1

Introduction
1.1 General

The transfer of liquids against gravity existed from time immemorial. A pump
is one such device that expands energy to raise, transport, or compress liquids. The
earliest known pump devices go back a few thousands years. One such early pump
device was called Noria, similar to the Persian and the Roman water wheels. Noria
was used for irrigating fields.










Figure 1.1 Noria water wheels

The ancient Egyptians invented water wheels with bucket mounted on them to
transfer water for irrigation. More than 2000 years, a Greek inventor, Ctesibius, made
a similar type of pump for pumping water.








Figure 1.2 Model of a piston pump made by Ctesibius

During the same period, Archimedes, a greek mathematician, invented which
is now known as Archimedes screw- a pump designed like a screw rotating within a
2
cylinder. The spiraled tube was set at an inclination and was hand operated. This type
of pump was used to drain and irrigate the nile valley.





Figure 1.3 Archimedes screw pump

In 4th century Rome, Archimedes screw was used for roman water supply
systems, highly advanced for that time. The romans also used screw pumps for
irrigation and drainage work.
Screw pumps can also be traced to the ore mines of Spain. These early units
were all driven by either man or animal power.
The mining operations of the middle ages led to the development of the
suction (piston pump), types of which are described by Georgious Agricola in de re
Metallica (1556). Force pumps utilizing a piston and cylinder combination were used
in Greece to raise water from wells.
Adopting a similar principle, air pumps operated spectacular musical devices
in greek temples and amphitheaters, such as the water organ.
As Mans progress from prehistoric ages to his present civilization has been
accompanied by an ever-increasing use of water, which frequently had to be either
lifted from a lower to a higher level or carried away from one place to another. This
necessity led to the early development of various forms of pumping equipment.
Lifting the water to very high heads leads to development of multistage pump.
Conventionally, Pumps lifts liquid from low level to a higher level using
available mechanical energy. This is achieved by creating a low pressure at the inlet
and high pressure at the outlet of the pump. Due to low inlet pressure the liquid rises
from where it is available and the high outlet pressure forces it up where it is to be
stored or supplied. This is a very restrictive definition for pump. It may be the main
function for a portable water pump, but some pumps do not lift water at all or they do
so only through an insignificant height. Like boiler-feed pump, forced lubrication
pumps, fire fighting pumps, booster pump etc.
3
A more appropriate definition would be that Pump is a mechanical device that
transfers mechanical energy taken from some external source to the liquid flowing
through it raising its hydraulic energy level. The prime movers can be steam, or I.C.
Engine, compressed air, electrical motor, wind or tidal power.
Pumps are widely used for water supply, irrigation, drainage, and water
circulating systems. Process pumps for chemical industries, oil pumps for long pipe
lines, reversible pumps for storage schemes etc. are further examples of their use.
Requirements for each type of job have to be designed accordingly.

1.2 Classification of pumps

Pumps can be classified on various bases:
1) On the basis of principle of operation.
2) On the basis of direction of flow.
3) On the basis of the number of stages.
4) On the basis of the number of entrances to impeller.
5) On the basis of the disposition of shaft.
6) On the type of liquid handled.
7) On the type of pump casing.

1.2.1 On the basis of principle of operation
Depending on the way in which the energy is transferred to the liquid while it
moves from suction side to the delivery side, pumps can be brooadly classified into
three basic groups:
a) Positive displacement pumps(reciprocating, rotary pumps)
b) Roto-dynamic pumps ( centrifugal pumps)
c) others
In Positive displacement pumps, the liquid is sucked at the suction side,
trapped, pushed, and discharged completely at the delivery end with every revolution.
The displacement of liquid may be by the reciprocating action of a piston or plunger
4
in a cylinder or by rotary action of a gear, cam or vanes in a chamber. In the first case,
the pump is called reciprocating pump while the other one is named rotary pump.
In rotodynamic pumps, energy is continuously added by centrifugal force to
increase the fluid velocity within the machine such that subsequent velocity reduction
within the pump produces pressure energy. The essential element of the machine is
impeller which imparts tangential acceleration to the fluid flowing through it there by
increasing the moment of momentum.
The other types include electromagnetic pumps, jet pumps, air lift pumps,
and hydraulic ram pumps
.
Figure 1.4 Classification of dynamic Pump
5

Figure 1.5 Classification of displacement Pump




6
1.2.2 On the basis of direction of flow
a) Radial flow pump: In this type of pump the liquid enters at the center of the
pump and is directed out along the impeller blades in a direction at right
angles to the pump shaft.
b) Axial flow pump: The incoming liquid approaches the wheel in parallel
streams, which are parallel to the axis of rotation. Exit of liquid is also parallel
to the axis.
d) Mixed flow pumps: It borrow characteristics both radial flow and axial flow
pumps. As liquid flows through impeller of a mixed flow pump, the impeller
blades push the liquid out away from the pump shaft and to pump suction at an
angle greater than 90.




1.2.3 On the basis of the number of stages
This refers to the number of sets of impellers or diffusers in a pump.
a) Single stage centrifugal pump: It has one impeller keyed to the shaft. This
is generally horizontal but can be vertical also.
b) Multi stage centrifugal pump: Two or more impellers are keyed to the
same shaft and single casing is used to enclose them. Pressure is built up in
steps. Water is led through a return channel from outlet of the one stage to
the entrance of next until it is finally discharged.

1.2.4 On the basis of number of entrance to the impeller
Impellers of pump are classified based on the number of sides that the liquid
can enter the impeller and also on the amount of webbing between the impeller
blades.
Figure 1.6 Classification of Pumps based on flow direction

7
a) Single suction pumps: It allows the liquid to enter the center of the blades
from only one direction.
b) Double suction pumps: It allows the liquid to enter the center of the
impeller blades from both side simultaneously.

Figure 1.7 Classification of Pumps based on number of impeller

1.2.5 On the basis of the disposition of the shaft
This refers to the plane on which shaft axis of the pump is placed. It is either
horizontal or vertical. Usually centrifugal pumps are designed with horizontal shaft.
Vertical disposition of shaft affects economy and therefore suitable for deep wells and
mines.

1.2.6 On the basis of the liquid handled
On the basis of the type and viscosity of liquid to be pumped, the pump may
have a closed, semi-open or open impeller.
a) Closed impeller pump: Generally centrifugal pump is equipped with a
closed impeller in which the vanes are covered with shroud on both sides.
This type of pump is meant to handle non-viscous liquid such as ordinary
water, hot water, hot oil, and chemicals like acids etc.
b) Semi-open impeller pump or Non-clog pump: The impeller is provided
with shroud on one side only. This pump is used for viscous liquids such
8
as slurries, sewage water, paper pulp, sugar molasses etc. In order to
minimize the chances of impeller getting clogged, the number of vanes is
reduced and their height is increased. The number of impeller vanes is
usually small.
c) Open impeller pump: The impeller is not provided with any shroud. Such
pumps are used in dredgers, sludge and elsewhere for handling mixtures of
water, sand, pebbles, and clay, in which the solid content may be very
high.

Open semi-open closed
Figure 1.8 Classification of Pumps based on liquid handled


1.2.7 On the basis of the type of casing
The pump casings are of two types and the pump is named after the casing it
uses.
a) Volute pump: It has a volute casing into which the impeller discharges
water at a high velocity. Volute is of spiral from and the cross-sectional
area of the moving stream gradually increases from the tongue towards the
delivery pipe. The functions of a volute casing can be summarized as
follows:
i) To collect water from the periphery of the impeller and to transmit to the
delivery pipe at a constant velocity.
ii) To eliminate the loss of head, by making the casing of spiral or volute
form.
9
iii) To increase evidently the efficiency of the pump by eliminating the loss of
head due to change in velocity of flow in the volute.
b) Turbine pump or diffusion pump: Impeller surrounded by a guide wheel
consisting of a number of stationary vanes or diffusers providing outlets
with cross-section gradually enlarging towards the periphery. Water
emerges from the impeller flow past the guide vanes and as the section
across flow increases, velocity falls and the pressure is build up. This
arrangement is employed in all multistage pumps. Diffusion pumps may
be either horizontal or vertical shaft type. The vertical type occupies very
little space and is suitable for installation in deep wells. They may be also
used in narrow wells and mines.

1.2.8 On the basis of specific speed of the pumps
a) Low specific speed pump e.g. centrifugal pump
b) Medium specific speed pumps e.g. Francis and mixed flow pump.
c) High specific speed pump e.g. axial flow pump
Generally, low value of specific speed represents high head requirements at
moderate or low rates of flow. High specific speed denotes a demand for large flows
against low head. On the other hand for same head- discharge requirements, a higher
specific speed leads to a smaller and most likely, cheaper pump.





Figure 1.9 General shapes of impeller pumps [1]

10
1.3 Description of Impeller pumps

A centrifugal pump is a rotating machine in which flow and pressure are
generated dynamically. The inlet is not walled off from the outlet as in the case with
positive displacement pumps, whether they are reciprocating and rotary in
configuration. Rather a centrifugal pump delivers a useful energy to the fluid or
pumpage largely through velocity changes of the fluid as this fluid flows through
the impeller and the associated fixed passageways of the pump, that is it is a
rotodynamic pump. All impeller pumps are rotodynamics, including those with radial
flow , mixed flow, and axial flow impellers. The term centrifugal pump tends to
encompass all rotodynamic pumps. Rotodynamic pumps are, very simple in
construction. A line diagram of centrifugal pump is shown in fig 1.10. It has an
opening on the suction branch for in flow and another opening for the outflow on the
discharge side. Between the inlet and outlet sections, the flow is enclosed by a closed
casing. In the casing an impeller rotates which transfer mechanical energy through its
blades to the pumped fluid. The driving motor is usually outside the casing except for
the submersible pumps. The shaft extends from the impeller through the casing to the
motor and necessarily a sealing, stuffing box, gland is to be applied to the casing
walls.
Due to the impeller action, the fluid has rotational component downstream of
the impeller. Dynamic action of the impeller on the fluid results in the pressure in
delivery pipe being higher than suction pipe. The pressure (head) is depending upon
the speed of rotation of the impeller.

