CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIES
T. 9.0
1. What is the name of
industrial process to produce
sulphuric acid?
2. Give 3 uses of sulphuric
acid.
Understanding the
manufacture of
Sulphuric acid
Evaluating uses of
Composite materials
1. Define composite material.
2. Give an example of composite
material; explain its properties
and its uses.
3. List 3 examples of composite
materials and their components
1.Describe Haber Process
2.List 3 uses of ammonia
3.Describe an experiment
to prepare ammonium
fertilizer
Synthesising the
manufacture of ammonia
and its salts
MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
Applying uses of glass
and ceramics
1. List the different between
glasses and ceramic.
2. List uses of ceramics.
3. State properties of glass
1. Define alloy.
2. Explain why the alloy is harder
than pure metal.
3. List 2 examples of alloys and
list its compositions respectively.
4. List 2 examples of alloy and
their compositions.
Understanding
alloy
Evaluating uses of
synthetic polymers
1. What is synthetic
polymer?
2. List two examples of
synthetic polymers.
Then state its monomer.
3. List 3 naturally occurring
polymers.
1
 Contact Process
T. 9.1
Stage I: - Formation of sulphur dioxide
Combustion of sulfur in oxygen/ metal sulphide in oxygen
S + O2 SO2

Stage II: - Formation of sulphur trioxide

Combustion in the excess oxygen
V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
450oC, 1 atm.

Stage III: - Formation of sulphuric acid

Sulphur trioxide is added to concentrated sulphuric acid.
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Oleum
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
Sulphuric acid

Manufacturing of
sulphuric acid

MANUFACTURE OF
Environmental SULPHURIC ACID Uses
pollution

Explanation 1. Production of fertilizer

e.g.:
1. Manufactured materials of sulphuric acid are (a) …………………………
usually non-biodegradation (b)……………………………
2. The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to (c)……………………………
causes acid rain. 2. Drying agent (dehydration agent)
3. The fertilizer may cause water pollution if use it
in excess. 3. Manufacture of detergent.
4. Detergent may cause water pollution.
4. Electrolyte in battery

2
 T. 9.2

Iron filings
1. Pungent smell N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2. Colourless 300atm.,
3. Base 500oC
4. Dissolved in water to form
alkali
Haber process

Properties of
ammonia Manufacturing ammonia in
industry

MANUFACTURE OF
AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

To produce ammonium
fertilizer in laboratory

Preparation of ammonium
sulphate (NH4)2SO4

3
 T. 9.3

Metal
Weight atoms

Iron ball Pure metal

Atoms of Pure metal are the same in sizes and arrange
Metal block in a regular arrangement. Therefore the atoms can
slide over each other easily by force.

Experiment
Metal Foreign
atoms atoms
Compare the hardness of pure
metals and alloys//Rate of Alloy
corrosion of iron and steel Metal atoms and foreign atoms are not the
same in sizes and arranged in irregular
arrangement. Therefore the atoms are
difficult to slide over each other using force.
Definition

ALLOYS
Mixture of two or more elements Structural of atoms
whereas one of them is metal (particles) in pure
mixed in a certain composition. metal and alloy

Composition and Aim of making

uses of alloy alloy

Alloy Composition Usage

Steel Fe , C Vehicle, ,bridge
Brass Cu , Zn Electrical componen *To increase hardness
Bronze Cu, Sn Medal, statue *To improve appearance.
Duralumi Al , Mg/Cu Airplanes *To prevent rusting
Cupronickel Cu, Ni Coin
Pewter Sn , Cu/Sb Souvenir,

4
 Polymer Monomer Uses T. 9.4
Starch glucose food

Protein amino acid food

Natural rubber isoprene Tyre

Natural polymer,
A substance form by linking monomer & its uses
together many simpler units
calls monomers.
Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
Definition

SYNTHETIC Synthetic polymers

POLYMERS monomers & uses
Environmental
pollution
Polymer & formula Monomer & formula Uses

