Rabon 1 Christopher Rabon Alicia Bolton English 101 4 November, 2013 Annotated Bibliography There is always going to be a degree

of danger in the medical field, and casualties are unfortunately inevitable when attempting to further the medical industry. In Steven Caseys The Atomic Chef he outlines several very real tragedies that have happened over the years. One particular event described in his book, which he labels as Safer Than Safe, details the death of hundreds of people from the early versions of Dr. Jonas Salks polio vaccines. Dr. Jonas Salk was one of the first pioneers in the medical industry to use dead viruses in vaccines in order for the patient to build up immunity and become resistant to the virus. The early batches of his vaccine ended up spreading the virus and evidently aided in the deaths of many people before it was perfected. Without the discovery that dead viruses could be used in order to boost the immune system and cause the development of immunity the medical field would not be as advanced as it is today. During the 1950s, the polio epidemic was at an all time high and there were immense amounts of pressure to create a vaccine to combat the virus. With so many dying from this awful disease medical professionals were pressed for time to find a vaccine. Two different researchers lead the race to discover the most effective vaccination for polio. Jonas Salk made the first successful vaccine using a dead polio virus, which was administered in three separate doses. Albert Sabin was the other

Rabon 2 major researcher attempting to make a vaccine out of a live virus that would be taken orally instead of injected. Salk may have made the first vaccine that appeared to be successful but inevitably caused severe cases of polio in over 200 different cases. This was due to a faulty batch of the vaccine, which caused further inspection and care to be taken when creating further batches. My research paper will discuss how even though it is tragic, casualties will always occur when further improving the medical industry. My research paper will reflect on this bibliography, which will give the basis of my research. Casey, S. M. "Safer than Safe." The Atomic Chef: And Other True Tales of Design, Technology, and Human Error. Santa Barbara, CA: Aegean Pub., 2006. 176196. Print. The story Safer than Safe entails a vivid description of the day that Dr. Jonas Salk reviled the result of his double blind study to see if his polio vaccine worked. It provides a narrative of the days following the announcement leading up to mass manufacturing. The story continues on through the manufacturing of the vaccine and ultimately the mistakes that were made that had cost so many lives. I trust this source is credible for several reasons. The first most obvious being that the book was assigned for us to read to further develop a research topic by our teacher. The second would have to be the sources the author includes at the end of the story to show where he received his information. I plan to use this source to show how Cutter Laboratories was one of the major causes for the polio outbreak. He says in the story that, Cutters production

Rabon 3 output was to be injected into roughly ten percent of the 57 million people slated for inoculation in 1955(Casey 186). Hickson, Gerald B., MD, Ellen W. Clayton, MD, Penny B. Githens, MS, and Frank A. Sloan, PhD. "Factors That Prompted Families to File Medical Malpractice Claims Following Perinatal Injuries." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. The JAMA Network, 1992. Web. 04 Nov. 2013. <http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=395670>. The article in The Journal of the American Medical Association was written to discuss the actions taken by people after issues and complications occurred during the care of a medical professional. The journal article shows the results of a survey taken to see why families were filing for malpractice lawsuits. There were several reasons; some included advised by knowledgeable acquaintances (33% of respondents), recognized cover-up (24%), needed money (24%), recognized that their child would have no future (23%), needed information (20%), and decided to seek revenge or protect others from harm (19%). While I do understand grieving due to medical complications and the hunger for justice the ultimate fact is that nothing in the medical field is a guarantee. This article was published in 1992, which was quite a while ago. Since then many newer regulations have given way to a safer more effective medical field and yet there are still issues that occur and malpractice suits filed due to them. The Journal of the American Medical Association is still a remarkable source for information regarding any part of the medical field. The articles published are all

Rabon 4 reviewed, if not written by, medical doctors or other scholarly researchers thus making it a credible resource. The issue of malpractice coincides perfectly with my research paper. This particular article gives statistics on a sample of people who unfortunately were not so lucky when it came to treatment. This fits in perfectly with my research paper considering it further proves that in order for things to improve in the medical field there must be an issue or problem to improve on. With something as complicated and ever changing as the body there will always be a procedure or treatment to improve on. While it may be morbid to say that only through death and disorder can the medical field move forward it must be understood what the human body cannot do or take before we can find the right path. Modern Marvels: Polio Vaccine. "Polio Pioneers." Films Media Group, 1999. Films On Demand. Web. 03 November 2013. <http://storm.hgtc.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlayli sts.aspx?aid=3503&xtid=42887&loid=102195>. The video Polio Pioneers provides the details into Dr. Jonah Salks whole operation for his polio vaccine. The video discusses how Salk uses dead polio viruses in order to craft the vaccine used to cure millions of people from polio. It goes into deeper details of the first successful use of his vaccinations on the general public and the issues that they had to overcome in order to track the progress of the vaccine. There were uncertainties about the vaccine originally that took quite a while to rectify. The video even states two years after Salk had injected himself with the vaccine, the vaccine was ready to be given to the public(Modern Marvels: Polio Vaccine, Polio

