Thermal Conductivity

Thermal Conductivity - k - W/(m.
K)
Temperature - oC
Material/Substance
25
Acetone
0.16
Acetylene (gas)
0.018
Acrylic
0.2
Air, athmosphere (gas)
0.024
Air, elevation 10000 m
0.020
Alcohol
0.17
Aluminum
205
Aluminium Brass
121
Aluminum Oxide
30
Ammonia (gas)
0.022
Antimony
18.5
Apple (85.6% moisture)
0.39
Argon (gas)
0.016
Asbestos-cement board
0.744
Asbestos-cement sheets
0.166
Asbestos-cement
2.07
125
225
215
250
Asbestos, loosely packed
0.15
Asbestos mill board
0.14
Asphalt
0.75
Balsa wood
0.048
Bitumen
0.17
Bitumen/felt layers
0.5
Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture)
0.43 - 0.48
Benzene
0.16
Beryllium
218
Bitumen
0.17
Blast furnace gas (gas)
0.02
Brass
109
Breeze block
0.10 - 0.20
Brick dense
1.31
Brick, insulating
0.15
Brickwork, common
0.6 -1.0
Brickwork, dense
1.6
Bronze
110
Butter (15% moisture content)
0.20
Cadmium
92
Calcium silicate
0.05
Carbon
1.7
Carbon dioxide (gas)
0.0146
Cement, portland
0.29
Cement, mortar
1.73
Chalk
0. 09
Chlorine (gas)
0.0081
Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni)
16.3
Chromium
94
Clay, dry to moist
0.15 - 1.8
Clay, saturated
0.6 - 2.5
Cobalt
69
Cod (83% moisture content)
0.54
Concrete, lightweight
0.1 - 0.3
Concrete, medium
0.4 - 0.7
Concrete, dense
1.0 - 1.8
Concrete, stone
1.7
Constantan
22
Copper
401
Corian (ceramic filled)
1.06
Cork board
0.043
Cork, regranulated
0.044
Cork
0.07
Cotton
0.04
Cotton wool
0.029
Carbon Steel
54
Cotton Wool insulation
0.029
Diamond
1000
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel)
0.06
Diatomite
0.12
Earth, dry
1.5
Engine Oil
0.15
Ether
0.14
Ethylene (gas)
0.017
Epoxy
0.35
Ethylene glycol
0.25
400
398
51
47
Feathers
0.034
Felt insulation
0.04
Fiberglass
0.04
Fibre insulating board
0.048
Fibre hardboard
0.2
Fireclay brick 500oC
1.4
Foam glass
0.045
Freon 12 (gas)
0.007
Freon 12 (liquid)
0.09
Gasoline
0.15
Glass
1.05
Glass, Pearls, dry
0.18
Glass, Pearls, saturated
0.76
Glass, window
0.96
Glass, wool Insulation
0.04
Glycerol
0.28
Gold
310
Granite
1.7 - 4.0
Gravel
0.7
Gypsum board
0.17
Hairfelt
0.05
312
310
Hardboard high density
0.15
Hardwoods (oak, maple..)
0.16
Helium (gas)
0.142
Honey (12.6% moisture content)
0.5
Hydrochlor acid (gas)
0.013
Hydrogen (gas)
0.168
Hydrogen sulfide (gas)
0.013
Ice (0oC, 32oF)
2.18
Insulation materials
0.035 - 0.16
Iridium
147
Iron
80
Iron, wrought
59
Iron, cast
55
Kapok insulation
0.034
Kerosene
0.15
Krypton (gas)
0.0088
Lead Pb
35
Leather, dry
0.14
Limestone
1.26 - 1.33
68
60
Magnesia insulation (85%)
0.07
Magnesite
4.15
Magnesium
156
Marble
2.08 - 2.94
Mercury
8.3
Methane (gas)
0.030
Methanol
0.21
Mica
0.71
Milk
0.53
Mineral wool insulation materials, wool