Most of the synthetic

polymers are non- Polythene Ethene Plastic bottle
biodegradable and
producing poisonous gas
on burning
Polypropylene Propene Plastic bag

PVC Vinyl chloride Water pipe

5
 T. 9.5
1. Hard
2. Transparent
3. Water impermeable. Type of glass Special properties Usage
4. Brittle Fused silica High melting
5. Compress resistance glass Point High viscosity
6. Electrical insulation
7. Heat insulation. Soda-lime Low melting Window glass,
8. Inert to chemical glass point. bottle
substance. Borosilicate Less expand and Dishes, Laboratory
glass contract, High Apparatus (boiling
melting point. tube, conical flask etc.)
Properties
of glass Lead crystal High density, Glass accessory,
Type of glass and glass Easy to shape, prism
composition

Type of glass, special

Silica molten silica fused silicaglass properties and uses
Freeze Glass
(SiO2)
Freeze
Molten silica + CaCO3 soda-lime glass
+ Na2CO3 Ceramic is produced by heating clay
at high temperature. Basic
Molten silica + B2O3 Borosilicate glass composition of ceramic is Al, Si,
GLASS AND O.
CERAMICS Ceramic cannot be melt repeatedly
Silica + PbO Lead crystal glass.
(Sand) Freeze like glass.
Ceramic General properties of ceramic
Improvement the quality of
the ceramic for certain
purposes: Uses of 1. Very hard.
Explain; ceramics: 2. High melting and boiling point.
1. Optic fibre 1. 3. Able to extend high pressure.
2. 4. Very good as heat insulation/ electric
2. Photo chromic glass 3. insulation.
5. Inert toward chemicals.
3. Ceramic glass. 6. Weak toward extension.
7. Density less then most of metals.

6
 T. 9.6

Reinforced concrete: Super conductor Fiber glass: Photo chromic

material: glass:

Examples and Compare the properties of

its components composite material and its
and uses original component:

Definition COMPOSITE
MATERIAL

PROJECT:
My composite
material... The future of composite material

7
CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A. SULPHURIC ACID

1. Complete the diagram.

Paint pigment

USES OF
SULPHURIC ACID

Metal cleaning Producing

Detergent

2. Complete the following equations and conditions involve in the three stages of
Contact Process as shown below.

Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide

Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air.

............... + ................... SO2(g)

The gas produced is purified and cooled.

Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

..... SO2(g) + ................ ................

Optimum conditions:
(i) Temperature : .................
(ii) Pressure : .................
(iii) Catalyst : .............................

8
 Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid

Sulphur trioxide is reacted with concentrated acid to form oleum.

SO3(g) + .................. .....................

The oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid in large
quantities.

....................... + H2O (l) ......H2SO4(l)

3. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain. Acid rain occurs when pH of the rain is
between 2.4 and 5.0.

Balance the equation below to show the reaction of sulphur dioxide with
rainwater.

....... SO2(g) + O2 (g) + .....H2O(l) ......H2SO4(aq)

4. Explain how sulphuric acid and its byproducts ( sulphur dioxide) cause
environmental pollution.

Environmental Explaination
Pollution
Air

Water The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to

cause acid rain. Acid rain corrodes buildings and
metal structures
Acid rain flow into lakes and river.
Lakes and river becomes acidic
Fish and other aquatic organisms die

Soil

9
B. AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

1. Fertilisers
e.g. .............................
.............................

Synthetic fibre

USES OF
AMMONIA

Raw material in the

Oswald Process

2. Properties of Ammonia.Ammonia, NH3 ....

(i) Is alkaline
(ii) Is a .....................gas
(iii) Has a ........................smell
(iv) Is ...............dense than air
(v) Is very ....................in water
(vi) Gives a ............................ when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas,
HCl.

10
3. The diagram below shows the process in manufacturing of ammonia. Complete
the diagram.

Liquid air Natural gas

React with
Fractional steam
distillation

Hydrogen

Haber Process

.............. + ....H2 (l) ..........