Figure 1.10 Line diagram of centrifugal pump

11
For some pumps, a diffuser ring is used between the impeller and the casing
for the conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. Generally, volute casing is
used for horizontal pumps and a diffuser chamber is used for horizontal pumps and a
diffuser chamber is used for axial and mixed flow vertical pumps.

1.4 Application range of the main pumps

Radial pump is used for medium and high heads (above 50 m). It is the
conventional type of the impeller and is used in practically all- multistage machines.
Range of specific speed is generally 10 to 60. When larger volumes must be handled,
double suction impeller may be used. Francis type impeller operates at a higher speed
than the radial pump. Specific speed is slightly higher (30 to 90). This type of
impeller may also be made double suction. The specific speed range of mixed flow
pump is usually 90 to 150. Axial flow pump has the highest specific speed (above
150) and is used for low heads (01 to 12m).

Figure 1.11 Application ranges of main pumps

A-Axial flow Pumps
M-Mixed flow pumps
R- Radial flow pumps
D- Diagonal flow pumps
MS- Multi stage pumps


12
1.5 MULTISTAGE PUMPS

Multistage pumps are used in installation where a high head is needed. Several
stages are connected in series and the flow is guided from the outlet of one stage to
the inlet of the next. The final head that a multistage pump can deliver is equal to the
sum of pressure each of the stages can provide. The advantage of multistage pumps is
that they provide high head relative to the flow. Like the single-stage pump, the
multistage pump is available in both a vertical and a horizontal version.


Figure 1.12 Vertical multistage in-line pump




Figure 1.13 Horizontal multistage end-suction pump





13
Literature Review

Fluid motion in centrifugal pump is actually a 3-dimensional flow and it is
quite complex for computation. The specific speed makes it possible to approach for
design and to calculate main dimensions of the pump; generally one dimensional
method is used by the designers. A number of text books and published data are
available on centrifugal pump but everyone focus on describing principles rather than
methods. The design process for pumps is dependent on experimental data and
empirical relations despite extensive theoretical knowledge. One of the reason for this
is the great varity of types, sizes and services demanded from them, which in turn,
requires great multiplicity of parameters to define the design problem.
For design theories of centrifugal pumps there are many text books available.
Publications by Gahlot and Nyiri [5], Paresh Girdhir and Octo Moniz [11], Stepanoff
[14], Neumann[9], Chandrakar [2], Panwalkar and Bhaskar [12], Das and Maiti [3],
Church[7] and many others proposed design theories in most satisfactory and
complete form. However, rational step-by-step design procedure is not attempted by
any publication, to assist a designer for appropriate and reasoned design.
Gahlot and Nyiri (1993) [5] also suggested the step-by-step design procedure
for designing of Radial, Francis, and Mixed flow pumps. For Radial flow pump
design, numbers of relationships are given based on practical experience. To construct
vane shape three methods are described in that book.
a) Circular arc method
b) Point-by-point method
c) Conformal representation method
Chapters on working principles of Impeller pumps, Losses and efficiencies
and characteristics of impeller pumps are very handy to understand the theory behind
centrifugal pumps. Various figures showing the relationship between different
parameters of the pumps are provided such as effect of blade thickness, effect of
number of blades on head developed.
Variation of theoretical head with discharge and vane angle, variation of
pressure co-efficient with specific speed, dependence of outlet vane angle and number
of blades on specific speed etc. helps the reader to relate the theory with the design
procedure. Some design co-efficient are given with their range of validity.
14
The computer program principally uses the method outlined by Gahlot and
Nyiri to design the centrifugal pump.

A.L.Chandraker (1996) [2] also proposed a simple approach to calculate the
step by step design procedure of impeller dimensions in his paper. The impeller
dimensions is dependent on the specific speed N
s.
75 . 0
* * 65 . 3
H
Q
N N
s
=
After that various coefficients can
be calculated by using specific speed.

After that it depends on rotational speed N, discharge Q and available head to be
developed per stage H; all in SI units.
Volumetric efficiency

68 . 0
* 68 . 0 0 . 1
1

+
=
s
v
N

The hydraulic efficiency is found to correlate with N
s
a) High specific speed machine (N
as follows;
s
25 . 0 ' '
1
) ( ) * 01 . 0 ( 0 . 1 H Q f
h
=
>80)

Where, f
1
=35, 200>N
=40, Ns <150
s
>150
=25, Ns>200
Q

b) Low specific speed machine (N

is discharge in gallons per minute and H is head in feet per stage
s

<80)
( )
2
172 . 0 ln
42 . 0
0 . 1

=
opt
h
d

Where,
333 . 0
* 25 . 4
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
Q
d
opt
is referred to as inlet diameter with clear
opening
( )
2 2
1
2
h opt
d d d =

The overall efficiency
0
m h v
* *
0
=
depends as

The
m
0
3
/ * * * * * 10 g H Q Z P
s kw

=
is the mechanical efficiency.
The power consumed by pump is expressed as

15
Das, Das, and Maiti (1998) [3] in their work compared the different blade
shape for the given blade outlet angle, inlet and outlet diameters. Outlet blade angle is
assume to be and its common used value and the maximum value is given as 27
0
and
30
0
. Number of blades is also assumed. To generate the blade shape Point- by- Point
method is used this gives the more accurate blade profile than Circulation method.
Variation of meridional velocity along the impeller passage is assumed to be linear
from inlet to outlet. Value of C
m
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
) * 1 * 2 ( * ) (
r r
r Cm r Cm
r r
r C C
C
m m
m

=
at any radius is calculated by:

A linear variation of W may not be justified because of existence of large
variation between W
1
and W
2
d r C W
q
+ = *
. Moreover, an assumption of linearity of W will restrict
to generation of a single blade shape only. Keeping this in mind and also to have
flexibility in generating different values of velocities, variation of W has been chosen
as,

Where, q q
r r
W W
C
2 1
2 1

=
and q q
q q
r r
r W r W
d
2 1
2 1 1 2
* *

=

To generate blade shapes for a given blade outlet angle, inlet and outlet
diameters, the parameter q is varied. It has been found that as the value of q is
increased from negative to positive value, the blades gets longer. They have generated
the blade shapes up to q=5, because beyond this value blade length becomes too long.
The loss of head due to channel circulation and friction has been considered as
hydraulic losses in an impeller passage.
Channel friction loss is calculated as
) ( *
*
sin * *
2
1
2
2
U U
g Z
k
h
s
c
=

and
Friction loss can be expressed as
g
W
R
L
f h
h
f
* 2
*
* 4
*
2
1
=

The value of k
s
generally lies in between 0.6 to 0.8 for low pressure pumps
and f
1
has been computed from the standard Blasius equation.


16
Church and Lal (1973) [7] covers the basic theory and principles of design,
construction and application of centrifugal pump. Design method for impeller and
volute casing both are explained with the help of examples.
Features of impeller design
1. Suggests keeping the velocity at inlet C
m1
in the neighborhood of 2.75 to
3.0 m/s. Range for C
m1
2. Range of leakage loss is 2.0% to10.0% of the delivered flow.
is given from 1.0 to 5.5 m/s
3. Contraction factor at inlet
1
4. 10 <
lies in between 0.8 and 0.9.
1
<25,
1
5. Relation proposed to calculate outlet velocity triangle is
is inlet vane angle.
N
H
D
* * 5 . 84
2

=

Where is overall head coefficient and its value varies between0.9 to 1.2
with an average value very close to unity.

Neumanns (1991) [9] offers a step-by step procedure of design optimization.
It helps to understand the influence of geometrical parameters of the pump on its
performance. He strongly criticizes the approach of designers to confine themselves
to the design point alone and not making conditions at off design process. In the
definition of optimum he mentioned two configurations; one that offers highest
attainable efficiency and other that offers lowest attainable NPSH.
To show inter-relation of each geometrical parameter he introduces various
coefficients and constants, and introduces a 40 step optimization process for impeller
and 66 step optimization process for volute casing associated with various curves and
data tables make it very complex to understand and develop software for it. However,
it offers significant help in designing of impeller end view for the present work.
Neumann has related each impeller dimension with the outlet diameter of the
impeller.

A.S. Panwalkar and C.Bhaskar (1996) [12] proposed a step-by-step procedure
of design of radial and mixed flow pumps. They introduced several coefficients, ratios
and constants. But calculation of impeller outlet diameter is quite complex, as it
requires solving two different equations iteratively.
17
In the paper the guideline is given to find the number of stages. The head per
stage can be taken in the range of 120 m to 150 m. The number of stages is taken
approximately equal to H
total
H
Q
ZKH *
(m)/120 for a speed of 2950 rpm. To calculate percent
internal and external losses he proposes the following relations:
Percent internal loss = [Q is in GPM and His in feet]
For ZKH =40; Nq <150
ZKH =35; 150<N
q
<200
ZKH =25; Nq>200

External hydraulic loss consists of loss due to leakage, disk friction, and
bearing losses. These are inversely proportional to specific speed. Percent external
loss is equal to (11000/N
s
).N
s
is in British system of units.

A.J. Stepanoff (1967) [14] has also given the design procedure. In its design
procedure, choice of
2
To calculate cavitations constants he proposed following two relations:
is the first step in selecting impeller design constants and its
range is given from 17.5 to 27.5. Numerous ray diagrams and curves showing the
relation between different parameters help in design process. Curves for overall
efficiency, cavitations constant and relation to calculate shut off head are used in
CAD (software). But it is not possible to accommodate every condition in preliminary
phase of design, because it will only add to the complexity of design and very difficult
to bring in a step-by step design procedure.



