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Lecture 6 Propulsion
~ foreword ~
The present notes serve as a support for in-class work, not the opposite! Refer to the introductory course notes for explanations. These notes are used as a succinct introduction to selected topics. They are purposefully incomplete and must not be used for real-life applications.
Some photos and illustrations have their author and specific license indicated on the bottom of the page. All other content is 2011-2013 CC by-sa Olivier Cleynen. You are encouraged to copy, modify, and re-use this content under specific conditions: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
F net
d = m V dt
Thrust
Thrust = m V out V in
Do 328
CC by-sa W:KS-U92
Do 328
Do 328 Jet
Do 328
Do 328 Jet
Propulsion fundamentals
The greater the mass flow, the smaller the required power Always grab as much air as you can! Large engines are fundamentally more efficient
Propulsive efficiency
low for jet fighters, high for airliners, 100% for road vehicles
P =
P =
1 2 + W m u 1 + p1 1 + C 1 + g z 1 + Q 2
1 2 = m u2 + p2 2 + C 2 + g z 2 2
12 + W 12 = Q 1 2 m C + g z u + ( p ) + 2
q 1 2 + w1 2 = u + ( p ) + e m
q 1 2 + w1 2 = h + e m
Stagnation enthalpy
1 2 h0 h + C 2
Stagnation values
Stagnation properties cannot be measured (only calculated) stagnation = total as opposed to real properties (static)
12 + W 12 = m m ( h0 1 ) + Q ( h0 2 )
q 1 2 + w1 2 = h0
Stagnation temperature
1 2 cpT0 cpT + C 2
1 2 p0 p + C 2
0 =
p0 R T0
T 01 T 02
p p0 2
1 01
w 1 2 = h 0 2 h 0 1 = c p T 0 2 T 0 1
For isentropic (frictionless, infinitely slow) processes
p01 = p02 q 1 2 = h 0 2 h 0 1 = c p T 0 2 T 0 1
Rolls-Royce
Rolls-Royce
CC by-sa W:Rios
The turbojet
Turboprop
The turbofan
CC by-sa K. Aainsqatsi
Twin-spool turbofan
GE 90
Unknown
The thermal efficiency of an engine strongly depends on its maximum temperature The maximum, theoretical thermal efficiency of an engine is very poor (usually 60%) Friction and rapid compression/expansion further reduce this value.
Thermal efficiency
th
th
m air e K air = m CC q CC
CPR =
p0 2 p01
Determines temperature before entry in the combustion chamber a large CPR increases efficiency Similarly, FPR stands for Fan Pressure Ratio
TET is the highest temperature in the engine crucial for efficiency Tremendous efforts spent to cool the turbine, so as to increase TET...
Rolls-Royce
The greater the BPR, the greater the overall mass flow leads to increased propulsive efficiency leads to increased engine weight and diameter
Overall efficiency
total = P th
Weight
GE CF6 4100 kg, 240 kN RR RB-211 4300 kg, 270 kN, -2% SFC
Weight
Higher compression ratios, larger bypass ratios require heavier machines A 1% decrease in specific fuel consumption will be lost if the weight increases by f 1% Long-range aircraft most likely to benefit from increased efficiency
Cost
Cost
The investment required to purchase a product will [needs] always be compared against merely saving money in the bank Not all fuel savings are worth striving for (especially by airlines in need of liquidities) GE Financial Services is more profitable than GE engines...
6.4 Installation
6.4.1 Ducting
6.4.2 Positioning
Engines need to be easily accessible, far away from the wing, far away from the ground, far away from the cabin. And: aircraft layout choices have long-lasting impact
B-737
B-707
CC by-sa W:Mulag
B737-original
CC by-sa W:PhillipC
B-737 original
CC by-sa W:Bryan&altair78
B737 classic
737 classic
B-737 classic
PD W:arpingstone
B737 NG
B-737 NG
CC by-sa F:Andy_Mitchell_UK
737 NG
CC by F:abdallahh
A320
A-320 family
747-400 #2 pylon
747 pylons
PD [Olivier Cleynen]
6.4.3 Accessories
GEnX 2B
GEnX 2B
Hydraulic systems Pneumatic circuits (in/out) Lubrication Cooling Mechanical control Monitoring systems...
F-100
PD Shelley Gill/USAF
Project 6
Inlet mass flow is given by aircraft geometry All engine components are off-the-shelf Design a turbofan that is able to produce 70kN thrust with afterburning (wet) Should be as efficient as possible when running dry