BIO 102 LAB PE4 CAT DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYS

PART FUNCTION/DESCRIPTION SALIVARY GLANDS -outgrowths of oral epithelium Excretes saliva (ptyalin) moistens food Secretes digestive enzymes OTHERS

Parotid gland (penetrates upper lip) Submaxillary gland Sublingual gland Molar gland Lips Cheeks Vestibule Hard palate Soft palate Nasopalatine ducts Tongue Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Vallate papillae

ORAL CAVITY Bounds oral cavity Separates lips and teeth Anterior of roof of oral cavity; houses nasopalatine ducts Posterior part; houses nasopharynx Connect mouth and nasal cavities through incisive foramina Anterior; hard and spine-like (pointed posteriorly) Remainder of the tongue 4-6 fungiform papillae in a V-shaped row

Supported by pre/maxillary and palatine bones Lacks bony support

Amniote definitive tongue: -fused 4 swellings (primary tongue + tuberculum impar + 2 lateral lingual swellings -invaded by voluntary muscles (from hypobranchial muscles) th -innervated by 12 cranial nerve (hypoglossal) *papillae: with microscopic taste buds

Frenulum Flattened papillae

Isthmus of the fauces Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil Glassopalatine arch Pharyngopalatine arch Nasopharynx Posterior nares / choanae Eustachian tubes Esophagus

Fold for attachment of tongue to oral cavity floor Bears openings of ducts of submaxillary and sublingual glands PHARYNX Opening of the free border of the palate; leads into pharynx Contains palatine tonsil nd Filters air; proliferate from 2 gill pouches Anterior fold/boundary of tonsillar fossa Posterior fold/boundary of tonsillar fossa Part of pharynx dorsal to soft palate Internal ends of nasal passages Connect pharynx with cavity of middle ear Passage of food (mouth stomach); DORSAL to the larynx

Shoved backward to separate food and respiratory passages Lined by stratified epithelium (*crop/ingluvies: enlargement in birds) Lies in the mediastinum

Epiglottis Body of the hyoid Anterior horn or cornua Posterior horn or cornua Larynx Glottis (voice box) Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage constitutes Arytenoids the True vocal cords Adams (medial) apple False vocal cords (lateral) Trachea / wind pipe Thyroid gland Isthmus of the thyroid gland Pleural cavity / pleural sac Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Mediastinal septum Mediastinum Diaphragm

Guards entrance into respiratory tract (larynx) HYOID APPARATUS, LARYNX, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS nd rd -from 2 and 3 gill arches Narrow bar of bone -supports base of tongue Long, slender; chain of 4 bony pieces (last: -for muscle origin and insertion articulates w/ tympanic bulla) Short; united to larynx Opening of the larynx th th Supports ventral wall of larynx Shield-shaped; from 4 and 5 gill arch Forms ring around larynx Supports dorsal rim of glottis Produce sound Not cords, but folds of lateral wall of larynx

Passage of air Has secretion for normal growth and sexual development Connects caudal ends of 2 lobes of thyroid glnad PLEURAL AND PERICARDIAL CAVITIES Houses the lungs Lines the pleural cavity; forms mediastinal septum Lines the lungs Partition from heart to median ventral line Space between mediastinal septum Separates pleural from peritoneal cavity Used in respiration (contracts flattens air rushes into lungs) Insertion of the diaphragm For respiration *composed of alveoli (air cells) Attachment of lungs Attachment of lung to dorsal thoracic wall Supports postcaval vein From liver to heart (bring deoxygenated blood) Tissue enclosing the heart

Walls stiffened by cartilaginous rings Flat elongated body; epithelial invagination from pharyngeal floor

From inner and outer wall of the hypomere Consist of 2 median walls of pleural sacs; separates at the heart Muscle: originribs, sternum, vertebrae; insertioncentral tendon Fused pleuroperitoneal fold + transverse septum

Central tendon of the diaphragm Lungs Left lobe Right lobe Radix / root of the lung Pulmonary ligament Caval fold Postcaval vein Pericardial sac / parietal pericardium

Anterior, middle (larger) and posterior lobes (Larger than left) Ant, middle, post lobes (medial, lateral lobules) Found: artery, vein, bronchus/air tube Fold of the pleura Dorsal fold of mediastinal septum

Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Thymus

Houses the heart; space between pericardial sac and heart Lines the heart (inseparably adherent) Mass of gland tissue; part of immune system

Portion of the coelom Continuous w/ pericardial sac where blood vessels enter Younger specimen = larger thymus Derived from endodermal lining of embryo gill pouches Lies in the mediastinum

Dorsal aorta Abdominal / peritoneal cavity Peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum / serosa Dorsal mesentery Ventral mesentery Stomach Cardia Cardiac end of stomach Lesser curvature Greater curvature Fundus Body of stomach Pylorus Pyloric valve Rugae Gastrosplenic ligament Mesogaster Greater omentum Lesser peritoneal sac Lesser omentum / gastrohepato-duodenal ligament) Gastrohepatic ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Liver (right, left, caudate lobes)

Largest artery, carries oxygenated blood PERITONEAL CAVITY Houses digestive tract Lines the peritoneal cavity Lines the body wall Lines the viscera Double-walled membrane formed when visceral & parietal walls meet Area of junction of stomach and esophagus Region of stomach adjacent to cardia Concave anterior surface of stomach Larger convex posterior surface Saclike bulge to the left of the cardia Remainder of the stomach Junction of stomach and small intestine Constriction marking the junction/pylorus Marked ridges for greater absorptive area Portion of the greater omentum between spleen and stomach Peritoneum covering the stomach Covers the liver; extension of the mesogaster Protects abdominal viscera Cavity within greater omentum Portion of the mesogaster; passes from lesser curvature to posterior surface of liver Portion of lesser omentum from lesser curvature to liver Portion of lesser omentum from liver to small intestine Contains the bile duct and hepatic portal vein Secretes bile: assist in digestion of fat Store excess glycogen, produce urea, control of substances in the blood Passage of bile from gall bladder Passage of bile to the intestine Union of cystic and hepatic ducts; bile to duodenum Right and dorsal to bile duct Entrance into cavity of omentum From between the 2 medial lobes of the liver to the medial ventral line Attaches liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm Absorptive function in digestion Part of dorsal mesentery supporting the duodenum Attaches duodenum to the right kidney Portions beyond the duodenum Finger-like projections of mucous membrane; increase surface area Elevation at the junction of large and small intestine Secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum (impt for digestion) *Islets of Langerhans: produce insulin for carb metabolism Passage of pancreatic juices Swollen chamber where bile and pancreatic ducts unite Slight projection at the junction of small and large intestine Absorbs water

Intact in mammals Persists only in liver and urinary bladder

Consist of 2 separate walls Owes its origin to the rotation of the stomach

Lobes subdivided: median and lateral (large: left lateral, right median) Diverticulum from small intestine

Gall bladder Cystic duct Bile duct Common bile duct Hepatic portal vein Foramen epiploicum Falciform ligament Coronary ligament Intestine Mesoduodenum Duodenum Duodorenal st -1 portion ligament Jejunum Ileum Small intestine villi Ileocolic valve Pancreas

Stalk of liver outgrowth

Anterior connection of liver to septum Contains the pancreas

Dorsal to greater curvature of stomach

Pancreatic ducts Ampulla of Vater Large Caecum intestine Ascending, transverse, descending Mesocolon Rectum Urinary bladder Medial ligament Lateral ligament Lymph glands Lymph nodules / Peyers patches

Joins common bile duct where it enters the duodenum

Mesentery of the colon Terminal portion of descending colon Pear-shaped reservoir for urine Ventral mesentery; extends to medial ventral line Near exit of bladder from peritoneal cavity Part of lymphatic system Aggregations of lymph nodules (portions of lymphatic system)

Completely separated from urogenital ducts (no cloaca!) In amniote embryos: allantois (respiratory function)

CAT UROGENITAL SYS

KIDNEYS AND DUCTS Right and left kidneys Bean shaped METANEPHROI; Retroperitoneal *collecting tubules, pelvis, ureter: outgrowth of mesonephric duct In females: dorsal to horns of uterus; Males: dorsal to ductus deferens