6
3
4
10
* 3 . 6
S
N
=
, and



6
3
4
10
* 0 . 4
S
N
=

[For single suctions and double suction pumps respectively]


Vasandani (1974) [16] proposed a design procedure for radial pumps
consuming 1 to10 H.P. To calculate the overall efficiency, curves from Stepanoff are
used and equation is developed for regression analysis .Like
18
3 2
* 000253 . 0 * 04 . 0 * 1 . 2 5 . 43
Sq Sq Sq
N N N + + =

The axial velocity at impeller eye and hydraulic efficiency are calculated by

2
2
0
2
*
* * * tan
* 325 . 2

K
n Q r
V
A
=


( ) = 1
3
2
1
hyd

Assuming
2
( )
2
3 2
* 000000103 . 0 * 0000349 . 0 * 0078 . 0 2488 . 0 1
25 . 0
Sq Sq Sq
N N N
p
+ +
=
=27.5, he proposed following relationships to calculate Pfleiderers
coefficient

Chavan and J ames proposed the following relationships

( )
3
2
3
4
3
* * 10 * 047 . 1 min Q N NPSHR

=


( )
1 1
50 * 120 * 025 . 0 50 * 120
p p
speed rotational N =
[p
1
( )
( ) | |
2
10 32 . 0 0
* 0474 . 0 log 32 . 0 * 29 . 0
* 13200
1
94 . 0
S
N
Q
=
number of poles of
electric motor]
Overall efficiency
Though, the design procedure of centrifugal pump design is available in literature, but
the software for it is not readily available. In this thesis an attempt has been made to
write a computer program using C++for design of pump impeller of a multistage
pump.












19
Basic theory

3.1 Kinematics of flow in the pumps
In an impeller pump, the energy conversion takes place when the flow pass
through the rotating blade system of the impeller. Thus, the principle factor
characterizing the work done by these pumps is the flow structure. Velocities and
acceleration flow lines are also very important kinematic characteristics. The relative
and absolute paths of fluid particle are shown in figure 3.1. The path of particle
relative to the impeller is seen to follow the blade as if the impeller is not rotating. On
the other hand, the path of the particle relative to a stationary point is drawn as
absolute path [5].

Figure 3.1 Absolute and relative paths of motion [5]

The relative velocity of flow is considered relative to the impeller. The
absolute velocity of flow is taken with respect to the pump casing and is always
equal to the vectorial sum of the relative velocity, and the peripheral velocity of the
impeller, . So

C

= +
W

(3.1)
The flow kinematics within the impeller is based on velocity triangle. They
can be drawn for any point but mostly attention is focused on the inlet and the outlet
part of the impeller vane.
It is necessary to know the shape and dimension of the impeller for plotting
the velocity triangle. The pump operating conditions should also be known. Figure 3.2
shows the inlet and outle velocity triangles.
C

20

Figure 3.2 Inlet and outlet velocity triangles
Velocity triangles are formed by three velocity components namely:
1) Relative velocity of liquid with respect to the rotating impeller
2) Peripheral velocity of impeller
3) Absolute velocity of liquid with respect to the casing, which is the vector
sum of the above two components.
In impeller design velocity triangles play a very important role. Since flow
through impeller is rather difficult to be analyzed practically, velocity triangles help in
studying the phenomenon through impeller.

3.2 Theoretical Head of the centrifugal pump
An expression for the theoretical head of a centrifugal pump is obtained by
applying the principle of angular momentum or moment of momentum to the mass of
liquid going through the impeller passage, known as the EULERS equation which
forms the basis of pump design, is based on following assumption:
1) The flow through the impeller is in one radial plane i.e. a plane
perpendicular to the axis of pump and passing through the particle.
2) The vanes are symmetric with respect to the axis such that the fluid enters
the impeller tangentially and leaves also tangentially. Fluid enters and
leaves the impeller without any turbulence.
3) The impeller passages are completely smooth and filled with liquid at all
times.
4) There are infinite numbers of blades.
But none of the above assumptions are true.

21
The IDEAL HEAD developed by the pump is expressed as


g
C U C U
H
U U
i
1 1 2 2
,
* *
=

(3.2)

OR

g
W W
g
U U
g
C C
H
i
* 2 * 2 * 2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
,

+

(3.3)

The direction of velocity at inlet to the impeller depends on the conditions at
inlet. If there are no guide vanes provided before entry to the impeller to change the
direction of inflow of liquid , it may be assumed that the velocity C is directed along
the radius i.e. = 90
0
and C
m1
=C
3.3 Actual head equation
1 .

The ideal head relationship has been derived with the assumption that there is
no friction, turbulence etc. It is also assumed that the flow is completely guided by the
infinite number of blades of no wall thickness. As these assumptions are not truly
adhered, the actual head and power developed are lower than the ideal head. Effect of
various phenomena will be discussed here.

3.3.1 Influence of finite number of blades
Eulers equation was derived on the assumption that the flow through the
impeller is axisymmetrical and the velocity field is created by infinite number of
contiguous stream surfaces fulfilling the role of blade. But in an actual condition, the
impeller has definite number of blades of finite thickness. This reduces the area
available for the flow through the impeller. To determine the influence of blades on
the velocity field, consider two cylindrical surfaces of radii r
I
and r
II
concentric with
the impeller blade as shown in the figure 3.3
22





Figure 3.3 Effect of blade thickness on head developed by pump

23
For centrifugal pumps, with inlet and outlet edges of blade parallel to the
impeller axis, these surfaces are situated close to the edges of vane.
Let the pitch of the blade be t
1
on a circle of radius r
1
and the projection of
blade thickness S
1
in a direction tangential to the circumference be S
U1
1 1
1
1
*
U
mI m
S t
t
C C

=
. Then, from
the condition of continuity of flow



Where,
Z
d
t
1
1
*
=



1
1
1
sin
S
S
U
=



For a given pump geometry, t
1
and S
U1
mI m
C C *
1 1
=
are constant, so,

From inlet velocity triangle (figure 3.3c), we find that:

I I I mI
W C C sin * sin *
1
= =


1 1 1 1 1
sin * sin * W C C
m
= =
And


C
I
, C
mI
, W
I
is the velocities of the fluid just before the entry to the impeller.
To reduce the effect of blade thickness, the blades at inlet should be tapered and
rounded off.
At outlet, sharpening of the blade tips effects a gradual reduction of the flow
velocity from C
m2
to C
mII
. From outlet velocity triangle (figure 3.3c)
2
2
2
2 2
2
*

m U
m mII
C
t
S t
C C =

=




The velocity distribution at the impeller outlet is based on the assumption that
C
U2
, the peripheral component of absolute velocity C, does not change in passing
from a surface of radius r
2
to a surface of radius r
II
. It is clear, now that the blades of
finite thickness produce an increase in the angles
1
and
1
at inlet and a decrease in
the angle
2
and
2
at outlet.

24
3.3.2 Effect of number of blades
3.3.2.1 Pressure distribution
To transmit power to the liquid, pressure p
f
on the front face of the vane
should be higher than pressure p
b
Figure 3.4 Effect of pressure distribution

on the back face. Any force exerted by the vane on
the liquid has an equal and opposite reactive force from the liquid. Thus the relative
velocity near the back of the impeller rises as compared to that near the front.
Figure3.4 shows that for a given blade angle at outlet, the head developed is less with
higher meridional velocities. Hence, a higher relative velocity at the back of the vane
will result in lower head and the total integrated head will be lower than that
calculated for an average velocity of flow.
3.3.2.2 Velocity distribution
The uniform velocity distribution in the impeller passage as shown in the
figure 3.5 is obtained from the assumption of one dimensional flow. In reality, the
rotation of the impeller results in the higher pressure on the loading surface. This
reduces the velocity. This varying velocity distribution when superimposed on the
uniform velocity distribution results in setting up a rotational flow inside the passage.
25


Figure 3.5 Effect of circulatory flow

The relative velocity distribution through an impeller passage is also affected
by the relative circulation of the liquid due to inertia effect of frictionless liquid
particles. If the impeller passages were closed both at inlet and outlet and the impeller
rotated, a circulation would take place as shown in figure3.6a


Figure 3.6a Effect of relative circulation

At the rim, circulating flow takes place in opposite direction and at the hub in
the same direction as the rotation of the impeller. As, the direction of motion is
imparted by the particles having greater kinetic energy, it results in a decrease in
velocity at outlet i.e. C
2
<C
2
and at inlet an increase in velocity i.e. C
1
>C
1
(see
figure 3.6b) .The torque transmitted from the impeller blade to the liquid reduces,
resulting in the decrease in head developed.
26


Figure 3.6b Velocity triangle modified for circulatory flow
(Note: Dashed lines show diagram without circulatory flow.)

The amount of effect of circulatory flow is dependant on the accuracy of vane
design and the number of vanes. The more the number of blades, the better is the
guidance to the flow. Lesser the circulatory flow, higher is the total head of a pump.

3.3.2.3 Vane angle at outlet

Figure 3.7 Blade angle effect on head

Figure 3.7 shows a rectilinear cascade of an impeller.
1
and
2
are the angles
that the flow makes with the axis of the cascade, just before the inlet and just before
the outlet
1
and
2
are the angles that tangent to the centerline of blade makes with
the axis of the cascade. Then,
Actual deflection of the mean flow =
2
-
1

Angle between the tangent at inlet and outlet =
2
-
1

As the blade cannot have full restraint on the flow in the mid passage, the flow
deflection is usually less than (
2
-
1
). So,
(
2
-
1
) < (
2
-
1
)
27
This causes a reduction in head developed by the pump with finite number of
blades.

