CIIAPTER

1 . MATHSI INTRODUCTION

Lecture
I

Sussested Outline

Factorisation (including cubics); Inverse and composite functions; Exponential and logarithm functions, Trieonometrical functions Differentiationlhe meaning olthe derivative; Standard derivatives, Product Rule; Quotient Rule and Chain Rule.

@!g:

Basic algebra, Sets, functions and

graphs,

Chanter** MyNotes
Chapter 2

l31hruJdrf MyNotes
Chapter 3

t0l:.

Economics applications nrofit maximisation.

4

Differentiation: Optimisation; Curve sketching, MyNotes of the derivative; marginal and Chapter 3.
sketching,

Differentiation: Optimisation; Curve

Economics applications profit maximisation.

MyNotes
Chapter 3.

of the derivative; marginal and

Integration: Economic applications of integration; MyNotes determination of total cost from marginal cost and Chapter 4
cumulative chanees.

Intesration: Economic applications of integration; MyNotes determination of total cost from marginal cost and Chapter 4
cumulative changes. Plus Test L

Optimisation of functions of more than L variable Partial differentiation; Implicit partial differentiation' Critical points and their natures; Optimisation; Economic applications of optimisation and the Lagrange multiplier method; The meaning of the Lagrange multiplier; Economic applications of constrained optimisation. PlusTest 2 8 Optimisation of functions of more than 1 variable Partial differentiation; Implicit pdial differentiation' Critical points and their natures; Optimisation; Economic applications of optimisation and the Lagrange multiplier method; The meaning of the Lagrange multiplier; Economic applications of consffained optimisation. \9 Matrices DrfRYr'rr Elementary Row Operations. Applications of matrices qPl/oq(

MyNotes
Chapter 5.

ll"*

My Notes
Chapter 5.

MyNotes
Chapter 6.

and linear equations.

10

Matrices
Elementary Row Operations. Applications

MyNotes

of

matrices

Chapter 6.

tlAf &

and linear equations.

Sequences
and series

and Series: Arithmetic and

of

Geometric
sequences

MyNotes
Chapter 7

GP Progressions; Some Financial application

Reference may change due to new updates fum UOL. The above are tentative lesson plan. It may change due ta the leaming speed of students.

** Subject Guide Clnpter

Bemard Ong

Page? of4

17 June20l2

CIIAPTER

1.

MATHS 1INTRODUCTION

3.

Please ask your friend you are unable to attend class as

do not keep spare copies and the copies left in the lecture theatre mav be misplaced..
4.

@)

to pick up notes for you

if

If

you do have any problems or questions, please feel free to let me know. practice open communication. Do not let your problem grows!

5.

If you need me to wait for you to copy or clarify any doubts etc., B@!s

RAISE YOUR HANDS or ask me l0 to 15 minutes before the end of each lecture. I will try to make it a point to end l0 to 15 minutes earlier.

Candidates should answer all EIGHT questions: all SIX questions in Section mar*s in total) and BOTII questions in Section B (20 marks each).

(60

Examination Techniques

a. b.

Always show your workings. Marks are given for steps and the final answers count very little to the overall marks. For example, a wrong answer with the correct workings will still get the most marks.

How many decimal places? @gE: Depends, there isn't any hard and fast rule. Common sense prevails.

If

you answer is 0.0000023, are you going to give, say, 3 decimal places like 0.000, which is absurd. However, if you answer is $1000345 .5677, then an answer like $10000345.57 or even $10000346 will be fine.

c.

Label all diagrams used like including the x-axis and y-axis, title of the graph
etc..

We will strive to achieve a better percentage pass than last year! Good Luck!!!

Bernard Ong 17 Jane2012

@@o

Bernard Ong

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Usefirl tr'ormulas and Techniques for Matls l/Bridging Maths (Ihis checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

2 .Chaoter +

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7.

FACTORIZATION (the opposite of "exnansiorf') - You have to

memorise!

