1

a a
a


aa 

a*+a%&$aa'(a)a#$ a a !" 

/!a01 21 3 ,+-.
 2

245

7 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 0671
14888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
a a
a

14888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 <)a(4=a
a*>a2?
@
1588888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 A3
168888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 <)a2a
a*>a2?
@
17 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 A3
1888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888DEFaG6a


20888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFa3aKa#I$aJ
a

248888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFa
a0/1 Na
aOP+.a
aQaaDEFa0aORSa
a

35888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 T7Ua*-
V
4988888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 TS) /1 2%.aE
a aa0aXa>aY=a'aZ2
59888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ' S <\aEa]$G^_a4S3a
a aa0aXa>a`Z7
6288888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 a
658888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 aS4a2=ab1 $aER) aZ9
75888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Ta 1 Ga 6 O/SaE
a

7588888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 <)a
a*>a2?
@
77 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 A3
888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 'a2I.ac+
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888  a
a2R
aaa&1
89888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFaSIaFa' aKa
adI 

90888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 T3 aTe2S

 3

908888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DO/.aE d(aghadGaZf

918888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Dj.aOP+.a&a -Pa
aEUa'aS%ka
aZi
m
91888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 7Ua
aa
a
a'aZl
958888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Db= _opj3a1aOP+.a&aZn
96 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 0P1 2haa'>a
rSaKa]Sa]Ua
a'aZq
9888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DKtka0Ua]
ajI_au2ha
aa 2"av1aZs
9988888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 0U&Uaax1a
a*1 25aa#3aZw
100 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 EF K4UaYI%a
aaEFaYI%aG6a
aKav1 aZy
103 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFaK4Ua0aORSajaG6a
aKa
a
Z11
106 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888z3aE
a
{&aKaT7Ua S)ab1 2Iaa
ab1 2IaZ13
109 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 D]
aO1 2R.aKaaU"aIaaaU"a-|$ Z17
111 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DK}aSIaFa#>aTad&.a
a7Ua
a7Ua2\a!
a
aZ19
116 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888DEj.a
a aE
aT%aKa
_a 4aZ21
117888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DK4Ua1aK}a
aa aE-5aS_ aE
~a` aZ23
120 888888888888888888888888888888888888888 j. rSa,eaKaTaFa4
aaE2aa')a.NaE
~a` aZ25
123 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Ua#>a
aE-5aE
a2&aT2`aKa0{({a€(hat! aZ27
126 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 d4Ra<\a
‚a7 ‚aZ32
130 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 a 2"aEarad!"a
a aZ35
135 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 _ _a1aK}aG6aFax1a
&IaaAS
aZ38
13788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 *ƒa
a'GUaE
aaGa„.aE
aAS
aZ40
138 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 +a…
aax1 aZ41
139 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFa2a07"aaa
aKa
1 a_a07"a#1 +. aZ42
141 888888888888888888888888888 Dj.a.Fa =aE!
a'a
aEU2
a0Ua1aEU2
a2=a
a'aKaE/aE
aE7" aZ43
 4

142 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 dG_a

aEUa07"a0S)a)a2=a7U aZ44
143 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 *ƒa
a1 2_a0_aXa€ >a P_ aZ45
144 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DEFa.FaKaT>a
aA)aa
Z46
145 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 TG_aaTe2Sa/aE aZ47
148 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 *ƒa
a27|_a /_aU7U aZ48
150 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DK4Ua1aj.aFaEa IaE
aXauIUa
a*1 raT2` aZ49

151 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 D4_a Ia1aEFa01 3a† "a2aEaXaaN Z50
153 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888#1 .ara0U)aax1 aZ51
154 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ]&!1 araA3aaa& ara' Z52
155 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Uaa
PPa
a‡R_a(a Z53
156 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 €25a
aSa2\aaSa aZ54
156 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 EFaIUaEa aa0aXa>a'a
haIUaEa0S{a
 aZ55
158 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888880-5a Fax1a
aaS!
=a2^a0_a
_ 
158 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ‰*>aad(\axara0&32.ˆ
185 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 z2-7.
185 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Ta_>a
18788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
a#>a
aRaP5
191 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 T-.aaE
a…3a#e5
193 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 P.a2=az
ŠaT-.
V
195 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 EU&Ua 6aE
a4S3
195 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 4S3a
a…3a#e5aKaEt!aE
a‹ra /.
V
196 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ƒ\a4=a
a4S3aQ
196 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ƒ\a2
 5

19788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ƒ\a2!.
198 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ƒ\aj.6
200 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888ƒ\aK1 ŒU=
201 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 KaaE
a0"2a a4S3a2
V
202 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 KaEt!aE
a
U`a4S3a2!.
203 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ƒ\a
203 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888882ŽUaƒPUa
a…3a#e5aO/SaE
a

203 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 01 a
a
aKaaE
a

204 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
a
a7UaKab1ax1GUaE
a…3a#e5
206 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 a 2"aEara
a#>a
a7U
210 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DK4Ua1aEFaY=aEa]ƒ\a
a
~a`
21788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 z3 E
aEU2
a0Ua&Sa2=av1ax1GUaE
a…3a#e5
220 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DKj. p_aEU=a‹aKaFaEUraE
~a`aK1 aj3a

225 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 
. 0IaG5a
&Fa
aEU2
a
1aUra
av1
228 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 #_a,1 2>aEUFa
aE
a'a

231 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DK} o=aKa'&)a0$kax.aQ2aa@av1a

233 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 1 .a#!!a

av1 a ax.aaE
a|adaEa0+>a
236 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888v1  b/3aE
a2Fa >a2
240 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
a#>a
aE}a‡R+aE
av1
243 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Te2SaE
a…3a#e5a2=av1a 6
246 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 zG3a-R.a
aTe2S
248 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ‘2Sa2=a]1 a 1 Ga
251 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 j.a0Ua&Sa2=av1a)a
ab{ +a

254 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 ’Gk 2)

255 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 $
 7

‫دہ‬

aE_aEUjaE
aQaaj.ajaKa2Fa >a2aE4=aE *aKa1 .a(a0S5a

aI V U
U(j=aza
Ua3aKa2$/a !a0
a a“=aE_aQaT2ea
aQa
a‹) ZEj.a0_GS/aa‹)
a
a2$/aQaEUaJ3 j.a#a
aza
a aa0_ aa0aXa>aXa'aKaza
aQaEj.aES}6
m
a‹)aKak3a
ab3aEj.a#aT$ zaE
a`aKaza
aQaaj.a
a "a2=a<7eaa ŽUax1
aE
a
aax$aKa
+>a
av1aEUa]4Ua2=aaQ ZEj.aESIa#6a0UaT1 2ŽUa0U !=a4SUaE

a0
aFaOaE_aQaT2ea
aQa
a0_GS/aZ
aS)a!_=a0Uk 
aIUaEaEUFag7.a*3
aYI$a3aK aE
adIaa'>aaa Pa(aFaE. a“=a0Pa(4=aEa]R!5aUU1 a&
a2
a#aK4Uau2ha!
a0Ua!
zaE4=aEaEj&au2ha=aK4UaEj.aEp_aEUFa =aKa]}NaT47$a
a
aaa2
aE_azG3a P.a
aaa0
aj.aFa0U #>aT2-aza
aaaKa]R!5aaa)aZEj.aES}6a1
a01aaj&aeP.a
a#Pa22a aEadUaE
aER!5a3a
aTaQ 2}aEUa]4UaZESIa”U3aT"aa
+>
aFaOƒ E
a]eP.aPa4UadUaaazaEaJ3aE3a
a27/.a!1a
a]_>aa Pa
d(a0
a}6
aYI%a
av1 au2ha
a‹) jaEUa]4UaE_aQaZFa•Ua
aav1 aFa2j=aKazaQaZK3
Z
aIUaEaEUa
a
a
aa12j

a
aE_aEU E
aQa
aa 2"a0
aj.a01a‘2\a
aaaZj.aY2S%axI.a
aaaa‘2\a
a]S5a]U a
a1a2
a "aKa&}a=aEUa27&^= E
a )a3aEa#&aa2I5adŽUaQ
V aaEa,e.aa,1 2%.a&aa_"
a2ax1aE
a2
aT(1 .aUaba
aQa2j=aaE3a_aE_ Ea
a
aAS
ax1a2aE
a2
a_aj.
aE
aQa
aS)aEUa]4UaxI.a3aE_aE
a‘2\aQaZFa]!6a#7_a
ad(a2= J3aE3a@aadŽU
m
a1ajaK}a
a` •"_a5aza0
aE3a@aKa]_ax$a01aKaaE
av1a0
a01ax1aZEj.aE2 
m
aE
ag7.aa
ha
aQa Fa.ajaFa
a` #/5a1a'"a
a0
aE3a1ja'a_>a01a2aZK4U
aE_aE
aEUŒ4=aa 2"ax.a Fa aa0aXa>aXa'a &+a0
j.a01a2ŽU ƒPUa
aaaZK}a*
a =
m
aE!3 Ej.aa!Uax1aFaE!1 aXa 7aba &+a /aE
aQaZ1aŒ4=azaEUa]4UaaEj. EtkaE
a
ZEFaSIaFaE!
a
aE_a&Faza
aa4
a3aEUa]4UaZK}a F

aUa( x.a]1 >a2j=a /aE

a >a2!.aaEtka2a– aTa=a2
a#6aT a—j.aES5a]U 01
a#1Na*!aza@a2
a•&"a•"a
a]S5 aa
"aQaEUaA7aoaoab3aZ}a0Ua"aa%UaadUa
aaaK
Ej.
 8

a1a2
abt&ƒa
a]k_aE_aEj&aE6ad&.aE
a]U&!aEU J3ad
aPP+.a
2 ra
ab{ +aZf
a
14U 0IaK}aK4Ua07S%aGk2}azaEFa.Fa
{aEaT1ab3a
a
a aa0aX >aXa'a0

ZK}a3a•Na&ab1 2S4 E_aE

aEU2
a_aEaT1a07S%a
aaaaK}aŒ4=a
a
aEa•Na27S/

aE
ab1a0
aa2
a
{aTa01aEaE
a]k_ad EUa a#}aE
aEUraQaEab3aT+1 2-.a
aa 2"aZi
m
a1a
a`av1 ab1 2Ia3aEFaK4UaGka2}a
aza
a aa0 Xa>aXa'a &+aKadŽU
aEUa )a
a~– a0I aEj.a˜kaE
aK4Ua2Pa2a0Uax1ac+aE_aE
E1aŒ4=aa 2" ~– aZK}aES}6

a
a~– aEaa
aFaa 2"a)aŠ4_aZj.a
2Paja
aae"aaaU"ag$aa 2"
V a2!Ra&}a
V /

aa 2"a#>azaEFa.2
aa
a2=a
aa 2"a™|$a3a2
aFar EaQaaEFa‘25a2=a Fa2=aa
h
ZEF K4Uaja2=a

a
PPa01aEaE
a]U&! dEUa]4Ua2
aa
aa 2"aUj
a
ab3aT(1 .a=a
a
ab1 2IaZl
š m
a.opau2ha2aJ
a0a
ab1a.aE3a1a—.aO/.a
XaAS
a*3aEaXa'a
a0
aa2
a0}2a#I_
aE!
aE
a›1 2+.a/a
aQaaK}aE.3aEj
a#j
aE!
aE!
„.aE
aAS
a
a )aEF
ZK}aE. aE EU&UaGpUa0I+`

m
a
a'aj7
aa&!a0
aj.a0Ua. E_aE
aEU2
a'7"aTa01au2ha!
a3a2&ea&S3a
a
aZœ
aK}aESIUaE!1aKad"a2}aaKaEUra2}a.aa!Ua2j= 2 6 aZEFaSIaFajar aEa2=aa
h
adaZEFa#I%a
4aU3aFa2j= 2a
a
a=a2pa]FaE.2
aQ!+aaraK Fa].aI.aEa3
m
a2=
_a
a'a a0
aIa„?a0Uaxjaj7
aTa'P/a2\a01aKaEŒUa}NaE
]U&!
aJ3aa&! a  x1aZEIj=aja.aEaa2ka=az("a
a
ha
aQa2j=aaEajaa&1
ٍ
a0
aSIa2
aK4Uaj7
aS)az Pa01abI_aEF SIaFa.a*I.2a
aU25Ua(&aFa0UažoaKaŸE

aG6aaoaEa*a01aZEFaK4UaFa =aEa2aza

a
h 
aQaEFa1aa&1aza2=a'aJ3
oa.a‹Ga
ad"aa&!a0
a01a 1 Ga2=aQaZa„
a2
a 
ao3a
a
ab1V 2I 
2) aEUaJ3aj.
a ] "ad&. E
aQa
ak UradŽUa=aQa0
aIaFa0Ua.au2ha!
aE_aE
aEU2
a
V `Fa
a
 
aER)a2
aFag2$aEa 4aE
a aa0 Xa>aXa'a3aE3a1a2
aa
&a]aa]ƒe
aEaEP1 2ha&Fax1a#!!aKa&}a
a
aE4P5a b1 4Sa0&ab/.ad2
a0+>ab1 $
a2}aE
aU 3aE3a1a]j.}aE
a]k_aE!1adŽUaUax1aaaE a2
a—j6aEaaj. }a a(6a.2
a¡P.
Z]FaES}6 _IUab%1¢1a 1 3ax1a
ad(a2
aFa2{SaEa#|.a2}aaER!5
 9

a0
ax.a]41a}ao=aKajaa%&$ =ax.a]1 >at
a0S5a
a
aIUa01a2
a2.a jkaE
a5au2haQ
V
a01aAaZj.a_aKa€2a 3a(4=aEUaQaZja3a2j= zaK ‰!a >aK1 !Uˆa2Fa >aK1 2.
aZEj.aaŸ26a_aa])a &a 2aE_aEU2
a¡ Sa
aQa]41aZ_ KaaS }aEUaQa 3a2
aZ1jaoa
aQaEU 2!.2ab1 _a &a_a /aE
aEaZEa27&aE
aQa_oI6aXa 7a_ 2j=
aE-aE
aG1 2=a &ad(\a26a
1 a
aQ 
2) aaEoaEk a2
aE_aEa=a‹23a aUa2j=
ZEFa1aŒ4=ax. 4SUa
a
_(ea
aQaEUa]43a aK

aj.aa*7a
a“ =a
aQa07.2 4=aKa >a2a3aj.aFaja*7a
a“ =a2a
aQ
aaU3aFa(S7aKak)a
!I$a}Na2=aEU a“=a0P Ea]71Š4.a(a2\aa]R!5aU2a/1
“$
a
aE_@aOƒaE
aaa
ad(a2
aaa#PaEeP.a22a
a]G6aaa 
a2}a2^aE
a P.
a,.5aa&!
"aQaZEj.a›S|a
4aTaE
a >aK1 2.a
7!Ua0a
a >a2abI_aZU2

aA^aauSRazaj.a1 a“= 0PaK4UaEa]R!5ab3aaj.a#>a07\aaa35a

aaaEj.
a2
aa 3a
4aaFa
{aI}a
4a0&a
a]R!5 aa2=abFNaE
aaaEa03aQZEj.aER!5aE
a]"
aEI6a£=aKaa a2}aa&!a0I73aFa
"aE!1a0&a01aKa > K1 2.aJI2aE
aQZka1

aaaZj.aI6aFa0`7"a
a]&$a2=axaE
aaaZj.aI6a3aa£1aEa£1a
 S"aE
aaaZEj.
a=aEUad"a,.5a2=aaaaj. ka1a2
a F2a Fa /.adŽU
V 
aaaj.aka@a#Œ
au2ha2aEa
a$/
a1a2
a<!au2ha=a
a]a$/aaaa&S3aE= abU"aE=aara=a*1Š4.a=a /.
aE ]_>a71Š4.aabU"aE
aaaaEaJaaER!5aE
a]+.5a
a]U&!a*3 KaTaaaZj.
aaa0_GS/aE_aEj
abFN A2a
|az1 ra03aG}a
7!Ua0a
a0_GS/aE
aEUra 1 "a.a1 a“=a0P
aa*1Š4.a'>a3aT(|.aaI5a3a
V T1 2ŽUa3 EaA2^a0
a_a„&a01aEUa]4UaZEp_aEUFa =a UaE

a#haaOaE
a2
a P.aEa2ŽUaƒPUaE
ad(a2=aaaK}a'P/a22azaK} EFa aTabU"a3aaa &.
V
a!
a0Ua!