3.4 Relationship between Ideal head and Theoretical head
For an ideal case i.e. an impeller with infinite number of blades, the theoretical
head developed is H
g
C U
H
U
i
'
2 2
,
*
=

i,

(3.4)

Whereas the actual theoretical head developed with finite number of blades is H
g
C U
H
U
i
2 2
*
=
i,



(3.5)
The ratio called vane number coefficient or slope factor is

'
2
2
, U
U
i
i
C
C
H
H
= =

(3.6)
The factor does not contribute to any loss of energy.
The value of can be determined by Pfleiderer equation

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ = =
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
'
2
*
*
* 2 1
1
D D Z
D k
C
C
U
U

(3.7)
Where Z is the number of blades.
D
1
and D
2
k=(0.65~0.85)* : for pumps with volute, and
k=
are inlet and outlet diameters
: for pumps with guide vanes

Pfleiderer introduced it first and gave the following values of depending on
the number of blades, Z

Table 3.1- relation between Z and
Z 1 2 4 6 10 20
0.25 0.40 0.572 0.66 0.77 0.87 1.00

)
60
1 (
2

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
60
1 * 6 . 0
2

28
3.5 Losses and efficiencies
Losses in centrifugal pumps help us to know;
1. The nature and magnitude of losses so that measures could be taken to reduce them.
2. To predetermine the head discharge characteristics of a new pump if the
theoretical characteristics of the pump are known.
The losses that occur in the pump alone can be classified into four groups:
a) Hydraulic losses which include skin friction and eddy and separation
losses in the suction nozzle, impeller, volute and discharge nozzle.
b) Leakage is the loss of flow through the clearance between the rotating part
and the stationary part. These are connected with wearing rings or seals,
interstage bushings and balancing devices.
c) Disc friction losses are like an external mechanical loss because it absorbs
mechanical work without reducing the head or the discharge.
d) Mechanical losses which include loss due to friction in the bearings and
stuffing boxes or the mechanical seals. Mechanical loss is relatively more
important in small pumps and at operations at low speed than in large
pumps.

3.5.1 Hydraulic losses
Accurate calculation of hydraulic losses in a centrifugal pump is not possible
for many reasons like complex fluid passage, superimposition of vortex motion on the
straight flow, different degree of surface roughness, viscosity of liquid etc. Thus these
losses are estimated experimentally. Generally, it is less than 10% except for small
size impellers with narrow passages. Hydraulic loss takes place within the impeller,
the pump casing and suction branch of pump. These losses are made up of skin
friction , and shock and mixing losses of the fluids, as the energy transfer is taking
place along the waterways of the pump, all resulting in head loss.
Hydraulic losses are intimately related to the pump design, kinetic losses are
frequently in conflict with low friction loss but can mostly be related to flow
parameters and to geometry of the pump.
Hydraulic losses of a centrifugal pump can be divided as:

29
1) Entrance loss: These include losses at impeller entrance and exit.
Sometimes they are called shock losses. It depends on the shape of the inlet edge
of the blade. Its value is
025 . 0 01 . 0
'
1
to
H
h
=



Figure 3.8 Inlet edge geometry of vane

2) Friction loss: Skin friction loss can be calculated using equation
g
v
m
L
f h
f
* 2
*
* 4
*
2
=

Where L is the length of the channel
m is the hydraulic radius of channel
v is the velocity at the section
f is the friction coefficient
This equation can be used for passages like suction nozzles, impeller
channel, and discharge volute. However, determination of actual length (L) and
hydraulic radius (m) is difficult in many cases. Hence, some investigators have
suggested a simplified equation. Where K
1
is a constant for a given pump,
considering all the unknown factor including lengths, areas, area ratio, and friction
factors.
3) Loss in diffuser: Loss in the diffuser occur because the velocity of fluid
entering the diffuser vanes is an average value which is approximately 0.9*C
U2
.
Diffuser efficiency of 0.8 for small pumps and 0.9 for larger and well cleaned
vane pump can be assumed. For calculation of loss in diffuser an equation similar
to can be used Where K
2
The ratio of actual head developed by the pump is less than the virtual
head, mainly due to friction and turbulence losses. The ratio of the actual head
is a constant for a pump.
30
developed to the virtual head for a finite number of vanes is the hydraulic
efficiency.

Actual measured head

hyd
Hydraulic efficiency can be calculated by the following expressions
=____________________
Head imparted to fluid by impeller

1. Hydraulic efficiency
o hyd
=

Where
o
2. Hydraulic efficiency by W.K. Jekat
Overall efficiency of the pump
25 . 0
8 . 0
1
Q
hyd
=

This is purely an empirical equation (Q to be expressed in US gpm)
Modern centrifugal pumps have hydraulic efficiency ranging between80 to 97

3.5.2 Leakage losses
Due to the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of impeller, some
of the fluid comes back on the suction side after being pumped by the impeller. Thus,
the discharge through the impeller is more than the discharge actually delivered. The
leakage has no effect on the head of the pump but lowers the capacity and increases
the brake horse power. Volumetric or leakage loss takes place between rotating and
stationary components of the pump wearing rings, labyrinth seals, mechanical seals,
glands, balancing devices etc.

3.5.3 Disc friction loss
The power lost in rotating a disc in a liquid is known as disc friction. The disc
friction loss arising on the outer surface of the impeller shrouds depends on the
following factors:
1) The shape of the facing rotating and stationary surfaces.
2) Surface roughness of these surfaces.
31
3) Leakage flow between these surfaces.

It is mainly due to the eddy loss in the fluid entrapped between the shrouds of
the impeller and pump casing.
Disc friction loss basically represents the power absorbed in overcoming
friction torque of the impeller external surfaces. Part of the disc friction is recovered
in the volute or diffuser in the form of pressure. However, efficiency of pressure
recovery from disc friction pumping effect is low and is usually neglected.

3.5.4 Mechanical losses
This includes friction losses in the bearing and packing box. It is difficult to
predict these losses exactly because of small sizes of bearings and stuffing boxes and
the difficulty in measuring them with normal test facilities. Usually they are taken 2-
4% of the brake horse power but for small pumps when stuffing box is under
discharge, this can be as high as 10%.

3.5.5 Efficiencies
In pumps, the power input to the pump shaft never gets fully converted into
the useful water horse power because some power is always wasted due to different
types of losses.
The overall efficiency (
o
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
H Q
inner
inner
h h
o
*
* *
= = =

) of the pump is the ratio of the water horse power to

the power given to the pump shaft.

P
inner
is the power transmitted to impeller by shaft. The components of the
overall efficiency () are the hydraulic efficiency
h
, the volumetric efficiency
v
, and
the mechanical efficiency
h H
H
H
H
th
hyd
+
= =
m.

The hydraulic efficiency is the ratio of actual head developed by the impeller
to its theoretical head. If H is the actual head and h is the total hydraulic loss, then

Modern large size centrifugal pumps have hydraulic efficiency ranging from 80-96%
32
The volumetric efficiency of pump is a measure of the amount of leakage
through the clearances. It is given by

L
v
Q Q
Q
+
=

To increase volumetric efficiency, the leakage through the seals should be
minimized. In modern centrifugal pumps, volumetric efficiency ranges from 96-98%
The mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the gross power (P
inner
P
P P
P
P
m inner
m
'

= =
) delivered to
the impeller by the shaft to the input power supplied to the pump shaft (p). It is
written as

Where P
m
is the power lost in bearings and stuffing box. Mechanical
efficiency for modern centrifugal pump varies from 92-95%. It depends on the
mechanical characteristics, design and service condition of the bearing s and stuffing
box and surface finish of matching parts.


















33
Impeller Design

4.1 Introduction

The impeller of the centrifugal pump converts the mechanical rotation to the
velocity of the liquid. The impeller acts as a spinning wheel in the pump.
In spite of extensive theoretical knowledge of fluid dynamics and a great deal
of research conducted in the past, the design process for pumps still relies heavily
upon experimental data. There are several reasons for it; one of the reasons is the
great variety of types, sizes, and services demanded from them, which in turn requires
a great multiplicity of parameters to define the design problem in hand. From Eulers
fundamental equation, we know that the total head generated by a pump depends on
many variables like the peripheral velocity U
2
, the meridional velocity C
m2,
outlet
vane angle
2
, the number of blades Z etc. A given head can be developed by pump
impeller designed with various values of these variables. Though the head developed
may be approximately same, all the designs may not be good from the point of view
of efficiency and cost of production.
For designing a new impeller, it is necessary to assume some factors that give
relationship between the impeller total head and the capacity at the design point.
Optimal results of design are obtained for a given operating conditions when factors
derived experimentally from available high efficiency pumps are used.
Two separate groups of parameters can be distinguished: the first describing
the hydraulic factors related to fluid motion, and second representing the physical size
shapes of unit components. Both groups are three dimensional which, contributes to
the complexity of design problems.
The various authors proposed the same design procedure fundamentally, but
the procedures differ due to the selection of various parameters. Due to close
interaction that takes place between the geometry of the passageways and the
hydraulic factors, the design process becomes iterative, thus further adding to the
complexity of design task [15].




34
4.2 Phases of pump design

A centrifugal pump design has to pass through following phases:

Phase 01: Determination of dimensionless parameters, which define the hydraulic
flow passage. The flow passage includes impeller vanes and volutes.
Phase 02: Geometry of impeller, volute in meridional and blade-to-blade planes.
Phase 03: Analysis of flow through the hydraulic passages and prediction of
performance characteristics of pumps by application of computational techniques
such as CFD packages.
Phase 04: Manufacture of prototype pump.
Phase 05: Testing and finalizing the design.
Various CFD packages are available to predict the pump performance
characteristics within the acceptable limits. Above mentioned first two phases are
necessarily performed in order to reach the third phase. My work is concerned with
the first two phases.

4.3 Design of impeller

Design of impeller includes the design of flow passage parameters at the inlet
and outlet. The design procedure uses many dimensionless factors: their values are
based on experimental observation rather than complete theoretical analysis. These
dimensionless factors have been drawn against a single parameter i.e. specific Speed
of the pump. The variation of such dimensionless number against specific speed along
with the basic mathematical relationship for the passage of the pump gives many
parameters, which are required for drawing the flow passage of the pump impeller [1].