* - ab

= = = = = = =

a(a

b)

(by taking out the common

factor'h")

*-a'
a2+2ab+b2

(a-b)(a+b\ (a+b)(a+b)

(a+b)2

*-ZaA+b2 =
u'-

(a-b)(a-b) =
(a- b) 1a2 + ab + b2) (a+b)1a2-ab+b2)

(a-b)'

b'

G. a3+b3
ao

-ba

(* -a\
(a

@2

b2)
1a2

(Using (2) above) (Using (2) above)

b) (a + b)

+*7

NOTE:.

(5) and (6) are

hadly ot never

used in Bxam

2.
1,

EXPOI\ENTS (sometimes call Indices) a^ *an =

em+n

2. a*+a'o, #=
3. 4. 5. (a')' =
1'o*"

a'-n

(a*b)" = a"*b"

ao=
I en

6.^=a-n

7.

\[; =
/ \n

ottn
n

8.

+l = + b" \b)
I

(this is actually similar to (4))

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIDCKLIST - Some Useful Forrnulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunc'tion with my notes)

3.

LOG

ffi"r
2.
bg"

=
L
v

rosox+

tosay t'*d = a
Iogoy

bgox-

3. 4.

Iogoa (eg: Iogn 10 Iosof

toso

= = =

and ln e = 1) ntosox lE Xn * (fgX)o

L
n

5.
6. 7.

di

=
=

^r,,
( a verv

"tna (Note: e = 2.7 1828, approximately)

! =logtx
Forexample:2

imnortant pronertv )

if

and only

if

= x.

log;1olC[ if andonlyif 102

100

g.

los., eom-logom

log"b

For example:

log,5 = log:
7

1o#=g log2 ln2= logr2 s1g. I to 6 willbe suffuient)

(You ttuy ignore

Propefi

and 8, knowlcdge of Propefi

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

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fi?S

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging l\{aths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

4a.

Graph of Ouadratic Function

The graph of the quadratic function

1.

f (x) = ax2 +bx+c

"U "
shape).

is a parabola.

H a > 0, the parabola opens upward (

If a < 0, it opens downward

("fl " shape).

2.

Theverrexis

b\ (-r I(-za))' [ 2a'

c.
This is when x = 0.

3.

The y-intercept is

The vertex is also known as turning point (maximum or minimum point) which we will cover extensively in Chapter 3. The corresponding value of y is

)* or ),,i, o, f e*).
4b.
Solvine Ouadratic Eouations

Bysetting 1l = 0,wehave

f(x)=y =axz*bxtc = 0,then

-b+
2e

4ac

a,b, and c are constants and a + 0. We can solve a quadratic equation either by factorization or using the formula above.
3 possible cases:

(a) V b2 - 4 at> 0, the equation has two roots or solutions. (b) If b2 - 4 ac < 0, the equation has no real roots or solutions (c) If b2 - 4 ac = 0, the equation has repeated roots, i.e. only one solution.
Sometimes b2

- 4ac is written

as

D, in short.

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Usefirl Formulas and Techniques for Maths UBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

sraph)

Graphofy=(a)* fora>l

4.0#
50, 2.83

.25.234

--2.00. 0.25

-.1.00,0.50

Graphofy-(a)* 0<acl,

.00,0.41

\re.oo.o.ze
6.(x)

--.-g.oo,

0.17_a

to.oo.

o.tt

8.00

10.00

12.()()

Copyright - Bernard Ong

Page4 of28

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in coqiunction with my notes)

Graph of y

ax2 + bx + c

for a > 0 (the quadratic will have a minimum)

Curve ofy vs x

."i

d.

Graphof

y=

ax2 + bx + c

for a< 0 (the quadratic will have a maximum)

Curve ofy vs x

wu shoald iustknow how to SkgtCh.

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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of28

13 August

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Matlu llBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in corqiunction with my notes)

6.

Inverse functions

If f(x) is the function of x, then f -r (x) is the inverse function of x.

Procedure:
Step
Step

l: 2:

Find x in terms of y
Replace x.

"y'' with "x" to find f -l (x) - remember to express this in terms of

7.

Composition of functions

ff we are gSven 2 functions, f and g, we can apply them consecutively to obtain what is known as.gg!Ipgi!g.function, given as below:
f
g

(g(x)) (f(x))

you start with "g" first then

"f'.

--+ you start with "f' first then "g". Note: f (g(x)) + g (f(x)), in general. 8.
.Techniques

for Curve Sketchins

General Technioues You have seen so far, many graphs.

curve sketching.