ad(a0
aEFa01aJaT>a
aE6a„.aE
aEUraZEFa_)ax1 .ac+aU2
a0-5 

ZE3a1a'@aOƒaE
aaau2h

aE
aEUra 1 "a3a a“=a#I%aFajaK4Ua.aF6aU2

2a
ad(aEUa]4Ua*3aEa‘2\aQ
a&aa-R.aEUaG6aJ3a
aTadŽUaE
ad(a0
a
aQ!+aEUa]4U
V Zj.a a“=a
a0_GS/
a
aT1 } 
aa 2"aEUa
aaZEFa
a
a aa0aXa>aXa'azaZEFa
a " KaT>
aKak Ur 7/$a2}aEUa aZEFa
a#I%.a
aT-.a71Š4.aE
a]U&!aE
a2
ab/Sa%aa -P

abI&a2^aE
aQa
2a
a
ad(aŠ4_ ZK}aE1a2
a2&/.a2=a]a¤7`aa&aE
ad(
aEjŒ= E
ab3aZK}aE.3aza‡R_aE
aa 2"a¥2>a /aE
aQaZE3 _aoj6ajŒ=aEa
aQa0
aEFaK4U
aZk ]FaK1 2ŽUaaT1a
a !"a!
a0UaakaFa,1 2%.aa27/.a S!a
a0Uak Fa0U&Ua&a
a0U
 10

aUaE!3akaE3aza2
aba0_k 
adax1a#I_ad(au2haQaakaFaa aUaO% S|.a
aT(1 .a
aa
ZkaEIa3aaT> tUax1ara2}aOƒaE
aER!5aEFaES6a2}aE

a
aS)aKaEUra 1 "a3a
aS)a„. E
a]2aa4UaxI.aFa2j=aEUa]4UaE_E
a -PaQV
a¥2ha2aaEFa.Fa
{a
aEab3aE3a@ax$aK
+>a
aT1aaa¥2hax1a/1ak
aaxIaQaEUa€25aE
aTa2j=a]41abI_aZE3a1a2
aIUaEaEUFa  a
a)aEa
a

§
a2
aE_a a
ES5aQa¦_a3aKaEUra 1 "aZEFa1a2
a =a€25aoaKaT>a-R.a
a]2 E
aQ
aKadaE
a0P5aav1 aa 2"aZEj. ESj
a01=aoaKaAaaara2aZEj.a¦_a aNazaEj.aEj
aJ3aj.a2aara&a
aJ3aj.aEax7=aa&! Qaja0Pa
aaaaZEj.aESj
aYa5

a¥2ha2}aKa /.a2a
4ab1 2}aE

a1adaKaJ3aj.a a
4
V /a&/.a
a]k_adaK
aFa
a™|$aQa)aEaE1a'@a2
aaTaI=aŒ
a
aEaE
ax7=a!1a Ej.aEFaEj=
aTa2
a#j7
4a0_GS/aE
aEUra 1 "aEa03aaZE a2
aE_aTa!1a3aj.az2ƒ)a
aEU3aF G)
a&a=a
aaaK}aEjaE_ E
aE1aFa
aES5aQa¦_a3aKaa&FaJI2aE
aQaZEj.aE.2

a0Pa
aaaaEFaka(6a.Fa2.25aEa2ax1 03 a03ax.a‹ a2
aE_aEa0UraE
a 2aja01=
aEFaK4U ©0S51a /.¨adUa
aE_aEU3ada1aaara2aKaJ3 EFa1 a“=aEax7=a!1aj
a.a2
aU24a
4 2=aa 2"a2paFaSU3a„Œ
a*aEF6aaKaUa3aEFadUa
a™|$aQ ©0S51a /.©
aEa aO/SaE
a0P5aav1 aE_ažo=aEa  
aZaZaZa]&32.aG1 2pUajazaaZaZaZa]&32.a
aQaj7

a(a2
aRS
a2=aZaZaZaT/aFaŒ4=a
ab"2%S%aj zaaZaZaZaT/aaa„Œ
a 
a
a]1¢} z a„Œ
a01a0
aEa
aQajazaaE_a'@azpUaFaS?6ax1az1 raE z1 ra2=aT1
aKa raQaza2=aE.a#aE
b1a V  †2)NaQa2j=aEFaI6a#IUaEk a
4a0Ura2
a2IjaE!3aEFa0&
aZEFaSj
a UaE=a
}a=az 
aEU2
a "aK b
a0-5aa2) aKaaE
ad(a0
aFa(S7
a]41aZEFa2}ªZaEFaSIaFa?jka„Œ
a!3a/a
a'GSaEtUa
7!Ua0a
'GSaEU2=aKaTaE!1
ZEFaz1 ra
4aT!3a
a&aEa
a 

K}a01a¡G3a FaE
aQaEFa}a3a
a'&/S E_aE
aE1aŸ25a
aES5aQaxIa3aA

aaUaa&1a2=aaaK}aE
a'&/SaE2aES3aEUab"2%S!a2^ E_E
aEU2
a
{a07S%a
av1 aZf
a&45 <\aQa¦_a›"Ua0
a.a1a(j=aKa]U&!adaK4UE
a2
a05ea
a$ Ea¥2ha=
a•Na&Sa#"a
a
aj
V G6a
aaE
aa 2"aEa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aK3a(S7aK
ZEFaaK4UaE
 11

aa]3&a01  aE!3au2haaxjaZZZZZ_pj

aEa‘2\a
a6 *a
a]&aE
av1aZi
aE E
ada2
aaa0Ia2
a'IUa'IUaK1 G6a!1aaj.apj
a
aa 2"aj7
EUa]1 2%a!
a2j=aK}aG1 27_aEaaG) 0I+`a1aY2$a
14UaKS
a
av1 a0
aEIa3a1a2{.a01aEab3aU2
a“=
Za2
a€2\a
a/aEa2S5aaQa.aEFaUŒaEa
V 
ad(a0
aU2
a#=a01a2
a2ja!U aKa]jIU

aJad
a
aJ3a1a2"a*-a
aE
@ax1ac+a
a
_a*-aE
a
V aa0aX >aXa'aZl
ZaŒ4=aa 2"a
a]k_a0
aj.a " Q

m
Z1a2
a‹)aEadŽUaUU"aE
ad(a
a'a
a
V a1 2"aŠ)«a
aaU"a(a
aa 2"a¥2>aZœ

a
a  a 2"aa&!a0
a.a1a2"a7Sa<"a
a
^_ &aab1 2!Rab{ +a¡4P5 d&.aE
a
aZn
aEUa*aaa0
aK3 o=aKa&45a<\aQaO/SaE
aaa0IaK1 2
a0Uag3a¥2ha
aaaE_aE
aEj&
Zj. j
a2
a’rax1aE_aE
aE_@a2=a2=aT&/.aPPa
aa 2"

aU/aza
aU 2"aT1 a
V _@a' a/aE
aT(ƒ>ad&.a
aa 2"aE
a2
a›-.a
^_atUax1a)aZq
a*>a3a0
aEFa01a›ƒ_ˆaZE a0Ua2ŽUaKaa 2"a
 aaa2a!
aE
aUa“ka
a
ab3aU4=
ažo=a,+>aK4Uaza.aK3aa„I_a2^aE
aA2aKS1 a 6a
aa 2" 2kaEaE
aaaK}aEFa2
ad
a01

az2
aaE
aaa2kaE_aQaESU3aK4Ua2ajaA2a)aAa0
EFa01aa
aaabI_ ZESIaK4Uaj
Z‰EFa
FaA2aQa-"a.aE a0Ua2ŽUaKa‡R_aE
aa 2"a
aA2a!
a“ka
a]/

aKa /.a'>a E
aJ3aEFaFaFaja27/.a
ad(aEtUax1a„.a„.aE
ad
a71 2|.aQ
K}a'>a2ŽUaEaE!
a0
aEjI1a2paK}ab.a¥2>

a1 aKa¥2-.aE
a
IaG
2ax1aE
a2
a S)a
aY(a-|$ad&.a0
aEFa01a'>a(4= 
aQ
š
aEFa.3a4
a ©
adŽU
V ©EFadUa
aQaZFa#
aS|a
a€ra
V V !P.aaaE
a25a
IaFaaE3
aO5.a
aEj&aEa
a!
aKa'aaz2.aEjŒ= 2paZj.aU2
a "adŽUa41a-Pa#>a
aa 2"a0

a=a
a#>a -PaQaE
aa 2"aG1
V aT2`
V a¬) R)aE
aaa J
aT2`a¥2>aFa0Ua2!
V
ZEI

ٍ
aEUa
&3 
a/ƒ"a
a]U&!aaK3aa—.aKS&3aa]=ad&.a0
aEFa01a'> 2a
aQ
 12

a!
aE
a
IaG
2a2k 3aE
EU3aFaJaEaEa
a$/aza0
a.aE3aa0UaTr3a

ZKIa2
0UaEa03a
aEUFa Ža2\a.aK}6aU2
a
&Ga
aE-5

aE!3aaEUaa
ha
aJ3aaEUaa&1a2= ©'aaX¨aJ3aKaa 2"a0
aEFa01a'>a2!.a
aQ
m
a©'aaX¨a)a0IU6a
aG
2a01aZ
V ©
aG
2
V ¨aEFa2 EaQaEFaka1a Ia
aEU2
a !.a a2)
'a01aO/SaE
aU"a1a IaE
aQaZK}a/a#>aE
aQaFaE4=aza/a3 
aa 2"aE_aQaZEF
a'(aza„Œ
a3a d2aza2
ad2aza„Œ
a3aZEFa¥()aE
aa 2"azaa0
aSIa3aK4UaFa1jaEa2
azaja#I$a3a
aG6aJ3ax. T(/a2
aE_aEaT7aaEFa
/1 2$aa25a
aQaZ'(aza2

aG
2
V ¨au2haaZSIa2
aK4Uaƒ\ ©z$ ©u2haJ3aZEFad(a¤2$a0Ia‘25aUa
aQ
V aa2
aG1 .
aE
a P.a0U ©'aaX¨aZEFa1aIj3a2aJaEaE
Qad
a
a]k_aZEFaQ "aau7aj ©

ZEFaSIa3aFa a
aaa0UaaEFa.Fa =a'a
a
aEUFa
ƒ)aE
aa0UaK}aESIaba¥ }

aa2&/.ad&. "aE
aQabI_aK}a
a
4aja.aE_aEUaa&1a2= ©
adŽU
V ¨aE
ad(aEtU Q
aG
2
V ¨a-.a
aQaE_aE
a]U2&I &FaZK}aEFaFa'7PaoaKa]Pa¬-|a 6a¡G3a71 2|.
a
4aK4Uaja')a01aa]Fa)aza
aG
2a0
a„.
V E
a¤2$araQaZEFaaEU2
a#=a
4 ©

aZE3a aKaj?a
aaa2
aFa Ža2\au2ha=ad"aa]FaKa¥2-.aE
aa •Nad&.a0
aEFa. a !=
aKaaE

IaG1 2pUa0
aEFa.2
a !=aE_aQaEa2-ax1a
a]k_a0%=aaU"aa]3 &F
aaG3aaT1 2ŽUaaT-.a a]_>aE
aQaEFa=aEUa]4Ua
2.aa /.a
adŽUaUU"aJ3
aQ2Sa
aaajax.aŠ)«aE
aQaa EFa.2Ia2=ad " d "adŽUaUU"a¥2/a
ad(aEadIa25
aE3a#aTUaK4UaEa£jj3aE
a0P5aa
a0
aK}aE.2
a !=a
4a
a') Qaza2=aaQaEFaK4U
aQaZEFak Faa az1 rajaaAaEa a
a
^_a 1 3aU2
a#1 .a
aJ3aE3aza"aa 2" ¥2>a
aa&!a2
a#IUaEad(a0
]
aEFa}a”j
¥2ha=ax!a01a
a]k_azra
2^ad&.az(aE

aFa
aaTa
aGaz1 raEaQa2) aZEFaI FaK4Ua
51 ax.aja0|!Uaj6az1 raEaQa
aE}
aa 2"aaE3aFaja'(azaEFad2ax.a‹ aK ©d(aE
a(¨a '(aKaA2^a„Œ
a3a0
aEFaSI
ZFaKa„.}aE
a]_aEU2
'(aaa a

a2a3a]FaI6a„I_ab`aEa
4aE_E
12.a
aES5aQaKa'aJ7j6aJŒ=aEjŒ=aK
aZEFa#&S%a2=a]-aazaEFa}a3a
a•$a0&a
ab` b3a
"aQaZK}a‹aKa]S
a /S
a2aKaaE
a
a a
a
a3aEFatkaa2
a‹aI1a
2a= zaKa0-aE4=
a3aifaE
 