4.4 Development of Vane
After determining the vane angles and diameters, the next step in designing is
to construct the vane shape. Vane shape should be such that the passage should not be
too long as it increases friction losses, and any change in cross-sectional area should
be gradual in order to avoid turbulence losses.
35













Fig.4.1 Velocities and vane angles plotted against impeller radius

The velocity of the liquid relative to the impeller W and the radial component
of the absolute velocity C
m
both at inlet and outlet edges of the vanes are known and
may be plotted against the impeller radius. These points are connected by a straight
line or smooth curve, as shown in fig. Intermediate values may be obtained from these
curves so as not to have any sudden changes to disrupt the flow. When the values of
C
m
and W are known, a curve of may then be plotted against R, since sin =C
m
a) Circular arc method
/W.


b) Point-by-point method

c) Hydrodynamic design method


4.4.1 Circular arc method

In this method, the impeller is arbitrarily divided into number of concentric
rings between the radius R
1
and R
2
. The vane may be defined by one or two arcs of a
circle. Two arcs method give better results as compared to the single arc method.
36

Figure 4.2 single arc method of profile construction

The single arc method is illustrated in fig. From point O which is centre of
rotation of impeller, draw a line OK at an angle (
1
+
2
) from the line OB. Extend the
line BK to meet the ring of radius R
1
at point A. From B draw a line at an angle
2
( )
1 1 2 2
2
1
2
2
cos * cos * * 2

R R
R R

=

such that it intersects the bisector of line BA at point G. An arc of a circle of radius
and centre G gives the desired vane profile. The radius may be calculated from the
formula

In the two arc method, the vane shape is constructed by joining arcs of two circles
drawn through points A and B.

4.4.2 Point-by-point method

This method of obtaining the vane shape is given by C. Pfleiderer. It is based
on the assump tion that the transition of
1
to
2
Let be the vane angle at radius R. Then for very small increments in radius
dR we have
depends on the radius R and on
determining the central angle for a given Rand . The values of R and constitute
polar coordinates for a given point in the vane surface. A smooth curve drawn joining
all such points gives the central line of the vane.
37

tan
*
dR
d R =

tan * R
dR
d =

Where is measured in radians. Integrating from R
1

=
2
1
tan *
R
R
R
dR

to any radius R,



If is measured in degrees, then

=
2
1
tan *
*
180
R
R
R
dR

Above equation is solved by tabular integration assuming finite increment R.
Vanes are generally made of constant thickness allowing certain thickness at
the inlet. A thin sharp edge will give high efficiency when the vane angle matches
with the direction of fluid flow. But at other angular positions it drops rapidly. An
inlet edge which is generally rounded gives somewhat lower maximum efficiency
when the vane angle matches to flow direction but it does not drop so rapidly at other
angles.

4.4.3 Hydrodynamic design method
Hydrodynamic design method can be analyzed by the following methods
1. Method of conformal representation.
2. Method of integral equations.
3. Method of singularities.
In method of conformal transformations the physical flow field is conformally
mapped on a plane in which a unit circle corresponds to the cascade of profile.
The vector field in such a mapped region is determined using the inverse
transformations. It is also known as method of error triangles.
38
The method of integral equations makes the use of possibility of expressing
any harmonic function in terms of the values of this along the boundaries. This mode
of determination of any harmonic function connected with the flow leads to a contour
integral in terms of the function to be determined. Solutions of the integral equation
give the solution of the flow problem.
The method of singularity considers the flow past the rectilinear cascade as a
combination of the vector induced by a system of distributed hydrodynamic
singularity superimposed on a constant vector field. The system of distributed
singularity (sources, sinks and vortices) can be introduced only within the profile of
cascade.
The singularity distribution should ensure the following points:
a. The formation of closed streamline.
b. They should accept fluid at the given angle of attack.
c. They must ensure the required maximum profile thickness.
d. They should satisfy Kutta-Joukowsky postulate.

Of the three methods mentioned above, the method of hydrodynamic design
gives much better design as the combination of singularity and their strengths can be
varied more closely. However, this method is very complex and requires solution of
number of complicated mathematical equations.
On the other hand, circular arc method is the simplest one, but is more
graphical. Also, as the complete vane profile is a single or two arcs, the inaccuracies
in design are also more. As such, this method of vane shaping has limited application.
The point-by-point method lies in between the two methods. It is reasonably
simple to work and give fairly good results. The accuracy of the method can be
improved by increasing the number of points between the inlet and outlet sections of
the impeller.






39
4.5 Vane types

Type of a vane depends on a parameter called Degree of Reaction (r).
Degree of Reaction:
It is a measure of pump effectiveness to convert kinetic energy into static
pressure head. Its value theoretically varies from 0.0 to 1.0. If H
p
is the pressure head
increase, H
c
c p i
H H H + =
is the velocity or kinetic energy increase, and then total head rise is


i
p
i
c i
i
p
H
H
H
H H
H
H
r =

= = 1


2
2
* 2
1
U
C
r
U
=


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 2
2
tan *
1 *
2
1
U
C
r
m

Variation of r with C
U2
/U
2

Figure 4.3 Showing the variation of r with C
is shown in the following figure 4.3
U2
/U
2 2
U C
U
=
2

Case I r = 0.5

This indicates that or
0
2
90 =
.The impeller has radial outlet vanes.
The static pressure rise in the impeller is equal to the change in the velocity energy.

Case -II
r
> 0.5

In this case, C
U2
=U
2
and
2
<90
0
. The impeller vanes are backward curved
vanes having values of
2
between 0
0
and 90
0
. The degree of reaction is more than
half indicating that the static pressure rise in the impeller is more than the change in
kinetic energy.

40
Case -III r < 0.5

Here, C
U2
>U
2
and
2
>90
0
. The impeller vanes are forward curved vanes.
The static pressure rise in the impeller is less than the increase in the velocity energy.
In one particular case when r =0, there is no static pressure change in the impeller i.e.
the impeller blades are equipressure blades. Pumps having this type of blades can be
called as Impulse Pumps. In the impulse pumps, the increase in energy is in the form
of kinetic energy only which is converted into pressure energy in the diffuser. The
pumps having degree of reaction more than zero can be called as reaction pumps.
Rotodynamic pumps are always designed as reaction pumps because in an impulse
pump; a large amount of energy gained by the liquid is lost during conversion of
kinetic energy into pressure energy.


Figure 4.4 Showing various shapes of vanes

Table 4.1 Showing various vane type

Case Features Vane type
r>0.5 C
U2
<U
2
, 0<
2
<90 Backward curved vanes
0

r=0.5 C
U2
=U
2
,
2
=90 Radial vanes
0

r<0.5 C
U2
>U
2
,
2
>90 Forward curved vanes
0



Generally, backward curved vanes are used for impellers since the velocity
head is minimum for this type of vane. As it is difficult to convert efficiently the
velocity head into pressure head, impellers having radial or forward curved vanes are
less efficient than the backward curved type. Radial and forward curved vanes have
an undesirable passage shape, which is difficult for liquid to follow; this results in
eddy losses.

41
4.6 Steps to design

The design of pump impeller has been done by the procedure given by Gahlot and
Nyiri (1993).
The following are the steps taken to design a multistage radial flow impeller are
given here:
Input required
1) Head Th in meters
2) Discharge Q in cubic meter per second
3) Rotational speed N in rpm
4) Allowable shear stress for the shaft material
5) No of stages are S

Figure 4.5 showing dimensions of radial type impeller

1) Calculate the head for single stage H =
S
Th


42
2) Calculate specific speed using
4
3
*
H
Q N
N
q
=
where Q is in m
3
3) Calculate overall efficiency of pump depending on the discharge from:
/sec, H is in
meters, N is in revolutions per minute.

i) Up to 400 lpm
=
0

3 2
* 0013283 . 0 * 12258 . 0 * 1216 . 4 6297 . 15
sq sq sq
N N N + +

ii) 800 lpm
3 2
0
* 000851366 . 0 * 0929906 . 0 * 53788 . 3 9831 . 25
sq sq sq
N N N + + =

iii) 2000 lpm
3 2
0
* 00418247 . 0 * 0579136 . 0 * 59186 . 2 337 . 40
sq sq sq
N N N + + =


iv) 4000 lpm

=
0

(
(

+
+
3
2
* 0001563536 . 0
* 0285638 . 0 * 58618 . 1 9263 . 55
sq
sq sq
N
N N


v) 12000 lpm

=
0

(
(

+
+
3
2
* 72849 . 9
* 0914205 . 0 * 17884 . 1 3928 . 65
sq
sq sq
N
N N


vi) 40000 lpm
=
0

(
(
(
(

+
+
+

6 10 5 7
4 5 3
2
* 10 * 43282 . 2 * 10 * 90367 . 1
* 10 * 43015 . 4 * 00475735 . 0
* 26433 . 0 * 37513 . 7 51139 . 8
sq sq
sq sq
sq sq
N N
N N
N N


4) Calculate the power required using
o
H Q
P

* *
=

5) Power of the prime mover is 20% higher than the power required to pump
43

P P
m
* 20 . 1 =

6) Calculate the shaft diameter
Assuming that only torque is acting, the diameter of the shaft may be
calculated by the equation
* * * 2
* 1000 * 60 * 16
2
N
P
d
sh
=

Where P is the power transmitted in Kw, N is rpm of shaft,

is the torsional
stress of the shaft material.
7) Hub diameter at the eye side
sh hi
d d * 35 . 1 =

8) Hub diameter at the back side shroud
sh ho
d d * 425 . 1 =

9) Calculate hydraulic efficiency
o H
=

10) Calculate theoretical head
H
th
H
H

=

11) Calculate volumetric efficiency 68 . 0
* 68 . 0 0 . 1
1

+
=
sq
v
N

12) Calculate theoretical volume
v
th
Q
Q

=

13) Calculate 1
Cm
K
using
3 2
* 0000048836 . 0 * 000556 . 0 * 0215 . 0 099 . 0
1
sq sq sq Cm
N N N K + + =