blankets ..
0.04
Molybdenum
138
Monel
26
Neon (gas)
0.046
Neoprene
0.05
Nickel
91
Nitrogen (gas)
0.024
Nylon 6
0.25
Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50
0.15
Olive oil
0.17
Oxygen (gas)
0.024
Paper
0.05
Paraffin Wax
0.25
Perlite, atmospheric pressure
0.031
Perlite, vacuum
0.00137
Plaster light
0.2
Plaster, metal lath
0.47
Plaster, sand
0.71
Plaster, wood lath
0.28
Plastics, foamed (insulation materials)
0.03
Platinum
70
Plutonium
6.7
Plywood
0.13
Polyester
0.05
Polyethylene HD
0.42 - 0.51
Polypropylene
0.1 - 0.22
Polystyrene, expanded styrofoam
0.03
Polystyrol
0.043
71
72
Polyurethane foam
0.03
Porcelain
1.5
Potato, raw flesh
0.55
Propane (gas)
0.015
PTFE
0.25
PVC
0.19
Pyrex glass
1.005
Quartz mineral
Rock, solid
02-Jul
Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff)
0.5 - 2.5
Rock Wool insulation
0.045
Rubber, natural
0.13
Salmon (73% moisture content)
0.50
Sand, dry
0.15 - 0.25
Sand, moist
0.25 - 2
Sand, saturated
02-Apr
Sandstone
1.7
Sawdust
0.08
Sheeps wool
0.039
Silica aerogel
0.02
Silicone oil
0.1
Silver
429
Slag wool
0.042
Slate
2.01
Snow (temp < 0oC)
0.05 - 0.25
Sodium
84
Softwoods (fir, pine ..)
0.12
Soil, with organic matter
0.15 - 2
Soil, saturated
0.6 - 4
Steel, Carbon 1%
43
Stainless Steel
16
Straw slab insulation, compressed
0.09
Styrofoam
0.033
Sulfur dioxide (gas)
0.0086
Sugars
0.087 - 0.22
Teflon
0.25
Timber
0.14
Tin Sn
67
Titanium
22
17
19
Tungsten
174
Uranium
27.6
Urethane foam
Vacuum
0.021
0
Vermiculite
0.058
Vinyl ester
0.25
Water
0.58
Water, vapor (steam)
0.016
Wheat flour
0.45
Wood across the grain, white pine
0.12
Wood across the grain, balsa
0.055
Wood across the grain, yellow pine,

timber
0.147
Wood, oak
0.17
Wool, felt
0.07
Wood wool, slab
0.1 - 0.15
Xenon (gas)
0.0051
Zinc Zn
116
Absorption coefficients of common building

materials and finishes
Floor materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
carpet
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.15
0.25
0.45
Concrete (unpainted, rough finish)
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Concrete (sealed or painted)
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Marble or glazed tile
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
Vinyl tile or linoleum on concrete
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
Wood parquet on concrete
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
Wood flooring on joists
0.15
0.11
0.1
0.07
0.06
0.07
Seating materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
Benches (wooden, empty)
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Benches (wooden, 2/3 occupied)
0.37
0.4
0.47
0.53
0.56
0.53
Benches (wooden, fully occupied)
0.5
0.56
0.66
0.76
0.8
0.76
Benches (cushioned seats and backs, empty)
0.32
0.4
0.42
0.44
0.43
0.48
Benches (cushioned seats and backs, 2/3

occupied)
0.44
0.56
0.65
0.72
0.72
0.67
Benches (cushioned seats and backs, fully

occupied)
0.5
0.64
0.76
0.86
0.86
0.76
Theater seats (wood, empty)
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.08
Theater seats (wood, 2/3 occupied)
0.34
0.21
0.28
0.53
0.56
0.53
Theater seats (wood, fully occupied)
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.76
0.8
0.76
Seats (fabric-upholsterd, empty)
0.49
0.66
0.8
0.88
0.82
0.7
Seats (fabric-upholsterd, fully occupied)
0.6
0.74
0.88
0.96
0.93
0.85
Reflective wall materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
Brick (natural)
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
Brick (painted)
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
Concrete block (coarse)
0.36
0.44
0.31
0.29
0.39
0.25
Concrete block (painted)
0.1
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.08
Concrete (poured, rough finish, unpainted)
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Doors (solid wood panels)
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
Glass (1/4" plate, large pane)
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
Glass (small pane)
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
Plasterboard (12mm (1/2") paneling on

studs)
0.29
0.1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonry)
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on wood lath)
0.14
0.1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over

31.7mm(1-1/4") airspace)
0.15
0.25
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over 57.1mm(

2-1/4") airspace)
0.28
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.08
0.08
Plywood (5mm(3/16") paneling over

