PCB3013-Well Test Analysis HW# 4 Prof. Dr.

Mustafa Onur, UTP, September 2013 SOLUTIONS

Given Date: October 29, 2013 Due Data: November 07, 2013 Subject: Computation of skin factor and wellbore storage coefficient.
Problem 1 (15 pts): Calculate the additional pressure drop due to skin for a well producing at 2,000 STB/D. Oil formation volume factor is 1.07 RB/STB, viscosity is 1.9 cp, permeability is 540 md, net pay thickness is 175 ft, skin factor is 5, and porosity is 12%. Solution 1:

p s =

141.2 q B S kh (141.2) (2000) (1.07 ) (1.9) (5) = (540) (175) = 30.38 psi

Problem 2 (15 pts): Calculate the flow efficiency for the well in Problem 1, if the average reservoir pressure ( p ) is 1,800 psi and the flowing bottom-hole pressure ( p wf ) is 1,600 psi. Flow efficiency is defined as:

Ef

p p wf p s J actual = J ideal p p wf

where Jactual represents the productivity index of the well with skin, whereas Jideal represents the productivity of the same well without skin (i.e., S = 0). For a well with neither damage nor stimulation, Ef = 1, for a damaged well, Ef < 1, and for a stimulated well, Ef > 1. Solution 2:

Ef = =

p p wf p s p p wf 1800 1600 30.38 1800 1600

= 0.85
It is a damaged well as Ef is computed as: Ef = 0.85 or 85%.

Problem 3 (10 pts): Calculate the apparent wellbore radius for the well in Problem 1, if the bit diameter is 8 in. Recall that effective (or apparent) wellbore radius is defined as

rwa rw exp( S )
where rw is the actual wellbore radius based on the bit diameter, and S is the skin factor. Solution 3:

rwa = rw e s 4 5 e 12 = 2.25 10 3 ft =
Problem 4 (10 pts): For radial flow problems, the mechanical skin factor can be related to radius of skin zone by using the well-known Hawkins formula:

k rs S 1 k ln s rw
where ks and rs denote the permeability and radius of the skin zone adjacent to the wellbore, whereas k is the permeability of the formation beyond the skin zone. How can we use this formula realizing that k and S can be determined from pressure transient analysis (e.g, semilog or type-curve matching analysis)? Solution 4: From semilog or type curve matching of pressure data, we can determine the permeability k and the skin factor S. If we have additional information about the skin (or invasion) zone, i.e., rs, around the wellbore, then we can use Hawkins equation to determine the permeability of the skin zone. Perhaps, resistivity logs can be source of estimate of the skin zone rs. Problem 5 (20 pts): Calculate the wellbore volume and WBS coefficient for a wellbore filled with a single phase liquid. The well is 2600 ft deep and has 6 5/8, 24 lb/ft casing (5.921 ID). The bottomhole pressure is 1,690 psi. If the well is filled with water (cw = 4 x 10-6 psi-1) what is the value of wellbore storage coefficient? Solution 5:

V = r2 h 5.921 = (2600 ) (2)(12 ) 3 = 497 ft 497 ft 3 5.615 ft 3 / bbl = 88.5 bbl =

2

c = Vwb c wb = (88.5) 4 10 6

= 3.54 10 4 bbl / psi

Problem 6 (20 pts): Calculate the cross-sectional area and wellbore storage coefficient for a wellbore with a rising liquid level. The well is 2600 ft deep and has 6 5/8, 24 lb/ft casing (5.921 ID). The bottom-hole pressure is 750 psi. If the well has a column of water of density 1.04 g/cm3, in it, what is the value of wellbore storage coefficient? Solution 6:

c = 25.65

A = r2 5.921 = 2.12 = 0.191 ft 2

Awb wb

= (25.65)

(0.191)

lbm / ft 3 3 1 . 04 g / cm 62 . 4 g / cm 3 2 = 7.56 10 bbl / psi

Problem 7 (10 pts): Assuming constant wellbore storage coefficient model, one can relate the flowing (or shut-in for buildup) bottom hole pressure to surface (qsc) and sandface (qsf) rates by the following equation:

dp wf dt

(q (t ) q (t ))B
sc sf

24C

Suppose that we measure surface rate, but do not measure the sandface rates, discuss how one can use to compute sandface rates with the measured values of bottom hole pressures using the above equation. Solution 7: We numerically differentiate the pwf vs time data to generate the pressure derivative data, dpwf/dt by using a numerical differentiation algorithm. Once the derivative data computed, we can use the following equation to compute the sandface rates with the computed value of the wellbore storage coefficient C from well completion data as:

q sf (t ) = q sc +

24C dp wf B dt