Irt us summarise the general techniques for

= 0, 2. wheny = 0,
whenx

l.

y = x =

? ?

3. 4. 5.

Finding critical values (maximum, minimum

Chapter 3

or

stationary points)

wheny -+ whenx

0or*-,

x +

-+Oort-,

y -+?

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Fonnulas and fschniques for Maths l/Bridging l\{aths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students to be read in coqiunction with my notes) -

9a. Trisonometrv - An Introduction

Radians and Desrees

1800

= =

radians

(n

=2217)

lo

fr
180

mdians

Degrees or Radians (note:

00

radians = 1800)
6O0

30oor

3
6

45o

or

!
4

or

L
3

g0o

or
I
0

L
2

sln
cos

1
2

:I Jz
1

Ji

I
0

Ji
2

Jz
I

tan

:I

Jz

I s
2

undefined

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful tr'onnulas and Techniques for Maths UBridging Maths (TNs checldist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conJunctlon with my notes)

Trisonometric functions of Comnlementarv Ansles

(1)

sind

opposite / hypotenuse

a c

(2)

cos'd =

adjacent / hlpotenuse

L
c a b

(3)

tan?

opposite / adjacent

("sin" is the short form for "sine", "cos" is the short form for'tosine" and 'tan" is the short form for "tangent")

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

203

(lbis

EXAM CHECI(LIST -:Sme,Use&d I'umulas and -Trchniqnes forMatb l/Brldghg llfleths

checkHst may, not be cxhausive to

sme

studsnts + to be,rcad in

eoqiunction,*ff my nohs)

@,
I*t
9be any angle, then

(4) (5) (6)

sin(cos(-

e) = '- sin d a) =
+ cosd

tan(-a) =
(pu

-ua,ne

For example

may check with

pur

scientific calculator!),

sint+so) = -sin45o,

= "orf tun(-+St) =

+So)

+ cos45o ,

-tan45o,

Copyright-BernandOng

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13

Augurt 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful X'ormulas and Techniques for Matlrs VBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in codunction with my notes)

Reciorocal Relationships

(7) (8) (9)

I
sin d
I

cosec

(read as "cosecant")

cosd
1

= secd

(read as "secant")

tan0

= cot? (read as "cotangent')

Ouotient Relationships

(10) tanl = #
(ll)cotl=#(becauseof(9))
Hence, we have the following Pyhagorean relationship.

hrthaeorean Relationships

(12\ (13)
(dividing

cos'e+sin2d = 1.+tan20 =

I
sec'?

(Iz)bycos'd andsince tarrl = !A{ -6 cosO

I
= cosd

= secd)

(14)

l+cot20

cosec'd

(dividing (12)by sin2d andsince cotd

*A = Tt9 sin d

^ tan4

= cotl)

Copynght - Bernard Ong

Page L0 of28

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Forrnulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in coqiunction with my notes)

Addition Formulas (sometimes called Sum Formulas)

(15) sin(a+B) = (16) (17)

cos(a +

sinacosp

+ -

cosasinp

B) B)

cosacosB

sin a sinB

tan(a+

= | 'tana+tanf - tanatanB = sinacosBcosacosB

Subtraction Formulas (sometimes called Difference Forrnulas)

(18) sn(a-fl

cosasnp

(19) cos(a-p) = (20)

tan(a-

sinasinB

B)

.tana-tanf" I+tanatanB

Double Anele Formulas (which is a derivation from the above Addition Formulas)

(21) sn20

= 2sn0cos0
cos'?

