21
3.96
3.79
3.66

4.73
4.33
4.07
3.88
3.75

4.85
4.43
4.15
3.96
3.82

4.94
4.51
4.23
4.03
3.89

5.03
4.59
4.30
4.09
3.94

5.11
4.64
4.35
4.14
3.99

5.17
4.70
4.40
4.19
4.04

5.24
4.76
4.45
4.23
4.08

5.39
4.89
4.57
4.34
4.18

5.59
5.06
4.72
4.48
4.31

10
11
12
13
14

3.11
3.06
3.01
2.97
2.94

3.31
3.25
3.19
3.15
3.11

3.45
3.38
3.32
3.27
3.23

3.56
3.48
3.42
3.37
3.32

3.64
3.56
3.50
3.44
3.40

3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.46

3.78
3.69
3.62
3.56
3.51

3.83
3.74
3.67
3.61
3.56

3.88
3.79
3.71
3.65
3.60

3.92
3.83
3.75
3.69
3.64

3.96
3.86
3.79
3.73
3.67

4.06
3.96
3.88
3.81
3.76

4.18
4.08
3.99
3.92
3.87

15
16
17
18
19

2.91
2.88
2.86
2.84
2.83

3.08
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99

3.20
3.17
3.14
3.12
3.10

3.29
3.26
3.23
3.21
3.18

3.36
3.33
3.30
3.27
3.25

3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.31

3.47
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.36

3.52
3.48
3.45
3.42
3.40

3.56
3.52
3.49
3.46
3.44

3.60
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47

3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50

3.71
3.67
3.64
3.61
3.58

3.82
3.78
3.74
3.71
3.68

20
24
30
40
60

2.81
2.77
2.72
2.68
2.64

2.97
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.78

3.08
3.03
2.97
2.92
2.87

3.17
3.11
3.05
2.99
2.94

3.23
3.17
3.11
3.05
3.00

3.29
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.04

3.34
3.27
3.21
3.14
3.08

3.38
3.31
3.24
3.18
3.12

3.42
3.35
3.28
3.21
3.15

3.45
3.38
3.31
3.24
3.18

3.48
3.41
3.34
3.27
3.20

3.56
3.48
3.41
3.34
3.27

3.65
3.57
3.50
3.42
3.35

120


2.60
2.56

2.73
2.68

2.82
2.77

2.89
2.84

2.94
2.89

2.99
2.93

3.03
2.97

3.06
3.00

3.09
3.03

3.12
3.06

3.14
3.08

3.20
3.14

3.28
3.21

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Appendix

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: da(k, n)
A
.05 (two-sided)
k
2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

3.03
2.86
2.75
2.67
2.61

3.29
3.10
2.97
2.88
2.81

3.48
3.26
3.12
3.02
2.95

3.62
3.39
3.24
3.13
3.05

3.73
3.49
3.33
3.22
3.14

3.82
3.57
3.41
3.29
3.20

3.90
3.64
3.47
3.35
3.26

3.97
3.71
3.53
3.41
3.32

4.03
3.76
3.58
3.46
3.36

4.09
3.81
3.63
3.50
3.40

4.14
3.86
3.67
3.54
3.44

4.26
3.97
3.78
3.64
3.53

4.42
4.11
3.91
3.76
3.65

10
11
12
13
14

2.57
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.46

2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.63

2.89
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75

2.99
2.94
2.90
2.87
2.84

3.07
3.02
2.98
2.94
2.91

3.14
3.08
3.04
3.00
2.97

3.19
3.14
3.09
3.06
3.02

3.24
3.19
3.14
3.10
3.07

3.29
3.23
3.18
3.14
3.11

3.33
3.27
3.22
3.18
3.14

3.36
3.30
3.25
3.21
3.18

3.45
3.39
3.34
3.29
3.26

3.57
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.36

15
16
17
18
19

2.44
2.42
2.41
2.40
2.39

2.61
2.59
2.58
2.56
2.55

2.73
2.71
2.69
2.68
2.66

2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.75

2.89
2.87
2.85
2.83
2.81

2.95
2.92
2.90
2.89
2.87

3.00
2.97
2.95
2.94
2.92

3.04
3.02
3.00
2.98
2.96

3.08
3.06
3.03
3.01
3.00

3.12
3.09
3.07
3.05
3.03

3.15
3.12
3.10
3.08
3.06

3.23
3.20
3.18
3.16
3.14

3.33
3.30
3.27
3.25
3.23

20
24
30
40
60
120


2.38
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.24
2.21

2.54
2.51
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.38
2.35

2.65
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.51
2.47
2.44

2.73
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58
2.55
2.51

2.80
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.57

2.86
2.81
2.77
2.73
2.69
2.65
2.61

2.90
2.86
2.82
2.77
2.73
2.69
2.65

2.95
2.90
2.86
2.81
2.77
2.73
2.69

2.98
2.94
2.89
2.85
2.80
2.76
2.72

3.02
2.97
2.92
2.87
2.83
2.79
2.74

3.05
3.00
2.95
2.90
2.86
2.81
2.77

3.12
3.07
3.02
2.97
2.92
2.87
2.83

3.22
3.16
3.11
3.06
3.00
2.95
2.91

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Appendix

1199

TABLE 11
(continued)
A
.01 (two-sided)
k
2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

