PartialDerivatives

3. 3.0

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Function of Several Variables A function of a single variable y = f(x) is interpreted graphically as a planar curve. In this section we shall see that a function of two variables z = f(x,y) can be interpreted as a surface. Function of two or more variables often arise in engineering and in science and it is important to be able to deal with such functions with confidence and skill.

Example 1 Given f(x,y,u) = x2 + yu + 2, find f(0,1,0), f(-1,-1,2). f(x,y,u) =

The graphs of functions of two variables, z = f (x, y) are surfaces in three dimensional space. For example here is the graph of z = x 2 + y 2

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. The surface is called a parabaloid obtained by rotating a parabola about the z axis. Domains of functions The domain of functions of two variables, z = f(x,y) , are regions from two dimensional space and consist of all the coordinate pairs, (x,y) for which the function is defined. Example 1
Determine the domain of each of the following. (a) (b) (c)

f(x,y) = f (x,y) =

x+ y
x+ y

f (x,y) = ln ( 9 x 2 y 2 )

Example 2 Find and sketch the domain for a) c) Exercises 3.1 CJHL2012 Page2 f(x,y) = x ln y g(x,y) =
x 2 + y 2 25

b)

f(x,y) =

2x y x2

PartialDerivatives

Describe and sketch the domain of the function 1. 3. 5.

f ( x, y ) = 1 x+ y

2. 4. 6.

f ( x, y ) =

3 xy y x2

f ( x , y ) = ln ( 2 + x + y ) f ( x, y ) = y x x y

f ( x, y ) = 1 x 2 y 2 f ( x , y ) = 25 x 2 y 2

3.1

Partial Derivatives The Partial derivatives of f(x,y) with respect to x, written

f ( x + h, y ) f ( x, y ) f = lim h x h0 For any value of x and y for which the limit exist. The Partial derivatives of f is defined by f(x,y) with respect to y, written y f ( x , y + h ) f ( x, y ) f = lim h y h0 for any value of x and y for which the limit exist. We introduce several convenient types of notation here. For z = f(x,y), we write f z ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) = ( x , y ) = z x ( x , y ) x x The expression is a partial differential operator. x Similarly, we have f z ( x, y ) = f y ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) = z y ( x , y ) y y
3.2 Interpretations of Partial Derivatives

f is defines by x

Partial derivatives are the slopes of the traces. The partial derivatives is the slope of the traces of f(x,y) for the plane y = b at the point (a,b). Like wise the partial derivatives is the slope of the traces of f(x,y) for the plane x = a at the point (a,b)
Example 3

Find the slopes of the traces to

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at the point (1,2)

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Solution: We sketched the traces for the planes x =1 and y = 2 and these are the two traces for this point.

Trace for x = 1

Trace for y = 2

Next well need the two partial derivatives so we can get the slopes. and To get the slopes all we need to do is evaluate the partial derivatives at the point in question. and So, the tangent line at (1,2) for the trace to slope of - 8. Also the tangent line at (1,2) for the trace to plane x = 1 has a slope of -4. for the plane y = 2 has a for the

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Example 4

For f(x,y)= 3 x 2 + x 3 y + 4 y 2 ,compute

f ( x , y ), x

z ( x, y ) , y

f x ( 1,9 ) and

f y ( 2 ,1 )
3.3 Rules of Partial Differentiation

The following rules will hold true for partial differentiation. If u and v are function of x and y then. a) b)

u v (u v) = and x x x u v (uv) = u + v and x x x

v u v u u ( ) = x 2 x and x v v

c)
Example 5

u v (u v) = y y y v u (uv) = u + v y y y u v v u u y y ( )= 2 y v v

For f(x,y) = e xy +
Example 6

x f f and , compute y y x

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Exercise 3.2

3. Find the first partial derivatives of the function. 2 a) f(x,y) = x 3 / 2 b) f(x,y) = 2 x + 3x 2 y 4 3 u3 + v3 c) g(u,v) = 2 d) f ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 9 y 2 2 u +v e) 4.

z = (sin x 2 y ) 3

f)

f(x,y) = x 2 y 5 + xz 2

Find the first partial derivatives of f at the given point. a) b) c)

f ( x , y ) = x 3 6 x 2 3 xy 2 + 17 ; ( 1.2 )

f((x,y) =

4 x 2 + y 2 ; ( 2 ,3 )

f(x,y) = y 2 sin x; (2,0)

3.4

Higher Order Derivatives.

f f and being the x y function of x and y can further be differentiated partially with respect to x and y. Symbolically
Suppose that f is a function of two variables x and y. Then a) b) c) d)
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f 2 f or f xx = x x x 2 f 2 f or f yx = y x yx

f 2 f or f xy = x y xy f 2 f = 2 y y y
or f yy
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Both (b) and (c) are called mixed second-order partial derivatives.