50mm(2") airspace)
0.38
0.24
0.17
0.1
0.08
0.05
Plywood (5mm(3/16") panel, 25mm(1")

fiberglass in 50mm(2") airspace)
0.42
0.36
0.19
0.1
0.08
0.05
Plywood (6mm(1/4") paneling, airspace, light

bracing)
0.3
0.25
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.1
Plywood (10mm(3/8") paneling, airspace,

light bracing)
0.28
0.22
0.17
0.09
0.1
0.11
Plywood (19mm(3/4") paneling, airspace,

light bracing)
0.2
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.1
0.1
Absorptive wall materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
Drapery (10 oz/yd2, 340 g/m2, flat against

wall)
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.18
0.3
0.35

wall)
0.05
0.07
0.13
0.22
0.32
0.35

wall)
0.05
0.12
0.35
0.48
0.38
0.36
Drapery (14 oz/yd2, 476 g/m2, pleated

50%)
0.07
0.31
0.49
0.75
0.7
0.6
0.14
0.35
0.53
0.75
0.7
0.6
0.06
0.2
0.65
0.9
0.95
0.98
Fiberglass board (50mm(2") thick)
0.18
0.76
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.53
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.97
Open brick pattern over 75mm(3") fiberglass
0.4
0.65
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.6
Pageboard over 25mm(1") fiberglass board
0.08
0.32
0.99
0.76
0.34
0.12
Drapery (18 oz/yd2, 612 g/m2, pleated

50%)
0.26
0.97
0.99
0.66
0.34
0.14
0.49
0.99
0.99
0.69
0.37
0.15
Performated metal (13% open, over

50mm(2") fiberglass)
0.25
0.64
0.99
0.97
0.88
0.92
Ceiling material
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
Plasterboard (12mm(1/2") in suspended

ceiling grid)
0.15
0.11
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.08
Underlay in perforated metal panels

(25mm(1") batts)
0.51
0.78
0.57
0.77
0.9
0.79
Metal deck (perforated channels,25mm(1")

batts)
0.19
0.69
0.99
0.88
0.52
0.27
Metal deck (perforated channels, 75mm(3")

batts)
0.73
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.52
0.31
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonary)
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Plaster (gypsum or lime, rough finish or

timber lath)
0.14
0.1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
Sprayed cellulose fiber (16mm(5/8") on solid

backing)
0.05
0.16
0.44
0.79
0.9
0.91
Sprayed cellulose fiber (25mm(1") on solid

backing)
0.08
0.29
0.75
0.98
0.93
0.76
Sprayed cellulose fiber (25mm(1") on timber

lath)
0.47
0.9
1.1
1.03
1.05
1.03
Sprayed cellulose fiber (32mm(1-1/4") on

solid backing)
0.1
0.3
0.73
0.92
0.98
0.98
Sprayed cellulose fiber (75mm(3") on solid

backing)
0.7
0.95
Wood tongue-and-groove roof decking
0.24
0.19
Miscellaneous surface material
125
Hz
People-adults (per 1/10 person)
0.85
0.85
0.9
0.14
0.08
0.13
0.1
250
Hz
500
Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
0.25
0.35
0.42
0.46
0.5
0.5
People-high school students (per 1/10

person)
0.22
0.3
0.38
0.42
0.45
0.45
People-elementary students (per 1/10

person)
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.35
0.35
Ventilating grilles
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
Water or ice surface
Silica Glass (SiO2)

Transmission Range :0.18 to 2.2 m (3 m for IR grades)
Refractive Index :1.47012 at 4 m (1)
Reflection Loss :7.0% at 0.4 m (2 surfaces)
Absorption Coefficient :10 x 10-6 cm-1 at 1 m
Reststrahlen Peak :n/a
dn/dT :+11.9 x 10-6 /C
dn/d = 0 :1.3 m
Density :2.203 g/cc
Melting Point :1600 C (softening)
Thermal Conductivity :1.38 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion :0.55 x 10-6 /C at 300K
Hardness :Knoop 500 with 200g indenter
Emissivity Values for

Common Materials
[Emissivity Values Page 1]
[Emissivity Values Page 2]
[Measured Normal Emissivities]
Material
Wavelength
Emit.
Asbestos: board
0.96
Asbestos: fabric
0.78
Asbestos: paper
0.93
Asbestos: slate
0.96
Brick: alumina
2-5.6
0.68
Brick: common
2-5.6
.81-.86
Brick: common, red
0.93
Brick: facing, red
2-5.9
0.92
Brick: facing, yellow
2-5.6
0.72
Brick: fireclay
0.85
Brick: fireclay
0.75
Brick: fireclay
0.59
Brick: masonry
Brick: red
Brick: waterproof
0.94
0.90
2-5.6
0.87
Carbon: candle soot
0.95
Carbon: graphite, filed surface
0.98
Carbon: purified
8-14
0.80
Cement:
8-14
0.54
Charcoal: powder
8-14
0.96
Chipboard: untreated
2-5.6
0.90
Clay: fired
8-14
Concrete
0.91
0.92
Concrete: dry
0.95
Concrete: rough
2-5.6
.92-.97
Enamel: laquer
8-14
0.90
Fabric: Hessian, green

