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UNIT 7: THE INVISIBLE HAND OF THE MARKET I. Read and learn: By following their self-own interest in open and competitive markets consumers producers and workers are led to use their economic resources in ways that have the greatest value to the national economy ! at leas in terms of satisfying more of people"s wants. #he first person to point out this fact in a systematic way was the $cottish philosopher %dam $mith who pu&lished his most famous &ook An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in '((). $mith was the first great classical economist and among the first to descri&e how an economy &ased on a system of market could promote economic efficiency and individual freedom regardless of whether people were particularly industrious or lazy. $mith argued that if people are naturally good and kind a market economy offers them a great deal of economic freedom to carry out their good deeds &acked up &y an efficient system of production which generates more material goods and services for them to use in doing those good works. But what if people are selfish greedy or lazy* %nyone who wants to en+oy more of the material goods and services produced in a market economy faces strong economic incentives to work hard spend carefully save and invest. %nd most successful &usinesses have to produce good products sell them at market prices pay their employees market wages and treat their customers courteously ! even if that isn"t their natural way of doing things. #he &asic reason for that kind of change in some people"s &ehaviour is competition. %s %dam $mith pointed out when there are several &utcher shops in a community any &utcher who is rude or tries to sell inferior meat at unreasona&le prices soon looses &usiness and income to other &utcher shops. ,-. the more a greedy or selfish &utcher wants to en+oy a higher standard of living the more he or she will try to meet the competition and &uild up a large &ase of satisfied customers. /r as $mith descri&ed this feature of market economies people are led: 0as if &y an invisi&le hand" to work and

&ehave in ways that use resources efficiently in terms of producing things that other people want and are willing to pay for even though that may have not &een part of their original intentions1. /ne other factor must &e at work for $mith"s invisi&le hand to function properly: the &utcher must own or rent the shop so that he or she has the rights to its profits. 2ithout this right to private property and to the profits it &rings the invisi&le hand of competition will not motivate &usiness to offer the &est and most varied products at reasona&le prices. By decentralizing the control of economic resources ! letting individual producers decide what and how to produce to satisfy their customers ! competition and self interest insure that most resources availa&le in a market economy are used efficiently which is to say in their most valua&le uses as directed &y what consumers demand and &uy1. II. 3ind words in the te4t that have the same meaning as the following ones: #o warrant5 hard-working5 avaricious5 thoroughly5 well-known5 to &enefit5 wisely5 to put aside5 income5 characteristic5 to provide5 III. %nswer the following 6uestions: '. 2ho wrote An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations* 7. 2hat is the role of competition in a market economy* 8. 9an you name the main features that make a market economy different from a command one* I:. 3ocus on ;rammar: %. B. Indefinite <ronouns and %d+ectives ,<ronumele =i ad+ectivele nehot>r?te. <ast #ense $imple ,#recutul $implu.

%.: <ronumele =i ad+ectivele nehot>r?te @some15 @any1 @no1 @every1 =i compu=ii lor <ropoziAii affirmative ,B. $ome- ceva ni=te c?Aiva c?teva unii unele %ny- orice oricare <ropoziAii interrogative ,*. %ny ! ceva ni=te c?Aiva c?teva unii unele $ome- ceva ni=te c?Aiva c?teva <ropoziAii negative ,-. Co- nici un nici o un fel de deloc %ny- nici un nici o nici un fel de where $omewhere-

9ompu=ii lui @some1 @any1 @no1 @every1 &ody one some $ome&ody !cineva ,B*. $omeone