(derived from (15))

- srn20 (derived from (16)) (23) tan20 = 2tan0- (derived from (17)) I- tanz0

(22) cos20 =

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful X'ormulas and Techniques for Maths UBridging nlaths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in co4iunction with my notes)

Pro duct of Sines and Cosines,

ftnn examfuub le. fo r knowlede el

(24)

sina

cosB = |t*t"* f)+ sin(a- f)j

(using (15) + (18))

(zs)
(26, (27)

cosasinB

= |t'tto* f)-

sn(a-f)l

(using (1s) - (18))

sna

sinB = - jh"do*p)+ cos (o- f)l

cosB = !I*"@*
O)+ cos(a-l)]

(usrng (16) - (19))

cosa

(using (16) + (19))

Copynght - Bernard

Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Fonnulas and Techniques for Matls l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in coqjunction with my notes)

We can derive the below using (28) to (31) by letting a+ P

'A

and

a-f

=B

Prod\ct of Sines and, Cosins hon examinable. for knowledee\

(28)

sinA+

sinB = zsin|(e+r)cosj(a-r) sinB

(2s)

sinA-

= z"or|6+B)sin f,U-nl

(30) cosA+ cosB = z"orLr(e+r)cosj(a-r)

(3r)
cosA- cosB

-2sin

f,to*r)rir|(a-r)

Deriving from (22) and (12),

(32)

cos20 =

2cos20-l

(33) cos20 =

7-2sn20

Copynght -Bernard

Ong

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EXAM CHECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

Chapter 3

10.

Standard Derivatives f(x) or y

f '(x) or
nax,
n-l

Comments Known as Power Rule.

a{
r e

a and n are constants.

gt

Inx smr
cos.r

1
x
cos

No chanee x must be positive

-sln .r

t{ardlv tested in exam Hardlv tested in exam

11.

Power Rule

( *') 9 dx

nax

n-l

12.
d

.Sum Rule

itf(x)+g(x)l=f(x)+g'(x) dx
ln words, the derivative of a sum is the sum of the separate derivatives.

13.

Product Rde

ddvdu u-+v= dx dx' -luvl

dx

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths llBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in coqiunction with my notes)

14.

.Ouotient Rule

a("\ d.l;)
15.

'ar-"a*
,'

du

dv

.Chain Rule (or Composite Function RuIe)

dy 4 *dp dx = dp dx

whereycanbewrittenas /(.r)

Ihe below can easily be derived using the chain rule:

ft<r<o"l =

f(x)^-'

.ft{r e>)

4@t,o, = "r,n*4(/r"l) dx dx
ftonru>t

= #.*kr"l) = =
cos/(x)

L*u

f @))
(x))

.ft{r

a>l

fr<ro, f

-sin /(.r)

.fttf A>) etc..

Note:

frVAtl

can bewrittenas f'(x)

Copyright-BernardOng

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Usefirl f,'ormulas and Techniques for Matls l/Bridging l\{aths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

16.

.Optimisation

The derivative is useful for finding the maximum or minimum value (or we sometimes callrelative extrenu) of a function.
Procedare

l. 2. 3.

Find

4
dx

S"t

4
dx

= 0 and solve for

x
d

and these values of

x are known as the

critical noints or stationarv noints.

Find the second derivative. '

dxz

Then substitute the values or values of -r, if any, into

d='Y.

dx'

rf+

ox

b
dxz

4
dx2

= 0, x is a neither a maximum or minimum point

(orpoint of inflexion)

You maybe asked to

frndy*

or!^in

Copyright. Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

17. Mareinal Concepts

You have probably learnt that in Economics:

!{arginal eost (MC) is defined as the change in total cost incurred from the
production of an additional unit.

!{arginal levenue (MR) is defined as the change in revenue brought about by the sale of an extra good.
Mathematically,

1. uc(q) = 4t rl clq 2. mn(q) =

(or TC',in
(

short)

hri

or zR", in shon)

where

rC(q) = rn(q) =

Total Cost Total Revenue

Some useful formulas (or identities),

where

3. TC = VC+FC VC = Variable Cost, FC =

Fixed Cost (a constant)

4.AC=Tc q where AC = Average Cost 5. AVC = vC q where AVC = Average Variable Cost

6. n = rR(q)-rc(q)
= Profit. 7. TC = FCwheng=0@Iy) 8. TR = 0whenq=0(@ggy) 9.
10.
For break even,
For monopoly,

where

fR(4)

= fC(q) (or

fI

= 0)

fn(q) = p* q
PagelT of2E

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in co4iunction with my notes)

.Chapter 4

lS.

.Standard Inteerals

f(x)
.ro(n+-l)
et

If<oa*
x
(n
n+l

Comments
Reverse to Power Rule

+l)
l,rl +c

of differentiation No chanse r must be positive

et+c -+c

1
x
J cos.r
SIN

-cosx+c

$nr+c

19.