Fabric: Hessian, uncolored
0.88
2-5.6
Fiberglass
0.87
0.750
Fiber board: porous, untreated
2-5.6
0.85
Fiber board: hard, untreated
2-5.6
0.85
Filler: white
2-5.6
0.88
Firebrick
2-5.6
0.68
Formica
6.5-20
0.937
8-14
0.92
6.5-20
0.97
8-14
0.96
Glass
Glass: chemical ware (partly transparent)
Glass: frosted
Glass: frosted
0.70
Glass: frosted
0.67
Glass: polished plate
0.94
Granite: natural surface

Graphite: powder
Gravel
0.96
8-14
0.97
6.5-20
0.28
Gypsum
8-14
.085
Hardwood: across grain
2-5.6
0.82
Hardwood: along grain
2-5.6
.68-.73
Ice
8-14
0.97
Iron: heavily rusted
2-5.6
.91-.96
Lacquer: bakelite
8-14
0.93
Lacquer: dull black
8-14
0.97
Lacquer: white
8-14
0.87q
Lacquer: white
0.92
Lacquer: matte black
0.97
Lacquer: shiny, black, on metal
0.87
Lampblack
Limestone: natural surface
Mortar
Mortar: dry
8-14
0.96
0.96
2-5.6
0.87
0.94
Oil, lubricating (thin film on nickel base)
P.V.C.
Nickel base alone
0.05
Film thickness = 0.001
0.27
0.46
0.72
Thick coating
0.82
2-5.6
.91-.93
Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series

optical black
@1.00
Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series

optical black
10
@1.00
Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801

brilliant black
.0959
Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801

brilliant black
10
0.945
Paint: Aquadag, 4 coats on copper aluminum
0.490
Paint: aluminum
0.450
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113 light blue
0.95
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113 light blue
10
0.960
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf
0.98
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf
10
0.98
Paint: cadmium yellow
0.33
Paint: chrome green
0.70
Paint: Chromatone stabilized silver finish

(Alumatone)
0.26
Paint: Chromatone stabilized silver finish

(Alumatone)
10
0.305
Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black
0.982
Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black
10
0.897
Paint: Dutch Boy, 46H47, National lead high

heat black
10
0.90
Paint: Krylon, flat black
0.95
Paint: Krylon, flat black
10
0.956
Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502
0.992
Paint: Kylon, flat white #1502
10
0.989
Paint: Krylon, ultra flat black
0.97
Paint: cobalt blue
Paint: Microbond, 4 coats on magnesium
0.844
Paint, oil: average of 16 colors
0.94
Paint: oil, black, flat
2-5.6
0.94
Paint: oil, black, gloss
2-5.6
0.92
Paint: oil, gray, flat
2-5.6
0.97
Paint: oil, gray, gloss
2-5.6
0.94
Paint: oil, various colors
8-14
0.94
Paint: plastic, black
2-5.6
0.95
Paint: plastic, white
2-5.6
0.84
Paint: TiO2, gray
0.870
Paint: TiO2, white
0.940
Paper: black
0.90
Paper: black, dull
0.94
Paper: black, shiny

Paper: cardboard box
8-14
0.90
0.81
Paper: green
0.85
Paper: red
0.76
Paper: white
2-5.6
0.68
Paper: white
8-14
0.90
Paper: white bond
0.93
Paper: yellow
0.72
Paper: tar
8-14
Pipes: glazed
2-5.6
0.83
2-5.6
.86-.90
Plaster
Plaster: rough coat
Plasterboard: untreated
0.92
0.91
2-5.6
0.90
0.94
Plastic: black
2-5.6
0.95
Plastic: white
2-5.6
0.84
Plastic paper: red
2-5.6
0.94
Plastic paper: white
2-5.6
0.84
Plexiglass: Perpex
2-5.6
0.86
Plywood
2-5.6
.83-.98
0.82
Plywood: untreated
2-5.6
0.83
Polyproplene
2-5.6
0.97
Porcelain: glazed
8-14
0.92
Quartz
8-14
0.93
Redwood: wrought, untreated
2-5.6
0.83
Redwood: unwrought, untreated
2-5.6
0.84
Rendering: gray
2-5.6
0.92
Plastic: acrylic, clear
Plywood: commercial, smooth finish, dry
Rokide A
Rubber
Rubber: stopper, black
0.770
8-14
0.95
0.97
Sand
0.90
Shellac: black, dull
0.91
Shellac: black, shiny, on tin plate
0.82
Shingles: asphalt, sm, ceramic coated