4.63
4.21
3.95
3.77
3.63

4.98
4.51
4.21
4.00
3.85

5.22
4.71
4.39
4.17
4.01

5.41
4.87
4.53
4.29
4.12

5.56
5.00
4.64
4.40
4.22

5.69
5.10
4.74
4.48
4.30

5.80
5.20
4.82
4.56
4.37

5.89
5.28
4.89
4.62
4.43

5.98
5.35
4.95
4.68
4.48

6.05
5.41
5.01
4.73
4.53

6.12
5.47
5.06
4.78
4.57

6.30
5.62
5.19
4.90
4.68

6.52
5.81
5.36
5.05
4.82

10
11
12
13
14

3.53
3.45
3.39
3.33
3.29

3.74
3.65
3.58
3.52
3.47

3.88
3.79
3.71
3.65
3.59

3.99
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.69

4.08
3.98
3.89
3.82
3.76

4.16
4.05
3.96
3.89
3.83

4.22
4.11
4.02
3.94
3.88

4.28
4.16
4.07
3.99
3.93

4.33
4.21
4.12
4.04
3.97

4.37
4.25
4.16
4.08
4.01

4.42
4.29
4.19
4.11
4.05

4.52
4.39
4.29
4.20
4.13

4.65
4.52
4.41
4.32
4.24

15
16
17
18
19

3.25
3.22
3.19
3.17
3.15

3.43
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.31

3.55
3.51
3.47
3.44
3.42

3.64
3.60
3.56
3.53
3.50

3.71
3.67
3.63
3.60
3.57

3.78
3.73
3.69
3.66
3.63

3.83
3.78
3.74
3.71
3.68

3.88
3.83
3.79
3.75
3.72

3.92
3.87
3.83
3.79
3.76

3.95
3.91
3.86
3.83
3.79

3.99
3.94
3.90
3.86
3.83

4.07
4.02
3.98
3.94
3.90

4.18
4.13
4.08
4.04
4.00

20
24
30
40
60

3.13
3.07
3.01
2.95
2.90

3.29
3.22
3.15
3.09
3.03

3.40
3.32
3.25
3.19
3.12

3.48
3.40
3.33
3.26
3.19

3.55
3.47
3.39
3.32
3.25

3.60
3.52
3.44
3.37
3.29

3.65
3.57
3.49
3.41
3.33

3.69
3.61
3.52
3.44
3.37

3.73
3.64
3.56
3.48
3.40

3.77
3.68
3.59
3.51
3.42

3.80
3.70
3.62
3.53
3.45

3.87
3.78
3.69
3.60
3.51

3.97
3.87
3.78
3.68
3.59

120


2.85
2.79

2.97
2.92

3.06
3.00

3.12
3.06

3.18
3.11

3.22
3.15

3.26
3.19

3.29
3.22

3.32
3.25

3.35
3.27

3.37
3.29

3.43
3.35

3.51
3.42

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Appendix

TABLE 12
2
2
Percentage points of Fmax  smax
/smin

Upper 5% Points
t
df2

10

11

12

2
3
4
5

39.0
15.4
9.60
7.15

87.5
27.8
15.5
10.8

142
39.2
20.6
13.7

202
50.7
25.2
16.3

266
62.0
29.5
18.7

333
72.9
33.6
20.8

403
83.5
37.5
22.9

475
93.9
41.1
24.7

550
104
44.6
26.5

626
114
48.0
28.2

704
124
51.4
29.9

6
7
8
9
10

5.82
4.99
4.43
4.03
3.72

8.38
6.94
6.00
5.34
4.85

10.4
8.44
7.18
6.31
5.67

12.1
9.70
8.12
7.11
6.34

13.7
10.8
9.03
7.80
6.92

15.0
11.8
9.78
8.41
7.42

16.3
12.7
10.5
8.95
7.87

17.5
13.5
11.1
9.45
8.28

18.6
14.3
11.7
9.91
8.66

19.7
15.1
12.2
10.3
9.01

20.7
15.8
12.7
10.7
9.34

12
15
20
30
60


3.28
2.86
2.46
2.07
1.67
1.00

4.16
3.54
2.95
2.40
1.85
1.00

4.79
4.01
3.29
2.61
1.96
1.00

5.30
4.37
3.54
2.78
2.04
1.00

5.72
4.68
3.76
2.91
2.11
1.00

6.09
4.95
3.94
3.02
2.17
1.00

6.42
5.19
4.10
3.12
2.22
1.00

6.72
5.40
4.24
3.21
2.26
1.00

7.00
5.59
4.37
3.29
2.30
1.00

7.25
5.77
4.49
3.36
2.33
1.00

7.48
5.93
4.59
3.39
2.36
1.00

Upper 1% Points
t
df2

10

11

12

2
3
4
5

199
47.5
23.2
14.9

448
85
37
22

729
120
49
28

1036
151
59
33

1362
184
69
38

1705
21(6)
79
42

2063
24(9)
89
46

2432
28(1)
97
50

2813
31(0)
106
54

3204
33(7)
113
57

3605
36(1)
120
60

6
7
8
9
10

11.1
8.89
7.50
6.54
5.85

15.5
12.1
9.9
8.5
7.4

19.1
14.5
11.7
9.9
8.6

22
16.5
13.2
11.1
9.6

25
18.4
14.5
12.1
10.4

27
20
15.8
13.1
11.1

30
22
16.6
13.9
11.8

32
23
17.9
14.7
12.4

34
24
18.9
15.3
12.9

36
26
19.8
16.0
13.4

37
27
21
16.6
13.9

12
15
20
30
60


4.91
4.07
3.32
2.63
1.96
1.00

6.1
4.9
3.8
3.0
2.2
1.0

6.9
5.5
4.3
3.3
2.3
1.0

7.6
6.0
4.6
3.4
2.4
1.0

8.2
6.4
4.9
3.6
2.4