14) Calculate average inlet velocity
H g K C
Cm m
* * 2 *
1
1
=
,where g is
acceleration due to gravity its value is 9.81m/sec
15) Inlet velocity through the eye
2

1 0
* 85 . 0
m m
C C =

16) Free area at the eye
om
th
o
C
Q
A =

17) Cross sectional area of hub,
2
*
4
hi h
d a

=

18) Total area
o h o
A a A + =
'

19) Eye diameter

'
0
* 4 A
d
o
=

20) Inlet diameter D
1
om o th
C D k Q * *
4
*
2
1

=
is determined by
44
21) Width of the impeller at the inlet
1 1 1
1
* * *
m
C D
Q
B =
where the value of

1
22) Tangential velocity at inlet
varies from 0.8 to 0.9.
60
* *
1
1
N D
U

=

23) Inlet vane angle |
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1 1
1
tan
U
C
m

24) Vane outlet angle
( ) 82 . 6 ln * 2892 . 5
2
+ =
sq
N

25) Number of vanes
( ) ( )
sq
N Z ln * 57 . 2 92 . 15 =

26) Calculate
2 cm
K
=
(
(

+
+
3
2
* 0000017093 . 0
* 0002046 . 0 * 0094 . 0 01396 . 0
sq
sq sq
N
N N

27) Average exit velocity
1 2 2
*
m cm m
C K C =

28) Calculate
th
m m
H g
C C
U * *
tan * 2 tan * 2
2
2
2
2
2
2


+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
, where value of
values from 1.25 to 1.35.
29) Calculate
N
U
D
*
* 60
2
2

=

30) Calculate
2 2
2
* *
m
C D
Q
B

=

31) Relative velocity at inlet
1 1 1
sin
m
C W =

32) Relative velocity at outlet
2 2 2
sin
m
C W =

33) Calculate C
U2
2
2
2 2
tan
m
U
C
U C =
by using
34) Calculate C
2
( )
2
2
2
2 2 m U
C C C + =
by using
35) Calculate cavitations coefficient
( ) | | 5752 . 8 ln * 31487 . 1
=
sq
N
e

36) Calculate NPSH, NPSH= * H
37) Calculate degree of reaction
346 . 21 * 2
19 . 16
1 = r
=0.62

45

Figure 4.6 showing dimensions of guide vane of multistage pump

38) Calculate mean velocity in the volute
H g K C
CM
* * 2 *
3
3
=
, where the
value of 3
CM
K
is 0.45.
39) Calculate meridional velocity in the volute
sin *
3 3
C C
m
=
, where the
value of is 8
40) Calculate volute width
1 . 1
3
= B
*
2
B

41) Calculate D
4
=1.45 * D
42)
2


Calculate D
3
=D
2
+2 * D
S
* D
2
, where the value of D
S
43) Calculate the area of volute at any section A
is taken as 0.12

=

360 *
*
3
C
Q
A

=



4.7 Design Problem
In this thesis a computer program has been developed to design a multistage
radial flow impeller for the following data:
1) Total Head 75 meters
2) Discharge 0.015 m
3
3) Rotational speed of the impeller is 1480 rpm
/sec
4) Allowable torsional shear stress for the shaft material is 21*10
6
N/m
2
5) No of stages are 3



46
Calculation of the major parameters for the one impeller:
1) Head =
3
75
=25 meters
2) Specific speed of the pump is
4
3
25
015 . 0 * 1480
=
sq
N
=16.212
3) Overall efficiency is
=
0

(
(

+
+
3
2
212 . 16 * 00418247 .. 0
212 . 16 * 0579136 .. 0 212 . 16 * 59186 . 2 337 . 40
=0.8495 =
84.95%
4) Calculate the power required
8495 . 0
25 * 015 . 0 * 81 . 9
= P
=4.33 kw
5) The power of prime mover is 10 to 20% more, therefore the power of
prime mover is P
m
6) Calculate the diameter of the shaft by
=1.20*4.33 =5.196 kw
3
6 2
10 * 21 * 1480 * * 2
1000 * 196 . 5 * 60 * 16

=
sh
d
=
0.0201 m
7) Hub diameter at the eye side d
hi
8) Hub diameter at the back shroud d
=1.35*0.0201 =0.02713 m
ho
9) Calculate the hydraulic efficiency
=1.425*0.0201 =0.02864 m
8495 . 0 =
h

=0.92168
10) Calculate theoretical head
92168 . 0
25
=
th
H
=27.124 m
11) Calculate volumetric efficiency
68 . 0
2127 . 16 * 68 . 0 0 . 1
1

+
=
v

=
0.90727
12) Theoretical discharge
90727 . 0
015 . 0
=
th
Q
=0.01653 m
3
13) Calculate
/sec
=
1
CM
K
(
(

+
+
3
2
212 . 16 * 0000048836 . 0
212 . 16 * 000556 . 0 212 . 16 * 0215 . 0 099 . 0
=
0.1242
14) Calculate
25 * 81 . 9 * 2 * 1242 . 0
1
=
m
C
=2.75 m/sec

15) Calculate inlet velocity through eye
75 . 2 * 85 . 0 =
om
C
=
47
2.3375 m/sec
16) Free area
3375 . 2
01653 . 0
=
o
A
=0.00707 m
2
02714 . 0 *
4

=
h
a
2
17) Hub area =0.0000578 m
000578 . 0 007071 . 0
'
+ =
o
A
2
18) Total area =0.007649 m
2

007649 . 0 * 4
=
o
d

19) Eye diameter =0.09868 m
20) Inlet diameter
3375 . 2 * * 85 . 0
01653 . 0 * 4
1

= D
=0.1029 m
21) Width of impeller at inlet
1029 . 0 * 75 . 2 * 9 . 0 *
015 . 0
1

= B
= 0.0187m
22) Tangential velocity at inlet
60
1480 * 1029 . 0 *
1

= U
=7.973 m/sec
23) Inlet vane angle
|
.
|

\
|
=

973 . 7
75 . 2
tan
1
1

=19.03
0
( ) 82 . 6 212 . 16 ln * 2892 . 5
2
+ =

24) Outlet vane angle =21.55
( ) ( ) 212 . 16 ln * 57 . 2 92 . 15 = Z
0

25) Number of vanes =9
26) Calculate

=
2 cm
K
(
(

+
+
3
2
212 . 16 * 0000017093 . 0
212 . 16 * 0002046 . 0 212 . 16 * 0094 . 0 01396 . 0
=0.0919
27) Average exit velocity
25 * 81 . 9 * 2 * 0919 . 0
2
=
m
C
=2.035m/sec
28) Outlet tangential velocity
( ) ( )
124 . 27 * 3 . 1 * 81 . 9
55 . 21 tan * 2
035 . 2
55 . 21 tan * 2
035 . 2
2
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= U
=
21.346 m/sec
29) Calculate diameter at outlet
1480 *
346 . 21 * 60
2

= D
=0.2754 m
30) Impeller width at outlet
035 . 2 * 2754 . 0 *
015 . 0
2

= B
=0.00852 m
31) Relative velocity at inlet
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
03 . 19 sin
75 . 2
1
W
=8.433 m/sec
48
32) Relative velocity at outlet
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
55 . 21 sin
035 . 2
2
W
=5.54 m/sec
33)
( ) 55 . 21 tan
035 . 2
346 . 21
2
=
U
C
=16.19 m/sec
34) Calculate
2 2
2
035 . 2 19 . 16 + = C
=16.317 m/sec
35) Calculate degree of reaction
346 . 21 * 2
19 . 16
1 = r
=0.62
36) Calculate cavitations coefficients by
( ) | | 5752 . 8 212 . 16 ln * 31487 . 1
= e
=
0.00735
37) Calculate NPSH by NPSH =0.00735*25 =0.1838 m
38) Calculate mean velocity in the volute
25 * 81 . 9 * 2 * 45 . 0
3
= C
=
9.96 m/sec
39) Calculate meridional velocity in the volute sin 8 =1.387
m/sec
40) Calculate width of volute =1.1 * 0.00852 =0.00937 m
41) Calculate
4
D
=1.45 * 0.2754 =0.39933 m
42) Calculate
3
D
=0.2754+2 * 0.12 * 0.2754 =0.3414 m
43) Calculate cross-sectional area of volute
360 * 96 . 9
10 * 015 . 0
=

A
=
0.000041834 m












* 96 . 9
3
=
m
C
3
B
49
After calculating the main dimensions of impeller the vane shaping is being
done. For this a linear variation in C
m
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 1
2 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
* *
*
r r
r C r C
r
r r
C C
C
m m m m
m
is assumed given by

A linear variation for relative velocity can not be assumed for two reasons:
1) There exists a large variation in relative velocity at inlet and relative velocity at
outlet.
2) A linear variation in W will restrict to the generation of a single shape only.
Hence, for the above said reasons the variation in W is given by the following
equation |
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
q q
q q
q
q q
r r
r W r W
r
r r
W W
W
2 1
2 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
* *
*

Various vane shapes can be obtained by giving various values of q, either positive ,
negative or decimal; except zero because for q =0
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
q q
q q
q
q q
r r
r W r W
r
r r
W W
W
2 1
2 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
* *
*
, becomes an undefined quantity.

In this computer program Point-by-Point method is used for generating the
vane shape.
Increments in radius are calculated by
n
r r
r
m m 1 2

=
where n is the number of
steps. The results are being tabulated as shown in the following table 4.2

Table 4.2 Method for generating vane shape
Point R r C W
m

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
W
C
r
W
C
B
m
m
*
1
2

|
.
|

\
| +
=
+
2
*
1 N N
B B
r a

a

a = *
180
0

0
is the span angle. A plot of R and generates the required vane shape.


