Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

PLCI CURBE SUBIRI

- CURS 6 EN 1993-1-6 1993 1 6 Proiectarea structurilor din oel Rezistena i stabilitatea PCS

Conf dr ing Adrian CIUTINA Conf.dr.ing

EN 1993-1-6 FRAMEWORK APPROACH FOR DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7. 8 8. 9. Introduction Basis of design and modelling Materials and geometry Ultimate limit states in steel shells St Stress resultants lt t and d stresses t in i shells h ll Plastic limit state (LS1) Cyclic plasticity limit state (LS2) Buckling limit state (LS3) Fatigue limit state (LS4)

ANNEX A (normative) - Membrane theory stresses in shells ANNEX B (normative) - Additional expressions for plastic collapse resistances ANNEX C (normative) - Expressions for linear elastic membrane and bending stresses ANNEX D (normative) - Expressions for buckling stress design

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 1. Introduction

Scope
EN 1993 1993-1-6 1 6 gives design requirements for plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution. This Standard is intended for use in conjunction with EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-4, 1993 1 4, EN 1993-11993 1 9 and the relevant application parts of EN 1993 include:
Part 3.1 for towers and masts; Part 3.2 for chimneys; Part 4.1 for silos; ; Part 4.2 for tanks; Part 4.3 for pipelines.

Normative references Definitions Symbols Sign conventions

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 2. Basis of design g and modelling g

Shells shall be designed in acc. with EN1990 and, in particular, to satisfy the following requirements:
Overall equilibrium Equilibrium between actions and internal forces and moments Limitation of cracks due to cyclic plastification Limitation of cracks due to fatigue Global analysis of the structure Conditions of use: Membrane theory analysis - the boundary conditions are appropriate -linear elastic material law Linear elastic shell analysis for transfer of the stresses in the shell into - linear small deflection theory LBA reactions without causing bending support Linear elastic bifurcation analysis GNA (undeformed geometry) - linear elastic material law effects; -change in the geometry of the structure MNA Geometrically nonlinear elastic analysis - linear small deflection theory - the shell geometry varies smoothly in the elastic buckling g load of the the p perfect gives plastic limit load plastic - imperfections i the fith ti t di of f all llti ki kinds d are ignored d shape h ( (without discontinuities); itiand ) i GMNA Materially nonlinear analysis structure - the basis of the critical buckling resistance -gives the loads have a smooth distribution strain increment nonlinear the geometrically plastic GNIA Geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis evaluation locally concentrated point loads). limit load and the plastic strainor increment - (without where compression or shear stresses y nonlinear elastic analysis y dominate with in imperfections p shell included Geometrically the GMNIA - elastic buckling loads of the "real" loads for Geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections - gives the elasto-plastic buckling imperfect structure included the "real" imperfect structure
approximate treatments of certain parts

Types of analysis:

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 2. Basis of design g and modelling g

Type of analysis Membrane theory of shells Linear elastic shell analysis (LA) Linear elastic bifurcation analysis (LBA) Geometrically non-linear elastic analysis (GNA) Materially non-linear analysis (MNA) Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis a a ys s (GMNA) (G N ) Geometrically non-linear elastic analysis with imperfections (GNIA) Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA)

Shell theory membrane equilibrium linear bending and stretching linear bending and stretching non-linear linear non-linear non-linear non-linear

Material law not applicable linear linear linear non-linear non-linear linear non-linear

Shell geometry perfect perfect perfect perfect perfect perfect imperfect imperfect

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 3. Materials and g geometry y

The rules in EN 1993-1-6 are not limited to steel shell structures The standard is valid for isotropic p shells and shell segments g made from any materials that may be represented as ideal elastic-plastic For materials with no well defined yield point, 0.2% proof stress can be taken

Where materials have a significant different stress strain curve, there are alternative ways of representation of the material behaviour

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 3. Materials and g geometry y