a}aaS!
=a2^aKaE-a2aZj.aFaaaE
a*>a_ 7a2?
@
aZEFa
a P.a#-Ra2=aQaEUaKaaEFa125a>aKaz2\ab1 _aA4$ada paz $a0 PaE
afyq­
a0Ž(aKaara=a
aaa#aa#!ad&.aE

ab1 2Ia¥2hax1ab1 2ªUaKa]-a]Uaa
 13

a
a
a#>a
a
aKadŽUaE
ab1a0
akaE3aFad/aja01aK4U ¥2ha2aaEkaK_a25
ZEFa.2
a'7"a
ax!aJ
aza0
aEFad
a=a
a™|$a2}aU2
a "aEa01a / E
aQaZEF

a
14Uax1 E
ab1av+a01aZ]FaS}6aU2
a’Gka¬)ax1aKaEaaaEŒ4=a0&a01ax.aTa2` b3
a…SUaE
aEU2
aS)a
a2 aY2.a
a4=ax1a!
aKaJ3aZEFaSj
aO/.aEaEt!aa F
aEFaI6aoj6a¥2>a0UaKaxa&Fav+ aO/SaE
aQa
ab1aEaS&!"a aZK}aQaao
ax!aE
a
aIUa2-a0
V a S/ax1a
a S"aA &FaZEFaI6a2
aS)aT>aYrUax1a0I
 V V 
ax1aEa 
a}a0
aSaZK}aEFa2
a'7"a2{a
aQa…3aE
a]S_ a &FaZEFa}aFa2{SaE
ٍ
ad
a
a2ŽU KaT Pab
ab
aad/a0UaEk a3aEFaI6aFa>a2=aa
a
aIU
V ® 
0-5
ٍ
aFa#6aEaEP1 2ha Žax1 2+. 01aKa]2S5a
2a>-)aaKa]k_a0S51a /.a&FaZ
a
aQaEa2ŽUa24ka)a¥2>a0UazaEŒ4= 0&a01ajax.aT2`ab3a0
aEFa2ea01aE_aQaZEF
a
aza0
aEaQa2ŽUa•ƒ"aZKa03.a¥2ha
a0/_ƒaE
Qaja
a]k_a2a0IaK25a0/_ƒ
aTa01aE_E
a aEjI_aEo=a!
a2pa2
a "aEF6aja!3a™|$a3 EaZ2Ia1a]Fa#"aE

aQ Za2
aIUaEaEjI1a¯a2aaE_aabFNax1a=a2=a0/_ƒaE)ax1ac+a0
EFaK4Ua*
aa
ab"
V 01a0
aEFa aE_aQaK}aEtka a„.aE
a
ea=a¯a]Ua0IU6aKa0&
Zk a aKaEU2
a "aEaarSax1a
a]Ua
ab1V 2I


a!
)
fyqfa3al­aF
 14


     

2a F x1

a*>a_ 7a2?
@aA3a25a]1&Uax1aE
©d(aghadG
V ©3aEFaFa3a
a‹a
2azaKa#1N
ZEj.aFa2=aEt!aE
aEUaa
ab aE
ad(a
a
 aaE
a›-a

 ‫ڈاﭩ   ﮩ‬

Iª d °Uad2S+aad |

aeP.aa
a]p 1a
aa&!aEŒa2}a2=aE2ab
a0-5aQaE
ab1  .aSaZ Iad(!_
ab KaE!aQaZE=a#&I.aa*.2. 2=aQa
a "a#PS!a
ad(ab a
aaS!
=a0
aEFa01
ab a0
aEFa1 aEaja07_ƒa0PRSa01a
aT2`
V 2p1aa– aKaA3aE
a0_a
ab%&

aaEFaIUa'aEa
&FaPPa

V ©
¨a.a0UaEjaZE}6aUFa2=¨
aaAS

¨aa
aaS!
=
aEF .3a
2
Na
a
a2=ahaE
aQa
ab a(a*3abI_a-PaU2
a S)a
a
&F Qa
aQa0U
ٍ
a“=aKa
 )a
a– aK4U KaK}aE.2ja'a3aEaQaaEFa.Fa = raKabFNa'I$ax1a.
K}a#1Na*!aTaZEkaK25a21
V 2+.a#a
a'I$ QaKa
>25ab_a– a0
a]Fa.2
a aa]Fa.2

a
au2haaEFa aa 2"a2aE ©AS

¨au2haJ3a/1aDEFa2a
E ©
¨ax1GUaE
a– aZf
m
DEFaa2a
aE ‰aX 'a
a/1ˆ

m
a3aKa#I$a*.2aXa'a
aKaJ3aEF
V 3aAS
a
a!1a]}a&F ‰u2ha
aa 2"ˆa
aZi
DEFaAS
a•Uaa•3 
a
aQau2ha
aa 2"a/1aDF

aax$aaEFa0aORSau2haax1GU E
a]U&!ad&.abSa
aAS
aQa
aXa'a
a
aZl
DbS 
aa 2"au2haJ3aEFa2.aaEa P.
 15

a
a aa 2"az2P5a](5a0
aEFaSI
V 3a
ad/aU±a01au2haJ3a2j=a.aK4Ua3aAS
a!1a
a2kaZœ
m
DK4Ua1aEFaXa'a
aTa](5 0
akaE3a
ad/a2IU
a01au2haaEFa
1

a Fa=a
a2ŽUaa*"aKaEFaO/.a
aT2ea
ab a( x.a]43 0
a]aabP1a
a– aKZn
a01a -Pa
aT$Gka0U-|aaa2aZ]FaS1a2"ab/_a*-Ua
ak Ura
a&!ax1aEaEap}
a#&/_abI&a 0aORSa,eax1a
aQaKa]}Na !=ad(aEFaE.2
a07_ƒa
ab a( 0
aEF
a
aQaEFa
a¥2-a¥()aE

V b a(aEaT $a=a3abFNa1a

axa0
.aFa3a-.
aKaE!aE
ab a0IU6aZEIa2
a0Ua =aT> 
a%SUaKa2>a !=ad(aE_aE
aEU2
a0P
a0_>aE
a– aE_aE
aFk a
ada2kaE_aQaZEFa.3a= aU%1 2=ax1aKabFNaE
a]k_ad
ZkaFaK4Ua‘2Sa
a2=aQa
a– a0
aEFa aEja.aE3 1a2
a•$a
aA3
Kk arU
_ 7

‫اب‬

Xa®& a Iad(!_a2I
aE
aK4Ua“=aEUa– a07.2a4=a‹ zaZK}aE
aTa3aEUa– aZFa'>afyq­ataifa0)a0Ua
1
aI6aaKa2=aha,eajaA3a
aaaaK} EI6a aEa]$ka2aTa41aE4=aEaQaZK}
a0%&Fa
aT3aEFaE1aE
aE4=aaU3a12}aaaEa]$k ›S|a
aTaE
au2haFax1aZ]F
aAaK 3aK}aK4UaT3aza2aKa aE
a– a‘2R_a2kaZEFaK4UaTa,+>a
a1 2
ar Ua2ŽU
a3aa 2P_aa&32.aF 0Ž(ˆa]FaS1 ˜1a0_a
aaa
a– aAaKa.aZ]FaI6aaE4=a
4aE
a– a0
aKSa„.aE
a#-R.aEja2
ažo=aK4Ua– Z‰ fs­a.afq­a0+R>a¡anwa27&aii­a.ai­ya0+R>a¡anw
a
a
a– a2=aQaEFa3aA3a
aTab3aaZEFaK4UaKaa A3a
a'aJ
aEaKaTaE

ZEF ‘2S

ad2
az2a.a]FaESj

V za
a
aEU2
a•$a
aA3aQa2a„.aE
aEUa
1aQaE=a– a2k
aaaE
a– aEa¥2ha2aFa#>a0IU
ZK1a25a•$a0!ajab`a]Ua
² †
Ša2
 16

ZEF 
a4.a4=aKaE1aA3a
a– aEUaKa0
aESI 04
aK4Ua01a– aE_aQaZK}aA3a
aT
!
)



 ‫ڈاﭩ   دوا‬

a 1 r °d2S+aEU
aE
a !"aQa0
aEFa  
aQaEjaZ]FaŠka2I$a
a– aKaE_aE
aJ3aZ(a0Ua2kaZ Iad(!_
aE_aQaT2ea
a!RSa2=ah ¬)aEjabI_aK}aEtkaE
aEa]$kat
ajaE4=aEaQaT
Z]Fa,eaab/Sa3aGkaK4Uax.a‹ T3aE!1aE
aTaaaEa2ŽUa2a0
a a“=

a01aEaQ!5aoaEjabI_aEFajI1aK4UaEUaKaEF 25aF U%Ua

ab`ab3aE=aEUa–
ažoabj_a2aEaaa0IaIa#aK4UaA3ab/Sa
aTa2 jaEaaa0
aEt1aEU2
a‘2
ZEFatk

a -Pa2a0IU6 '24aZK}a›S|aEa]21 2+.a2a

a– a3aK}a!1aK.at
aKaaa0
aE_ Q
aj&a
aTac+a0I ‰]FaSIa2
T«23a!1aKa2ŽUa“=aE
ad2SaE
a– a0UaˆaK4Uaraz2ª
a
ad4RaEUaKa2kaZ]FaSjI_aEŒUaEa]FaI „&aEab`aE
a– aKa„Œ
a3aE_aQaEF
aE
aQaZEt1a2
a,1 2-.a
aQad2
az2a.aEFaj&a<\a2kaaEt1
V 25aO{.a.aEFaSj&a,+>
Zka]FaŠka2I$ 
a– aKaE_

a3aEFaE.2
a,1 2%.a
a aa 2"aKak Ur 0U27&^=a
aQ2a23aEU ‰~ˆad2
a7Ua0
aEFa125aEUa– aZ1
ٍ
 K}aESIUaESUaaEaQaZK}aES4
aX 'a
aEa
a
V (&a1a125a„Œ

ٍ
aK
a(&a1aK25a$aEa
a-|$a=aK.a3aKak Ura0_ 23aQaEU ‰~ˆaXa' ‰›_ˆ
ZK}a#) Ka
az

aFa0Uaa.2
aK4UaG1 . dIa1 '>aE
ab1az(aE
aa 2"aZEFa,1 2%.a
a'>aadIaU 2"a
 ‰Aˆ
ZEFa.2
a¯!a
a Ia!
aE
aa 2"a

 17

a
aJ3aaFa‹ '&
aad&.a0aXa'a
aKaJ3a0
aK4Ua!1aAS
a
a0
aEF
V a125aEUa– Z2
ZFa0aORSax1GUaE
a]U&!ad&.au2ha
abSaE
aa 2"abS

aE_aE
aQaZkaE3 
a_a
av1a,+>aEa]&az3aE
av1a0
aEFa125aEUa– Z3
ad
ajaEa
1az(aE
aT1a'>
V ZK4Ua2) a¥2azaK}a2PaEaE4=a'>a3aE
aEŒU3a
aT1
a
a2}3a
a02.ax1aEa0/_ƒaE
a(adaKab3akF
V 27S/a
a]k_a4Ua
1aakaE3a_
ZF I6aFa =aT2-

aJ3aK} ‰~ˆa'ad(

au2h
V a01a0
akaEIa3a4
aK4Ua01aja /aE
aEj
2=au2haQaE
av1 aZ4
Zd(
a
aXaaT1 a
aa 2"au2h

d(!_aZkaEFaŽSU 
aA3aE
a– aEj

Kk arU
_a 7

‫اب‬
Xa®&aa Iad(!_a2Iaa2S+
ajaS 
ata28azaEUa– a /aE
aQaZj.aI6a#aEaY@a¡60ata24a0)a0Ua
1 
a–
aIaa0UaA3 x.aAavaE
a
52-a#!!aKabI_aa25a'aEja#PUax1a
aQ
Z]Faz)aTŠ/aE_aE
aJ3

az2ªa
aEa
2aQa -Pa
a– a0
aEFa1abP1aK 0Ua
1aQaEUa– a0
aEFaT2!aEj
a3abI_aj.aja•"Sa
aG6aaEa™|$aE!3a– aKaZK}aES}6aj&aT – a0IaEFaK4Uar
a„Œ
a„. E
aU}abP1aQazaEFa125aS)aE_aE
aEj&aTaKa
2a=aEUa– 0P1 2h
aQaZK25a0Ž(a2
a'IUa<)a
ta21a=aNa– aZ.FaK4UaQ!+a.aEja
ara
aFaSj
a
Pƒ
aE
a<)aQa
a1 .aaEUaKaZj.apUaA3a
aa E
a2
a“=aEa2aTab/Sa4aEUa– aK
ab`a](5a](5a2aKaa 2P_aa&32.aE
a¡58a27&aa¡58a3 – a0
ajI_a
a– aKaA3
aK4UaKaaaA3a
a'aJ
aEaKaTaE
a– a0
aKSa„.aE
a#-R.aEj‚a2
25a0Ž(
a25a0Ž( 
ab`aaaEUa– abI_aZ‚EFa‘2Sa
a
a– a2=aQaEFa3aA3a
aTab3 aEF
 18

aAaaE1a2
a "a2=aaaTaa„Œ
EaE
aEU2
ad(
a
a2=aaaKa$a
aTa SaE=a2

aEha
av+ax1a0
aEFa0P1 2ha
aEj&a
aTa!
a41a/" 
aZ]aA3a
aaaKa0
aK}aES}6a–
S6a0!a
aE_IUaTaEaKaTau2haa
14Ua(aaE3aaoj6 v+a2aE4=aEaEU2

DEF

aaK?=a¥2ha
aTa S E=a– a0
a]FaS}6a01aKaE4=aEaEU2
apSRka2=aTaEtUaE
a–
aEaQaEUa– aaj.a(a
a– aA3a
aKab` aa2a
ax1ax1aEaKaaa0
aKjI1a)
ZEFa
aG1 2kau2haJ

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬$     

ab a(‚aEFaES1aA3a

aTaE
b%&
ab aEUa Fa0
aEj.aEja2=a¡aQaTa6aEUa–
aEa
aUU"a
a
aTa01aE
a– aKa‡R_a2 Z‚EFa
a2
Na
a
a2=ahaE
aQa

 j.a01a'a(4=a
a– KaE!aQaZEj.aO/S

a
a/1ˆa
au2haaEFaa 2"a2aE‚ AS

‚au2haJ3a/1aDEFa2a
aEa
ax1GUaE
a– ‚
‚DEFa2a
aE ‰Xa'