50
Computer Program

In this thesis a computer program using C++has been developed for the particular
design problem which is given below:
Head 75 m
Discharge 0.015 m
3
/sec
Speed 1480 rpm
Shear stress in the shaft material 21*10
6
N/m
The computer program developed:
2

1) Should have the appeal to attract the users.
2) Must be written considering the inter relationship of various sub-
modules with main module.
3) Not only shows the error messages, but also prompts the user to take
the corrective action.
4) Should be easy to understand, hassle free to operate and suitable to
demonstrate.

Above mentioned points were considered while writing the program for the
above design problem. In the last decade, advancement in computer technology
motivated many engineers to computerize various design processes, since it allows
handling large amount of data and provides result in a very short time.
In last few years, of the software development projects related to various
design procedures have been written in MANIT are DOS based programs that provide
output in text format and it is very difficult to visualize the actual geometry from the
software results.








51
5.1 FLOWCHART
Before the development a computer program it is necessary that all steps
should be very clear and sequenced so that it will not create any problem in the
program designing. This is accomplished by making the flow chart of the whole
problem. From the flowchart one can visualize the various sequences taken. The flow
chart for the design problem is shown below.

START
Read input data Th,
N, Q S,
H =
S
Th

4
3
*
H
Q N
N
sq
=


o

o h
=
68 . 0
* 68 . 0 0 . 1
1

+
=
sq
v
N

1
52

2
H
th
H
H

=

v
th
Q
Q

=

Calculate K
CM1


Calculate C
m1


Calculate
Com=0.85*Cm1
om
th
o
C
Q
A =
2
*
4
hi h
d a

=

o h o
A a A + =
'

3
53

3

'
* 4
o
o
A
d =

om o th
C D k Q * *
4
*
2
1

=

1 1 1
1
* * *
m
C D
Q
B =

60
* *
1
1
N D
U

=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
1
1
tan
U
C
m

( ) 82 . 6 ln * 2892 . 5
2
+ =
sq
N

4
54

4
( ) ( )
sq
N Z ln * 57 . 2 92 . 15 =

Calculate K
cm2

Calculate C
m2

th
m m
H g
C C
U * *
tan * 2 tan * 2
2
2
2
2
2
2


+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
U
D
*
* 60
2
2

=

2 2
2
* *
m
C D
Q
B

=
5
1 1 1
sin
m
C W =

55

5
2 2 2
sin
m
C W =

2
2
2 2
tan
m
U
C
U C =

( )
2
2
2
2 2 m U
C C C + =

(

=
2
2
* 2
1
U
C
r
U

H g K C
CM
* * 2 *
3
3
=

sin *
3 3
C C
m
=

6

1 . 1
3
= B
*
2
B

56

6
D
4
=1.45 * D
2

D
3
=D
2
+2 * D
S
* D
2

A =

360 *
*
3
C
Q
A

=


Show results in output form N
sq,

o
,
h
,
v,
P
m
, d
sh,
d
hi
, d
ho
, D1
,
B
1
,
beta
1
, C
m1
, D
2,
B
2
,C
m2
, beta
2,
B
3,
D
3,
C
3,
Z, C
m3,

A

R
1
=D
1
/ 2, R
2
=D
2
/ 2,
Dr =0.0000
7
57
7
N =10, q =1,
Cm =Cm1
r =r1,
w =w1
Y0 =pow ((Cm / W), 2)
Y1 =1- y0
Y2 =r * (Cm / W)
Y3 =sqrt (y1)
B =Y3 / Y2



Stop
da =0, m1 =B , sda =0.0
Is r <=r2
Theta =(180 / 3.14) * sda
sda =sda +da
9
8
58
Write r, dr, Cm, W, B,
da, sda, theta
8 9
dr =(r2-r1) / 10.0
r =r +dr
h1 =( Cm1- Cm2) / (r1-r2)
h2 =h1 * r
h3 =(( Cm2 * r1) ( Cm1 * r2 )) / ( r1 -r2)
Cm =h2 +h3
h11 =( w1 w2 ) / ( r1 - r2)
h12 =h11 * r
h13 =(( w2 * r1) ( w1 * r2 )) / ( r1 r2)
w =h12 +h13
Y0 =pow (( Cm / w ), 2)
Y1 =1-y0
Y2 =r * ( Cm / w)
Y3 =sqrt (y1)
B =y3 / y2
m2 =B
m1 =B
da =dr * (m1 +m2) / 2.0


59
5,2 ABOUT THE PROGRAM
In this thesis a computer program has been developed in C++. C++has been
chosen as the programming language because it guides the user at every step when the
program is being run.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
main()
{
float H,Th,Q,N,T,S;
float g=9.81,gamma=9.81;
clrscr();
cout<<"\n Enter Head : th and No. of stages s";
cin>>Th>>S;
H=Th/S;
cout<<H;
cout<<"\n Enter Rotational Speed N ,Discharge Q and H,T";
cin>>N>>Q>>T ;
float Nsq=(N*sqrt(Q))/(pow(H,(3.0/4.0)));
cout<<"\n Specific Speed of the Pump is "<<Nsq;
float no=40.337+2.59186*Nsq-0.0579136*Nsq*Nsq+0.00418247*Nsq*Nsq*Nsq;
no=no/100;
cout<<"\n Overall Efficiency :" <<no;
float nh=sqrt(no);
cout<<"\n nh : "<<nh;
float nv=1.0/(1.0+.68*pow(Nsq,(-0.68)));
cout<<"\n nv="<<nv*100 <<"%";
float g1=abs((1.31487*log(Nsq))-8.5752) ;
float Pm=(1.20*9.81*.015*25)/.8495;
cout<<"\nPm="<<Pm<<"kw";
double x1=16*60;
double x2=x1*1000;
60
double x3=x2*5.196;
cout<<"\n x="<<x3;
long int k=pow(10,6);
double y=(2*3.14*3.14*1480*21*k);
cout<<"\ny="<<y;
float z1=x3/y;
cout<<"\nz1="<<z1;
float t=1.0/3.0;
float dsh=pow(z1,t);
cout<<"\ndsh="<<dsh<<" m";
float dhi=1.35*dsh;
cout<<"\ndhi="<<dhi<<" m";
float dno=1.425*0.0201;
cout<<"\ndno="<<dno<<" m";
float Hth=H/nh;
cout<<"\n Hth="<<Hth;
float Qth=Q/nv;
cout<<"\nQth="<<Qth;
float Kcm1=(-0.099)+(0.0215*Nsq)-
(0.000556*Nsq*Nsq)+(.0000048836*Nsq*Nsq*Nsq);
cout<<"\nKcm1="<<Kcm1;
float Cm1=Kcm1*sqrt(2*g*H);
cout<<"\nCm1="<<Cm1;
float C0m=.85*Cm1;
cout<<"\nC0m="<<C0m;
float A0=Qth/C0m;
cout<<"\n Free Area A0="<<A0;
float ah=(3.14/4)*(pow(dhi,2));
cout<<"\nah="<<ah;
float t_A0=A0+ah;
cout<<"\n Total Area="<<t_A0;
float d0=sqrt((4*t_A0)/3.14);
cout<<"\n d0="<<d0;
float d1=sqrt((4*Qth)/(.85*3.14*C0m));
61
cout<<"\nd1="<<d1;
float B1=Q/(3.14*d1*Cm1*.9);
cout<<"\n B1="<<B1;
float U1=(3.14*d1*N)/60;
cout<<"\n U1="<<U1;
float b11=Cm1/U1;
//float beta1=tan(b11*180);
float beta1=(Cm1/U1*180/3.14);
cout<<"\nBeta1="<<beta1;
float beta2=5.2892*log(Nsq)+6.82;
cout<<"\nbeta2="<<beta2;
float z=15.92-(2.57*log(Nsq));
cout<<"\n Z="<<z;
float Kcm2=(-0.01396)+(0.0094*Nsq)+(-
0.0002046*Nsq*Nsq)+(0.0000017093*Nsq*Nsq*Nsq);
cout<<"\n Kcm2="<<Kcm2;
float Cm2=Kcm2*sqrt(2*g*H);
cout<<"\n Cm2="<<Cm2;
float k1=pow(((Cm2)/(2*tan(beta2*3.14/180))),2);
cout<<"\n k1="<<k1;
float U2=(Cm2)/(2*tan(beta2*3.14/180))+sqrt(k1+(9.81*1.3*Hth));
cout<<"\n U2="<<U2;
float d2=(60*U2)/(3.14*N);
cout<<"\nd2="<<d2;
float B2=Q/(3.14*d2*Cm2);
cout<<"\nB2="<<B2;
float n4=sin(beta1*3.14/180) ;
float n5=sin(beta2*3.14/180);
float W1=Cm1/n4;
float W2=Cm2/n5;
cout<<"\nW1="<<W1;
cout<<"\nW2="<<W2;
float Cu2=U2-(Cm2/tan(beta2*3.14/180));
cout<<"\n Cu2="<<Cu2;
62
float C2=sqrt((Cu2*Cu2)+(Cm2*Cm2));
cout<<"\nC2="<<C2;
float r=1-(Cu2/(2*U2));
cout<<"\nr="<<r;
float C3=0.45*sqrt(2*g*H);
cout<<"\n C3="<<C3;
float Cm3=C3*sin(8*3.14/180);
cout<<"\n C3="<<C3;
float B3=1.1*B2;
cout<<"\n B3="<<B3;
float d4=1.45*d2;
cout<<"\n d4="<<d4;
float ds;
if(Nsq>20)
{
ds=0.14;
}
else
{
ds=0.12;
}
getch();
clrscr();
float d3=d2+(2*ds*d2);
float e1=Q/C3;
float e2=10.0/360.0;
float ap=e1*e2;
getch();
clrscr();
cout<<"\n ap="<<ap;
getch();
clrscr();
cout<<"\nINPUT DATA ";
cout<<"\n\tHeadTo ="<<Th<<" m";
63
cout<<"\n\tDischarge Q ="<<Q <<"m cube/s";
cout<<"\n\tRotational speed N="<<N;
cout<<"\n\tShear stress t="<<T;
cout<<"\n\t no. of stages S="<<S;
getch();
clrscr();
//cout<<"\n\t Parameter \t Symbol \t Result ";
cout<<"\n\n\n OUTPUT DATA :- ";
cout<<"\n\n\t H=To/S="<<H<<" m"<<"\n\n";
cout<<"\n\t Parameter"<<setw(18)<<"Symbol"<<setw(15)<<"Result ";
cout<<"\n\n\tSpecific speed"<<"
"<<setw(10)<<"Nsq"<<setw(18)<<setprecision(3)<<Nsq;
cout<<"\n\n\tOverall Efficiency"<<" "<<setw(6)<<"no"<<setw(19)<<no;
cout<<"\n\n\tHydraulic Efficiency"<<" "<<setw(4)<<"nh"<<setw(18)<<nh;
cout<<"\n\n\tVolumetric Efficiency"<<" "<<setw(3)<<"nv"<<setw(19)<<nv;
cout<<"\n\n\tPower"<<setw(21)<<"Pm"<<setw(19)<<Pm;
cout<<"\n\n\tShaft diameter "<<setw(12)<<"dsh"<<setw(18)<<dsh;
cout<<"\n\n\tHub Diameter "<<setw(12)<<"dhi"<<setw(18)<<dhi;
cout<<"\n\n\tinlet diameter "<<setw(11)<<"d1"<<setw(19)<<d1;
cout<<"\n\n\tBreadth at inlet\tB1\t "<<setw(12)<<B1;
cout<<"\n\n\tBlade angle at inlet\tbeta1\t "<<setw(6)<<beta1;
cout<<"\n\n\tImpeller inlet velocity\tCm1\t "<<setw(6)<<Cm1;
cout<<"\n\n\tOutlet diameter "<<setw(10)<<"D2"<<setw(19)<<d2;
cout<<"\n\n\tBreadth at Outlet"<<setw(9)<<"B2"<<setw(19)<<B2;
cout<<"\n\n\tImpeller Outlet Velocity"<<"Cm2"<<setw(18)<<Cm2;
cout<<"\n\n\tOutlet blade angle "<<"beta2"<<setw(15)<<beta2;
cout<<"\n\n\tVolute Width "<<setw(9)<<"B3"<<setw(19)<<B3;
cout<<"\n\n\tVolute Base Circle Diameter "<<setw(5)<<"D3"<<setw(19)<<d3;
cout<<"\n\n\tMean Velocity in the Volute "<<setw(5)<<"C3"<<setw(19)<<C3;
cout<<"\n\n\tNumber of vanes "<<"Z"<<setw(20)<<z;
cout<<"\n\n\tMeridonial Velocity in the Volute "<<"Cm3"<<setw(18)<<Cm3;
getch();
clrscr();
cout<<"\n\n\tArea of Volate at any Cross Section "<<"Ap"<<setw(23)<<ap;
64
getch();
clrscr();
float r1,r2;
r1=d1/2.0;
r2=d2/2.0;
float dr=0.000000;
cout<<"\n Point by Point Method";
int n=10,q=1;
cout<<"\n n="<<n<<",q="<<q<<endl;
cout<<"\n R\t dR\t Cm\t W\t B\t dA\t SdA\t Theta";
float Cm=Cm1;
float W,h1,h2,h3,h11,h12,h13;
r=r1;
W=W1;
float B;
float y0,y1,y2,y3;
y0=pow((Cm/W),2);
y1=1-y0;
y2=r*(Cm/W);
y3=sqrt(y1);
B=y3/y2;
float da=0;
float m1,m2;
m1=B;
float sda=0.0;
float theta;
while(r<=r2)
{
theta=(180/3.14)*sda;
cout<<"\n"<<r<<" "<<dr<<" "<<Cm<<" "<<W<<" "<<B<<" "<<da<<"
"<<sda<<" "<<theta;
dr=(r2-r1)/10.0;
r=r+dr;
h1=(Cm1-Cm2)/(r1-r2);
65
h2=h1*r;
h3=((Cm2*r1)-(Cm1*r2))/(r1-r2);
Cm=h2+h3;
h11=(W1-W2)/(r1-r2);
h12=h11*r;
h13=((W2*r1)-(W1*r2))/(r1-r2);
W=h12+h13;
y0=pow((Cm/W),2);
y1=1-y0;
y2=r*(Cm/W);
y3=sqrt(y1);
B=y3/y2;
m2=B;
da=dr*((m1+m2)/2.0);
m1=B;
sda+=da;
}
getch();
}





