(i) Temperature : .........................

(ii) Pressure : .........................
(iii) Catalyst : .........................

Unreacted
Ammonia gas, nitrogen N2 and H2
gas, hydrogen gas are
recycled
cooled

Liquid ammonia

11
4. To prepare ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 fertiliser

Apparatus: Retort stand and clamp, burrett, conical flask, white tile,
evaporating dish, fiter funnel, Bunsen burner, wire gauze.

Material; Methyl orange, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution , 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Sulphuric acid

Ammonium
sulphate
solution
Ammonia
solution +
methyl orange Heat

Based on figure above, describe how you can prepare ammonium

sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 crystals.

Procedure:

Observation:

Discussion:

12
C. ALLOYS

1. What are alloys?

…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The aim of making alloys:

(i) ……………………………………..
(ii) ……………………………………..
(iii) ……………………………………..

3. The composition, properties and use of alloys:

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Brass
70% Cu
30% Zn

Bronze
Hard and strong
Do not corrode easily

Duralumin
Body of aeroplane

Pewter
96% Sn
3% Mg

Steel
Hard and strong

Stainless steel
99% Fe Cutlery
8% C Surgical instruments

13
4. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and alloy;

Pure metal alloy

5. Relate the arrangement of atoms in pure metal to its ductile and maleable
properties.
………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….

6. Explain why an alloy is harder than its pure metal.

……………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….

7. Experiment: To compare the hardness of pure metal and its alloy

Weight

Iron ball

Copper block

14
Referring to the above set-up of the apparatus, design a laboratory experiment to
compare copper and brass based on the hardness property.

Problem Statement: Are alloys harder than pure metal

Hypothesis:

Apparatus:

Material:

Procedure:

Tabulation of data:

15
D. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

1. Polimers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units

called ……………….. which are joined together by covalent bonds.

2. List three natural occurring polymers.

(i) …………………………..
(ii) …………………………..
(iii) ………………………….

3. Complete the table below.

Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses

Nylon

Perspex

Polypropene

Polyvinyl chloride,
PVC

Terylene

16
E. GLASS AND CERAMICS

1. Complete the table below:

Type of glass Special properties Uses

Borosilicate glass

Fused silica glass

Lead glass

Soda glass

2. State six propertise of ceramics:

(i) …………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………
(iii) …………………………………………………
(iv) …………………………………………………
(v) …………………………………………………
(vi) …………………………………………………

3. List three uses of ceramics

(i) …………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………

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F. COMPOSITE MATERIAL

1. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or

more difference substances such as ………………, …………….., …………….,
………………. and …………………

2. Complete the table below

Type of composite Components Special properties Example/Uses

material

Fiber glass

Photo chromic
glass

Reinforced concrete

Superconductor
material

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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Objective Questions:

1. What are the raw materials used for manufacturing sulphuric acid?

A. Sulphur and air

B. Sulphur and water
C. Sulphur dioxide and air
D. Sulphur trioxide and water

2. Which of the following is a harmful effect which results from the release of
sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere?

A. Acid rain
B. The green house effect
C. Thinning of the ozone layer
D. Breeding of algae in rivers and lakes

3. The following chemical equation shows the reaction of the Haber process.

Catalyst X

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Temperature Y,
Pressure Z

Which of the following represent catalyst X, temperature Y and pressure Z ?