Rabon 5 Pioneers). The film is found through the school website automatically giving it credibility. It is also giving factual occurrences to events during the polio epidemic, which coincides with another source of mine further cementing credibility. The film is scholarly according to Horry Georgetown Technical College giving it validity. The video I have chosen works wonderfully with my topic because it shows the success of the vaccine created by Dr. Jonah Salk. Even though there were hiccups along the way that resulted in severe illness and death in some cases the vaccine was inevitably created and cured millions. This information is useful due to the fact that it illustrates that medicine is an art that doesnt always go as planned so it must be closely watched and analyzed. Offit, Paul A. The Cutter Incident:How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. Yale UP, 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). EBSCO. Web. 04 Nov. 2013. In Paul Offits The Cutter Incident: How Americas First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis, he explains in further detail how the first batch of the polio vaccine did not aid in curing the epidemic but instead expanded the reach of this deadly disease. This ebook also gives further detail into how this incident helped establish agencies and policies to try to prevent this from happening again. This source will ultimately aid in providing additional evidence that medical travesties pave the way for medical brilliance. Insight on how a federal agency got started is given by Paul Offit in his eBook: The laboratory of biologics control, the tiny federal agency within the

Rabon 6 national institutes of health responsible for licensing vaccines, was born of a strange event that occurred in the early 1900s. In 1901 a diphtheria epidemic swept across St. Lewis, Missouri during the diphtheria outbreak in St. Louis, five-year-old Veronica Neill received a shot of diphtheria antitoxin. Soon she developed painful spasms of her face and throat, and on October 26 she died-from tetanus. (Offit 58) The antitoxin was created from injecting horses and collecting the byproduct produced. One of the horses used to develop the antitoxin unknowingly contracted tetanus and the deadly tetanus toxin was injected into the children of the St. Louis area. The source is deemed credible due to the fact that it was found through a well-known informational database used for scholarly writing. EBSCO is known worldwide for its educational credibility with its documents, articles, and ebooks. Paul Offit is also an established American pediatrician who specializes in infectious diseases and he is known to be an expert on vaccines and immunities. "SALK, JONAS." The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin, 1991. Credo Reference. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. Jonas Salk graduated from the New York University Medical School and became interested in vaccines while studying there. Salk first became aware of creating vaccines from dead bacteria while in school and soon helped to create the first killed-virus influenza vaccine in Michigan. Salk opened his own research facility and was determined to create a killed-virus vaccine for polio. He met much

Rabon 7 opposition in his quest for the vaccine because other scientists were against vaccines from killed bacteria. In 1957 one batch of the vaccine was released from Cutter Laboratory and was deemed faulty after it caused the death and infection of many young children who received the faulty batch. This source will be utilized to show the growth and development of Salks interest in killed-virus vaccines as well as describe the incident at Cutters Laboratory. The eBook tells of the reason why the unfortunate mistake occurred due to the Cutter Laboratorys failure to follow the correct procedures (Salk 1). The failure of the Cutter Laboratory to follow procedure further fueled the argument that a killed-virus vaccine was not adequate (Salk 1). The article will show the slip-up and the small effect it had on Salks reputation as a hero. The article was found on the highly credible database of Credo Reference, thus making it a credible reference. The article is a production of the Houghton Mifflin Company, a well-known educational and trade publisher. The company is known in the United States and is highly credible for presenting reliable resources. Weiler, Paul C. Preface. Medical Malpractice on Trial. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1991. Print. Paul C. Weiler discusses Americas medical malpractice issues within the folds of this book. The debate over malpractice litigation and the possibility of malpractice hindering medical advancement is addressed. It focuses on the reform presented by President Bush to reduce excessive malpractice litigation and stop excessive damage awards. The preface highlights the enormous jump in price of malpractice premiums during a thirty-year time span. Mainly the books preface focuses on medical

Rabon 8 malpractice in the courtroom and the debate over the justice being reached. Paul C. Weiler is a renowned professor at Harvard Law School, a prestigious Ivy League school known worldwide. He is more specifically the Henry J. Friendly Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. His association with an Ivy League school warrants merit to his book, as well as, his knowledge for law that is clear by his position as a professor of law. This book will aid my research paper by showcases the outrageous monetary value placed on malpractice premiums and the amount that it increased in a small timespan. The preface states, nationally malpractice premiums had surged from just $60 million in 1960 to more than $7 billion by 1990 (Weiler ix). The outstanding increase will aid me in showing the advancement of malpractice. It will also help me to prove that the victim is the patient injured not the doctor who must deal with the consequences. The book claims, Even though tort suits do inflict considerable harm on doctors, medical injuries inflict much greater harm on patients (Weiler x).