CE 331 Experiment 11

Aggregate Properties

Objectives
! Investigate the properties of aggregate
! Dry Rodded Unit Weight (DRUW) ! Specific Gravity ! Percent Absorption ! Density ! Fineness Modulus

Outline
! Some concepts ! Experiments details:
- DRUW specific gravity percentage absorption density fineness modulus

! Lab Report requirements

Some concepts : definitions

! UNIT WEIGHT ! DENSITY ! SPECIFIC GRAVITY
For some materials the density has a single value For other materials it may not be a single values

Some Concepts - Pores

Porosity: ratio of the volume of pores to the total volume of particle
INTERPARTICLE PORE VOLUME affected by: INTRAPARTICLE Interparticle pores vs. PORE Intraparticle pores

For porous materials DENSITY BECOMES FUNCTION OF THE VOLUME CONSIDERED

Some Concepts - Absorption

Absorption : relates to the particles ability to take in a liquid

Experimental details: DRUW

VOLUME = AGGREGATES + INTRA- INTERPARTICLE PORE VOLUME WEIGHT = AGGREGATES WEIGHT

! Aggregate usually measured and sold on a weight basis ! Useful when a volume is to be filled with aggregate ! Standard packing method ASTM Standard C-29

Experimental details: DRUW

Glass plate The procedure: ! Calibrate the volume of bucket Thermometer

bucket

Variation of Unit Weight of Water with Temperature (ASTM C29) ! Obtain a sample of the ! to " inch size gravel fill the bucket ! Determine DRUW

Tamping rod

Straight edge

Experimental details: DRUW

Calculation:

SGDRUW includes interparticle pore space

Experimental details: specific gravity

We want to quantify the interparticle porosity

Degree of saturation

ASSUMTPION!

Experimental details: specific gravity

MASS OF THE MODEL MEASURED IN AIR
BUOYANT MASS

DRY MASS

BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SGB excludes the interparticle pore space

Experimental details: specific gravity

Experimental details: specific gravity

If you are dealing with aggregate that has water in its pores

SSD Saturated Surface Dry

BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY Partially saturated conditions

The rocks have been soaked for 24-hour in water (ASTM C127)

Experimental details: specific gravity

APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY

if intraparticle pore space is completely filled with water.

Specific Gravity- SUMMARY

! SGDRUW - includes interparticle pore space ! SGBulk ! Excludes interparticle pore space ! Allows you to determine the volume occupied by just the dry particles if you know their mass, or vice versa ! SGSSD ! Includes the mass of the intraparticle pore water ! Useful when dealing w/ aggregate that has water in its pores ! SGApp ! Excludes all pore space ! Approximates the true specific gravity of the material

Experimental details: absorption

The procedure: ! Soaking of aggregates in water for 24h (done)

Approximate measure of volume of intraparticle porosity

Experimental details: absorption

Importance
! If the volume of the pores is too great and if filled with water, the waters expansion upon freezing will cause distress ! Absorption often used to determine an aggregates ability to resist freeze/thaw damage ! Example: In Indiana absorption > 5% is not suitable for use in concrete

Experimental details: particle size distribution

FINENESS MODULUS

Sieves

! A single number used to describe a gradation curve (in PCC) ! Uses specific sieves ! The larger the fineness modulus, the more coarse the aggregate ! A typical fineness modulus for fine aggregate is between 2.70 and 3.00

Typical sieve

Mechanical shaker

Experimental details: particle size distribution

Frequently, a special series of sieve sizes is defined for a specific purpose Fine aggregate for pavement
no. 4 (4.75 mm) no. 8 (2.36 mm) no. 16 (1.18 mm) no. 30 (0.60 mm) no. 50 (0.30 mm) no. 100 (0.15 mm) Pan

Experimental details: particle size distribution

WELL GRADED

P = % finer than the sieve 0.45 Power Maximum d = aggregate size under consideration Density Curve D = maximum aggregate size to be used

Experimental details: particle size distribution

Uniformly-graded Mix

Size increases

Experimental details: particle size distribution

GAP-graded Mix

Some concepts: permeability gradation Permeability particles ability to allow liquids to pass through
Influence of Gradation on Permeability

Some concepts: permeability gradation

Porous Concrete

Some concepts: permeability gradation

Porous Asphalt

! Improved water drainage ! Water splash reduction (more visibility) ! Tire-pavement noise reduction ! Improved friction during wet seasons

Lab Report requirements

! Graphs and Tables ! Summary of Results Table ! Table(s) with data obtained ! Graph of Cumulative Retained weight (%) vs. Sieve Size (log scale)
100

Cumulative Retained Wt. (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1

0.15

0.30

0.60

1.18
1

2.36

4.75

Sieve Size (mm)

! Discussion & Conclusion ! Observe and comment on trends noted from tables and the graph ! Is there a noticeable trend between specific gravities? Can you explain why? ! Why are these properties important?

Cover page

Page 2

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Lab Report requirements

Table 2. Sieve Analysis
Sieve Size (mm) 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 Pan Fineness Modulus
Sum(Cum%)/100

Mass Sieve (g)

Mass Sieve + Agg. (g)

Mass Agg. (g)

% Mass Retained

Cumulative % Retained

Lab Report requirements

Table 1. Summary of Results
Part I DRUW (pcf) SGDRUW SGOD SGSSD Part II Sieve SGApparent Abs. % Size (mm) 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 PAN Fineness Modulus Part III Cumulative % Retained

Lab Report requirements

100 90

Cumulative Retained Wt. (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 1 Sieve Size (mm)

0.15

0.30

0.60

1.18

2.36

4.75

Class Example

! What type of gradation is this? ! What is the nominal maximum aggregate size? ! What is the maximum aggregate size?

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