Hilus Ureter (metanephric duct) Renal sinus (*renal artery, renal vein) Renal pelvis Renal papilla Cortex Medulla Urinary bladder Apex / vertex Fundus Medial and lateral ligaments Urethra Rectovesical pouch (male) Vesico-uterine pouch (female) Ovaries Graafian follicles Muellerian ducts / oviducts Uterine / Fallopian tube Ostium with fimbriae Horn of uterus Broad Mesovarium ligament of Mesosalpinx the uterus Mesometrium Round ligament of the uterus Body of uterus

Concavity in the medial face (ourside) Passage of urine Cavity within hilus; where renal artery & vein and beginning of ureter pass Expanded beginning of ureter Where openings of collecting tubules are Peripheral; contains renal corpuscles and looped portions of kidney tubules Central; marked by collecting tubules Reservoir of urine Free anterior end of bladder Posterior portion Neck of the bladder Pouch between bladder and rectum Pouch between bladder and uterus FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYS Egg production Contains egg/ovum Ducts of the ovaries Uppermost portion of oviduct (Slit) where fallopian tube opens Posterior part of oviduct Mesentery of the ovary Mesentery of the Fallopian tube Peritoneum supporting the horns of the uterus Extends from horn to the body wall Single tube where the horns unite

In the renal pelvis Collecting tubules + renal papilla = renal pyramid

Covered by peritoneum and median & lateral ligaments

In embryos: urethra = urogenital sinus

*corpora lutea (if preggers): represent follicles from which the eggs were discharged

*Fimbriae: border of ostium; overarching the ovary

Perpendicular to broad ligament *Womb = body + horns *Bipartite type: vagina fused, lower parts of uteri fused *Cervix: lower end of uterus

Vagina Labia major and vulva Clitoris Urogenital canal/sinus Anal glands/sacs Scrotum Spermatic cord External & Internal inguinal rings Urogenital canal/sinus Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands / Cowpers gland Penis Glans of the penis Urogenital opening Corpora cavernosa Cavernous urethra Crura of the penis Prepuce Testis Vaginal sac Tunica vaginalis Mesorchium Gubernaculum Epididymal duct (head, body tail)

Posterior to uterus (Homologous to the penis) Where urethra and vagina unite Secrete odoriferous substance of sexual nature MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYS Houses the testes Contains ductus deferens/vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves Ends of the inguinal canal Common tube to deferent duct and urethra Secretion casues secretion of seminal vesicles to coagulate produce plug Swellings in urogenital canal Pointed projection of the penis Tip of the glans; exit of urine and sperm Cylindrical bodies in the penis; distended with blood during copulation to project penis out of the prepuce Portion of the urogenital canal in the penis; dorsal Where the 2 cavernous bodies diverge Covers the penis Cavity where the testis lies Lines the vaginal sac Between testis and wall of vaginal sac Ligament in scrotal wall where testis is attached Coiled ductus deferens on dorsal surface of testis; conducts sperm Head: receives efferent ductules from testis Tail: where gubernaculum is attached AMNIOTE EMBRYO Sac around embryo Connection between embryo and maternal tissues Conveys umbilical blood vessels to and from embryonic part of placenta *no direct connection bet embryo and mother

To either side of rectum

Enlargement in junction between deferent duct and urethra

Bears spines for copulation

Attached to ischia Part of peritoneal cavity

Homologous to round ligament of uterus Derived from mesonephros

Amnion Placenta Umbilical cord

CHORIOALLANTOIC PLACENTA; ZONARY type

SHARK DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYS

Pleuroperitoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY Houses pleural and peritoneal viscera Lines pleuroperitoneal cavity

Liver (left, right, median lobe) Gall bladder Esophagus-stomach Pylorus Spleen Intestine (duodenum) Bile duct Pancreas (dorsal and ventral) Valvular intestine (*spiral valve) Rectal / digitiform gland Cloaca Anus Abdominal pores Dorsal (from meddorsal line to digestive tract) Ventral (remnants only) Mesogaster Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery Mesorectum Mesovarium Mesorchium Mesotubarium Gastro-hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Gastrohepatic ligament Suspensory / falciform ligament Coronary ligament (transverse septum)

