Type Curve Analysis-WTA

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Type Curve Analysis-WTA

Upon p completion p of this section, , the student should be able to: 1. 2. 3 3. 4. Identify wellbore storage and middle time regions on type curve. Identify pressure response for a well with high, zero, or negative skin. Calculate the equivalent time for use in analyzing pressure buildup tests using drawdown type curves. Calculate wellbore storage coefficient, permeability, and skin factor from type curve match.

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Type Curve Analysis-WTA

MOnur

September 2013

Type Curve Analysis-WTA

If we rearrange g terms in the Ei-function solution, , we can rewrite the equation in terms of dimensionless variables. For the line-source solution, we define the dimensionless pressure, pD, the dimensionless time, tD, and the dimensionless radius, rD.

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Type Curve Analysis-WTA

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Although g we did not realize the importance p at the time, , we defined skin factor to be dimensionless. To account for wellbore storage, we define an additional dimensionless variable - the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient, CD. It is important to notice the similarity between Pd and S..

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The Gringarten g type yp curve describes the p pressure response p under the following assumptions: 1. Constant rate production from a 2. Vertical wellbore in an 3. Infinite-acting homogeneous reservoir that is 4 Fill 4. Filled d with ith single i l phase h li liquid id of f small ll and d constant t t compressibility 5. Infinitesimal skin that may be modeled with an apparent wellbore radius 6. Constant wellbore storage coefficient The Gringarten type curve was specifically developed for drawdown tests in oil wells. We will see that we may use it (with some limitations) to analyze pressure buildup tests in addition to drawdown tests, and to analyze gas well tests as well as oil well tests.

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In the Gringarten g type yp curve, , the time is p plotted as tD/CD, and the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient and the skin factor are combined into a parameter CDe2s. Each value of the parameter CDe2s describes a pressure response having g a different shape. p We call the set of curves with different values of CDe2s a type curve, and the individual curves for different values of CDe2s are called stems. Note the similarity between any adjacent pair of curves corresponding to different values of CDe2s. This similarity causes a lot of uncertainty when doing type curve analysis using pressure curves only.

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If we calculate the logarithmic g derivative of the semilog g approximation to the line source solution, we find that the result is a constant that depends on flow rate, fluid properties, and rock properties. g derivative of the dimensionless form of the same The logarithmic equation is a constant with the value 0.5. Note that the logarithmic derivative of pressure has the same units as pressure.

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Just as we constructed a dimensionless type yp curve with different stems corresponding to different values of CDe2s, we can construct a derivative type curve from the logarithmic derivative of the pressure type curve. p of these stems are much more distinctive than those The shapes for the pressure type curve.

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Since the logarithmic g derivative has the same units as p pressure, , we can graph the pressure and pressure derivative responses on a single scale. This allows us to combine the pressure and pressure derivative type curves on a single type curve. Now, there the stem value CDe2s refers to a pair of curves - one pressure curve and one derivative curve.

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Each of the stems on the Gringarten g type yp curve exhibits characteristic behavior. At early times, the pressure and pressure derivative fall on a unitslope line. During this period, the pressure response is completely determined by the wellbore properties. Permeability cannot be estimated if the only data available lies within this WBS d i t d period. WBS-dominated i d After WBS effects have ceased, the derivative follows a horizontal line. This is referred to as the middle time region. Permeability may be estimated whenever there is 1/2 log cycle or more of data in the middle time region. There is Th i a transition t iti period i db between t th the unit it slope l li line and d th the middle time region. During this transition, both WBS and reservoir properties influence the pressure response. It is sometimes possible to estimate permeability using data during WBS and the transition, but the results are not as reliable as when there is data lying y g in the middle time region. g

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Skin factor may be estimated qualitatively by the shape of the pressure and pressure derivative response response. High skin factor The pressure derivative rises to a maximum and then falls sharply before flattening out for the MTR. The pressure curve rises along a unit slope then flattens out quickly. quickly The pressure and pressure derivative are separated by ~2 log cycles after the end of WBS. Little or no skin factor The pressure derivative rises to a maximum, then falls only g y before flattening g out for the MTR. slightly The pressure and pressure derivative are separated by ~1 log cycle after the end of WBS. Negative skin factor The pressure derivative approaches a horizontal line from below. The pressure and pressure derivative both leave the unit slope line early, but take a long time to reach the MTR.
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