1.0

8.7
6.7
5.1
3.7
2.5
1.0

9.1
7.1
5.3
3.8
2.5
1.0

9.5
7.3
5.5
3.9
2.6
1.0

9.9
7.5
5.6
4.0
2.6
1.0

10.2
7.8
5.8
4.1
2.7
1.0

10.6
8.0
5.9
4.2
2.7
1.0

2
s2max is the largest and smin
the smallest in a set of t independent mean squares, each based on df2  n
1 degrees of freedom. Values in the column
t  2 and in the rows df2  2 and  are exact. Elsewhere, the third digit may be in error by a few units for the 5% points and several units for the 1%
points. The third-digit figures in parentheses for df2  3 are the most uncertain. From Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, edited by
E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1966), Table, p. 202. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

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Appendix

1201

TABLE 13
Random numbers
Line/
Col.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

1
2
3
4
5

10480
22368
24130
42167
37570

15011
46573
48360
93093
39975

01536
25595
22527
06243
81837

02011
85393
97265
61680
16656

81647
30995
76393
07856
06121

91646
89198
64809
16376
91782

69179
27982
15179
39440
60468

14194
53402
24830
53537
81305

62590
93965
49340
71341
49684

36207
34095
32081
57004
60672

20969
52666
30680
00849
14110

99570
19174
19655
74917
06927

91291
39615
63348
97758
01263

90700
99505
58629
16379
54613

6
7
8
9
10

77921
99562
96301
89579
85475

06907
72905
91977
14342
36857

11008
56420
05463
63661
53342

42751
69994
07972
10281
53988

27756
98872
18876
17453
53060

53498
31016
20922
18103
59533

18602
71194
94595
57740
38867

70659
18738
56869
84378
62300

90655
44013
69014
25331
08158

15053
48840
60045
12566
17983

21916
63213
18425
58678
16439

81825
21069
84903
44947
11458

44394
10634
42508
05585
18593

42880
12952
32307
56941
64952

11
12
13
14
15

28918
63553
09429
10365
07119

69578
40961
93969
61129
97336

88231
48235
52636
87529
71048

33276
03427
92737
85689
08178

70997
49626
88974
48237
77233

79936
69445
33488
52267
13916

56865
18663
36320
67689
47564

05859
72695
17617
93394
81056

90106
52180
30015
01511
97735

31595
20847
08272
26358
85977

01547
12234
84115
85104
29372

85590
90511
27156
20285
74461

91610
33703
30613
29975
28551

78188
90322
74952
89868
90707

16
17
18
19
20

51085
02368
01011
52162
07056

12765
21382
54092
53916
97628

51821
52404
33362
46369
33787

51259
60268
94904
58586
09998

77452
89368
31273
23216
42698

16308
19885
04146
14513
06691

60756
55322
18594
83149
76988

92144
44819
29852
98736
13602

49442
01188
71585
23495
51851

53900
65255
85030
64350
46104

70960
64835
51132
94738
88916

63990
44919
01915
17752
19509

75601
05944
92747
35156
25625

40719
55157
64951
35749
58104

21
22
23
24
25

48663
54164
32639
29334
02488

91245
58492
32363
27001
33062

85828
22421
05597
87637
28834

14346
74103
24200
87308
07351

09172
47070
13363
58731
19731

30168
25306
38005
00256
92420

90229
76468
94342
45834
60952

04734
26384
28728
15398
61280

59193
58151
35806
46557
50001

22178
06646
06912
41135
67658

30421
21524
17012
10367
32586

61666
15227
64161
07684
86679

99904
96909
18296
36188
50720

32812
44592
22851
18510
94953

Abridged from William H. Beyer, ed., Handbook of Tables for Probability and Statistics, 2nd ed. The Chemical Rubber Co., 1968.
Used by permission of CRC Press, Inc.