Anterior end; large brownish or grayish Located in median lobe of liver J-shaped Constriction; marks termination of stomach Along posterior margin of the stomach bend; part of lymphatic system Beyond pylorus, extending into anus From gall bladder to duodenum Ventral: in curve of duodenum; dorsal: dorsal to stomach and duodenum Part of small intestine with spiral valve (to increase absorptive surface) Hyman: secretes mucus; Now: secretes salt for osmoregulation Receives both urinary and genital ducts Opening of cloaca Communication to the exterior MESENTERIES Supports stomach Mesogaster from spleen to stomach Supports small intestine In the region of the rectal gland Supports ovary Supports testis Supports oviducts Lesser omentum; from right side of stomach to liver and duodenum Lesser omentum from liver to duodenum Lesser omentum from stomach to liver and duodenum From midventral surface of liver to midventral line

If with papillaeesophagus; Rugaestomach

Runs in a strip of mesentery; passes to dorsal side of duodenal wall

Attached to colon

Contains bile duct and blood vessels

Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Sinus venosus

Buccal / oral cavity Primary tongue Pharynx Spiracle Elongated gill slits (5)

Partition separating the cavities *Coronary ligament: attaches liver to septum PERICARDIAL CAVITY Lines pericardial cavity Lines the heart (attached only at anterior and posterior ends) Fan-shaped chamber at the posterior end of the heart Wall continuous with transverse septum Have venous channels through which venous blood is returned to the heart ORAL & PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES AND RESPI SYS Enclosed by jaws and gill arches Immovable projection -have no muscles or glands nd -supported by 2 or hyoid gill arch Posterior to mandibular arch (Internal) Passage from pharynx to exterior Cavities where internal gill slits open into Opening to the exterior Tissue between successive gill pouches Continuation of brachial bar to body surface; bears gill lamellae Half-gill; on one face of the septum Gill; 2 demibranchs of a spetum Afferent: brings venous blood to the gills; Efferent: carries aerated blood from gills Respiratory mechanism; where blood obtains oxygen and gives up CO2

Gill pouches External gill slits Branchial bar (visceral arch) Interbranchial septum Demibranch Holobranch Afferent and efferent branchial blood vessels Gill lamellae

Epithelium: ectodermal Inner thickened part: cartilaginous gill arch; external: gill rays

*oxygen: from water (flows through gill pouches by movements of gill apparatus)

SHARK UROGENITAL SYS

Ovaries Mesovarium Kidneys Chromaffine masses (suprarenal bodies) Oviducts Mesotubaria Ostium Shell gland / nidamental gland Uterus Cloaca (urodeaum and coprodaeum) FEMALE Where ovum are produced Mesentery of the ovaries Thinner anterior portion: no urinary function; Thicker posterior portion: excretion Light spots near medial border Immature: ventral face of kidneys, no mesentery; Mature: large tubes Mesentery of oviducts (in mature females) Where 2 oviducts unite in falciform ligament Secretes membrane to enclose eggs Coprodaeum: ventral, opening of intestine Urodaeum: dorsal, urogenital region of cloaca Dorsal to liver Retroperitoneal, MESONEPHROI (opisthonephroi) Same as in males

Formed by fusion of peritoneal funnels of pronephros Enlargement in the oviducts

Urinary papilla Muellerian duct / mesonephric duct Testes Mesorchium Wolffian duct / mesonephric duct Efferent ductules Epididymis Ductus deferens Leydigs gland Seminal vesicle Sperm sac Cloaca (uro and coprodaeum) Urogenital sinus Urinary papilla MALE Where sperm are produced (specifically, seminiferous tubules) Mesentery of the testes

In middorsal wall of urodaeum Along ventral face of kidney

Dorsal to liver

Connects testis to opisthonephros to convey sperm into Wolffian duct Part of opisthonephros penetrated by efferent ductules Part of Wolffian duct; connected to tubules of epididymis Secretes fluid beneficial to sperm Ductus deferens part of caudal opisthonephros Terminal of seminal vesicle Where 2 sperm sacs unite

Larger than in females; run along ventral face of kidneys Run in the mesorchium

Behind epididymis Have papillae where seminal vescicles open into