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RESEARCH MEMORANDUM
AERODYNAMIC JXARACTERISTICS AT HIGH AND LOW SUBSONICMACH NUMBERS OF TEiE NACA 0012, 642-015, AND 643-018 AIRFOIL
SECTIONS AT ANGLES OF ATTACK FROM -20 'IW 300 By Chris C. Critzos Laboratory Va. r/" 1"=,_ , _..----
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NACA RM L54H?6a
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AT HIGH AND LOW SUBSONICMACH NUMBERS OF THE NACA 0012, 64,-015, AND 643-018 AIRFOIL -.<.-. _ SECTIONS AT ANGLES OF ATTACK FROM -2' TO 30' By Chris C. Critzos
SUMMARY An investigation has been made in the Langley low-turbulence prestunnel of the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 0012, 64,-015, 643-018 airfoil sections. Data were obtained at Mach numbers from to that for tunnel choke, at angles of attack from -2' to 30, and the surface. of each airfoil smooth-and with roughness applied at
the leading edge. The Reynolds numbers of the tests ranged from 0.8 x 106 of lift, drag, and to 4.4 x 10% The results are presented as variations quarter-chord pitching-moment coefficients with Mach number. INTRODUCTION The trend of present helicopter designs toward higher forward speeds and higher rotor-blade speeds has resulted in a need for two-dimensional airfoil data throughout wide subsonic Mach number and angle-of-attack In order to supply thj.s need, a number of NACA airfoil sections, ranges. which might be used for helicopter rotors, have been investigated in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel. The results obtained with four of these sections are reported in reference 1. The results obtained with three additional sections, consisting of the NACA 0012, 642-015, and 64 3 -018 airfoil sections, are presented herein. The aerodynamic characteristics of the three airfoil sections were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.3 to that for tunnel choke, at angles of attack from -2' to 30, and with the surface of each airfoil smooth and with roughness applied at the leading edge. The results are presented as variations of lift, drag, and quarter-chord pitching-moment coefficients with Mach number. In order to expedite publication of these basic data,
2
..: . . . . . . . . .:
NACA RM L54HO6a
l .
. . . .
the preparation of charts having quantities other than the Mach number as the independent variable has been deferred, as has any discussion of the results. SYMBOLS
C
Cd
?L
x/4 M R
a
quarter-chord
free-stream
APPARATUS, TESTS, AND METHOIX The present investigation was conducted in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel with Freon-12 as the test medium. The investigation consisted of measurements of the lift, drag, and quarter-chord pitching moment of three two-dimensional airfoils at Mach numbers from 0.3 to that for tunnel choke and at angles of attack from -2' to 30'. The two-dimensional models consisted of the NACA 0012, 642-015, and 6h3-018 airfoil sections, the coordinates for which are presented in table I. The models were machined from solid aluminum alloy. Data were obtained with the airfoil surfaces smooth and with roughness applied at the leading edge. For the tests with the model surfaces smooth, the surfaces were polished to a high degree of smoothness at the time of model installation in the tunnel. The drag coefficients measured, however, probably do not correspond to extensive regions of lsminar flow since use of Freon-12 as a test medium makes unfeasible the almost continuous attention to model surface condition which is required in order to maintain extensive laminar layers. For the tests with roughness applied at the leading edge, the roughness consisted of O.Oll-inch-diameter Carborundum grains spread over a surface length of 8 percent of the chord back from the leading edge on the upper and lower surfaces. The grains were thinly spread to cover from 5 percent to 10 percent of this area.
NACA R M L54H06a The Reynolds numbers in the present tests ranged from 0.8 x lo6 to 4.4 x 106. The variation of Reynolds number with Mach number is shown in figure 1 for both low (-2O to 14') and high (11' to 30') angles of attack. The difference in Reynolds numbers for the two angle-of-attack ranges resulted from the higher stagnation pressures used in the tests at the low angles of attack. Additional reference 1. information on the testing technique is contained in
1. . . b.. 1 1
I.. 8..
RESULTS The variations of lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and quarterchord pitching-moment coefficient with Mach number are presented in figures 2 to 4 for the three airfoil sections of the present investigation. As discussed in reference 1, corrections to the data have been applied for tunnel-wall effects and for converting the data (which were obtained The variawith Freon-12 as the test medium) to equivalent air results. tions of the aerodynam ic characteristics with Mach number (figs. 2 to 4) for some angles of attack Qere obtained from cross plots and are presented as lines without data point symbols. Based on the capability drag forces and the pitching for various test conditions of the balance used to measure the lift and moment, the accuracies of the measurements are indicated in the following table: of measurements 1 ca, +0.0030 k.0006 k.0004 1 cq'4 *0.003 *.001 +.od1
As can be seen, the accuracy in the measurement of drag is rather poor at low Mach numbers; however, at higher Mach numbers, in the region of the force break, the accuracy of the drag measurements is within acceptAs in reference 1, the highest Mach numbers for which data able lim its. are presented correspond to tunnel-choked conditions. The highest Mach number for which the data may be considered reliable is open to some
a-
= Y
question. A Mach number 0.03 less than that for choke, at low and moderate angles of attack, has often been considered as a rough upper limit beyond which little confidence should be placed in the results. Results at high angles of attack are involved with unknown corrections which are still under study. Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Langley Field, Va., July 23, 1934.
--4Mu Approved:
REFERENCE 1. Wilson, Homer B., Jr., and Horton, Elmer A.: Aerodynamic Characteristics at High and Low Subsonic Mach Numbers of Four NACA 6-Series Airfoil Sections at Angles of Attack From -2' to 31'. NACA RM L5X20, 1953.
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quarter-chord Figure
pitching-moment 4.Concluded.
coefficient.