.Integration usins substitution

What to look out for:

This is similar to the chain rule of differentiation where we usually

(1) (2) (3)

20.

substitute the more complicated part with n. then convert all to a. after integration, convert all back to the original variable.

.Integration bv parts

.What to look out for: A dffirentiable part and an integrable part.

Formula:

ludv =

uv -tvdu

where u is the differentiable part and v is the integrable part.

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful X'onnulas and Techniques for Maths UBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in co4iunction with my notes)

21.

.Inteeration usins partial fractions

What to do look out for.:

The denominator of the integrand can be factorised and make sure that the
integrand is a proper function.

Note:.
Method:
Step

Usually, most questions can be done by using substitution.

Factorise the denominator. Step 2 Express the integrand as:

AB x*C xID
Step 3

Integate

as per

normal using below:

f(x)

J 11*10^

1
x I

hl.rl +

c
c

hlx+Cl +
ml.r+al +

xlC
I
cetc..

x+D

Copyright - Bernard Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

?2.
Formulas:

Economic Annlications

Calculatine functions from their marqinals

1. ttc(q) = hOO z. mn(q) = hrO

where

(orrc',inshort)

or 7R", in shorr)

rC(q) = rn(q) =

Total Cost Total Revenue

Similarly, in order to find fc(q), we integrate UC(q) (to reverse the process) Formulas:

1. rc(q) = ! uc aq 2. rn(q) = !unaq

NOTts

1. rC(0) 2. rn(o)l 3.

= FC = 0

(since no variable cost)

(which I alreadymentioned in Chapter 3, differentiation)

(since no production, no revenue)

(which I alreadymentioned in Chapter 3, differentiation) For profit maximisation,

mn(q)

uc(q)

(this is not mentioned in the Subject Guide)

Copyright -Bernard

Ong

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13 August

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

.Chanter 5

23a.@
=-, dx dy
23b. 2nd Order Partial Derivatives

af

af

a'f a'f a'f

Note:
24a.

a'f arl ay" W' W

d'f a'f = Ayd, axEy

Inplicit Partial Differentiation (normallv NOT TESTED)

where

qdf /dy dx = -!f!,!.

f (x, y) = c, where

c is a constant

(Take note of the negative sign)

24b. .Chain Rule (normallv NOT TESTED) Formula:

df dt

df dx dx dt

df
dy

dy

dt

The above formula is rather difficult to remember. It is best that you replace x and y with t and then differentiate directly with respect to t. No need to memorize formula!

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

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EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

25.

.Optimization WITHOUT constraint

a

Optimize:

function of x and y,

say f(ny)

Method (similar to Chanter 3 - findins critical ooints usins differentiation)

Step

Find: af .a! .u-.y!.u-.9:!dx ' dy' ax' ' Oy2 'dxdy 'EyEr
Step 2 Set both

af =o dx
af=o
Ey and solve the 2 equations to find x and y.

Step 3
Test for critical points(or stationary points):
.Case

t#)(#)
=
.Case 2

[#)'

it is maximum.

t#)t#)
3
Case 3

[#)'

it is minimum

t#)t#) [#)'
Copynght - Bernard

Ong

Page22

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13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Matlrs UBridging Maths (This checklist may not be exharutive to some students - to be read in coqiunction with my notes)

26.

Ontimization WITH onstraint

Optimize

f (x,y)

subject

to g(x, y)

Method
Step
L

Express

l,

the Langrangean as:

L = f(x,y)-Ag(x,y)
where/is the function to be optimized
Step 2
and

g is the constraint which is .equal to 0.

Find:

+, dy' * dx +, U"

*asetallofthemequalto0.