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Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
(a  .05, t  3)

v2 =

.99

60 20 12
30 15 10 9 8 7 6

v1 = 2
.98

Power = 1

.97
.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

30 15 10 8 7 6

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
(a  .05, t  4)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

v1 = 3
.98
.97

Power = 1

1202

11/27/08

.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

30 15 10 8 7 6

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

Data from Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 1966, edited by E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley.
Cambridge University, New York.

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Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
(a  .05, t  5)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

v1 = 4
.98

Power = 1

.97
.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
(a  .05, t  6)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

v1 = 5
.98

Power = 1

.97
.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

1203

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Page 1204

Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
(a  .05, t  7)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

v1 = 6
.98

Power = 1

.97
.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
(a  .05, t  8)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8 7

v1 = 7
.98
.97

Power = 1

1204

11/27/08

.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8 7

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

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Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
(a  .05, t  9)

v2 =

.99

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8 7

v1 = 8
.98

Power = 1

.97
.96
.95
.94
.92
.90

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
1

1205

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Page 1206

Appendix

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities (m between .1 and 4.0)

.1

.2

.3

.4

M
.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

.9048
.0905
.0045
.0002
.0000
.0000
.0000

.8187
.1637
.0164
.0011
.0001
.0000
.0000

.7408
.2222
.0333
.0033
.0003
.0000
.0000

.6703
.2681
.0536
.0072
.0007
.0001
.0000

.6065
.3033
.0758
.0126
.0016
.0002
.0000

.5488
.3293
.0988
.0198
.0030
.0004
.0000

.4966
.3476
.1217
.0284
.0050
.0007
.0001

.4493
.3595
.1438
.0383
.0077
.0012
.0002

.4066
.3659
.1647
.0494
.0111
.0020
.0003

.3679
.3679
.1839
.0613
.0153
.0031
.0005

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

M
1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

.3329
.3662
.2014
.0738
.0203
.0045
.0008
.0001
.0000

.3012
.3614
.2169
.0867
.0260
.0062
.0012
.0002
.0000

.2725
.3543
.2303
.0998
.0324
.0084
.0018
.0003
.0001

.2466
.3452
.2417
.1128
.0395
.0111
.0026
.0005
.0001

.2231
.3347
.2510
.1255
.0471
.0141
.0035
.0008
.0001

.2019
.3230
.2584
.1378
.0551
.0176
.0047
.0011
.0002

.1827
.3106
.2640
.1496
.0636
.0216
.0061
.0015
.0003

.1653
.2975
.2678
.1607
.0723
.0260
.0078
.0020
.0005

.1496
.2842
.2700
.1710
.0812
.0309
.0098
.0027
.0006

.1353
.2707
.2707
.1804
.0902
.0361
.0120
.0034
.0009

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

M
2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

.1225
.2572
.2700
.1890
.0992
.0417
.0146
.0044
.0011
.0003
.0001
.0000

.1108
.2438
.2681
.1966
.1082
.0476
.0174
.0055
.0015
.0004
.0001
.0000

.1003
.2306
.2652
.2033
.1169
.0538
.0206
.0068
.0019
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0907
.2177
.2613
.2090
.1254
.0602
.0241
.0083
.0025
.0007
.0002
.0000

.0821
.2052
.2565
.2138
.1336
.0668
.0278
.0099
.0031
.0009
.0002
.0000

.0743
.1931
.2510
.2176
.1414
.0735
.0319
.0118
.0038
.0011
.0003
.0001

.0672
.1815
.2450
.2205
.1488
.0804
.0362
.0139
.0047
.0014
.0004
.0001

.0608
.1703
.2384
.2225
.1557
.0872
.0407
.0163
.0057
.0018
.0005
.0001

.0550
.1596
.2314
.2237
.1622
.0940
.0455
.0188
.0068
.0022
.0006
.0002

.0498
.1494
.2240
.2240
.1680
.1008
.0504
.0216
.0081
.0027
.0008
.0002

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

M
3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

.0450
.1397
.2165
.2237
.1733
.1075
.0555

.0408
.1304
.2087
.2226
.1781
.1140
.0608

.0369
.1217
.2008
.2209
.1823
.1203
.0662

.0334
.1135
.1929
.2186
.1858
.1264
.0716

.0302
.1057
.1850
.2158
.1888
.1322
.0771

.0273
.0984
.1771
.2125
.1912
.1377
.0826

.0247
.0915
.1692
.2087
.1931
.1429
.0881

.0224
.0850
.1615
.2046
.1944
.1477
.0936

.0202
.0789
.1539
.2001
.1951
.1522
.0989

.0183
.0733
.1465
.1954
.1954
.1563
.1042

Additional values can be obtained using the R function dpois ( y, m).