The material properties apply to temperatures not exceeding 150 C (otherwise see EN 13084-7, 2005) Bauschinger effect For austenitic steels (and aluminium alloys) at higher plastic strains, Rasmussen (2003) curve is more appropriate than Ramberg Ramberg-Osgood Osgood curve

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 3. Materials and g geometry y

Geometrical tolerances and imperfections Relevant tolerances due to the requirements q of serviceability: y
out-of-roundness (deviation from circularity) eccentricities (deviations from a continuous middle surface in the direction normal to the shell along junctions of plates) local dimples (local normal deviations from the nominal middle surface)

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 3. Materials and g geometry y

Geometrical tolerances and imperfections O Other forms of geometric g imperfections: p
deviations from nominal thickness lack of evenness of supports residual stresses caused by rolling, pressing, welding, straightening etc. inhomogeneities g and anisotropies p

Material M t i l imperfections: i f ti

Wear and corrosion Non-uniformities of loading Residual stresses

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

LS1: Plastic limit Identifies the strength g of the structure when stability y plays p y no significant role. Covers two conditions:
tensile t il rupture t or compressive i yield i ld through th h the th full f ll thickness thi k development of a plastic collapse mechanism involving bending

The p plastic limit load is also relevant to a buckling g strength g assessment

where: Rpl - the plastic limit load Rcr - the elastic critical load

Th The plastic l ti limit li it load l d does d not t represent t the th real l strength t th (even ( for f stocky structures): strain hardening of material, stabilizing or destabilizing effects due to change in geometry should be considered

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

LS1: Plastic limit Types yp of analysis: y
MNA: often underestimates the strength very considerably

Membrane theory calculations:

If the stress state is entirely axisymmetric, it gives a close approximation to the true condition at plastic collapse

If the stresses are significantl significantly unsymmetrical, ns mmetrical this criterion often provides a very conservative estimate of the plastic limit load

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

LS1: Plastic limit
Linear elastic shell bending g theory: y This is commonly y more conservative than membrane theory calculation (is based on the first yield on the surface) Geometrically y nonlinear calculation ( (GMNA): ) p problems arise over whether the structure displays geometric hardening or geometric softening

The plastic limit load should be seen only as the ideal value of the plastic reference resistance

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

LS2: Cyclic plasticity Repeated p cycles y of loading g and unloading, g, eventually y leading g to local cracking by exhaustion of the energy absorption capacity of the material
Low cycle fatigue failure may be assumed to be prevented if the procedures set out in the standard are adopted Methods of analysis:
expressions i in i Annex A C elastic analysis (LA or GNA) MNA or GMNA and find plastic strains

LS4: Fatigue Repeated cycles of increasing and decreasing stress lead to the development of a fatigue crack Methods of analysis:
expressions in Annex C (using stress concentration factors) elastic analysis (LA or GNA), using stress concentration factors

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

LS3: Buckling C Caused by y loss of stability y under compressive p membrane or shear membrane stresses in the shell wall, leading to inability to sustain any increase in the stress resultants, possibly causing catastrophic failure Three approaches used in the assessment of buckling resistance:
GMNIA analysis MNA/LBA analysis Buckling stresses

The strength under LS3 depends strongly on the quality of construction For this purpose, three fabrication quality classes are set out

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 4. Ultimate limit states in steel shells

Design concepts for the limit states design of shells The limit state verification should be carried out using g one of the following:
Stress design:
primary secondary local
mayl be replaced resultants In general, I primary i stress t by stress states t t control t l LS1, LS1 where appropriate whereas secondary stress states affect LS2 and LS3 and local stresses govern LS4.

Direct design by application of standard expressions:

the limit states may be represented by standard expressions that have been derived from either membrane theory, plastic mechanism theory or linear elastic analysis The membrane theory (Annex A) - primary stresses needed for assessing LS1 and LS3. The plastic design (Annex B) - plastic limit loads for assessing LS1 The linear elastic analysis (Annex C) - stresses of the primary plus secondary stress type for assessing LS2 and LS4. An LS3 assessment may be based on the membrane part of f these expressions.

Design by global numerical analysis