We eliminate,l.using equation (1) and (2) so that we have an equation (or relationship) involvingx andy which we can substitute this relationship into equation (3).
Sten 3

No step 3 because you need not test for max or min. Note The Lasranse Multiplier

2 is called the Lagrange Multiplier.

suppose M is the maximum or minimum

f(x, y), subject to the constraint 56, , =

The Lagrange multiplier,

l,

of

is the

rate of change of M with respect to &. That is,

^aM /v=&
Hence,

2is approximately the

k.

change in

M resulting from a l-unit increase in

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Ong

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13 August 2012

EXAM CHECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Sridging lMaths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in co4iunction with my notes)

26a. Modification to the.Optimization WITH constraint

Here we added another constraint, i.e.

h(x, y)

Optimize

f (x,y) subjectto g(x,y) and h(x, y)

Method
Step

I
L, the Langrangean
as:

Express

f(x,y)- hg@,9-kh(x,y)

where/is the function to be optimized andg andft are the mnstraints which are eoual to 0.
Sten 2

Find:

.pandsetallofthemequalto0. +, ay' *, a4' aL, Ex' +,

We eliminate Xa and, Tztofindthe values of

r andy.

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

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d?8

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulss and Techniques for Maths UBridging n[aths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - io be read in conjunction with my notes)

26b. Modification to the.Ontimization \ilITH constraint

Here we added another variable, z.

Optimize

f (x, y, z ) subject to g(x, y, z ) and h(x,

y,

z)

Method
Steo

Express L, the Langrangean as:

f (x, y,z)-

g(x,

y,z)- kh(x, y,z)

and g and

where/is the function to be optimized equal to 0.

Step 2

lr are the onstraints which are

Find:

g , set all of them equat to 0. +, cty +, dr, dx +, dz drI1 +and

ktofrnd
the values of

IVe eliminate Xa and,

r,y

and z.

Copyright-BernardOng

Page25of28

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST - Some Useful Formulas and Techniques for Maths l/Bridging Maths (This checklist may not be exhaustive to some students - to be read in conjunction with my notes)

Chapter 6

n.
Rules

Row Onerations

The 3 permissible row operations '?ules" are:

1) ri <+ rj . .r,.: , ,. , 2) r; -> 3) ri -+

tworows.

ari N{ultiplying (or dividing) of one row by a constant.

ri + arj Adding ( tir strhtraeting i a multiple of another row.

constant.

Note: a is a non-zero

Reference: Subject Guide,

Outcome

Page 111

112

To arrive at the final matrix (with the entries in the lower friangle are zeros)

(, x r I r ) Io * " |" I [o o ,1.)

4J!er@4,

r*oo,

The'1"canbeanynumber)

Proceed to use back-substitution to find the values of the variables.

you can proceed to obtain the below matrix (which is the 3 by 3 unit matrix).

(t o o lo 1 o : I [oo d)
1

where b,

and d are thesotutions.

You will, of course, need to perform a few more row operations to reach this 3 by 3 unit matrix.

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

Page26 of 2E

13 August 2012

EXAM CIIECKLIST

- Some Useful Formulas and Techniques

(Ihis checklist may not be exhaustive

to some students

for Maths l/Bridging l\tlaths to be read in conjunction with my notes)

.Chanter 7

28.

AP (ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION)

Tn = sn =
where g is the

a+(n-l)d
;12"
+

(n

-Ddl or

{"

*/) (usually not used)

/
is the [ast term.

I!$[

term,

is the common {ifference and

29.
ln

GP (GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION)
= Af n-l

where g is the first term and g is the common ratio.

Sn=
Snecial Case

a(l- r")

l-r

Inparticular,if So,Sn=*

n 1 @,

xn

0, ltl .

30.

First-Order Difference Eouations (Short cut to GP ouestions- anolvins fonnulas without understandins "lryhat is goins oft) - "Maths 2 Method"

The linear frst-order difference equation:

lw = aY*-r*b
then

ln = y* *

(yo

-y*)a*

where: 'Y{< - b | -a

Copyright - Bernard Ong

Page27 ofZE

13 August 2012

EXAM CHECKLIST - Some Usefd Formulas and Techniques fm Math UBridging l[aths (This checHist may not be exhaustive to sune students - to be read in conJunc'tion with my notes)

However,
then

if

y, is the initial term,

lu = y* *
where:
However,
then

(yr -y*)an-t

Y* =h

if y,

is the initial term,

lu = y* t
where:

(yz

-y*)a'-'

y* = b l-a

Good Luck!

Copyright - Bernard

Ong

Page 28 of 2E

13 August 2012