K}a01azaE aEaE
a– aKab`aa†
Ša2aT3 3aE
aQ

 

ae2a
‰_/.aXa/1ˆ  V
a3aEF ‰Supreme Lawˆ aU"a2.az /.  &+a41
a¼R_a3aa 2"ax1 ZEFa(aKa]I$aa
a FaEa aa0aXa>a &+aaU"a01aZEFa.2
ak &U
a– a1a0!a†a
a aa0aX >a &+a2aZEFa#&S%a2=aT1 }aadIaE
a _a U )a¼R
V
a2a0Uac+aE
a )a aa0aXa>a &+aZEF .2
a,1 2%.aa,e.a
a%aE
aa 2"a3a
a
~
aa
a&}aEFaE
a2PaE
aQazaZ.Fa0Uad
a
a
aaaaE
E1aŒ4=aAS
a
aQa0
aEj.aK4U

a%a,+> 
aQ K1 2
a,1 2%.a
a4_aaU"aEa#&aa'"aE=a0
aj.a01ad
a
a~aaZEj. ja /
a#I$a
a
&3a Žax1a
a25 0S51a
2.a2j=aK1 2
a
2.a
a25aOƒaE
a%aE
aQaKj&
a
a
1 a,-aa,_>ax1a
a2$/az $ u(>a2j=aK1 2
a 43 3a
au(>a
a2$/a2
a
aT2`+U aZEFa.Fa "au2haJ
adŽUa
a*1Š4.a#&Iax1a2= ]_>aE
ad(a0
aK1aj
a01a2
aaT>
a
a2
a#a„.aE
aa 2"a3aEFa
aza1adUaEUa– aKak Ura0U27&^= 0_a23a3ad
a=a01a

 19


aZ‚EFa
/1 2$aK u(ƒ>a(adUa
a2.2aaU"aaaEFa.2
a#&I.aa#I%.a
a2.2aaU"aE

‰211½210a0+R>a¡58a3aa 2P_aa&32.ˆ

Xa /aE
aEUFar252a2=aT7UaEUa aa0aXa>a &+a0
aEFa
PPa|1 . IUa#"Uax1a01‚

a
aja&}a
ax1 2+. 2ka0&Fax1a0Iaj.a
aK4UaRS
a2=aE1aŒ4=aa 2"a¥2>aEa¥2ha
a_/.
ax1aa1 aKa3aa &.aa*1Š4.adŽU
V Uax1aFa =a?a !ax1aKaESUaE
aJ3aj.
aEUa aa0aXa>a &+a3ad
a2a01aaE
aEUŒ4=aa 2" 0
aEFa.Fa =a'aZFa "a
1 

ae2a
a )au2haa– aKaJ3aEj.aEa
a
a7Ua01a1 aDEj.aEa
 J
a2) a01aE

aaj.a.3aFa S) /aE
aE1aaa 2"a
a0U27&^=a
a– a1aDa 2"a0
au2haJ3aEj.aE.2
ak &U
a
a)aEa UaE=a#/5aa'"a
J3aZEj.aE.3azaa&!ax1au2ha
a]U&!ada– a /aE
aQ
aEa
aa aUU"a„.aE
aa 2"a
a
a.aE3a
!.aTa4=aDSj
aK4Ua
aa  UU"
ZSIaFaK4Ua03a
a
aE1a2"aaU"aEaKaT>a2a0S7_ ZS}aK4Uaz6aaE

2a0Ua¥2>a aa0aXa>a &+a0

aEFa,ea#I_aKaE/aQazaEFaO/.a
a 2"ax.a]43
a]U&!a
haa2= 
ab3aEj.aja /aa
a27}aEFaE
a2PaEa¥2ha
a )a0IaEj.aK4U
a01azaEFaO/.a
a#Pax.a]43aj.aka1a2"a0U&U E_aE
aa&1a#}ad&.a
ak Ura
ab3aaj.adra2=
aza /aE
aQaaFa7Ua.ax.a a
aE1aa2
ažo=ad(
a
a )a¥2>a7Uax1 0
aEFa.2
aIUaEaEU
aKaEUra2}a€R. x.a‹ aEad(ar\ azaEFaO/.a
a]U&!ax.a]43aZE3aza adax1 c+
aESUa
ha*3a
a4Uaa2aE
aaaag7. *3 U&Ua
a aa0aXa>a &+aKaUad&.a

a0%&FaEUa]U&!a0
aSIa2
aK4UaIUaEa/"a2aQaja
V _ !a2\a
a0
a SaZK}aEF
aŠ) 2a„.aE
aa 2"a
a
aKadŽU UU"aE
ad(a2=aaaaEFaUa
 41a
aT2`+U
a2
a…6aE!
a
a
 UU"aQa
a
a™|$a
a0
aSU3aK4UaKaAaZEFaka
a !.aaU"
a7Uax.a a
aa 2"aT(.a¥2>
V a a 0aXa>a &+a0
aE4
a0Ua01a¥>a¥>azax.a*3aEFaSI

a.aja2
aa!1aza2ka2j=aZj.a.3aFa S)a7U
a
aaaFa„.aE
aE1a2
ad
a01a
V aEj.
41a
a~a`aEUaa 2"a1aEFa}aa)aƒa
a aa0aXa>aT2`+U aza07.2 01a0
akFaUSaE
aEaa 2"aEaK T>a2aZK4Ua0ƒa
aEad(a
a'"aE
aQaKaT>a4=aDEFa1a07.2
‰217aZ216a0+R> ¡58a3aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ¾¾kFaU2
a“=aT7{a
aaE=

aFad/a01a
a– a ‚DEFa2a
aEa
 ‚0
aK4Ua1a(aA3a
a'aQaE=a
a– a0
aK25a– aA
aTa2aDEFaG6a
azaEFa.3a
a2
Na
a
aJ3a2=ah E
aQa
ab a(a0
aK4Ua1
EUa aa0aXa>aXa'ax1GUaE
a– a1 a0
aj.aE}6aU2
a¥>aTa01a
– aE4=aEaEUoj6
a– a2kaDj.aKa
aJ
az .aEFa
a2kaDK4Ua1aEFa
ad
a
aaKaUaaE
aE1aa2
ažo=aa 2"
 20

a
a]U&!adaEj.aa&!ax1a¥2>a aa0 Xa>aT2`+U a /aE
aE1a2
ad
a01aKaEa

aTa01a¥>a¥>a.aj.a0Ua
a7Uax1a
a
aT2`+U aKa'/5aa'" a 2"aT(.ara raa
V aau2h
aQaEaa 2" 1aEFa =a
abFNaE=aE
a– a01aDEFa
aŠ)a
aEaQa
a– a0
aESaja01 aE4

a
a
a2a /ae"a
a} z2
a2PaE
a )a0
aK}aESUaTa01a– a2kaaDEFaSaT7{a

a0U
a3a
aEUj
a2
a(6aa2
aadŽUa
a
1 ax1 aEU2
a.az2$/a !ax1aEUa~a`+U aE

aQa
ab aKad(aE!3aK4Ua1aEFa
aFa01aZj.a
a7Uax1a
 
a– aKaQa1adU
aZ.FaK4Ua2=ab
a EFa.Fa2=a]G6ab
a€(ha
a
aQa0
aEFa
a /av+a01aDE}6aUFa#>a07.2
aE
aa 2"a– a
aQaaDK4Ua1aEFaG6a
)a'a
az(aE
aa 2"a0
aK1
V 2
a¥>aTa01a– a.aE4=
aFa0Ua¥>ax.a*3aTaa01aDEFa
a#_a
aQa.aESUaK4U aDK4Ua1aK}aESUaaU"aŠ)a„.
a
z 5a2) a
aEU2
av+aK}aoj6aKaEUa
1a2aE=aEUa– a3a2=aT &eaaaE_
DEF

‫ ) ﮟ )د ﮨﮯ؟‬%&' (  

 j.a01a'a2a

a–
aFa3 Ka#I$a*.2aXa'a
aKaJ3aEFa3aAS
a
a!1a]}a&Fau2ha
aa 2" 
‚
‚DEFaAS
a•Uaa•3a
a
aQau2ha
aa 2"a/1

aE
– a.aEFao=a^a
aaaEUa– a2kaaEFa3aKab`aa0_+a2aA3 3a
a'aQ
 K_a25a0Ž(aEa– Aa.aK4Ua*3a0
.a]FaS1aE
a#PUa]41a2j=aKaEakFa1 azajaE

a
a0/1 Na
aEU2
ad/aE
aQa0
aEFa.Fa =a' 01 /aE
aEU2
a !.aaU"aŠ)a)aEa
a
‚
aQa
a Fa07.2a4=a /aE
aEU3aGka'aaz6aEU=a‹ a0
aka]2
‘2aKaA3aE
aQaKaZEF
a—j6
a
aEUaQaj.aFa¿/7aT7Ua3a#7"a'aG}ažo1@a0
aEFaka aK4Ua“= 0Pa
a'
K}aIUa#"UaKSPPa|1 .aaZEF

aaaE4=aKar\ aE
ad(az2$/a3a2=a
a
a aa0aXa>a &+ a /.a
aa 2"a0
a01ax1
aFaK4U •"ajagƒPUa
aaax1aKak Ura
aQaEFaz Ura#!!ax.a‹ aEa
"aQazaj. Fa "
a PaKa]U&!aE
aU d&.a‹ aZK}aEFaE.2
ad
a 4=aKaT aaQaad&.aE
aQaaEF
a3aEa7SaE
aTaO1V 2haaT 1 2ŽUaT(/ aT7a ‰Valuesˆ "aa€()a2I5ar2ha
V
aaa3aEFa3az1 ra
4a2-a
ap} a Fa
7!Ua0a
a¥(S)aK J3aEFa.3a=a
{&a24k
 21

a2 41aEFa03aaoaEa*a
aEj
aEa
ax1a3aE
aEUFa2%Sa2=abr Ead&.a

a#1 haaa
azaaj. ka

a "a2=a
aFax1a!
a
a2$/aQa0
aEFaT7{aFa(j
a
aTaQ
aK&FaE_aE
aEU2
a’(.aE!3aEF K4UaG6az $a ka
a01aZEFa3a#!!aKaaaE
a]1 >
ZFa}ao=a_?aKa2 U

aK EUra2}aEa /aE

a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa01aEFab$aFa.a3a
PP |1 .a2
aTadŽUaE
aaaG6atU
V 
aaEFa
a0S{a
a0
aK}aEFaE.2
a“$
a
V 4=a
aEU2
ad/a01aa&!
aaa2=aaj.aSj
a
a
aaU"aE_ E
aaa
a0IU6aZEFaFaFa#)aEa0P1 2ha/3a!
aK
aE_aQEj.aE6aT(/aE
ax.a]SIa2
aE_aEa]2jk E
aaaaEj.aEUFaE-5aKa]S_ a


a Faja…SUaE
aQaaja•NaE
aOP+.aQaZEj.aESIaFaK4Ua_aa 2=aEaKaOP+.a
aQaz
ٍ
a
a#!Ua2}agƒPU (aaK}aEaKa¿2a#!Ua / #!Uax.a‹ a2
aE_aEaEUraE
a
5()a4=a
ad(
ZEFa‡R+ad
aFa

a0/_ƒa&az "a
a•NaE
aEU2
ad/a
a
aaE_a„& u2haj6a
a2ka
a]SPPaaa
kaFa6ax1I1a‹ azaEaJ3aEFa0&/a#+1aa
a01a0
aSIaFaK4UaOa07$ 01aj7
aEa.a2

‰ 218a0+R>a¡58a3aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ‚EF

a
a– aE4=aKaja0_a
aJ3aKaa&`a2aE=aEUaKaEF ES_@a$aza2=aEt!aQ
 0
aj.ajI_ 01a]FaI6a

aEj.aK4Ua¼aa $2aa2=ax1 c+aE_aE

a]U&!aKaT7Ua 4aE=a aa0aXa>a7U‚
ٍ
aT-.aa PaaEj.a„Œ
a*a /a2ag$ae" 
a&}a "aE
a
&3a
aaa(&a0I
aaEjIaESaE
aFa– a#I%.a=a
a?a !ax.a]$k d&.aE
ak Ura&a2
aE_aE
a3 
a…axaarar&UaEUa– a0
aFaK4Ua01aj7
aE_aQaZj.aÃFa2=a]P1 2h EFaE
a2P
aza2
abaa&!aKa$ a¼ac+aK.a"aaFatka=a‹aKa]U&!aFaJaFaa /.
ٍ
a…aKa] !a5ar&UaFajIa
a– u2haJ3a0
aj.a01azaFa„Œ
a3a•"_a5a0Ia]FaE.3
abU"a3aO/SaE
a
{aa€(haaza$au2haaKp_aEUF "a2=aQaKS&3a
"aaaF
aEƒe 3aE
ab1ab_akaFag2$a#&aKa]U U)a !a2=a4UaE
a2PaEUa aa0 Xa>a–
aE
aEUa aa0aX >a– aE-5a3aE
aT Pap_aEUFab6aKa]ra
a4UaE
a2PaEUa–
a,S5aa„.aE
a]&$aEUa aa0aX >a– aT(/a3aKa]o_aE=a2"aaU"a
axaF
a(a0&_a5aaEtkabaEƒeaE
a
I&a !aF E
a„.aE
a a
a]"(auSRa2
=
 22

K43a1aK
a…a)aEUa– a3aFa "a2=a]Sa4Ua„.E
a]Ä4=ad&.aE= TadŽUa
aQa
V az2$/
Z_ aG3a
ad(a
aEUa– a2
a„
a2"2a
ac/aEaKa]P1 2ha‹2aE
aE4=

a"abaa
I a1
V 
_ a¢aa U)a2
aE_aEa !a2=ab3aj.aKSa¥/Saad/aza01
aFak Ura
a aa0aXa>a~a`aEU Tad&.aE
ak Ura&S3a
a]U&!ax.a

a&S3a&Fax.a2eaa2
aE_aEa 4aE
ab1 $aER) Ka /aaj.a1a2
ag2$a   &aK
.aEFaFa&UagƒPUa
a2ka /aE
aQaZj.aFaK4Ua•"ajagƒPUa
aa x1aKa#!!.aE
aT
ٍ
‰]Sˆaa ZZZZZZaEFaFaEaEU3aFa F2a Fa(&aTaE
‰lawˆaax7=aa
_ aa
Ia¥2>
a2ax1a]Ua#&a2.S 
a
a¥2ha2aaT1a S!a
av1 a¥2hax1aKaE/aE

‰167a0+R> ¡58a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ‚K}aESj

a
PƒaE

 j.ajI_ ja01aEUaKaEFaE.2
a,1 2%.a 1 Ga2
a#6aEk aKaE!aa2j=

a
a aa0aXa>a~a` K43aj.aza
a]Sa !"ax1az(aE
a]Sa¥/Saad/aa‚
aE
a aa0aXa>a~a`aKaT" ›S|a3aj.aFa0Ua#>ada‹aaT24$aKak Ur
a aKa aE
a¬|$a¬)a¬)a2
aba1a2
a„I1a
a#&a1 Tr3aa121 2P.a4Uaa2a$aE-5a!