Catalyst X Temperature Pressure Z /

Y/ 0 C atm
A Paltinum 900 5
B Platinum 450 1
C Iron 900 450
D Iron 450 300

4. Which of the following chemicals can be used to test for the presence of
ammonia?

A. Sulphur dioxide gas

B. Nitrogen dioxide gas
C. Concentrated sulphuric acid
D. Concentrated hydrochloric acid

19
5. Which of the following fertilizers contains the highest percentage of nitrogen?
( Relative atomic mass: H, 1, C,12, N,14,O,16,S,32,Cl, 35.5)

A. Urea, (NH2)2CO
B. Potassium nitrate, KNO3
C. Ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3
D. Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO4

6. Which of the the following shows the arrangement of atoms in an alloy?

7. Steel is harder than pure iron because the carbon atoms in steel make ……

A. the iron atoms have more empty spaces

B. the iron atoms remain in their fixed position
C. the iron atoms become more orderly arranged
D. the iron atoms less able to slide on one another

8. Pewter is an alloy material used for making souvenirs and cups. Which of the
following metals is not found in pewter?
A. Tin
B. Iron
C. Copper
D. Antimony

20
9. The body of the aeroplane shown in the figure is made of alloy X .

Alloy X

What is alloy X?

A Pewter
B Bass
C Bronze
D Duralumin

10. Which of the following is the monomer of polyvinyl chloride?

A. CH2=CH2
B. CH2 = CHCl
C. CHCl= CHCl
D. CH2 Cl CH2 Cl

11. Polymerization of phenyl-ethene produces….

A. Teflon
B. Perspex
C. Polystyrene
D. Polyvinyl chloride

12. Ceramic is suitable than a metal for making the engine blocks of vehicles because
ceramic is….

A. lighter
B. harder
C. cheaper
D. more heat resistant

13. When a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silicone dioxide is
heated to a temperature of 1500°C, which type of glass is produced?

A. Soda-lime glass
B. Borosilicate glass

21
 C. Fused silica glass
D. Photochromic glass

14. Which of the following is not a composite material?

A. Fiber glass
B. Superconductor
C. Synthetic polymer
D. Photochromic glass

15. Which of the following is mixed with glass to produce photochromic glass?

A. Silver chloride
B. Lead (II) oxide
C. Sodium chloride
D. Aluminium oxide

Structural Questions:

1. (a) Figure 3.1 shows an industrial preparation of sulphuric acid by the contact
process.

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

S SO2 SO3 H2S2O7 H2SO4
Oxygen Oxygen Concentrated Water
sulphuric acid

Figure 3.1

Write the chemical equation for the reactions in stage II and IV.
[ 2 marks ]

22
(b) Figure 3.2 shows the waste product from a factory which affects the
quality of the environment.

Sulphur
dioxide gas
Factory
Building

Toxic
waste

Figure 3.2
Based on Figure 3.2, describe how the waste product affects the quality of
the environment.
Your description should include the following aspects:
• Source
• Process
• Effect

(c )

Sarah coulod easily bend her bangle which is made of pure metal but
she could not bend her mother’s bangle which is made of its alloy

By using one suitable example, describe a laboratory experiment to show

the hardness of the alloy compared to its pure metal.

Explain the difference in hardness of the metal and its alloy in term of
atomic arrangement

[10 marks]

23
2. (a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction used in
Haber Process for the industrial production of ammonia.

[ 2 marks ]

(b) State the optimum conditions required in the Haber process

[2 marks]

(c ) Ammonia from the haber process can be used to manufacture ammonia

fertilizer, NH4NO3 ,

(i) State one other use of ammonia nitrate.

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation below for the preparation of

ammonia nitrate fertilizer, NH4NO3 ;

+
NH4NO3 (s)
[ 2 marks ]

(iii) The apparatus below is used to make ammonium nitrate solution.

Next to the arrow, draw a diagram of set up of the apparatus used
in the preparation of ammonium nitrate crystals.

24
 [ 2 marks ]

(d) Calculate the percentage content of nitrogen by weight in the

Fertilizer in (c) (iii).
(Relative atomic mass; H, 1;N, 14;O, 16)

[2 marks]

25
Essay Question: (Paper 3)

ALLOY

1. You are required to study the hardness of bronze and pure copper. Your
explanation should include the following:

(a) Aim of the experiment

(b) All the variables

(c) Statement of the hyphotesis

(d) List of substances and apparatus

(e) Procedure of the experiment

(f) Tabulation of the data

[17 marks]

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