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Appendix

1207

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities (m between 3.1 and 10.0)

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

M
3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

.0246
.0095
.0033
.0010
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0278
.0111
.0040
.0013
.0004
.0001
.0000

.0312
.0129
.0047
.0016
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0348
.0148
.0056
.0019
.0006
.0002
.0000

.0385
.0169
.0066
.0023
.0007
.0002
.0001

.0425
.0191
.0076
.0028
.0009
.0003
.0001

.0466
.0215
.0089
.0033
.0011
.0003
.0001

.0508
.0241
.0102
.0039
.0013
.0004
.0001

.0551
.0269
.0116
.0045
.0016
.0005
.0002

.0595
.0298
.0132
.0053
.0019
.0006
.0002

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

M
4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.0166
.0679
.1393
.1904
.1951
.1600
.1093
.0640
.0328
.0150
.0061
.0023
.0008
.0002
.0001
.0000

.0150
.0630
.1323
.1852
.1944
.1633
.1143
.0686
.0360
.0168
.0071
.0027
.0009
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0136
.0583
.1254
.1798
.1933
.1662
.1191
.0732
.0393
.0188
.0081
.0032
.0011
.0004
.0001
.0000

.0123
.0540
.1188
.1743
.1917
.1687
.1237
.0778
.0428
.0209
.0092
.0037
.0013
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0111
.0500
.1125
.1687
.1898
.1708
.1281
.0824
.0463
.0232
.0104
.0043
.0016
.0006
.0002
.0001

.0101
.0462
.1063
.1631
.1875
.1725
.1323
.0869
.0500
.0255
.0118
.0049
.0019
.0007
.0002
.0001

.0091
.0427
.1005
.1574
.1849
.1738
.1362
.0914
.0537
.0281
.0132
.0056
.0022
.0008
.0003
.0001

.0082
.0395
.0948
.1517
.1820
.1747
.1398
.0959
.0575
.0307
.0147
.0064
.0026
.0009
.0003
.0001

.0074
.0365
.0894
.1460
.1789
.1753
.1432
.1002
.0614
.0334
.0164
.0073
.0030
.0011
.0004
.0001

.0067
.0337
.0842
.1404
.1755
.1755
.1462
.1044
.0653
.0363
.0181
.0082
.0034
.0013
.0005
.0002

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

M
7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.0041
.0225
.0618
.1133
.1558
.1714
.1571
.1234
.0849
.0519
.0285
.0143
.0065
.0028
.0011
.0004

.0025
.0149
.0446
.0892
.1339
.1606
.1606
.1377
.1033
.0688
.0413
.0225
.0113
.0052
.0022
.0009

.0015
.0098
.0318
.0688
.1118
.1454
.1575
.1462
.1188
.0858
.0558
.0330
.0179
.0089
.0041
.0018

.0009
.0064
.0223
.0521
.0912
.1277
.1490
.1490
.1304
.1014
.0710
.0452
.0263
.0142
.0071
.0033

.0006
.0041
.0156
.0389
.0729
.1094
.1367
.1465
.1373
.1144
.0858
.0585
.0366
.0211
.0113
.0057

.0003
.0027
.0107
.0286
.0573
.0916
.1221
.1396
.1396
.1241
.0993
.0722
.0481
.0296
.0169
.0090

.0002
.0017
.0074
.0208
.0443
.0752
.1066
.1294
.1375
.1299
.1104
.0853
.0604
.0395
.0240
.0136

.0001
.0011
.0050
.0150
.0337
.0607
.0911
.1171
.1318
.1318
.1186
.0970
.0728
.0504
.0324
.0194

.0001
.0007
.0034
.0107
.0254
.0483
.0764
.1037
.1232
.1300
.1235
.1067
.0844
.0617
.0419
.0265

.0000
.0005
.0023
.0076
.0189
.0378
.0631
.0901
.1126
.1251
.1251
.1137
.0948
.0729
.0521
.0347

17582_20_App_p1169-1209.qxd

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Appendix

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities (m between 5.5 and 20.0)

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

M
7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0007
.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0014
.0006
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0026
.0012
.0005
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0045
.0021
.0009
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000

.0072
.0036
.0017
.0008
.0003
.0001
.0001
.0000

.0109
.0058
.0029
.0014
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0157
.0088
.0046
.0023
.0011
.0005
.0002
.0001

.0217
.0128
.0071
.0037
.0019
.0009
.0004
.0002

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

M
15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

.0000
.0002
.0010
.0037
.0102
.0224
.0411
.0646
.0888
.1085
.1194
.1194
.1094
.0926
.0728
.0534
.0367
.0237
.0145
.0084
.0046
.0024
.0012
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0001
.0004
.0018
.0053
.0127
.0255
.0437
.0655
.0874
.1048
.1144
.1144
.1056
.0905
.0724
.0543
.0383
.0255
.0161
.0097
.0055
.0030
.0016
.0008
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0002
.0008
.0027
.0070
.0152
.0281
.0457
.0661
.0859
.1015
.1099
.1099
.1021
.0885
.0719
.0550
.0397
.0272
.0177
.0109
.0065
.0037
.0020
.0010
.0005
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0001
.0004
.0013
.0037
.0087
.0174
.0304
.0473
.0663
.0844
.0984
.1060
.1060
.0989
.0866
.0713
.0554
.0409
.0286
.0191
.0121
.0074
.0043
.0024
.0013
.0007
.0003
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0002
.0006
.0019
.0048
.0104
.0194
.0324
.0486
.0663
.0829
.0956
.1024
.1024
.0960
.0847
.0706
.0557
.0418
.0299
.0204
.0133
.0083
.0050
.0029
.0016
.0009
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0001
0000