ZEj.aEIaFa0Ua›" Eaaa¦_adaaj.

aXa>a`a0!a
aEU2
a•&3a
aQaEU
aj.aFa2jIaQ=aE
a25a€2RSa3a a
a]Saa
ٍ
aE=aE=a*adaaSRae"adIa¡R)a0IU
aZ1a2
g2$aFa5a /aE
aT5a
a aa0
aE EU2
a2=aa
a¤7SaaEa=a#&a1a0-5a
aO/SaE
a#!aE_aEU “=aKa
a†2
a
1 }a
a
a a 0aXa>aT2`+U aKa0/aQa0
aEj.aESj&a2ea_a2
ad/a01aE4=
a a
a
a
aQ=aE
aJ3aF g2$a’(.a
a™|$aQa2}a2h)a
aT2eaaZEFaK4Ua3a.
aZj&a‘25a=aUŒ4=ax.a]2a
aQaja) j. a
a!1aQ=aE
aJ3aEUa™|$aQa2}aaj.
a
aEU2
a F25a
a]Sa€2RSaaax.a >aj.6a2!.aEaž11aaEF r\ aƒPUa
av1 a
1a41
*1 2"a*1 2"azaK
ajaK%$
aS3a
a’G a UaE
aaaEUa]_aEUojkaTeaZEF }a3a0!
a1ad2aG6a
a2= a
ab3j.a.Fa<"a1a
{a#a
aEa]Sab3a0IU
aKtkaaad
Ua*
a2=a]Sab3a0
a01a‘2\aj.aSIaFa2 dGa
a1aj.aSIa=aGa™|$a
aEaJ3aj.a.Fa'(
aFaK4Uaz2=aEa.aK1 !a
a¡S5aaKS_ aaKSIaK aE
aaaj.a a
abU"aadI
adI KSa3aE_aaZS1a04
a aa0aXa>a7_a'"a™|$a
a2
a„a4U1 0
aKj.aSI
aZkaUj6a
aa Ea]j6a
a P.a
|atka
abaaj6a=aKaaE
aaaKj.aO/SaE
 23

aa
aJ3aka1a2
a•&3aaazaaj 2=a]_>aE
a
1aakaj
2=aK4Uaja2=a]_>aE
a
1
aO/SaE
a'7"aaaE
aQa™|$a2}ajaKa /a0
. EFatkaa2
a1aEFatkaUa
1a
a2=
‰169Z168a0+R>a¡58a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ¾¾EIa2
"aEaPP+.

ZK4Ua1a(aA3a
a'a2aE=a
a– a0
aE25a– aAa /aE
aE_a25 0Ž(a^a
aA3aQ
aKaJ3aK4UaFa_a. dUa
‚AS
a•Uaa•3ax1au2ha
aa 2"‚aEUa .a0
aK4
a01a2=aQa– a0
aEFabI&
a…
ax1a‘2Sa01a2=aA3aQa2a0
ka]2
a‘2aKa2paZ‚Fa3aKa#I$a*.2aXa'a
‚
aK4UajaTaa.a– a
aZK}a a’FaN EjI_aEo=ax1a– aZEFaK4Ua„Œ
az1 raEa+
a(6aK4Ua2=aF ‰CoÇeˆ b aAS
aa ax1a¥2>adŽUa=a

1 aa2$/ax1a0
aESIa„&
a ‰PreceÇentsˆ 2ŽUa ‰TraÇitionsˆ T1a ‰Conventionsˆ T3a„.aE
AS
aQa0IaEFa.2

ٍ
a(&a2=ab AS
a3aEFa.Faja0!a•ax1a
az2\aT1a"()adIaŽSUa]-5 S_ 
a2
a_aEaJ3aEFa.Faa3a
TadŽUaE
ad"ax1aG6a01aZEFa0SUara
aE6ak UradŽUax1
a2=ahaxjaza0UaEFa.2
a“=aFa21 -. =a
aTadŽUaE
aQa.a0Uab aAS
a
aQac+aE

a*.2aKa#I$a
‚AS
a•Uaa•3ax1‚a!
ajaK4
KaUaG6a01aaEFaSIa3aFaj&
a
aQaQ=aE
ad"aQa0
aEFaSj
a/a01aa P5a
‚AS
ax1‚a!
a!1 0UaEFaSIaFa0Ua.FaK4U
aE
ad" a!
a
aUa1a0I1 2 aS!pUa– aZEFaK4Ua3aaU"aa0ƒea
aaE
b aAS

a„Œ
a3aaE
‰ConifieÇ Lawˆ aU"aa a4&.aQ=a4&.a0
aKjI1a2
a04
aNaTa01aE
aUFa*.2aKa#I$a
‚AS
ax1‚a.a1 
az2\aT1ad&.a4&.aaEFa7Sa<"a*aEFaj
akaE3aFad/aFa)a
a– a2j=aE}6aU3a1a2"a‡+_a#"U #I_aEa
a aK4Ua0UaE}6
ZEFa.=a2"aO+S!a
aaraES
a$ 01a
a– a0

‚AS
ax1‚a
a Fa@I1 a=a
aT1 }aadIa]-5a2ŽUaT1 T3aE
a7Ua 4a0
a4
a
a!

V
aT 01a™|$aFaaEFa2I5ar2ha&a2\a™_)ax1a
PPaj.aE}6aaz $a*.2aK #I$a

aQa‹ aE_aE
a21a—j.a2
—j6a
a
_a
aA2aE
aEUra 1 "a– aZFaS}aKaUa_)a3aEFaSIa04

a2
a‘25aZK}aEI6a2
a"2.a aEa•NaE
aEU2
a@I1  
a•"aa'a0
a*3aE_aE_a
a
_a
aEUr
a Žax1aKak Ura¥2-a
araa*$ax.a'a23a3aEFa3a!1a¢_ 
aKaEUraQa0
aE_
a=ax1a2
E_ad
aEaaaZEFa.2
a.aEa
2.aa /.a=a
a25a]G}aZEFa.2
a= 2 x1 2+.aa%_
aUax1aKa&}aaT"a= ZEFa.2
a =aA(PUaKak Ura$/aaU &.a"()a2I5a
ax
a
1 }aU&Ua#PS!ax1a
"a2}aTNa
aQaKa2$/ QaZEFa.aKa3a
1 atUax1aaz2$/
aZE}6aU2
a0Ua
aaE}6aU2
a
a0
aK}aES_aO7a01a2
a„I1a„I1a
aQ ¦_aKa
_a2}aZEFaS}a
aT(/aaT7a€() aT2aI5aa Pa
aaazaaK}aES}aESaEaQaraa*$a¦_aE
au2h 2}
a
a
1 az2
a "a=a2j=aZjadIaG3 aEFaS1ajaT1 }a_>aO/SaE
ak Ura7/$a2}a‘2\
 24

aza
a]7/$ad&.aE
a
I&aQax.a'aQaaEFaFa4.aja 0aa2 ag$ae"a2U25
a01aj KaEUraQa‹ a0
aK}aESj&a– a
aZEFa.(6aKa&}a=aa.2
a "a2= ]_>aE=a)
aQa
"a2}a
aDEFaSI Fa*.2aKa#I$a
‚AS
ax1‚a@I1 a
aQa.aFaKaxax1a!
ad
a
aKaEU2
a
7{a

2aa#PUara0U7$a
aQab% 
a 5aa a2}a
aDEFaSIazap_a@I1 aÐa„.aE
a¢_
a
a25a]j
a]G}aEUa¢_aQa3ajaza0
aEkaK4
a– a
a.aEI Fa0Ua01a2kaaDEFaSIazap_
aK4U FaT4$a
aEa2aEFa—j6a2=adŽUaE
a
1 a=aaTt}a
a2$/a= 2=ak Ur

ak Ura
aQaE_aE K1 21 2P.a
a¢_aQa0
aEkaK1 2
aa01a– a
aDEIa3a
a7Sa
aJ3aZEF
aK}a&Sa#"Ua*a
a*aK=  
a¬|$a&$aEaE_aEj
aO/.aa<aEaQaE_aEjI1
a„.}aE=a2=aaaEUa¢_aaKtka
aK4Ua*.2aKa#I$ 
‚AS
ax1‚azaEaE
a¢_aQa)a0IU

aE
aQadIaŽSUaE
aQaE-5aS_ aE
aQa0
aEkaK25a– a
D
aK4Ua
7{aO1 -.a24aE
aK ].>a›S|aa
4ajaaS3aO/SaE
aT(/aE
a3aa,>aE
aQab25 UU"
aFaEFa.aKa#I$ 
‚AS
a•Uaa•3ax1‚aza0IU
aEFaK4Ua
&"aa "a
a
aQaEFa3
DK4U

a)a a 45aNax1a.aE3a
a\aEa
U 
aEj&aTa0IaK4UaEa
Ua
av+a2ka2=aaa
a2
a„?aKa2&
ax1aK.a
au2haQaZEFa#&4aS
a07_ƒ 
‚AS
ax1‚a01a0
akaE_a2
aQ!+
Kaa aEj
a2paK4Ua0P`a.aK3a_a2
aEaE
a] aT Paz)a*1 25 az U)a Ua 6
ZEFaT!3aoaU2
a“=aKar UaE
a…6a
aaaEaE
a]k_aEjI_aEo=

‫ہ   ﮨﮯ؟‬-‫  ذر‬0 123  ‫ ہ ﮨﮯ؟ اور اس‬56 0+,)    

aORS u2haax1GUaE

a]U&!ad&.abSa
aAS
aQa
aXa'a
a
‚ j.a01a' 2!.a
a–
‚DbSa
aa 2"au2haJ3aEFa2.aEa P.aax$aa0
 0
01a'aj.6a
a
a aa 2"az2P5a](5a0
aEFaSI 3a
ad/aU a01au2haJ3a2j=a.aK4Ua3aAS
a!1a
a2k‚
DK4Ua1aEFaXa'a
aTa](5 0
akaE3a
ad/a2
a]
a01au2haaEFa
1

aaa.aEFao=aEUa– a2ka
aaaj.aa03.a
a– aEUaK ¥2ha
ab`ab3aE=aA3aE
aTaa
 ka]FaGkaEa2ŽUa
a– a2e K.7a01a UaE

 25

abI_aZK}aESIaFajaz  aaK}aEFaT5(S)aE
4aKab/.aE

aQaaOP+.a
a
a07$(‚
aESIaFaaK}aEFajaKaEU2
ab/Sa/aE
aT$aadIaEa
4 E
aa 2"aT5(S)aFaE!1
aK4UaE_ E
aE1a—j6a
a
a.aESIabaK4Ua#_aE_aE
aE1a—j6a
aa 2"a2kaT5(S) E!1aZK}
a0
aEFaK4Uaz6aaE
aEUaE ja‹ aaEFakaUajaE4=a'>a01aDEFaSIa3a1a#_aE!


a'"a
aQaZa#_a
a'"aE=aza2
aa
EUFa
a V Ia1aa 2"a V IaE
aG6a!
aja™|$a3
a#_aTa3akaE_aa0Ia=aEaz2kaoa!
aE
aaa
ara
a1aE a#}aE
a
a.akFaUra2k
V
a]-a›S| E
aUa2=aa
aJ3aEFa'>a41aZkaEIa#6a0Ua'24azakFaaraEaEa7S E

a
aU 2"adIaEUa]1 ao oa
aaaaK}aEFa•&Sa2=a4P5a*FŠax1a!
aa&!a]—2
aK
aa&32.ˆaZ‚EFa
a "a
adŽUaE
ak Ura&S3a= 2=a0&a!
aE
a0S{abaa27/.aa2!R.a!

V
‰219a0+R>a¡58a3aa 2P_

a•"aja„Œ
a3a¥(S) 0IaEFaK4UaUF ‰Authorityˆ aa•32a)aEa
a
a05a›S|a2k‚

aFaka
aa
aEUFa
aE
aG6aJ3 KaEt!a¬)a!
a0
aEFaKa2aQazaEFaFaaEFa.F
a•"ajaKaEU2
ab/Sa%aad4Ra
aT1 a
aa 2"a¥(S)aF !1a.aK4Ua1aEFa0S{a
a
"_a5az
V
azaEFa}a3aIUaEaa 2"aKaEt!a!
a Ia3a0
aEFaSIajav+a01a  *>a2}aZEFa.F
V

aKa  a 2"a)aEU ‰b&aaJ1aJ?!3ˆapUaASIa#e5aZK4Ua1aEFaSIUaEaQa
PP
aa•32a
aa 2"a)aEaza3 E
aEUFa“ka
a¥(S)aQaaEFa
a2
Na
a27/.aa2!R.a¥(S)
V
a¥(S)aKaOP+.aaT7{aE
a]SaO/SaE
a#! _a_au2haa0
aEFa01a'aZK}aESUa 
ZEFa#.a]
aK4UaKaEU2
a !.a aa•32a
‚
 ‚0!RUa5a3aE
aE}a“ka

aE
aa 2"a0
aSIazaK4UaR|aK}apUaASIad2S+a0
aE!3aEaaaaU" #e5aE!1ax1aTa01
¥2/aE
a27/.aa2!R.aEUa
_ a1aa™|$aJ3aEaKaT27/.abI&a›S|a
Ia!

a
a†2aa aE
Q Fa1a2"a%a#>a
a Ia
a27/.aJ3a2)Ôa /aE
aEU2
a'&/SaEP1 2ha&

a#I_aZEFa )a V IaFajaKa
PP 0
aSIa3a
aK4Uaa01a062kaZEFa )a V IaFax.a a

a1a0P5ax1aja
a3aKaEt!a!
aZE_a2
'&/Sa•Na&aE
aOP+.a
a
au2ha
a4
aK4Ua01a2=aha/ƒ"a062kaZEFa'a V IaE_aE
aQaFaE3 Fa
{ax1GUaE
a
_ a1a2Œ!_
0
aEFaS}a05a›S|a2ea.a2a01aKa].>a]UaaaZEFaFa Ia
a'aK
PPa0
aSIa3
a
a'aa ) – aaKax.a*3abI_a
ax1GUaE
a– aaEFa
a Ia
a'a1a )ax1GUa2
aQaa )a0
aSIaFaK4Ua05a›S| 2a01aaa&FaK}aEFaa ‰Final Authorityˆ a2)
aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ‚EFag7.a*3aaU"aE_a&F
V )aEa Ia
a aa0aXa>a'aE