thing - $omething-

cineva ceva undeva ,B*. ,B*. ,B *. any %ny&ody ! cineva ,*. %nyone ! %nything ! %nywhere- nimeni ,-. cineva ,*.5 ceva ,*. undeva ,*.5 - oricine ,B. nimeni ,-.5 nimic ,-. nic>ieri ,-.5 oricine ,B. orice ,B. oriunde ,B. no Co&ody- nimeni ,-. Co one ! Cothing ! Cowherenimeni ,-. nimic ,-. nic>ieri ,-. every Every&ody !fiecare toAi toat> Everyone - Everything - Everywherelumea fiecare toAi totul pretutindeni toat> lumea E4: #here is some coffee in the cup. ,ad+. nehot>r?t. $ome of those students are our friends. ,pron. nehot.. %sk some&ody a&out it. ,pron. nehot.. 9an you tell me something a&out it* Is there any coffee in the cup* ,ad+. nehot.. %re any of those students your friends* ,pron. nehot.. Is any&ody at home* ,pron. nehot.. #here isn"t any coffee in the cup. ,ad+. nehot.. Cu este deloc cafea Dn cea=c>. #here isn"t any&ody in the room. ,pron. nehot.. %ny student can answer this 6uestion. ,ad+. nehot.. ,oricare. Eou may have anything on the ta&le. ,pron. nehot.. #here is no coffee in the cup. ,ad+. nehot.. #here are no dictionaries on the ta&le. ,ad+. nehot.. Co&ody can answer you 6uestions ,pron. nehot.. Every citizen has to pay ta4es. ,all citizens as a group. :$. Each mem&er of the foot&all team must sign a contract. ,Each person separately. :alorile lui everywhere: a. adverb: 2e searched everywhere for them. &. prono n: Everywhere was very 6uiet. c. !on" n!#$on: Everywhere I looked there was death and destruction. 3olosirea lui everyone: EveryoneF every&ody wants to &e happy. ,ver& la singular dup> pronumele su&iect everyone. Everyone should &ring hisFher own lunch. ,ad+ectiv posesiv singular- lim&a+ formal. Everyone should &ring their own lunch ,ad+ectiv posesiv plural- lim&a+ informal. B. <ast #ense $imple ,trecutul simplu.: '. %dam $mith pu&lished his most famous &ook An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in '((). 7. $mith was the first great classical economist.

3orme: trecutul ver&elor regulate se construieste prin ad>ugarea grupului @ed1 la forma de infinitv scurt. #impul trecut al ver&elor neregulate este dat Dn ta&elul de ver&e neregulate ,forma a II-a. %ffirmative: IF youF heF sheF weF youF they &ought a new car yesterday. IF youF heF sheF weF youF they watched a comedy last night. Interrogative: Gid IF youF heF sheF weF youF theyF &uy a new car yesterday* Gid IF youF heF sheF weF youF theyF watch a comedy last night* Cegative: IF youF heF sheF weF youF they did notF didn"t &uy a new car yesterday. IF youF heF sheF weF youF they did notF didn"t watch a comedy last night. Intre&uinAare: '. Este folosit pentru a e4prima o acAiune petrecut> =i Dncheiat> Dn trecut care nu are nici un fel de legatur> cu prezentul. %ceast> acAiune poate fi asociat> cu un anumit moment e4primat printr-un adver& de timp definit sau o locuAiune adver&ial> de timp referitoare la trecut: yesterday, two days ago (orice combinaie cu ago), last week, last year, in !"#, $ow long ago%&, then, when etc' #hey spent their holidays in $witzerland last winter. #hey had a great time. ,momentul e4act este de+a cunoscut. 7. Este timpul folosit Dn naratiuni c?nd povestim ceva ce s-a petrecut Dn trecut. 3irst I wrote my homework I watched a film on the #: and then I had a walk. 8. Este folosit pentru a ne referi la o&iceiuri din trecut care nu mai sunt vala&ile Dn present. In aceast> situaAie forma de trecut poate fi Dnlocuit> cu e4presia used to <eople travelledF used to travel &y carriage in those days. H. $e folose=te pentru a ne referi la viaAa =i activitatea unor personae care nu mai s?nt Dn viaA>. Iarilyn Ionroe %#arred in a num&er of successful films. #recutul ver&elor regulate: pro&leme de ortografie %. ver&ele care se termina Dn !e adaug> doar consoana 0d"&ake- &aked B. ver&ele monosila&ice care se termin> Dn vocal> B consoan> du&leaz> consoana: stop ! stopped 9. ver&ele care se termin> Dn consoan> By Dl schim&> pe 0y" Dn 0J"si adaug> grupul @ed1 fry- fried G. ver&ele care se termin> Dn vocal> B y adaug> grupul @ed1 f>r> alte modific>ri: staystayed #%BEKLK :ERBEK/R CERE;LK%#E Infinitive <ast simple &e 2asFwere &eat &eat &ecome &ecame &egin &egan &end &ent &et &et &ite &it &low &lew

<ast participle &een &eaten &ecome &egun &ent &et &itten &lown

#ranslation

&reak &ring &uild &urn &uy catch choose come cost cut do dream drink drive eat fall feed fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let lie lose make mean

&roke &rought &uilt BurntF&urned &ought caught chose came cost cut did GreamedFdreamt drank drove ate fell fed fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew MungFhanged had heard hit held hurt kept knew laid led learnt left lent let lay lost made meant

&roken &rought &uilt BurntF&urned &ought caught chosen come cost cut done GreamedFdreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown MungFhanged had heard hit held hurt kept known laid led learnt left lent let lain lost made meant

meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send set shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep smell spend spread stand steal swear swim take teach throw understand wake wear win write

met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept $meltFsmelled spent spread stood stole swore swam took taught threw understood woke wore won wrote

met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept $meltFsmelled spent spread stood stolen sworn swum taken taught thrown understood woken worn won written