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0003
.0010
.0026
.0060
.0120
.0213
.0341
.0496
.0661
.0814
.0930
.0992
.0992
.0934
.0830
.0699
.0559
.0426
.0310
.0216
.0144
.0092
.0057
.0034
.0019
.0011
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0001

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0005
.0014
.0034
.0072
.0135
.0230
.0355
.0504
.0658
.0800
.0906
.0963
.0963
.0909
.0814
.0692
.0560
.0433
.0320
.0226
.0154
.0101
.0063
.0038
.0023
.0013
.0007
.0004
.0002

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0002
.0007
.0019
.0042
.0083
.0150
.0245
.0368
.0509
.0655
.0786
.0884
.0936
.0936
.0887
.0798
.0684
.0560
.0438
.0328
.0237
.0164
.0109
.0070
.0044
.0026
.0015
.0009
.0005

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0004
.0010
.0024
.0050
.0095
.0164
.0259
.0378
.0514
.0650
.0772
.0863
.0911
.0911
.0866
.0783
.0676
.0559
.0442
.0336
.0246
.0173
.0117
.0077
.0049
.0030
.0018
.0010

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0002
.0005
.0013
.0029
.0058
.0106
.0176
.0271
.0387
.0516
.0646
.0760
.0844
.0888
.0888
.0846
.0769
.0669
.0557
.0446
.0343
.0254
.0181
.0125
.0083
.0054
.0034
.0020

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function dpois (y, m).

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Appendix

1209

TABLE 16
Percentage points of the normal probability plot correlation coefficent, r
n/A =

.005

.01

.025

.05

.10

.25

.50

.75

.90

.95

.975

.99

.995

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

.860
.868
.875
.882
.888
.894
.889
.903
.907
.909
.912
.914
.918
.922
.926
.928
.930
.932
.934
.937
.938
.943
.949
.955
.959
.962
.965
.967
.969
.971
.973
.974
.976
.977
.979

.876
.883
.889
.895
.901
.907
.912
.916
.919
.923
.925
.928
.930
.933
.936
.937
.939
.941
.943
.945
.947
.952
.958
.961
.965
.967
.970
.972
.974
.975
.976
.977
.978
.979
.981

.900
.906
.912
.917
.921
.925
.928
.931
.934
.937
.939
.942
.944
.947
.949
.950
.952
.953
.955
.956
.957
.961
.966
.969
.972
.974
.976
.977
.978
.979
.980
.981
.982
.983
.984

.917
.922
.926
.931
.934
.937
.940
.942
.945
.947
.950
.952
.954
.955
.957
.958
.959
.960
.962
.962
.964
.968
.972
.974
.977
.978
.980
.981
.982
.983
.984
.985
.985
.986
.987

.934
.938
.941
.944
.947
.950
.952
.954
.956
.958
.960
.961
.962
.964
.965
.966
.967
.968
.969
.969
.970
.974
.977
.978
.981
.982
.983
.984
.985
.986
.987
.987
.988
.989
.989

.954
.957
.959
.962
.964
.965
.967
.968
.969
.971
.972
.973
.974
.975
.975
.976
.977
.977
.978
.979
.979
.982
.983
.985
.986
.987
.988
.989
.989
.990
.991
.991
.991
.992
.992

.970
.972
.973
.975
.976
.977
.978
.979
.979
.980
.981
.981
.982
.983
.983
.984
.984
.984
.985
.985
.986
.987
.988
.989
.990
.991
.991
.992
.993
.993
.993
.994
.994
.994
.994

.981
.982
.982
.983
.984
.984
.985
.986
.986
.987
.987
.987
.988
.988
.988
.989
.989
.989
.990
.990
.990
.991
.992
.993
.993
.994
.994
.994
.995
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996

.987
.988
.988
.988
.989
.989
.989
.990
.990
.990
.991
.991
.991
.991
.992
.992
.992
.992
.992
.992
.993
.993
.994
.994
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996
.996
.997
.997
.997
.997

.990
.990
.990
.991
.991
.991
.991
.992
.992
.992
.992
.993
.993
.993
.993
.993
.993
.994
.994
.994
.994
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996
.996
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.998

.992
.992
.992
.993
.993
.993
.993
.993
.993
.993
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.998
.998
.998

.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.994
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998

.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.995
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.996
.997
.997
.997
.997
.997
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998
.998

From J.J. Filliben (1975), The Probability Plot Correlation Coefficient Test for Normality, Technometrics 17, 111117.