‰162a0+R>a¡58a27&
 26

ac/aK}aT5(S)aK E-ax1aaEFa0aORSaaaE
ab{ +aa¡4P5a0-a0 S/a
a]S
V ‚
a]1 >aKaT5(S)ad&.aE
au2haQa2p ZUaK4UaEaEUac/aaEFaUa
a
aG6a!
aEUa]k_
aaazaa' Sa
a2ŽUaƒPUa2}a„.aE
a#-R.a
14U aK}aFa3aK+aaaE
a a#}
a01ajaE_aE
a a*>
V a!
a‹ aZEFa3aKa]S
a
av1 aa0P5aEFa7 ' Sa01a2=aJ3
aE_aQaZEI 2
a "aEaEaOP+.a)aO/SaE
aEUFa0Ua1aEUFa
aE
aG6a!
a0
aEFaK4U #I%
aZEFaSIaFa03a'P/ 
ajaE_aE
a!
a
aEUFa“SaEadUaE
a
a0
aSj&aK4UaK
a]1 aEaFaaJaK43aaZEFaK4U ›"aEa a7/$aQa3aEFa›S|a0/a
a]k_aaa0S7_
‰169a0+R>a¡58a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆaZ‚EFatk FaOa£F27jka2
aba2
Na
aT5(S)aK

a0
aj.a1a2=a aQaz%a
a0/_ƒaE
aT7aaaKaA3aE
a]_ ]Uaa†
ŠaE
a– aEUaK
aƒ\a Qa=a2
ažo=aK4UaFaSj
a“F)a
aEj&a
aTa3a a’FaNa0S51 /.ax1
akaE3a aTa01a– aEa– Ka„&a
aQaaEFa3aKaTaE
aQa3akaE_a„&a)a

a
aa 2"au2haJ3aSIaFaK4Ua•Uau2haaK EUaa
ab a
aQa¥(S)aKaOP+.a
a
a0

a0Ua
aQ!+a
aƒ\aQa0UaEUa– abI_aEFaK4Ua•UaKaE1a2" a
ab aEa¥(S)aKa27/.
TaaaEFaoj6aE
a– aKaZEt1aoj6aTa„Œ
a 1 GaE?_aa25a“$

aEj&aT
aa
ab aG6 Fa¥2>ax1GUaE
a– a2ka0
aK1 2
a¥>aTa01a– aE4=aZka]2
a‘2/.aKa /a.aE
a3aEFa!1aG6a
azaKaU EŒUaE
aa& aQa.aFa0Ua“ka
a¥(S)aKaJ3aEFaSIab
a=a0Ua“ka
a¥(S)abFNaU!UaKaQa Fa.2
av+aEa#!aaT(/aE
ak UraU!U

a2aQaaEFa0aORSabSa
aQa0
aESIa2
aK4Uaa
z1 raEaQaO/SaE
aa 2"a– aDKI
a0
aK}aESI2
aIUaEaTaQ – a
abI_aZEFa
1 a
aa 2"az2P5a](5a0
aEFaK4U ¥(S)a
aK
a2kaDK} EFaaK}aESIFaT5(S)a&$aEaKaEU2
aŠ)adIaEaaaaEj&a% 
aU 2"aT1
aKa‡R_aEa‡+_aE
a‘2\ Qa.aEFaU2
aaadIa0IaK4UaU2
aaa‡R_a‘2\a#>a
ab ax1
a– a.a1aE_aQaDEFaSIFa0%&FaaEFa}aEF ¥(S)aKaEU2
aŠ)adIa0I73aFaz 5a
a
a€R.
a¥(S)aKaJ3aEFaSIabaG6aFa¥2>aa
ab ‚a0
akFaU2
1 7.aKa2ŽUaƒPUaQaE=a

§
aKaU .a„.aE
a¤2$aQa
PPaZkFaU2
aIUaEaEUab aQaja
aa 2"a2j= 1aZ‚EIFa0U
ٍ
a(ˆaK4UaFaEF Ea2ab aASIa
a
a]Sƒab3aZSIaK4UaF Fab a
aEa2
aja]}aE
aaaEFa3ab aASIax1 ]}aE
ab3a2paEFa¼5aFa )a2)a.a
adŽUaE
aa ‰0Uh2
a
aQad2
az2a.a]Fa0aORSa
a!
aEaKaaaT27/.
V ZK}a0aORSaFaT7a
ab a¥2>
ZK25 F U%U

‫ ﮟ‬,1 1 7‫ د‬8 ‫ر‬

 27

a#!a#>aE
2
a2ŽUa¥2>aEUa– aEab3aK}ajaaa 6aK T7aa†
Ša2az(aE
aQ
a]aEU3a0Ua
a– a¥2ha
aG1 2kazaQaKabI_aZK}aEt1oj6aTa2aE_
V E
aEUoj6ajŒ=aE
a !.au2h  a
aaa– a.a1aZK4
a0Ua¥>a¥>aTab/Sa
a– aO/SaE
aaaax.a*3 k
a01aazaEt
aIUa
aa Ea#_a&a0IaK4UaEa]ac+a2j=a1aZE_ a›"a=aaEt

K}

aEa]Sab3a0ŒU@aa
aTadŽUa( Z‚EF 0aORSaKa
a0-aoa
4a
a]S ‰1ˆ ‚
a7a2=a]Sab3a
/1 2$aT
aa'>az(aE
aaaZK}a0aORS Fa*a*1 2"a*1 2"a.azaEFaS
azaaK} ESIUadIaG3aEab3aEFaKa]Saaa2S%aa2
a¥(S)aZEFa€R.a2.az1 r jaKaaaK}
aaaE
a
aE&a2=ab3 EFa!1a0-a0>)aj6ax1aja
aaa0IaK}aK4Ua05a›S|a*aj
a0-5a01aEFakaj6az1 raKa]2ªaa]+ 
a#!a5(S)aaa0
aTa01a¥2>aZEFa.3a1=a€R.
aoaE
a]SajaTa01au2haaZEFa05a›S|a=a
a= ‚
‚a0
EFab4Ua5
aE_aE
aE12

aEUa]F2k aEa2.az1 raaƒ7)aEj6aEj6a 6a0

aEFaK4Ua•UaKaE1a2"a0 ORSa
aE-
aEUa]F2kaE!1aZEFa
a“$

aEUa5(S)aja
a]G6a0aORSa2
a„aK4
aj7
aaK4
aj7

aQa2paZK}aEFa aE
ax.aa 2"a›1 2+. c/aEaKaaa0IaEFa
aK4Ua¥>a„.}a2=aFa
ax1
aK4Ua#ha
a€R.a&a
+aE
a0&!a
a3 
a]k_aa
aa2j= 2a 6aE
a !"
abab a3aE_aE
axa=a0
aE3aa]
aTr3a01a2) a
a] aG}a6 a1aa6aaE!1aZSI2

a
a /aE
aa 2"aE!3aK3Faoj
aE_aE
aE12
a‹)a
aG6a!1ax1aEaKaQaF }
ZEF FaSUaEa0%&FaaEFaSUaa2a
aaU"a(

ax1aKaaa25a25a0
aEF K4Ua01aja
Ua
aaaEFa¥(S)aKa]Sab3aO/SaEadIaG3 ‰2ˆ
a2=a4P5a*FŠax1a!
aa&!a]—2
Ka]-a›S|aE
aU‚ 0IaFaSj
a¥(S)aEa2
a!
aE
a0S{abaa2!R.
V  27/.ax1a!
a
aU 2"adI EUa]1 aoaoa
aaaaK}aEtkFa•&S

aaS!
=axaaE=a2=ahaE
a'aZ‚EFa_2
a "a
adŽUaE
ak Ura&S3 =a2=a0&ax1
a¥2>a a ! =a
axaQaKa0/aE
aaU"aZEFav+a21V ra0t!a
ab aE
aJ3aE_aE_
az2kax1a2}aEaKaaaZv1  #}a2!.a0/$a2aRax1aZEFa#&S%a2=a]F2kaoaoab.
V
aEt!aE
ab a Fa2=a'>a4&3a
aZEFaSUa
0&ax1aE
a0S{abaa27/.ax1a
aa 2"adI
adIaE_aE
az2kax1a2}ax.a a

V ‰¡a#2=ˆ aU"a-|$a0

aESI2
K4Ua#aU aau2haQa

aQ ‰¡ x7=ˆaaU"aIaaEFaSUazaE!3aFa27/Sa0&aFa

a0S{abaa27/. Fa
aa 2"
D2
€R.a
1 2
a2=aJ3aFaOƒaE
a0S{abaaaaa 2"
V Va27/.
 28

a1aEFa aa0aXa>a'a
V ](5a0

akaE3a
ad/a2IU
a01‚a0
a'a01aja)aE ‰3ˆ
aK}a
{aza0
aEFaFa =a¥(S)a01aKaaE
a]S b3aZEFaK4Ua'a#+1a
a
PPaZ‚K4U

a2ŽUaƒPUa2}a„.aE
a#-R.a
14UaaK}aFa3aK+aaaE
a a#}
V ]1 >‚a2=aaaK4Ua1
a!
a‹ aZEFa3 Ka]S
a
av1 aa0P5aEFa7a' Sa01a2=aJ3aaazaa' S
aEaOP+.a)aO/SaE
aEUFa0U 1aEUFa
aE
aG6a!
a0
aEFaK4Ua#I%a01ajaE_aE
a a*>
Z‚EI2
a "aEa

T27/.abI&a›S|a
aa 2"‚a0
aEFa01a#a2) a
aEt!aQaE_aE
a‘2\a
aaU" ab a2j= ‰4ˆ
a2)Ôa /aE
EU2
a'&SaEP1 2ha&a¥2/aE
a27/.aa2!R.aEUa
_ a1aa™|$aJ3aEaK
a01a062kaEFa )a V IaFax.a a

a†2aa aE
aQaFa1a2"a%a#>a
a Ia
a27/.aJ3

a&aE
aOP+.a
a
au2haa#I_aZEFa )a V I FajaKa
PPa0
aSI3a
aK4Ua
aE3Fa
{ax1GUE
a
_ a1a2Œ!_a0P5ax1aja
a3 KaEt!a!
aE
2
a'&/Sa•N
Ka
PPa0
aSI3a4
aK4Ua01a2=aha/ƒ"a062kaEFa aa0aXa>a' V IaE_aE
aQaF
ZEFaFa Ia
a aa0aXa>a'

aE
a– aKaT7aa0_+a2a3aa01a0
aKj6=aEa2&e E=a„.aE
a U&1a)a– aA
aE
a2
a
aaaaDK4Ua1aj.aka#aA3a
a'aEj.6aa2!.aE=a
a– aK aaEj.aE aE
aQaEFa25 “$
a3a
aEUoj6aTa2EUa– aEaE
aE4
aTa,eax1aO/SaE
aa
DEFa
aFabt&ƒa2&ea
a– a2=aJ3a03a'P/a

‫دوے   اب‬

a<)aE4=aE
a– a0
aK}aE.25a
1I$a– aKaQaZ]FaS_ 
aEUa
1a2aE
a– a /aE
aQ
a#aK4UaA3ab/Sa
a
_aE=a
a– aEaaaj.a
aEUaKaF U%U 
ab`ab3aKaA3aE

a“= EUaKaT$Gka-R.a3aO/SaE
aTaaaE
a– aAabI_aZtkažoaabj_a
– a0IaI
aaaaZK4Ua1aEFa(aA3 b/Sax1a
a'a2}a
a– aKaaa0
aK1 2
a0-5a)a– a2
ažo=aK4UaK}a

ZKabFNaE=aE
a– a1 EFaKab`aaa1 a*7a#>a
aEoabj_a
a– aE

aA3aE
aQaZK}a›S|aEa]21 2+.a2a4&. 3aK}a!1aK.at
aKaaa0
aK}aE.25a– a2j=
aaaK1 G6a
aKaaa0
aEt1Sa01aaE1a0_a
a]21 2+.aaa2ad2
z2a0
a]2
a‘2a01aKa2kaK
V
aE
av+aE_ QaZkaE3a#aa aax1a
aG1 2ka
a– a0
aEFa0%1 UaEja.aK}a›S|aE b`
a0
aka]2
a‘2aEa– aK EaE
aE1aA3a01a2h)a
aEj
ar
2a2=a#!av+a21V ra
a2
a0
aEt125aO/SaE
aaa]Fa} 2
a“=aE E
a– aKaK.a3aAaE1 —j6a
a]21 2+.a2a2
 29