:. <ractice: %. 3ill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds. '. Is -------.the matter with dawn* $he looks upset. 7. I think ------ is trying to &reak into that house. 8. 2e"ve got -----. time to make a cake &efore the partyN

H. I"m thinking of moving to Kondon.FF Really* Iy &oss has a house -----near Kondon. O. I suppose I should make------.for dinner. ). I looked in the #: guide. #here"s hardly ----..good on tonight. (. Go you like living in Brighton* FF Ees &ut -----..will ever mean a much to me as my home town. P. Gid you call $arah this evening* FF Ees &ut -------.was at home so I left a message on the answering machine. Q. #here were -----.. very frightening rides at the fairground.FF Really* I wish I had come with you. 'R. /h noN I can"t think of -----worseN Ket"s go homeN B. 3ill in the &lanks with some any, someone, anyone, none, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, and nothing( '. I can"t see my wallet5 ------.must have taken it. 7. Go you have ----..to add* 8. If you have o money I can lend you-----.. H. I rang the &ell two or three times &ut ----. answered the door. 2ere you e4pecting----..* O. Me must &e -----important. ). -----..is more important than good health. (. Eou can find practically -------you want in this shop. P. I think there"s -----at the door. 2ere you e4pecting -----.* Q I have a very good wine. 2ould you like ---.* 'R. #he pro&lem was so difficult that -----could do it. ''. I want to show you -----interesting. '7. Iy younger sister has the television on every morning. It doesn"t matter what"s on. $he"ll watch -----. '8. ----.. of us has ever heard such an e4citing story. 'H. #his time I can"t do ----.for you. 'O. I"m going to the supermarket since I want to &uy -----9. Read what $haron says a&out a typical working day:

I usually get up at ( o"clock and have a &ig &reakfast. I walk to work which takes me a&out half an hour. I start work at P.HO. I never have lunch. I finish work at O o"clock. I"m always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don"t usually go out. I go to &ed at a&out '' o"clock. I always sleep well. )esterday was a ty*ical working day for +haron' Write what she did or didn,t do yesterday' '. 7. 8. H. O. ). (. P. Q. $he ----. at ( o clock. $he-----. a &ig &reakfast. $he-----------. It--------to get to work. -----------.at P.HO. ------------..lunch. ------------.at O o"clock. ------. tired when -----.home. --------a meal yesterday evening.

'R. ''. '7.

-----------..yesterday evening. ------------..at '' o"clock. ----------well last night.

G. <ut one of these ver&s in each sentence: Buy5 catch5 cost5 drink5 fall5 hurt5 sell5 spend5 teach5 throw5 win5 write5 '. 7. 8. H. O. Iozart --------.more than )RR pieces of music. 0Mow did you learn to drive*" @Iy father -----. me @ 2e couldn"t afford to keep our car so we-------.it. I was very thirsty. I --------.the water very 6uickly. <aul and I played tennis yesterday. Me"s much &etter than me so he ------easily. ). Gon------.down the stairs this morning and -------.his leg. (. Sim-----the &all to $ue who -----.it. P. %nn ------. % lot of money yesterday. $he ------..a dress which ---..T'RR. E. % friend has +ust come &ack from holiday. Eou ask him a&out it. 2rite your 6uestions. ' ,whereFgo.: 2here did you go* 7 ,go alone.------. 8 ,foodFgood.----H ,how longF stay there*. ------. O ,stay Fat a hotel*. ------. ) ,howF travel*. ------. ( ,the weather Ffine*. ------. P ,what Fdo in the evenings*. ------. Q ,meet any&ody interesting*.------. 3. 9omplete the sentences. <ut the ver& into the correct form positive or negative.

'. It was warm so I ----.off my coat. ,take. 7. #he film wasn"t very good. I ----... it very much. ,en+oy. 8. I knew $arah was very &usy so I ------her. ,distur&. H. I was very tired so I -------.to &ed early. ,go. O. #he &ed was very uncomforta&le. I -----------..very well ,sleep. ). $ue wasn"t hungry so she ------- anything. ,eat. (. 2e went to Uate"s house &ut she -------..at home. ,&e. P. It was a funny situation &ut no&ody ----.. ,laugh.. Q. #he window was open and a &ird ------- into the room. ,fly. 'R. #he hotel wasn"t very e4pensive. It ---------very much ,cost. ''. I was in a hurry so I ------ time to phone you. ,have. '7. It was hard work carrying the &ags. #hey ---------. very heavy. ,&e.

