Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TITLE............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................................. 2
3.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 3
4.0 SET OF APPARATUS ................................................................................................................ 5
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ................................................................................................. 7
6.0 DATA AND RESULT ................................................................................................................. 8
Test 1 (Smooth Plate) ............................................................................................................... 8
Test 2 ( Smooth Plate) .............................................................................................................. 9
Test 3 ( Rough Plate) .............................................................................................................. 10
Test 4 ( Rough Plate) .............................................................................................................. 11
7.0 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 12
Test 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Test 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Test 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Test 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 15
8.0 SAMPLE OF CALCULATION .................................................................................................... 17
9.0 & 10.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.................................................................................. 18
11.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 19
12.0 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 20
TITLE
Flat plate boundary layer
1.0 INTRODUCTION
When a viscous fluid flows along a fixed impermeable wall, or past the rigid surface
of an immersed body, an essential condition is that the velocity at any point on the wall or
other fixed surface is zero. The extent to which this condition modifies the general character
of the flow depends upon the value of the viscosity. If the body is of streamlined shape and
if the viscosity is small without being negligible, the modifying effect appears to be confined
within narrow regions adjacent to the solid surfaces; these are called boundary layers.
Within such layers the fluid velocity changes rapidly from zero to its main-stream value, and
this may imply a steep gradient of shearing stress; as a consequence, not all the viscous
terms in the equation of motion will be negligible, even though the viscosity, which they
contain as a factor, is itself very small. A more precise criterion for the existence of a welldefined laminar boundary layer is that the Reynolds number should be large, though not so
large as to imply a breakdown of the laminar flow.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
There are 3 main objectives are:
1. To measured the boundary layer velocity layer and observed the growth of the
boundary layer for the flat plate with smooth and rough surface.
2. To measured the boundary layer properties for the measured velocity profile.
3. To studied the effect of surface roughness on the development of the boundary
layer.
The boundary layer thickness, d, is defined as the distance required for the flow to
nearly reach Ue. We might take an arbitrary number (say 99%) to define what we mean by
"nearly", but certain other definitions are used most frequently. The displacement thickness
and momentum thickness are alternative measures of boundary layer thickness and are
used in the calculation of various boundary layer properties.
The boundary layer thickness is the distance from the surface to the point where
the velocity is within 1% of the free stream velocity.
The displacement thickness *, is the distance by which the solid boundary would
Have to be displaced in a frictionless flow the same mass deficit exists in the boundary layer.
The momentum thickness , is defined as the thickness of the layer fluid of velocity,
U (free stream velocity), for which the momentum flux is equal to the deficit of momentum
3
flux through the boundary layer. The Blasiuss exact solution to the laminar boundary layer
yields the following equations for the above properties.
5.0 x
1.72 x
Re x
Re x
0.664 x
Re x
Due to the complexity of the flow, there is no exact solution to the turbulent
boundary layer. The velocity profile within the boundary layer is commonly approximated
using the 1/7 power law.
1
u y 7
U
The properties of the boundary layer are approximated using the momentum
integral equation which results in the following expression.
0.370 x
(Re x )
1
5
0.0463 x
(Re x )
1
5
0.036 x
(Re x )
1
5
Another measured of the boundary layer is the shape factor, H, which is the ratio
displacement thickness to the momentum thickness, H=*/. For laminar flow, H increase
from 2.6 to 3.5 at separation. For turbulent boundary layer, H increase from 1.3 to
approximately 2.5 at separation.
Figure 3: Airflow bench where the reading of Pitot tube & static tube pressure will be taken
from
2) Test Apparatus
Figure 4: flat plat where there are two condition of it that is smooth surface & rough surface
3) Micrometer
4) Velocity Measurement
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
Pitot tube
pressure
manometer
(mBar)
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
Differential Differential
manometer manometer
height
height h
(mBar)
(mm)
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
28.16
28.16
28.16
28.16
28.16
28.16
28.16
u/U
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.97
18.97
18.97
18.97
18.97
18.97
18.97
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
9.20
9.20
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
10.20
Differential
manometer
height
(mBar)
Differential
manometer
height h
(mm)
u/U
2.00
2.00
2.80
2.80
2.80
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
25.60
25.60
35.84
35.84
35.84
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.40
18.08
18.08
21.40
21.40
21.40
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
22.15
0.81
0.81
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.15
0.15
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
10.00
10.00
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.60
9.80
9.80
9.20
9.20
9.20
9.80
9.80
9.00
9.00
9.60
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
2.60
2.60
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.20
2.40
2.40
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.40
2.40
1.60
1.60
2.20
1.60
1.60
1.60
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
10
33.28
33.28
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
28.16
30.72
30.72
23.04
23.04
23.04
30.72
30.72
20.48
20.48
28.16
20.48
20.48
20.48
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
25.60
u/U
20.62
20.62
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
18.97
19.81
19.81
17.16
17.16
17.16
19.81
19.81
16.18
16.18
18.97
16.18
16.18
16.18
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
18.08
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.91
0.95
0.95
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.95
0.95
0.78
0.78
0.91
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.17
0.17
0.08
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
8.80
9.00
9.00
9.40
9.60
9.60
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
1.80
2.00
2.00
2.40
2.60
2.60
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
11
Differential
manometer
height h
(mm)
u/U
23.04
25.60
25.60
30.72
33.28
33.28
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
30.72
17.16
18.08
18.08
19.81
20.62
20.62
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
19.81
0.82
0.87
0.87
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Height , mm
Height vs u/U
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
u/U
Figure 1
Height ,mm
Height vs (u/U)(1-(u/U))
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
(u/U)(1-(u/U))
Figure 2
12
0.04
0.05
0.06
Test 2
Height vs u/U
3.5
Height , mm
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
Figure 3
Height vs (u/U)(1/(u/U))
3.5
Height,mm
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
(u/U)(1-(u/U))
Figure 4
13
0.15
0.2
Test 3
Height vs u/U
8
7
Height, mm
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
Figure 5
Height vs (u/U)(1-(u/U))
8
7
Height,mm
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.05
0.1
(u/U)(1-(u/U))
Figure 6
14
0.15
0.2
Test 4
Height vs u/U
3.5
Height ,mm
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
Figure 7
Height vs (u/U)(1-(u/U))
3.5
Height, mm
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
(u/U)(1-(u/U))
Figure 8
15
0.120
0.140
0.160
Boundary
Displacement
Momentum thickness,
thickness,
thickness, *
Test 1 theoretical
3.14
3.4209
0.1320637
Test 1 experimental
3.25
3.25
3.2175
6.33139
6.33
2.44
Test 2 experimental
1.25
1.25
1.2375
Test 3 theoretical
1.99
2.5
1.94
Test 3 experimental
5.75
5.75
5.6925
Test 4 theoretical
6.05
7.57
5.88
Test 4 experimental
1.5
1.5
1.485
Test 2 theoretical
16
=
=
= 63198.83
Velocity , u
=
=
= 18.08482339 m/s
=
=
= 19.15911393
u/U
=
= 0.944
u/U (1 u/U)
= 0.944 (1 0.944)
= 0.05
17
18
11.0 REFERENCES
There are several resources that we used in order to complete this report:
1. P.M Gerhart, R.J. Gross and J.I. Hochstein, Fundamentals of fluid Mechanics, 2 nd
Edition, 1992.
2. F.M White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 1999.
Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics, B.r. Munson, D.F. Young and T.H. Okiishi, John Wiley and
Sons, 3rd Edition, 1998
19
12.0 APPENDICES
20