Skin, human
Snow
0.98
8-14
Soil: dry
Soil: frozen
0.80
0.92
6.5-20
Soil: saturated with water
0.93
0.95
Styrofoam: insulation
0.60
Tape: electrical, insulating, black
0.97
Tape: masking
0.92
Tile: floor, asbestos
0.94
Tile: glazed
2-5.6
0.94
Varnish: flat
2-5.6
0.93
Wallpaper: slight pattern, light gray
2-5.6
0.85
Wallpaper: slight pattern, red
2-5.6
0.90
Water:
8-14
0.98
Water: distilled
0.98
Water: ice, smooth
0.96
Water: frost crystals
0.98
Water: snow
0.85
Wood: oak, planed
0.90
Wood: paneling, light finish
0.87
Wood: planed
Wood: spruce, polished, dray
Material
Black Coatings &
Materials
Anodize Black
Carbon
8-14
0.85
0.86
Emissivity
0.88
Filament
0.53
Rough Plate
0.77
Lampblack
Carbon Black Paint NS-7
Catalac Black Paint
0.84
0.88
0.88
Chemglaze Black Paint

Z3O6
Delrin Black Plastic
Ebanol C Black
0.91
0.87
0.73
Ebanol C Black-384 ESH*

UV
0.75
EOI Mid-Temperature
Black Coating (Up to 200
C)
0.965 0.005
EOI High-Temperature
Black Coating (Up to 1400
C)
GSFC Black Silicate MS94
GSFC Black Paint 3l3-1
Hughson Black Paint H322
Hughson Black Paint L300
Martin Black Paint N-15O1
Martin Black Velvet Paint
0.93 0.02
0.89
0.86
0.86
0.84
0.94
0.94
3M Black Velvet Paint

Paladin Black Lacquer
Parsons Black Paint
Polyethylene Black Plastic
0.91
0.75
0.91
0.92
Pyramil Black on
Beryllium Copper
Tedlar Black Plastic
Velesat Black Plastic
0.72
0.90
0.85

Thermal Conductivity

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Thermal Conductivity

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Thermal Conductivity - k - W/(m.

Air, athmosphere (gas)

Air, elevation 10000 m

Apple (85.6% moisture)

Asbestos, loosely packed

Asbestos mill board

Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture)

Blast furnace gas (gas)

Butter (15% moisture content)

Carbon dioxide (gas)

Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni)

Clay, dry to moist

Cod (83% moisture content)

Corian (ceramic filled)

Cotton Wool insulation

Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel)

Fibre insulating board

Fireclay brick 500oC

Glass, Pearls, dry

Glass, Pearls, saturated

Glass, wool Insulation

Hardboard high density

Hardwoods (oak, maple..)

Honey (12.6% moisture content)

Hydrochlor acid (gas)

Hydrogen sulfide (gas)

Ice (0oC, 32oF)

Magnesia insulation (85%)

Mineral wool insulation materials, wool

Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50

Perlite, atmospheric pressure

Plaster, metal lath

Plaster, wood lath

Plastics, foamed (insulation materials)

Polystyrene, expanded styrofoam

Potato, raw flesh

Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff)

Rock Wool insulation

Salmon (73% moisture content)

Snow (temp < 0oC)

Softwoods (fir, pine ..)

Soil, with organic matter

Straw slab insulation, compressed

Sulfur dioxide (gas)

Water, vapor (steam)

Wood across the grain, white pine

Wood across the grain, balsa

Wood across the grain, yellow pine,

Wood wool, slab

Absorption coefficients of common building

Concrete (unpainted, rough finish)

Concrete (sealed or painted)

Marble or glazed tile

Vinyl tile or linoleum on concrete

Wood parquet on concrete

Wood flooring on joists

Benches (wooden, empty)

Benches (wooden, 2/3 occupied)

Benches (wooden, fully occupied)

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, empty)

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, 2/3

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, fully