UNIT 7: INFLATION I. Reading session:

2ill inflation remain one of the most intracta&le pro&lems confronting societies in transition from centralized to free market economies* It will &e however a challenge that such societies must meet if they are to en+oy the material &enefits that a market economy can provide. Inflation is an increase in the average price level of the goods and services produced and sold in an economy. Inflation typically occurs in a market economy for on of two reasons: either people increase their spending faster than producers are a&le to increase the supply of the goods and services5 or there is a decrease in the supply of goods and services to consumers andFor producers which drives up prices. Inflation has sometimes &een descri&ed as an increasing amount of money chasing a shrinking num&er of goods. Inflation hits economies in transition hard &ecause price li&eralization ! the removal of government control of prices ! is an essential step towards a market economy. #he initial result of such price li&eralization is predicta&le ! a wave of price increases for goods that were in chronic short supply. 2hy* Because the government held their prices artificially low so demand perennially outstripped supply or &ecause of other economic distortions and inefficiencies created &y government decision-makers. In addition if people are holding large amounts of money at the time of this transition ,since there was little of value to &uy. the pressure of inflation can &e even greater. Cevertheless the rewards of enduring the inevita&le &out of inflation during this transitional period are su&stantial. Lnfettered &y government the market mechanisms of supply and demand will &egin to function. Migh prices signal strong demands and the market al&eit slowly and haltingly at first responds with increased production. <eople"s money may have lost value &ut what money they have is now real and consumers can &uy the goods that are &eginning to appear in stores. 2ith supply increasing prices sta&ilize and 6ueues &egin to disappear as consumers realize that more and varied products will continue to &e availa&le for sale. Entrepreneurs and investors eager to &enefit from the new economic freedom are going to start new &usiness and compete to provide goods and services. #hus more +o&s will &e created while prices will moderate further.

#he key element in this transition is for the government to relin6uish its role in setting prices and permit the market forces of supply and demand to esta&lish prices for virtually all goods and services. 2hen such a free market is esta&lished inflation may persist &ut it is a far more managea&le and less threatening pro&lem than in the early hard days of economic transition.1 ,2hat is Iarket economy L$I$ 'QQ7. I/CE#%RE </KI9E @Ionetary policy is how the government tries to improve the country"s economy &y using &anks and money acting on the level of deposits and loans and on interest rates and e4change rates. %s well as keeping inflation low a government will seek to keep unemployment low and output rising. Mowever it cannot do all three things at the same time. 3or instance if it is very successful in lowering unemployment the shortages of workers may cause wages to rise as employers &id for more employees. #he workers will spend their increased wages in the shops and this may cause prices to rise ! there&y causing inflation to rise. % government may have to choose therefore &etween these aims or goals. Irs. #hatcher"s government ,in office &etween'Q(Q ! 'QQR. chose the reduction of inflation as the goal which should &e given the utmost priority. Lnemployment economic growth and the enormous gap &etween e4ports and imports were not considered so important.1 ,Banking: #he Business pp.7(-7P. II. %nswer the following three 6uestions &ased on what you have +ust read. 2hat is inflation* 2hat causes inflation* 2hat is meant &y monetary policy* III. 3ocus on ;rammar: 2ays of e4pressing future %. 3uture $imple: 3orms: %ffirmative: $u&+ect B will B short infinitive of the main ver& I will ,I"ll. &uy the red shirt. Cegative: $u&+ect B will B not V short infinitive of the main ver& <itman 'QQR

I will not &uy ,I won"t. the red shirt. Interrogative: 2ill B $u&+ect B short infinitive of the main ver& 2ill you come to my party* Lse: a. In predictions a&out the future usually with #&$n'( be)$eve( be a*ra$d( probab)+ etc. E.g. I &elieve prices will remain steady in the following months. &. 3or on ! the - spot decisions. E.g. It"s late. I"ll take a ta4i home. I"ll lend you my car if you want. c. 3or actionsF eventsFsituations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control. e.g. 2inter will set in early this year. Me will &e HR ne4t month. B. Be going to: Lse: a. for plans intentions or am&itions. e.g. I"m going to &uy a sports car. &. in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future. e.g. $omeone"s going to fall over that &o4 if you don"t move it. 9. #o &e a&out to Lse: a. in reference to the immediate future e.g. he is a&out to &e elected president of the merged company. G. #o &e to Lse: a. for a previous arrangement e.g. Iother is to arrive tomorrow. E. <resent #ense $imple: for timeta&le and official programmes: e.g. #he train leaves at eight o"clock tomorrow morning. 3. <resent #ense 9ontinuous: for a future event which is planned &y the speaker ,the decision is all hisFhers. e.g. I am flying to Kondon in order to attend the matches of the national foot&all team. ;. 3uture 9ontinuous: Lse: a. for actions which will &e in progress at a stated future time. e.g. #his time ne4t week he"ll &e flying to Iorocco. I:. E4ercises %. %nswer the following 6uestions giving as many answers as possi&le:

'. 2hat do you think will happen after Romania"s integration into the European Lnion* 7. 2hat are you going to do when you graduate* B. 9omplete the sentences using the correct future forms of the ver&s in &rackets. #here may &e more than one possi&ility. '. Go you think the car-----.. ,start. if I turn on the ignition* 7. I"ve got to go now &ut I-------- you ne4t week /U* 8. Kook outN #hat ladder --------..fallN H. #hey say the weather ------- ,get. worse in the ne4t few days. O. I ------ ,&e. a pilot when I grow up said the little &oy. ). #he train ------ ,leave. in five minutes ! let"s goN (. Cow let"s look at the timeta&le. 2e WWWWWWWWWWWWW ,arrive. in Rome at ).HO and we WWWWWWWWWWW,depart. at X.8R for Caples. P. 2e WWWWWWWWWWWWWW ,plan. to &uy a new house sometime his year. Q. EouWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ,fail. the e4am if you don"t study more. 'R. I WWWWWWWWWWWWW ,carry. those &ags for you5 they must &e very heavy. 9. #ranslate the following sentences into English: '. :oi discuta cu reprezentanAii departamentului Resurse Lmane Dn legatura cu posturile vacante. In mod sigur s>pt>m?na viitoare vom da un anunA la ziar. 7. I?ine Dntre orele P =i Q voi citi titlurile tuturor pu&licaAiilor financiare care vor fi trimise de c>tre sucursala firmei noastre Dn 9lu+. 8. $>pt>m?na viitoare pe vremea asta vom discuta clauzele contractului ce va fi Dncheiat conform DnAelegerii noastre p?n> pe data de ' august. H. Girectorul acestei firme a spus c> piaAa serviciilor se va dezvolta din ce Dn ce mai mult Dn Rom?nia. O. $untem pe punctul de a lua o m>sur> deose&it de important referitoare la strategia de dezvoltare a compartimentului de marketing. G. <ut the ver&s in &rackets into the correct future tense: '. %re you looking forward to your holiday* /h yesN #his time ne4t week I --. ,lie. on the &each. 7. 2e"re having a party on $aturday. /h good. I--.. ,make. a cake to &ring along. 8. Mave you finished the report yet* Ees. I --. ,give. it to you in a minute. H. 2hy are you &uying all those vegeta&les* Because I ----.. ,make. vegeta&le soup. O. #his writing is too small for me to read. ;ive it to me and I ---..read it for you. ). %re e4cited a&out your trip* Ees. #his time tomorrow I ----. ,sit. on the plane. (. I can"t hear the television very well.

I ---- ,turn up. the volume. E. <ut the ver&s in &rackets into the future perfect or the future perfect continuous. '. By 8 o"clock she --------.. ,study. for si4 hours. 7. By the end of ne4t month $am ---.. ,finish. the pro+ect. 8. Me--------. ,notFstart. painting the kitchen &efore #uesday. H. By the time she arrives in <aris she -----. ,travel. for four hours. O. I hope I --------.. ,&uy. my own house &y the time I"m thirty-five. ). By $aturday Kisa------. ,diet. for two weeks. (. Mopefully they -------.. ,learn. everything &y the time they sit the e4am. P. By H o"clock I -------in the hairdresser"s for three hours. Q. By 9hristmas I-----.. ,work. for this company for eighteen months. 'R. By ne4t weekend Brian------ ,move. house. ''. Mopefully the &uilders-----.. ,finish. &uilding the house &y ne4t month. '7. By #uesday %lan---.. ,sail. for twelve days.

3. <ut the ver&s in &rackets into the correct future tense. Gear :ictoria #he holidays are coming and I"ve made lots of plans. #his ne4t week I -,&uy. 9hristmas presents for my family and friends. I --- ,get. everything in one day so that I can en+oy myself for the rest of the holidays. I"m staying at home with my family on 9hristmas day &ut two days later I--,leave. for %ustria. Becky and I ----- ,spend. a week there skiing. I"m sure we -----.. ,have. a wonderful time. 2hen I come &ack from %ustria I--.. ,pro&a&lyF have. a party &ecause it"s my &irthday on Sanuary Oth. I -----. ,&e. nineteenN I hope you----..come. 2ell I must go now. I"m going to help my mother with the housework. $ee you soonN Kove <enny