Example 7

Find all second order partial derivatives of f ( x, y ) = x 2 y y 3 + ln y

Theorem

Let f be a function of two variables. If f xy and f yx are continuous on an set containing (a,b) then f xy (a, b) = f yx (a, b) .

Note: This is true for all polynomial functions.

Example 8

Suppose f ( x, y ) = e x + 2 y . Find all second-order partial derivatives of f at the point (ln2, 0).
Exercises 3.3

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3.5

The Chain Rule

If z = f(x) is a continuous function of one variable and x = h(t) is differentiable then by the chain rule, dz dz dx = dt dx dt (i)

If z = f(x,y) is a continuous function of two variables and x = g(t) , y = h(t), then dz z dx z dy = + dt x dt y dt (ii)

If z = f(x,y) is continuous function of two variables and x = g(s,t), y = h(s,t) are the continuous functions of the independent variables s and t then z z x z + = s x s y z z x z + = t x t y y s y t

(iii)

Formula (ii) and (ii) can be represented the following diagram z z x x dx dt t z y y dy dt

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Example 9

Compute a) b)
Example 10

df for each of th efollowing dt f(x,y) = x2 ey, x(t) = t2 1, and y(t) = sin t f(x,y) = x2 y3 + y cos x, x(t) = ln(t2) and y(t) = sin 4t

Suppose that f(x,y) = exy, x(u,v) = 3u sin v f f derivatives and u v

Example 11

and y(u,v) = 4v2u. Find the

Find

z z and for z = e2r sin 2 , r = st t2, = s 2 + t 2 s t

Exercises 3.3

1.

Use the chain rule to find a) b) c) d)

e)

dz dt 2 3 4 z = 3x y ; x = t , y = t 2 z = ln (2 x 2 + y ) ; x = t , y = t 2 / 3 1 z = 3 cos x sin xy ; x = , y = 3t t z = 1 + x 2 xy 4 ; x = ln t , y = t z = e1 xy ; x = t 1 / 3 , y = t 3 z z and v u 2 z = 8 x y + 2 x + 3 y : x = uv, y = u v z = x 2 y tan x; x = u / v, y = u 2 v 2 z = x / y ; x = 2 cos u, y = 3 sin v z = 3 x 2 y; x = u + v ln u, y = u 2 v ln u

z = e x y ; x = uv , y = 1 / v
2

2.

Use chain rule to find a) b) c) d) e) f)

z = cos x sin y; x = u v, y = u 2 + v 2

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3.

If z = e xy , x = t cos t and y = t sin t , use the chain rule to compute

2

2
4.

dz at t = dt

. (April 2008)

Use the Chain Rule to find the answer. (Oct 2008) Ans: 1. 2. a) a) c) 42t13

z uv2 uv if z = ln( xy ) where x = e , y = e . Simplify v

c)

3t-2 sin(1/t)

e)

10 7 / 3 1t10 / 3 t e 3

24u 2 v 2 16uv 3 2v + 3, 16u 3 v 24u 2 v 2 2u 3 2 sin u 2 cos u cos v , e) eu, 0 2 3 sin v 3 sin v

4.
3.5

u + 2uv

Implicit Differentiation

Consider z = f(x,y) is a function of x and y and y is a differentiable function of x. Then z z dy dz z dx z dy = + = + dx x dx y dx x y dx This result can be used to find the derivatives of function that are defined implicitly For example f(x,y) = c

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, yields f f dy + =0 x y dx f 0 , we obtain y dy f / x = dx f / y We extend the notion to function of several variables defined implicitly. Suppose that the equation F(x,y,z) = c implicitly defines a function z = f(x,y), where f is differentiable. Thus we can find the partial derivatives fx and fy using the chain rule :
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If

PartialDerivatives

F ( x, y, z ) c = =0 x x F x F y F z + + =0 z x x x y x F F F z .1 + .0 + =0 x y z x F z F / x = x = x F / z Fz Similar argument can be used to show that