66
RESULTS

The results of the design problem with the following input data are tabulated
and results of manual calculation and calculation made by the program are compared,
and the vane shape along the mean streamline is generated.

INPUT DATA:

Head To =75 m
Discharge Q =0.015 m
3
/sec
Rotational speed N=1480 rpm
Shear stress t=2.1e+07 N/m
OUTPUT DATA:
2

No. of stages S=3


H=To/S=25 m


Parameter Symbol Result

Specific speed Nsq 16.213

Overall Efficiency no 0.85

Hydraulic Efficiency nh 0.922

Volumetric Efficiency nv 0.907

Power Pm 5.197 kw

Shaft diameter dsh 0.02 m

Hub Diameter dhi 0.027 m

Inlet diameter D1 0.103 m

Breadth at inlet B1 0.019 m

Blade angle at inlet beta1 19.785

Impeller inlet velocity Cm1 2.752 m/sec

Outlet diameter D2 0.276 m
67

Breadth at Outlet B2 0.009 m

Impeller Outlet Velocity Cm2 2.036 m/sec

Outlet blade angle beta2 21.555

Volute Width B3 0.009 m

Volute Base Circle Diameter D3 0.342 m

Mean Velocity in the Volute C3 9.966 m/sec

Number of vanes Z 8.761

Meridional Velocity in the Volute Cm3 1.386 m/sec

Area of Volute at any Cross Section A 4.181e-05 m






















68
Point by Point Method
Where, n=10, q=1

Table 6.1- Point by Point Method
R dR Cm W B dA SdA Theta
0.051466 0 2.751536 8.13294 54.044975 0 0 0
0.060105 0.008639 2.680012 7.874178 45.964275 0.432004 0.432004 24.764553
0.068745 0.008639 2.608488 7.615417 39.899403 0.3709 0.802904 46.02634
0.077384 0.008639 2.536965 7.356655 35.174023 0.32429 1.127194 64.616219
0.086023 0.008639 2.465441 7.097894 31.383404 0.287504 1.414698 81.097343
0.094662 0.008639 2.393917 6.839132 28.270403 0.257683 1.672381 95.86898
0.103302 0.008639 2.322394 6.58037 25.663776 0.232976 1.905357 109.2243
0.111941 0.008639 2.25087 6.321609 23.444994 0.212132 2.117489 121.3847
0.12058 0.008639 2.179346 6.062847 21.529331 0.194273 2.311762 132.5213
0.12922 0.008639 2.107823 5.804085 19.85453 0.178763 2.490525 142.7689
0.137859 0.008639 2.036299 5.545323 18.373762 0.165132 2.655658 152.2351

POINT BY POINT METHOD
n=10 , q=1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.05145 0.060075 0.0687 0.077325 0.08595 0.094575 0.1032 0.111825 0.12045 0.129075 0.1377
radius
t
h
e
t
a
Figure 6.1 Vane Profile

69
Comparative study

Table 6.2- Comparative Study between Manual calculation and Results
Parameter Symbol

Manual Program
Specific speed N 16.212
q
16.213
Overall Efficiency 84.95 %
o
85.00 %
Hydraulic Efficiency 92.168 %
h
92.20 %
Volumetric Efficiency 90.727 %
v
90.70 %
Power P 5.196 kw 5.197 kw
Shaft diameter D 0.0201 m
sh
0.020 m
Hub diameter D 0.02713 m
h
0.0270 m
Inlet diameter D 0.1029 m
1
0.1030 m
Breadth at inlet B 0.0187 m
1
0.019 m
Blade angle at inlet 19.03
1
19.785
0

0

Impeller inlet velocity C 2.75 m/sec
m1
2.752 m/sec
Outlet diameter D 0.2754 m
2
0.276 m
Breadth at outlet B 0.00852 m
2
0.009m
Impeller outlet velocity C 2.035 m/sec
m2
2.036 m/sec
Outlet blade angle 21.55
2
21.55
0

0

Number of vanes Z 9 8.7641
Volute Width B3 0.00937 m 0.009 m
Volute Base Circle Diameter D3 0.3414 m 0.342 m
Mean Velocity in the Volute C3 9.96 m/sec 9.966 m/sec
Meridional velocity in the
volute
C 1.387 m/sec
m3
1.387 m/sec
Area of volute at any cross
section
A 0.000041834 m

0.000041834 m





70
CONCLUSION
Main dimensions of the multistage radial flow pump impeller have been
calculated using the computer program developed in c++and the vane shapes have
been plotted by taking value of q =1.and it can be seen from this plots that for
positive values of q the variation in relative velocity from inlet to outlet is gradual
but the span angle is large indicating a large length of vane and hence a higher head
loss due to friction and increased hydraulic losses.

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
Nothing in this universe is perfect everything can be improved, In the same
way the computer program developed in this thesis can also be improved. The
improvements in the program can be done in various ways:
1. Calculation of vane length can be incorporated so that the friction losses can
be calculated.
2. The value of q, the coefficient in the equation of Relative velocity can be
made user defined and various vane shapes can be generated.
3. The parameters that are given fixed values in the program can be made user
defined so that their effect on pump geometry can be studied.






















71
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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rd

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72
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73

Figure A-1Variation of k3 and with nq







Figure A-2 Values of S / D2 with nq












74







Figure A-3 Relation between K
cm1
and K
cm2
with N





























q