UNIT ,: -HAT MANA.ERS DO I. Reading session: Mow do mangers occupy their time* Go they really have two our lunch &reaks get to go in style to all the ma+or talks conventions and sales meetings and play tennis at least on afternooon a week* 2ell a few do &ut most do not. %ctually it is difficult to say e4actly what managers do &ecause management is a diverse +o&. But &esides performing technical functions they also plan work schedules organize resources control performance and make managerial decision. Ianagers must &e skilled at geeting work done through others. %t all times they must &e concerned a&out the effective use of human and non-human resources. Individuals pursuing management careers move up in the organization in several different ways. #he most popular patttern is the path of progressive responsi&lity. 2hile

it is true that not everyone achieves or desires progressive level of responsi&ility the following criteria were selected for rating individuals as managers. Keadership means effectiveness in getting ideas accepted in guiding a group or an individual to accomplish a task. Sudgement is defined like a&ility to reach sound logical conclusions &ased on the information at hand. %ccounta&ility ! 3ulfillment ! is nothing else &ut the a&ility to fulfill overall performance accounta&ilities as shown on the +o& description. /rganization and <lanning ! means effectiveness in arranging own activities and those of a group so as to provide effective courses of action. Lse of delegation- is the a&ility to involve others efficiently and to understand where a decision can &e made. Initiative- means actively influencing events rather than passively acceting acts without specific instructions within the scope of the assigned accounta&ilities. Geciseveness ! is readiness to make decisions or to render propr +udgements. %&ility to use pro&lem !solving process. <rofessional competence ,e4pertise. ! #he manager must have a firm grasp of fundamental principles and concepts in hisFher profession. Me can make god value +udgments and also knows sources for new information and keeps it up-to !date. <ro&lem analysis ! actually is effectiveness in seeking out pertinent data in determining the cause of the pro&lems. %lthough the tasks of a manager can &e analysed and classified in this fashion management is not entirely scientific. It is human skill. Business professors o&viously &elieve that intuition and Jnstinct are not enough5 there are management skills that have to &e learnt. <eter Grucker for e4ample wrote over 7R years ago that Y%ltogether this entire &ook is &ased on the proposition that the days of the intuitive1manager are num&ered1 meaning that they were coming to an end. But some people are clearly good at managemet and others are not. II. %d+ectives referring to personal 6ualities:

%re you a good manager* 2rite a &rief profile of yourself ,appro4imately five lines. outlining yor personal 6ualities and highlighting any strengths and weaknesses you feel ou have. Lse the lists &elow. $#REC;#M$: confident enterprising humorous am&itious helpful competitive open to change thorough tolerant caring prudent focused supportive generous logical rational analytical communicative authoritative persuasive decisive efficient friendly socia&le 2E%UCE$$E$: arrogant oppportunistic frivolous ruthless controlling &ullying wishy-washy o&sessive uncaring nosy indecisive tunnel-visioned narrow-minded interfering irresponsi&le III. #he ad+ective: the degrees of comparison %d+ecivul ! partea de vor&ire care e4prim> o calitate a unui o&iect ,an interesting lecture5 an old man. are categoria gramatical> a comparaAiei ,Me is taller than his &rother. si care spre deose&ire de lim&a rom?n> unde are fle4iune dup> gen num>r caz =i comparaAie ad+ectivul Dn lim&a englez> nu se schim&> dup> gen num>r =i caz. 9ategoria comparaAiei este concretizat> Dn lim&a englez> ca =i Dn lim&a rom?n> Dn trei grade de comparaAie: -radul *o.iti/, nemarcat arat> prezenAa normal> a unei calit>Ai a o&iectelor f>r> a se face vreo comparaAie: Me is tall5 $he is &eautiful. -radul com*arati/ compar> dou> o&iecte indic?nd prezenAa calit>Aii la o&iectele comparate Dn m>sur> egal> (com*arati/ul de egalitate),sau Dn m>sur> inegal> (com*arati/ul de su*erioritate 0i de inferioritate)1 -radul su*erlati/ arat> c> un mem&ru al unui grup posed> calitatea comparat> 8n cel mai Dnalt grad prin intermediul unei comparaAii directe (su*erlati/ relati/(+he is the cleverest of all')sau f>r> comparaAie direct> (su*erlati/ absolut( +h is very clever)' In lim&a engleza avem dou> tipuri de comparaAie in funcAie de num>rul de sila&e din care sunt formate ad+ectivele: sintetic> specific> ad+ectivelor monosila&ice =i ad+ectivelor &isila&ice terminate Dn ! y -le5 -er5 - ow marcat> prin ad>ugarea grupurilor -er1 pentru comparativ =i -est1 pentru superlativ5 analitic> specific> ad+ectivelor plurisila&ice =i care se formeaz> din ad+ectivul la gradul pozitiv precedat de adver&ele more =i the most.