Example 12

Fy z F / y = = F / z Fz y

Find
Example 13

dy for x cos (3y) + x3y5 = 3x - exy dx

Find
Example 14

z z and , for x2 sin(2y-5z) = 1 + y cos(6zx) x y

Given the equation 2xy2 + 3x3z z2 sin y = 4 that defines z implicitly as a z z and function of x and y, find x y

Exercises 3.4
1. Find a) c) dy for the following dx x 2 y 3 + cos y = 0 e xy + ye y =1 2 xy 3 3x 2 y 2 sin y

b) d) c)

x 3 3 xy 2 + y 3 = 5
x xy + 3 y = 4

Answ: a) 2.

ye xy xe xy + ye y + e y z z and , Use the implicit differentiation to find x y

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a) c) 3. 4.

3x 2 z + 2 z 3 3 yz = 0 3e xyz 4 xz 2 + x cos y = 2

b) d)

xyz 4 y 2 z 2 + cos xy = 0 3 yz 2 e 4 x cos 4 z 3 y 2 = 4

z . (April 2008) x z is defined implicitly as a differential function of x and y by the equation Given that x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 6 xyz = 1 , find
cos( xyz ) + ln( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 3 . Find
z . (Oct 2008) x

Answ: 1

a)

3z 6 xz z z , = 2 = 2 2 x 3 x + 6 z 3 y y 3x + 6 z 2 3 y

4.

3 yze xyz 4 z 2 + cos y z 3xze xyz x sin y z c) , = = y x 8 xz 3xye xyz 8 xz 3xye xyz 2x yz sin( xyz) 2 x + y2 + z2 2z xy sin( xyz) + 2 x + y2 + z2

3.6

Relative Minimums and Maximums

In this section we are going to be looking at identifying relative minimums and relative maximums. We will often use the word extrema to refer to both minimums and maximums. The definition of relative extrema for functions of two variables is identical to that for functions of one variable. Here is the definition of relative minimums and relative maximums for functions of two variables. Definition 1. A function f(x,y) has a relative minimum at the point (a,b) if f(x,y) f (a,b) for all points (x,y) in some region around (a,b). A function f(x,y) has a relative maximum at the point (a,b) if f (x,y) f (a,b) for all points (x,y) in some region around (a,b). Note that this definition does not say that a relative minimum is the smallest value that the function will ever take. It only says that in some region around the point (a,b) the function will always be larger than f (a,b). Outside of that region it is completely possible for the function to be smaller. Likewise, a relative maximum only says that around (a,b) the function will always be smaller than f(a,b). Again, outside of the region it is completely possible that the function will be larger.

2.

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PartialDerivatives The figure below show a computer generated picture of the surface defined by the function z = x3 + y3 3y 3x, where both x and y take value in the interval [-1.8,1.8]

Definition The point (a,b) is a critical point (or a stationary point) of f(x,y) if f x ( a , b ) = 0 and

f y ( a ,b ) = 0

Example 15

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To determine if a critical point is a relative extrema, we can use the following fact. Suppose that (a,b) is a critical point of f (x, y) and that the second order partial derivatives are continuous in some region that contains(a,b). Next define,
D = D( a , b ) = f xx ( a , b ) f yy ( a , b ) f xy ( a , b )

We then have the following classifications of the critical point.

1. 2. 3. 4.

If D > 0 and f xx ( a , b ) > 0 then (a,b) is a relative minimum. If D > 0 and f xx ( a ,b ) < 0 then (a,b) is a relative maximum. If D < 0 then (a,b) is a saddle point. If D = 0 then (a,b) may be a relative minimum, relative maximum or a saddle point.

Example 15
Find and classify all the critical points of i) ii)
iii) iv)

f (x, y) = 4 + x 3 + y 3 3 xy f (x, y) = x 3 y 3 + 3 xy f (x, y) = 3 x 2 y + y 3 3 x 2 3 y 2 + 2 f (x, y) = x 3 + y 3 3 x 12 y + 20

Exercises 3.5

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7.

Find the relative extrema and the saddle points of the function f ( x, y ) = x 4 2 x 2 + y 2 2 . Show that, there are four critical points for the function f(x,y) = 3x x3 3xy2 and then determine the nature of any two points. (April 2008)

8.

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