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Shaded area =

TABLE 2

t ,

Percentage points of Students t distribution

Right-Tail Probability (A)
df

.40

.25

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

.0005

1
2
3
4
5

.325
.289
.277
.271
.267

1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

318.309
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.599
12.924
8.610
6.869

6
7
8
9
10

.265
.263
.262
.261
.260

.718
.711
.706
.703
.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

11
12
13
14
15

.260
.259
.259
.258
.258

.697
.695
.694
.692
.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

16
17
18
19
20

.258
.257
.257
.257
.257

.690
.689
.688
.688
.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25

.257
.256
.256
.256
.256

.686
.686
.685
.685
.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

26
27
28
29

.256
.256
.256
.256

.684
.684
.683
.683

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659

30
35
40
50
60
120
inf.

.256
.255
.255
.255
.254
.254
.253

.683
.682
.681
.679
.679
.677
.674

1.310
1.306
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.697
1.690
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.042
2.030
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.457
2.438
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.750
2.724
2.704
2.678
2.660
2.617
2.576

3.385
3.340
3.307
3.261
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.646
3.591
3.551
3.496
3.460
3.373
3.291

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qt (1
a, df).

For 2-tailed tests and C.I.s use value in column headed by a/2.

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Page 6

TABLE 10
Percentage points of the Studentized range
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120


t
Number of Treatment Means

A

10

11

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01

3.64
5.70
3.46
5.24
3.34
4.95
3.26
4.75
3.20
4.60
3.15
4.48
3.11
4.39
3.08
4.32
3.06
4.26
3.03
4.21
3.01
4.17
3.00
4.13
2.98
4.10
2.97
4.07
2.96
4.05
2.95
4.02
2.92
3.96
2.89
3.89
2.86
3.82
2.83
3.76
2.80
3.70
2.77
3.64

4.60
6.98
4.34
6.33
4.16
5.92
4.04
5.64
3.95
5.43
3.88
5.27
3.82
5.15
3.77
5.05
3.73
4.96
3.70
4.89
3.67
4.84
3.65
4.79
3.63
4.74
3.61
4.70
3.59
4.67
3.58
4.64
3.53
4.55
3.49
4.45
3.44
4.37
3.40
4.28
3.36
4.20
3.31
4.12

5.22
7.80
4.90
7.03
4.68
6.54
4.53
6.20
4.41
5.96
4.33
5.77
4.26
5.62
4.20
5.50
4.15
5.40
4.11
5.32
4.08
5.25
4.05
5.19
4.02
5.14
4.00
5.09
3.98
5.05
3.96
5.02
3.90
4.91
3.85
4.80
3.79
4.70
3.74
4.59
3.68
4.50
3.63
4.40

5.67
8.42
5.30
7.56
5.06
7.00
4.89
6.62
4.76
6.35
4.65
6.14
4.57
5.97
4.51
5.84
4.45
5.73
4.41
5.63
4.37
5.56
4.33
5.49
4.30
5.43
4.28
5.38
4.25
5.33
4.23
5.29
4.17
5.17
4.10
5.05
4.04
4.93
3.98
4.82
3.92
4.71
3.86
4.60

6.03
8.91
5.63
7.97
5.36
7.37
5.17
6.96
5.02
6.66
4.91
6.43
4.82
6.25
4.75
6.10
4.69
5.98
4.64
5.88
4.59
5.80
4.56
5.72
4.52
5.66
4.49
5.60
4.47
5.55
4.45
5.51
4.37
5.37
4.30
5.24
4.23
5.11
4.16
4.99
4.10
4.87
4.03
4.76

6.33
9.32
5.90
8.32
5.61
7.68
5.40
7.24
5.24
6.91
5.12
6.67
5.03
6.48
4.95
6.32
4.88
6.19
4.83
6.08
4.78
5.99
4.74
5.92
4.70
5.85
4.67
5.79
4.65
5.73
4.62
5.69
4.54
5.54
4.46
5.40
4.39
5.26
4.31
5.13
4.24
5.01
4.17
4.88

6.58
9.67
6.12
8.61
5.82
7.94
5.60
7.47
5.43
7.13
5.30
6.87
5.20
6.67
5.12
6.51
5.05
6.37
4.99
6.26
4.94
6.16
4.90
6.08
4.86
6.01
4.82
5.94
4.79
5.89
4.77
5.84
4.68
5.69
4.60
5.54
4.52
5.39
4.44
5.25
4.36
5.12
4.29
4.99

6.80
9.97
6.32
8.87
6.00
8.17
5.77
7.68
5.59
7.33
5.46
7.05
5.35
6.84
5.27
6.67
5.19
6.53
5.13
6.41
5.08
6.31
5.03
6.22
4.99
6.15
4.96
6.08
4.92
6.02
4.90
5.97
4.81
5.81
4.72
5.65
4.63
5.50
4.55
5.36
4.47
5.21
4.39
5.08