%. 9omparaAia sintetic>: %d+ective monosila&ice:

small ! smaller- smallest $hort ! shorter - shortest

<ro&leme de ortografie: '. %d+ectivele terminate Dntr-o consoan> precedat> de vocal> scurt> du&leaz> consoana: &ig- &igger- the &iggest5 hot- hotter- the hottest5 fat- fatter- the fattest5 7. %d+ectivele terminate Dn consoan> B y transform> y Dn i: dry-drier- the driest

8. %d+ectivele terminate Dn !e sau !ee pierd pe ! efinal Dnaintea lui !er sau !est: nice ! nicer- nicest5 free ! freer- freest %d+ectivele &isila&ice: terminate Dn !y -le -er -ow =i !some formeaza comparativul tot Dn mod sintetic: Mappy ! happier- happiest5 clever- cleverer ! the cleverest5 narrow- narrower- the narrowest5 E4cepAii: eager *ro*er fertile hostile fragile se compara Dn mod analitic. Ge asemenea ad+ectivele &isila&ice terminate Dn doua consoane: correct distinct e4act intact etc formeaz> comparativul =i superlativul numai cu more =i the most. B. 9omparaAia analitic>: %d+ectivele formate din dou> sau mai multe sila&e formeaz> comparativul =i superlativul analitic cu a+utorul lui more =i the most. 9areful ! more careful - the most careful Gifficult- more difficult ! the most difficult %d+ectivele compuse formeaz> gradele de comparaAie Dn felul urm>tor: a. c?nd primul element este un ad+ectiv care D=i p>streaz> sensul acesta se schim&> la comparativ =i superlativ: well2known 3 better known2 the best known ill2*aid2 worse *aid2 the worst *aid intelligent looking2 more2intelligent looking2 the most intelligent2looking &. c?nd cele dou> elemente formeaz> un tot din punct de vedere al sensului comparaAia se realizeaz> cu more =i the most: a&sent-minded ! more a&sent !mindedZthe most a&sent-minded 9. 3ormarea comparativului de egalitate =i inferioritate 9omparativul de egalitate se e4prim> prin ad+ectivul la gradul pozitiv precedat =i urmat de con+uncAia a%: Iy room is a% )ar/e a% hers. 9omparativul de inferioritate se e4prim> prin ad+ectivul la gradul pozitiv precedat de not so4as =i urmat de as sau cu structura less %'' than5 Iy assignment is no# a% ea%+ a% yours.5 #his lecture is )e%% $n#ere%#$n/ than the previous one. G. 9omparaAia neregulat> a ad+ectivelor Lnele ad+ective formeaz> comparativul =i superlativul Dn mod regulat: </[I#I: good 9/I<%R%#I: &etter $L<ERK%#I: #he &est

&ad IuchFmany little old

far

worse more less /lder Elder ,folosit numai atri&utiv. ,mai &atrin mai Dn v?rsta referitor la persoane din aceeasi familie. 3arther ,mai departat. 3urther ,mai departat5 additional5 suplimentar. Kater ,mai t?rziu. #he latter ,cel de-al doilea ultimul din doi. Cearer ,mai apropiat.

#he worst #he most #he least #he oldest #he eldest

late near

#he farthest ,cel mai departat. #he furthest ,cel mai dep>rtat. #he latest, cel mai t?rziu cel mai recent cel mai nou.5 the last ,ultimul. #he nearest ,cel mai apropiat.5 #he ne4t ,urm>torul.

I:. E4ercises %. ;ive the comparative and the superlative of the following ad+ectives: $mall5 interesting5 handsome5 good5 difficult5 noisy5 old5 clever5 patient5 narrow5 little5 thin5 ignorant5 cold5 dirty5 late5 industrious5 &ad5 faithful5 gracious5 many5 far5 wealthy5 rude5 pleasant5 &eautiful5 lucky5 free5 B. Lnderline the correct words: '. #he new line should &e so profita&le as F as profita&le as the old one. 7. #his handset is the most profita&leF the more profita&le we"ve ever made. 8. #his version of the programme is the most recentF recenter. H. #he guarantee is a year longer thanFthat with our older models. O. Cothing is worseF worst than missing a flight &ecause of traffic. ). #his printer is one of the &estF&etter on the market. (. #he meeting wasn"t asFlong as I thought. P. #oday the share price is more &adF worse than it was yesterday. Q. I"m sorry the +ourney took longer thanF the longest we e4pected. 'R. 2e"ll &e there soon. It"s not much farerF further. 9. 9omplete the following sentences with: better1 elder1 older1 later1 latter1 less1 farther1 further1 worse' Lse than where necessary: '. I think I need some--- information if you want me to help you. 7. #he weather is not so &ad for this time of the year. 8. It could have &een much -----. H. If Sohn is fifteen he is three years ----. his sister. O. Iy &rother is very tired so he can"t go -----.. ). Iy -----..daughter has +ust graduated from university. (. I know that Sack and ;eorge are &rothers &ut I don"t know which of them is the ----. P.

