Neuroendocrine - Adenoyhypophysis: fenestrated capillaries o Pars distalis Chromatophils Acidophils o Somatotrophs (40-50%) Growth hormone; inhibited by IGF-1 from

rom liver and high glucose levels; hypoplasia somatotrophs low GH dwarfism in children; hyperplasia gigantism; hyperplasia pituitary adenoma acromegaly (adults) o Mammotrophs (15-20%) Prolactin: secretion inhibited by dopamine (dominant negative regulation); stimulus is suckling Basophils: o Thryrotrophs (5%) Thyroid stimulating hormone activates thyrotrophs TSH thyroid T3/T4 production T3 negative feedback loop Hypothyroidism (low thyroid activity = low T3/T4)) Pituitary defect: produces low TSH, therefore low T3/T4 Thyroid defect: high TSH, but T3/T4 still low because of thyroid Hyperthyroidism (high thyroid activity) Pituitary defect: produces high TSH, therefore high T3/T4 Thyroid defect: low TSH, but high T3/T4 because of thyroid o Gonadotrophs (10%) FSH Females: promote development of follicles in the ovaries, promote granulosa cells to proliferate in order to form mature follicle o Follicle produces estradiol, activin, and inhibin (inhibitor of gonadotroph Males: act on the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules o Sertoli cells responsible for making androgen-binding

LH

protein, responsible for concentrating testosterone

Females: acts on corpus luteum, transiently formed in the second half of the menstrual cycle o Corpus luteum makes progesterone; considered a transient endocrine gland o LH levels remain high during pregnancy Males: acts on the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules o Responsible for making testosterone *Low levels of FSH and LH will result in infertility in both sexes o Corticotrophs (20%) Corticotrophin-releasing hormone corticotrophs ACTH adrenal glands (zona fasciculate of the cortex) cortisol ACTH stimulates growth and fight/flight response toget moving Aldosterone responsible for resorbing water through collecting tubules of the kidneys o Metabolized in liver, but high levels cause hypertension b/c of increased blood volume o High levels cortisol negative feedback shut off corticotrophs and pituitary glands High levels of stress stimulate ACTH Adenoma many corticotrophs patient always ready to go, nervousness, hypertension Cushings disease hypoplasia of corticotrophs low ACTH/cortisol unable to control weight, low energy; looks like chronic condition but its not (prescribed ACTH) Chromatophobes

o Pars tuberalis Wraps up the infundibular process and forms the pituitary stalk Most cells are gonadotrophs secreting low levels of FSH/LH not physiologically significant o Pars intermedia Leftover from Rathkes pouch inner layer Neurohypophysis o Pars nervosa: composed of capillaries, sinusoids, unmyelinated axons and pituicytes Unmyelinated b/c speed doesnt matter but they need the pituicytes to perform Lipofuscin deposit increases with age o Infundibulum Infundibular process Unmyelinated axons, which make up the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal tract, originating from 2 nuclei within the hypothalamus the hormones produced in the hypothalamus migrate down the axons and are stored in the pars nervosa until released by the portal system o Paraventricular nucleus: oxytocin Oxytocin acts on uterus to promote contraction of myometrium during labor/induce labor; also involved in lactation and stimulates myoepithelium around the glands to contract to force milk out of the ducts Also a mood regulator and works by represing the amygdala: treatment of PTSD, autism and mood disorders o Suproptic nucleus: vasopressin (ADH) Acts on the kidney collecting tubules to reabsorb water and increase blood pressure Low vasopressin neurogenic diabetes insipidus (hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, HDI); differ from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) by ADH levels HDI: low production of ADH NDI: mutation in ADH receptor Median eminence Pineal Gland