6.99
10.24
6.49
9.10
6.16
8.37
5.92
7.86
5.74
7.49
5.60
7.21
5.49
6.99
5.39
6.81
5.32
6.67
5.25
6.54
5.20
6.44
5.15
6.35
5.11
6.27
5.07
6.20
5.04
6.14
5.01
6.09
4.92
5.92
4.82
5.76
4.73
5.60
4.65
5.45
4.56
5.30
4.47
5.16

7.17
10.48
6.65
9.30
6.30
8.55
6.05
8.03
5.87
7.65
5.72
7.36
5.61
7.13
5.51
6.94
5.43
6.79
5.36
6.66
5.31
6.55
5.26
6.46
5.21
6.38
5.17
6.31
5.14
6.25
5.11
6.19
5.01
6.02
4.92
5.85
4.82
5.69
4.73
5.53
4.64
5.37
4.55
5.23

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using the R function qtukey (1
a, t, df).

17582_IEC.qxd

11/25/08

6:49 PM

Page 7

TABLE 10
(continued)
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120


t
Number of Treatment Means

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

7.32
10.70
6.79
9.48
6.43
8.71
6.18
8.18
5.98
7.78
5.83
7.49
5.71
7.25
5.61
7.06
5.53
6.90
5.46
6.77
5.40
6.66
5.35
6.56
5.31
6.48
5.27
6.41
5.23
6.34
5.20
6.28
5.10
6.11
5.00
5.93
4.90
5.76
4.81
5.60
4.71
5.44
4.62
5.29

7.47
10.89
6.92
9.65
6.55
8.86
6.29
8.31
6.09
7.91
5.93
7.60
5.81
7.36
5.71
7.17
5.63
7.01
5.55
6.87
5.49
6.76
5.44
6.66
5.39
6.57
5.35
6.50
5.31
6.43
5.28
6.37
5.18
6.19
5.08
6.01
4.98
5.83
4.88
5.67
4.78
5.50
4.68
5.35

7.60
11.08
7.03
9.81
6.66
9.00
6.39
8.44
6.19
8.03
6.03
7.71
5.90
7.46
5.80
7.26
5.71
7.10
5.64
6.96
5.57
6.84
5.52
6.74
5.47
6.66
5.43
6.58
5.39
6.51
5.36
6.45
5.25
6.26
5.15
6.08
5.04
5.90
4.94
5.73
4.84
5.56
4.74
5.40

7.72
11.24
7.14
9.95
6.76
9.12
6.48
8.55
6.28
8.13
6.11
7.81
5.98
7.56
5.88
7.36
5.79
7.19
5.71
7.05
5.65
6.93
5.59
6.82
5.54
6.73
5.50
6.65
5.46
6.58
5.43
6.52
5.32
6.33
5.21
6.14
5.11
5.96
5.00
5.78
4.90
5.61
4.80
5.45

7.83
11.40
7.24
10.08
6.85
9.24
6.57
8.66
6.36
8.23
6.19
7.91
6.06
7.65
5.95
7.44
5.86
7.27
5.79
7.13
5.72
7.00
5.66
6.90
5.61
6.81
5.57
6.73
5.53
6.65
5.49
6.59
5.38
6.39
5.27
6.20
5.16
6.02
5.06
5.84
4.95
5.66
4.85
5.49

7.93
11.55
7.34
10.21
6.94
9.35
6.65
8.76
6.44
8.33
6.27
7.99
6.13
7.73
6.02
7.52
5.93
7.35
5.85
7.20
5.78
7.07
5.73
6.97
5.67
6.87
5.63
6.79
5.59
6.72
5.55
6.65
5.44
6.45
5.33
6.26
5.22
6.07
5.11
5.89
5.00
5.71
4.89
5.54

8.03
11.68
7.43
10.32
7.02
9.46
6.73
8.85
6.51
8.41
6.34
8.08
6.20
7.81
6.09
7.59
5.99
7.42
5.91
7.27
5.85
7.14
5.79
7.03
5.73
6.94
5.69
6.85
5.65
6.78
5.61
6.71
5.49
6.51
5.38
6.31
5.27
6.12
5.15
5.93
5.04
5.75
4.93
5.57

8.12
11.81
7.51
10.43
7.10
9.55
6.80
8.94
6.58
8.49
6.40
8.15
6.27
7.88
6.15
7.66
6.05
7.48
5.97
7.33
5.90
7.20
5.84
7.09
5.79
7.00
5.74
6.91
5.70
6.84
5.66
6.77
5.55
6.56
5.43
6.36
5.31
6.16
5.20
5.97
5.09
5.79
4.97
5.61

8.21
11.93
7.59
10.54
7.17
9.65
6.87
9.03
6.64
8.57
6.47
8.23
6.33
7.95
6.21
7.73
6.11
7.55
6.03
7.39
5.96
7.26
5.90
7.15
5.84
7.05
5.79
6.97
5.75
6.89
5.71
6.82
5.59
6.61
5.47
6.41
5.36
6.21
5.24
6.01
5.13
5.83
5.01
5.65

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01