$ince you are working harder this year your results are -----.... they were last year. Q. I am sure that she has ---.money--- I have. 'R. /f the two solutions he preferred the former to the------ . G. 2ork on the model: Iy &ook is interesting. ,yours. Iy Book is as interesting as yours. '. Mis pronunciation is good. ,hers. 7. Iy work is important. ,theirs. 8. Eour suitcase is full. ,mine. H. Mer typewriter was new. ,ours.. Iy room is tidy. ,yours. ). Eour uncle. ,theirs. (. Eour writing is legi&le. ,mine. P. #his armchair is comforta&le. ,that. Q. her watch is accurate ,his..'R. Mer sweaters are well-made ,mine..

E. %sk and answer 6uestions using the words in &rackets. 2ork on the model: 2hatF highF mountainF Romania 2hat is the highest mountain in Romania* #he Ioldoveanu is the highest mountain in Romania. '. 7. 8. H. O. ). (. 2hoF goodF foot&all playerF Romania. 2hat F happyFeventF her life5 2ho Fhardworking student in the class5 2hoF prettyF girlFyou know5 2hatF interesting F&ookFshe has lent you 2hoF oldFpersonFher family. 2hatF shortF month Fyear.

3. <ut the ad+ectives in &rackets in the correct form: '. Bucharest is ,far. from Iadrid than <aris. 7. ;eorge is the ,tall. &oy in his class. 8. #hese &ooks are not ,e4pensive. as the other ones. H. Eour homework is ,&ad. than hers. O. #he 9arpathians are the ,high. mountains in Romania. ). Mis car is ,good. as mine. (. %t last I got ,far. details a&out the incident. P. Books are --. and-- nowadays. ,e4pensive. Q. Iy ,old. sister works in one of the ,old. school in our town. 'R. $he was very kind and gave me some ,far. information a&out that man. ''. Kucy and <eter are in their room: the ,fore. is reading the late ,late. is watching #:. '7. %lice was the ,pretty. of the twins. '8 #his hotel manager was the ,polite. we had ever met. 'H. Mer daughter was the ,graceful. dancer in the &allroom. 'O. Eesterday"s weather was ,&ad. than today"s. '). #here were two roads leading to the monastery the narrower road &eing the ,short. one. '(. #he inn is the ,old. &uilding in the village. 'P. $ir 2inston 9hurchill was the ,famous. Englishman in 2orld 2ar II. 'Q. @#he more the ,merry.1 says an English prover&. 7R. % new house is much ,e4pensive. than an old one.

;. 9omplete the sentences with a comparative or superlative form of the ad+ective in &rackets. Include any other necessary words like the, more, less, as or than' '. 9oca-9ola is -----..,&ig. soft drinks manufacturer in the world. 7. #his key&oard is 6uite difficult to use. It"s ------.. ,small. than the one I"m used to. 8. #he conference was a little disappointing. It was ------- ,interesting. I e4pected. H. Eesterday was one of -------. ,hot. days of the year. O. I think this suggestion is ------- ,good. the other one. ). It"s impossi&le to choose &etween these two products. /ne is ------- ,good. the other. (. #he first round of negotiations was easy. #he ne4t will &e -----. ,difficult.. P. 2e"re only a small company. 2e"re not ------.,large. the market leader in our sector. Q. #his year our sales figures are ------ ,&ad. last year. 'R. #his is -------. ,&ad. case of corruption we"ve seen for years.

BIBKI/;R%<ME: 9iuciuc /lea English for Business Purposes0 #eora Bucure=ti 'QQQ. Emmerson <aul Business ;rammar Builder Iacmillan 7RR7. Evans :. Grammarway 40 E4press <u&lishing Mouse 'QQQ. Evans :. Grammarway 30 E4press <u&lishing Mouse 'QQQ. <aidos 9onstantin Gramatica limbii engleze Institutul European 'QQ8. #ullis ;. New Insights into Business0 E4press <u&lishing Mouse 7RRH. #urcu 3ulvia Limba englez pentru !ntreprinz tori "i oameni #e afaceri Editura $agittarius Ia=i 'QQ'.

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