DEFa
a'P/a#_aE_aE
aQa.aK}aE.2
a
V 2kaaa1aK}aE.2
a'7"a– aK4U

‫ر ;&ت‬

aj& 
aTa0IaK4Uara2ªa -Pa
a– aEa
2aQa0
a2
abP1a01aEja– /aE
aQ
aEa„aaK}aE.25 “=aEa2a2
a'IUaKaT>a
aTIUa6a2ƒa
ab`aaa2aEF
a,1 2-.a01a1aEFa„Œ
a41a2ƒa
ab`aa 2a0
a]2
aO{.a
aTaQaKa.a1a0
aK}aE.2
a07_ƒ
ZEFaj& <\a*ƒa
ab`aaaEUa– a0
a]2

a]Fa.2
av+aa27&UajajaKa. 2=aaaK}aE
a %
aEab`aaa2=ahaE
a2ƒaEUa– a3aTIUaz
a“=a2
a'IUa2= aEUaKaTIUa3aEab`aE=a0
ak ]2
a’GkaEa– aKaE4=aEav+aQabI_
aaabFNa3a0
aK1 2
a0-5aaKjI1a)a– a2
a„
a
aTIUaaaz2
aŠ)aE= Ka0PaE
aaaK}aE

a
ar z2ªa1aEFa a“F)a
aEj&aTazaEFaFa
RSa¥2ha
aTIUaaaEaE
TIU
Zc1 2

ٰ>‫ۂ او‬,&;
EF 01a0SIUa(4=az2
aŠ)a
a–
a3aEFaE.2
a,1 2%.a
a aa 2" Kak Ura0U27&^=a
aQ2a23aEUa~ad2
a7Ua0
aEFa125a01aEUa– ‚
ٍ
K}aESIUaESUaaEaQaZK}aES4
~aXa'a
aEa
a
V (&a1a125a„Œ

a$aEa
a-|$a=aK.a3aKak Ura0_ Jt.aQaEUa aa0aXa>a' ‰›_ˆ

ٍ
ZK}aK4Ua#) Ka
azaK
a(&a1aK25

aFa0Uaa.2
aK4UaG1 .adIa1a'> E
ab1az(aE
aa 2"aZEFa,1 2%.a
a'>aadIaU 2"a
‰Aˆ
Z‚EF SIa2
a¯!a
a Ia!
aE
aa 2"a


aEab3aKab`aaa2 ZEFa<\aFaG3a(4=a
aQaEFaIUaEad(
a2aEUa– a3a0>()a01
a
aQ2aJt.aEUa aa0aXa>ad2
 7U ‚a0
aEFajI_a]4
aTa01aK}aEFa'IUa0>()a01a–
ٍ
a0aXa>aXa'a
aEa
a(&a1a125a„Œ
a3aEF E.2
a,1 2%.a
aa 2"aKak Ura0U27&^=
– a3ad
a=aza
ak Ura0U27&^=a
~a`a0
aEFa4
a01aJI2aE
aQa.aEUaK Z‚K}aES4
a a
aE
aa 2"a
a01aaEFa,1 2%.aa,e.a
a%aE
aa 2"a1adUaKa'aJt.aEUa aa0aXa>
 
a0IU6ad
aa01aaEFa.2
a#&I.aa#I%. 
a2.2aaU"aE

V ‰_/.aXa/1ˆ aa V
a2
a#a„.
 30


aEj.aE.2
ak &Ua
ae2a
a )au2haa– aKaQaŠ4_aj. 
aEa
a
a7UaEUa~a`+U
'aE
a– a.aK}aK4UaaE
aEo=aT)aE=a)aKa].7a
a]2a– 2kaZa 2"a0
au2haJ3
aEUa– aaj.a4

aEUaKa0
aK_a„I1a)a2
ažo=aEaEFajI_aEUaKa„Œ
a3aKaA3aE
ax1a27&U
Z1a
aE

a].7aaa2aEUa– a0
aK}aES1aT4$a
aTaQa]Uaz K}aE_IUaEUa– aESUa3aEaQa2j=
aa'a(4=a
a– a0Ua0IU
aEFa
a’(.a0Sa
av+atUax1aEaE
aEU¢U@ A3a
a'aE=aK
a
a#!aaa– a0
j.a1aE_aQa
a– a0_a
ab`a¬-|aaaE=aEUaKa0Uaj.aO/SaEa#!
a
aTaEFaoj6aE
a– a0
aS}6a1 K4Ua•"a
aE4
a01a
a– aKa F.aZK1 2
a’(.aKaaaA3
ٍ
Z]Fa.2
a‘2a2-S|aO/SaE
a]SUa]Uaa E_aQaEFa
aG1 2kaEUaKaEaE1aA3

‫ق‬C  
 ‫ا;ہ‬DE  ‫ 
 اور‬FG'  A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫@ر‬

a~`a3aK}a'a'/5aa'"aFa¥2>ag7.a*3a
a0
aEF Ka
/1 2$aT&!aTa01 V ‰›_ˆ
ٍ
ad2S *3azaEFa
a(&a1a125aEUa– a„Œ
a3aEa
a-|$aZK}aE
aEa
 
a'aEU
a>a7_adad!"aaaAaK 0^_7_aXa0SaEUaXa_az$aZEFaK4Uag7.a*3a2paEFa2ea.
ax1aEUa !adaKa !a,+>aZEFa
av+a•3ao 2pa2-S|a2=aQaEaaaE
a aa0aX
a0_"aa'SaA3aAaEFaj
a01aaa
aQaaEFa
a*.2aK
ea
a'>aQaFaAa=
 ٍ
a*3 0
aKaaaQaAa/1ˆa2_a#7aaU _a’/aba aa0aXa>a2
N  a 2$
a].aaa0
a0UaK}aE25 Ea
a2$aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua3aEFa2=a
aT$aaa¥2>
a`a0
aEFa01a'abI_ ‰K}a25aaa2= haE
aEa=aEUa~a`+U aKaT(/aE
aUa3a

aaka2
aa
a2) a0-5a01aE
2
a€25aKa
a0U27&^= a
a-|$a
a aa0aXa>
a
a-|$aa.Nac+aaEFaG6a
ag7.a*3a
aEaKa'"aa'/5 E
a– a0
aka2
aE!

aSIFaEa]P1 2h Faa€25a01aZK}aK4UaraE

aE_2
a 1 +.aaO1 2R.a01a)aƒa Fa0
aEFa2}ª DG6
aKa
a-|$aa.Naza0
aF 25a,1 2-.a) O/SaE
a#/5aa'"a!
aE=aEUa~`a.a1aZEF
a
aaaK}aE.Fa<7S!aEaT&/.aFaa
a a 0aXa>a`+U a
/1 2$a'>a3a2j=a1aEF
V
a– a'"aa'/5aE
a
UaJ
aEaKa'"aa'/5aE
a– a0
aK1 2
aOP+. 01a a#}a¤S+aKa$
V
aSI3a1a2" .Naa-|$a
a]
aa].a
a
UaJ
aaK}aESj
aO/.aEa
a0U27&^= 

a>a'‚aEFaaa
aJ3a]F I62
aKaa&`ax1aE=aKav+a-R.az1 ra2=aEt!aQaZEF
‰1959a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆ Z‚7Ua
aa-|$a
V
a

V a aa0aX

‫  ;ﮩ ﮟ ﮨﮯ‬-) A‫ن ﮯ ف ﮨ; ﮨ‬J ‫ ﮨ; اور‬K‫ن ﮯ زا‬J

 31

aa 2"az‚a0
aEFaKa/aQau$a
a'> adIaU 2"a
a0
aEFaIUa<\a#I_aEUa– a0SUa01 ‰Aˆ
aE.2
a'&/Sa¼R_ ‚¥()aE
aa 2"‚aEaE
aQa– a2kaZ‚.2
K4UaG1 .adIa1a'>aE
ab1az(aE

‚ z(aE
aa 2"‚a– abI_aZK}aE.FaORSaEaQab{ +aa¡4P5ad&.a0Ia.2
a€R. Ea– aKa¥2>a0Ua.
aaEUF ‚ r ‚0
aEFa2}ªaaK}aESIFaE
aFa raEaa 2"a/aE
aJ3aK}aEF 2
a'&/Sa¼R_a

aQa0
aK6a)a– a.aESa0UaG6a
raEaa 2"a2ka
aZEFa€25a
aa& aabraKaEUF ‚¥()‚
aKaa 2"a)a3aEFa.2
a,ea%aza
aa 2"aza0
aEF E_aa.aT2ea
aQaDEFa
aT2ea

 ٍ ٍ

a0Ia.SaK4Uaa 2"aTa01aZEFa.3aza2
aa Ia
aÖ>a
"‚aa 2"a( Z.FaK4Ua
ŠaS2>

aEUaFa
 E_aE
a‘2\aQaZEFa
a*ƒa
a
"a
aQaaEFa2a
aEaÖ>a0
aEFa.S
aaKS/
a
aQa
t}a
ar&UaT" E
ar&Ua0P1 2ha
a
&3ar&UaaaNa0S"a…=a2&/.a
a 3!
a01aZK}aS
a FaT(-R.aa
4a2aaT> &a
aaaaK1 r&Ua¬-|a
ab1 aa0/&3
aa 2"aEUa
aKak UraE}a07/$ad&.au2haaZEFaK4Ua¥()aE
Qa2paZEFa raEaa 2"a„Œ
a*
a 2"azaEFa
a2kaT>a3a
a
1 aaa &.aa*1Š4.a(aa2
aaT2aU!U OƒaE
a%aE

abI_aZEFakFa• z1 ra43 az2a

aT1 }a
a
aEa2aE
adIaU 2"a0
aEF ra "aQaE
aKab{ +aa¡4P5aEaFa¥()aE
aa 2" /"ajaG6a3aaEFaK4Ua¥()aE
aa 2"aG6a
aKaQ
ZSUaK4Ua a 0aXa>a0_a'a
aja
aE
V

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬,& ‫خ‬N )  A& N ‫ن ﮯ‬J    

a01aZ‚EFaSI2
a¯!a
a I !
aE
aa 2"a
a0U‚a0
aEFaIUa01a0SUaax1aEUa– aKaE!a
a!U‚a
aG6aJ3a0Ra×4P5aZEFa2e U2
a¥>aE!3aEFajI_a
+.aE
a&45a<\ax1aEUa– aT
¬-|a
ada Ia!
aE
aa 2"a#>a2aEaQ K}aE.2
a27/.aEa‡R_aE
‚®!_aASI_
aZFa.Fa0Ua2}ªaEa‡R_aE
aQa3aEFaU2
‰Explainˆ a 
a aE!1a!
aE
aQaaU2
a‰qualifyˆ
ٍ
a V !P.aKa¡!Ua†a2j=aZ‰180a
1 ˆaj.aka1a Ia
a
>aE_aE
ab2" ab1 _aKaz2Pa†a(
aK3 E_IUa /aE
aEU2
a=a
>a
a5SaE-a01a0
aka125aaEFa'rUadIaE
¿2
aE
a
>aAa/1a¿_ ®>a0
a25a01a
ea
aQaEUa aa0aXa>a7U ‰11½12T1 ˆ

aE
a]{aEUa_/.aXaKaa 2"a0IU
ZSI3a
aK4Ua%a&
aKaE-aE
a¿a!
aEaE/1 N
aa 2"a.aka2
a%a&
aEa0/1 NaE
a
>a™|$a
a2k Ka]-aaaZK}aE25a2Pa)aE-
a,$2SaEa]S1 aaa
aa 2"a2}Ža3a
adaTr3a
a
>aEUa
aQau2h QaZkaEk2
ara¥()a

ٍ
aEt12
a2P E_aE
a]{aE-a3a2$a0
a1Sa01aa12
a¬)aE_aE
abP+S!a¿a2\ j.a.F
au2h aZSI3a1jaK4U z 5aEadaTr3aQa
a
>aE_aE
aEU2
a%a&
aKaaaK}aEtk
V
aZj.a0Ua™-|.a
a
_a!
aKaJ3aj.ak 1a Ia
aEUa]Ä=aK ‰2z &_ˆaea
1 a
aa 2"V
a Ia01a0
a125a,ea2
aaTr3a
aQaaE
2
a#&a2=abR|_ a,!aEUa aa0aXa>a7U
 32

E
aEUa]Ä=aKaT>a
aE4=araaFa0UaEFaE4=ara a0I73aEF E_aE
a
_aQ
aEaQaZaa1a™-|. 1aE3a4
a!Uaz)a
aG6aQaZEFa.3Fa=a%a
a IaEaEU2
a,!aE
aOa
a
a]k_aaa2) a
aEU2
a‘2Sa2=aQ ZEFaG6a'P/aa,+>a#I_a0p3a=a01aaEFa41a2
a2=aa
aT1 2ŽUa.NaE=ac+a
adIa,1 2>ac/aE
aa 2" 3aE
aEUFa7Ua2\a3aEFaSŒ4=
aKaY7aEa
aaa*3aa7aza0
aK}a01a/a¥>aE
aJ3aK}ES1a2"‚ dIaE
aa7‚
ZEkaK3Fa¯!adIazaE
aa 2"a.akaE3 Gk

‫ہ دوم‬,&;

a!1aAS

a0
aEFa125aEUa– ‚ aEFa01azaEFa
aŠ)aEab`aaa2aEUa– a3a0SIU 2
au2ha
abSaE
aa 2"abSa
J3aaFa‹a'&
aad&.a0a aa0aXa>a7Ua
aKaJ3a0
aK4U
Z‚Fa0aORSax1GUaE
a]U&!ad&.

E=a0
aka]2
a‘2aFa.aJaKaO/SaE
aQaEFaIUaEab`a2aEUa– a3 0>()a01
aFaE!1aEad(
E
a]2a¦_aE_aEU2
aIUaEaEj&aTa'P/aaE_aE}abpaKaT)
aKa„Œ
a3a2=a2a27&Ua'aEFaE.2
v+a2=a0Ua
1aE4=aE
a– ajajaZK}aE.2
aIUaE>()
a
aQaEUa– aaEFa4
a
aEUaKa0
akaE3Fad/a) 
a– aZE_ažo=a2j=a2
a£=aEa]FaI6a„I_
ZEFaIUa0>()a

‫ہ م‬,&;

EFa01a0SIUa2!.az2
aŠ)a
a–
aE_aE
aQaZkaE3a
a_a
av1a,+>aEa]&az3aE
av1a0
EFa125aEUa– ‚
ad
ajaEa
1 z(aE
aT1a'>aZK4Ua2) a¥2azaK}a2PaEaE4=a'>a
V 3aE
aEŒU3a
T1
a
a2}3a
a02.ax1aEa0/_ƒaE
a( daKab3akFa27S/a
a]k_a4Ua
1aakaE3a_
‚ZFaI6Fa =aT2-

‫ل‬D-,‫ ﮯ ) ﮟ روا و درا  ا‬R  P‫اد‬

aE
a#PUa]41a¼R_a0a¼R_aKaK4UaEFaIUaEUa– a0>()az $a! 4SUaa*a
a].7ab3a01
a
a]>()aEUabaE
aQaaE3 aEaKaT>a#>aFaEFa4
aEUaKa„Œ
3a0
.a]FaS1
ZEFa0U
3
 33

a P.a41aKab5aQax.a‹ aEa > 4=aZEFadUa2a

aF ‰ P.a|1 .a/1ˆa P.aav1 ab5‚
aEt!a!
aT(/a1a]FaT7a0
aEFa}aK4Ua#" 
aTaQa¿ +a1a0P5a
aaEFaFa.F
a
a2^aE
a P.a|1 .a
a
1a!
a_aEU3aa
7!UaEa aa0 Xa>a'ajaO/SaE

a2S4aEa2S4 
aEUra 1 3aaEFa0U&Uab1 2S4a
a P.aQaKa
PPab5a01aZE3a_2
a !. 2= haE

a0
a]FaSIa04
a01aKa0I ZEFaSI3a4
a"2.aa05ea2=aQaEaFa#I%aja
a P.a|1 .
a
a1 .ab1 "UaE
aaz3ax.ab3aK}aESj
a]I1  aKS
GUa!1a UaE=a P.a'>aE
ab{ +
¥2>aKaUa0
aka]4
a01a 12.a¥)a(aKa2
ažoaEk ajaEaQaZEFaŒ4= K4Uax.ajajabFN
ao
aQa3aEFa!1 Fa@I1 a
a1 .a
aaE
aaaaT2aa
a
a aa0aXa>a'a &+
a!
aE
aUax.a‹ a0UaaEFa
aS) EUab{ +a3aj.aSI2
a
$2aU3a!
a2=a]/aE
a P.
aEIa24jaEk aE
a]/a
|aaa0
aEFaFaK4Ua‡R+ Ea•NaE!1aja1 .a
aa!
aaa!U
K4Ua azra
a"2.aau(>a 1 Ga0
aka]4
a01aKa F.aZEI3aUa@I1  |1 .a !.a#"a
aQa
V

aE
aS)aEUab{ + '>a3aE
aEŒU3aaEj
2=a
aT1a0
aSI2
aK4Uaa01a™|$a
aZEF
a1a)a!
aKaaa /aE
aEU2
a =a
R" u2haj6aEa]_>aE
aaa
a2ka‹ aZK}a2) a¥2azaK}
aEaEa„.aE
a#a'P/a'>a„Œ
aE_aE
a P.a“| a&haz1 raa2
aF U%Ua
a&

ٍ
a 0aXa>a'a
aG6a!
a0
akaEF6a0Uaa
a2) aEaKa FaZkaE3a
ad P 2)a
aQaP1a.
aTaI=aŒ
a
aE3a_2
a#>abP1a
aEUFa0S{a
!UaE
aQaE4=aEaE1a2"a
a

V a 
ZE=aEUFa0UaA!a¥2ha
a aa0aXa>a`

aJ1aJ?!3ˆapUaASI #e5a2
Na
aJ3aja'&/Sa
a
1a„.aE
a
1aKaEj
2=aE
av1

aaEt}6a}a2ŽUa“=aTa3aK
V E!aQa0S7_aZEFaG6a0aORSax1aEFa
aEU ‰b&a
a
a]k_a4Ua¥2>a
1a0
aEFa01azakFa0Ua¥(S)aE Qaja
apUaASIa#e5a0
aEFa aEj
a¥2>a0-a5
a
a2&a=aKaOP+.aa0/_ƒaE
a(a0P5aav1  aa 2"a3aEFaSIFa27S/
¬)aaFa2
a =aT2-aa
a2}3a
a02.ax1aEUa
&a
aT ax1aK b3a]FaEI62

a(a2
aE_a " a'>aT1 2ŽUaE
a2}aEa0/a aE
a#&a2I5adŽUa(a#Pa
ab3a2=ah
ap_aK4Ua =a
a Fa2=a'&/SaE
a#P 07$(aZFaSj
a0Uaa+3a
aEj
2=a2=a/aE
aaa
aT1
a
aEada(a0
aEFaP1a2a01a'a24abI_aZK}aESI oI=aara
aE_aE4
a!
a0UaESI
EU2
aa2
=a¥()aE
ae2a=a
a!
aa'7"a2
=a  a’)a
av1 a!
a„. E
ab=a—Ua¦_
a73a2
a„ x1I1aT2`aEFaE=a’2=aKa#&a2I5adŽUa2a!
a›S|aEad(a1aKp_
a'7Pa
1a
aaa0UaKa
 !a.aK1(j=a
a
a'7"a aE
av1aEa‡+_aE
a]/
aZEFaSIaFabt&ƒaj7
a2= ]-5aP EI.aEaE!1a2&ea&S3a
a
aQa0UaaEFaSIF
aFa#Pa_aEj
ap} a FaEa‹GaE
ad(aa#PaF =a
2.a
aFad(a.aKa a(
E(j=a%SUa0
aE
aQaGa#Pa0S51a
2.a2\a1a#Pa
a‹GaaUa73 ZEFaSI2
ad
axj
 34

‰164½166a0+R> ¡85a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆ ‚ZSIaaK4UadUaKa2aQa
 )a2&/.a

aTa0
akaE3Fa,ea2=a– aZK_25 #P.a
aE>()aEFaE_IUaE=aFa)a– aEaT7aa
ZEFa125a“= EUa– a0U&Uaj6aS
a
a“F)a
aEj&

‫ہ ﮩرم‬,&;

aEj
2=au2haQaE
av1‚ EFa01aEFaIUaEab`a2 2=ahaE
aE>()aEUa– a3a0SIUaj.6
aT1 a
aa 2"au2haJ3aK}a aa0aXa>a'ad(
au2haa01a0
akaEI3 4
aK4Ua01aja /aE

Z‚d(
a
X

aZEFa125a“=aEUa– a
a“F)a
Ej&aTaEaE
araz2ªa3aEFa0U&Ua2ŽUaEaax1a01
K}a01a‡R_ #>aE
aQaEFaIUaEUa– a0>()a01a
aT7aJ3

aE
a27/.aa2!R.aEUa
_ a1 a1a™|$aJ3aEaKaT27/.abI&a›S|a
a Ia!
aE
aa 2"‚
aa aE
aQaFa1a2"a%a#>a
a Ia
a27/. J3a2)Ôa /aE
aEU2
a'&/SaEP1 2ha&a¥2/

a )a V IaFajaKa
PPa0
aSI3a
aK4Uaa01a06a2kaEFa ) V IaFax.a a
a
a†2
x1aja
a3aKaEt!a!
aE
2
a'&/Sa•Na&aE
aOP+.a
a
au2ha #I_aZEF
a01a2=aha/ƒ"a062k EFa'a IaEt_aE
aQaFaE3Fa
{ax1GUaE
a
_ a12Œ!_a1a0P5
Z‚EFaFa Ia
a'aKa
PPa0
aSI3a4
aK4U

a0
.aEFa
a#PU 2j=aEaEUaKa3aE
a
7"a
a2I.abI_a]FaI62
a#PUaE4=aKa062kaT7 01
a– aEa¥2ha=aKaa
aT!3 "()aQaaKIaaa
ab5aE
aE_IUa2}3aE=aja)a–
aKaZEFa1j
2
a'&
a/"aEUa– aE
2
a“=a2
a—2 —.aEaFa2a
aT7a2a0
a]FaS1a

1$a2paj.aSj
a0Ua•".aEaa!Ua'P/aE!3a– a
a].a!1aa]Fa.2
 "aoa
a– a2=aha-|$
Z1 Œ4=ax.a]41aja
a– aEUaQa0
aEFac5a
ad(aghadGa01

‫>ہ‬S)  6'‫ا‬

j.a125a S)a2=a2P5aQaEUa– a
aEUa
1 E4=aE=a0
aEFaU2
a‘2a01aEjaTa2)
a
ada2kaE_aQaEFa.3a=aaU%1 2=ax1aKabFNaE
a]k_ daKaE!aE
ab a0IU6‚
aK4U ‘2Sa
a2=aQa
a– a0
aEFa aEja.aE3a12
a•$a
aA3a0_>aE
– aE_aE
aFk
 35

Z‚kF

a
a
2aQa– a0
aEFa01a“F)a_a2 
a.aUFa‘2Sa0
a]FaS}6a4
a01aO/SaE
aQaK
a
‚d(agh‚a
aQaja– aZ]Fa} 2
a•$aK ‚a 2P_aa&32. ‚Ea)aKaZK125a•$a].a
a]3
EaU%1 2=a2
Fazk aEaQadaE
a¥2ha]Ua0
.aK25adŽSUa
aEU2
a‹aK
$a71 2"a!

ZKI=aTU


aZ!
)
‰¡a1960a3aZa 2P_aa&32.ˆ

‫ ;ت‬
ِ F )

‫ق‬C  ‫ر‬F3 5U ‫ اور‬V 2

2a3a
a›-aa*>a_ 7a2?
@aO/SaE
a
a a
a
aKa0S$Šk T+R>V ˆ
a#1NaE!3a Fa'>a<)aax1a
a*>a2?
@aKa0!aE
aQaaEFaGkaEa0Ž(aE
ab1 2ªU
‰EFa}a3a
a‹a„.aE
aA3aE
a›-aK

   ‫ڈاﭩ‬

Iad(!_ °ad2S+a‫ئ‬V U

aE=aEUa– aZakaEIaFaEaa&haNaTa /aE
aQa0
EFa aEjaZ(a
!ka٨a0)a<)a
a–
j.a125a2=adSS)aE
aA3aE
a'aE4= 2aKaa3a٢٦a0)a<)

a aa0aXa>aXa'a1 a0
aj.a˜F6aU2
a¥>aTa01a
– aE4=aEaEUoj6aTa2©
© DaKa
 J
a.aj.a
a2kaaaK4Ua1aj.a
ad
aa
aKaUaaE
aE1a 2
ažo=aa 2"aEU

a0
aja01aGU
aaDaK4Ua1aEFaG6a
a)aEa aa0aXa>aX 'a
a1 a0
aK1 2
a¥>aTa01a– aE4=©
 36

©D EFa
a#_a
aQa.aESUaK4UaaaK4Ua1aK}aESUaaU"aŠ)a„. E
aa 2"a– a
aQ

apSRka2=a0-aa¥2> E
av+a21 r t!aKa<)az3aE=aKa0
aEFa.Fad/a*a0ŒU6
a٢١a0)a<)ab_aE=aEUaKa0
akFa1a
– aZ]a2
aSaE_aE
az  a¡G3a"aE
aQaa]2

0
j.a
a‘2a01a2=aha¥>aKat

Z ¨a-PaU2
a S) 
a
&Fa
aQa0UaaEFaIUa'aEa
&FaPPa
a
a.a0UaEj©

aZEFa'a2ea2\aDaK4Ua1aEFaG6a
a) EaXa'a
ax1GUa2a0
a'a01a
a– a0ŒU6
a„.aE
aa 2"a
a
aKa1 a0
a'a01a}a"aZEFa›S| Ea– ad4Ra
a
ax1GUa2a0S7_
E1aTr3aDaEFa
a#_a
aQa0
a125aEUa– aZaEFaKaRUaA3a2aDaK4Ua1 ]FaSUaaU"aŠ)
a1aj.a
ad
a
aK UaaE
aE1aaa 2"aEUaXa'a1 a0
a]_a2
a¥>a
aTaQaE4=aKa0

aE3a aEa|a)a#_a.akaE3a aE A3a

aQa*3aDaKa
aJ
a.aj.a
a2kaaDK4U
Zk

a~ – aZaEj.ajaa0aaEj.ajae"aaEj.aja / ~a`a0

aEF €R.a -5aaEa– aEj
a
a "
1 ax1 2j=aaZa#I$a
a
&3a Žax1a
a25a0S51a
2.aa
a
2. 
a25aEU
a
a„Œ
a3aEUa~`aKak Ur 0U2&^=a0_a٢٣ ¨a0
aK4Ua€R.aEa– a2=aTaQabI_ °az2\az2\

Z ¨aEFa.2
a#&I.aa#I%.a
a2.2aaU" E
aa
a2
a#a„.aE
aa 2"a3aEFa
aza01aj.


aaU"a
aXaAS
a0
a01abI_a25a.a#I%.a
az2$/aOƒ E
aaU"aE
aa
aE
a`ax$aE
ٍ
E_a2aFa#&I.a
aaU"aQaEaQa
a(&aEUa~`a„Œ
a3aaj.a#&IU ‰aXaN/Uˆ
abI_akF aE_aE
a0%&Fa„.aE
~ad2
a7Ua0!a
aEU=aax1GUa2aaEFa 45a#"U
a2=a¤ƒ)a4Uaja / E
a~`a0
aj.a01a -Pa
aaaE1adU2aEUa~`a3ac25aE
a
_
ax.a]2a
aXa'GUaaEUa~`a2k ZEFa "a#!!.a01aaEIa3a1aKa#&adPa
a2$/
aOƒaE
aXa'GUaaEUa~`a2kaZaEŒ4=ax.a]2a
aX 'GUaa0
aEFa0`1 25aja
a
a. 1Œ4=
aEFa0`1 25 ja
a
a.a
aa0`1 25a
a2I&_aba4Uaa¥2/&_a2aa
a "a
1  aa
&3
aaja
a.aE
aE-5 E
aT(/aOƒaE
aXa'GU aEUa~`a2kaZ2
a#&a2=a¤ƒ)a4Ua0

aT%aKa
ƒaaOƒaE
¨a2 5a $a¨aEUa~`a2kaZ2
aE-5aOƒaE
aXa'GU
a2=a„?=a
a—jkaKaTG\a0_a٢٣aE
aT7UaEUa~` 2kaZ2
aFa!1aja
a.a_ad
aE
aa
2.aOƒaE
aXa'GUaa0ŒU6aZ2
a3a2
a„
a2ŽUa“=a
]_>a4Uaja
a.aGk
 37

a
aF Xa'a
a01a.a2
a
ad
aa01aaTG\aa`"aaT%aad"a
a
1  a a
&3
a
a2$/aEFaE.2
#&a2=aXa'GUaaOƒaE
a]eP.aE
aEUraE=ajaEUa~`aZEFa2=
a2=aXa'GUaaOƒaE
a]eP.aE
aEUr
a
aEUra2}a0
aEFa01a2=a
aXa'a
aa
a#I%.
az3aaTaa
Iar2haja3a FaKa
"a3 Z2
a#I%.a
a2$/aEFaE.2
a#&
a41a2
aza UaE
a az2
a2Pa
aXa'GUaabI_aKaKa#&aKj& *aOƒaE
a]eP.
aKp3aK}aE
ab/S EUaXa'GUaa3a2
a„
a2ŽUa“=a
a >Paaa Fa2kaZkFa#&a2=aXa'

a0S$ŠkaEUa*>a_ax1aKa7)aP x1a0
a!3a2kabI_akFa#&a2=aXa'a
a41a.aK1 o_
aaat
aEUa‹5a0
aFaE_aQa2).aKaEU2
a,S5a0/" x1a
a‹5a
a2&aT2`a0
aj.ajI_a0SRF
a0IU
aEFa2eaFa'&/Sa
a]2.a UaE
a3aKaa&?1aE
a‹ 0
a01a1aj.a
aK4UaY!
aaaZEF SIaFa
a€ŠaEaXa'a
a2
ažoaEaQa.aEj.aE
a'&/Sa2.aKa]p3 EUa~`
aaEFa3aKaXaAS
a3a
Xa'GUaaazaE
aKa0U27&^=a0_a٢٣aEUa~`a3aKa'&ad&.
٧  ٣ ˆa Iabax_aXa'GUaa/7. ]43aZ2
ag7.a
a0
a(a Ia41aja
a
aaEj.aE.2
ag7.
a1aa•7. #"aZK}aE.2
ag7.a
aaja~`a0
aFaa(aja01a]}aa
abP.a
a25 E
a
a2
a04
‰

ara
aZK}aES1a2"a#&IUa
aaU"aE
XaAS
a2=aa
aT}3ab
a– ad/a0UaZ ‰ ٢٣  ٧ ˆaaba_a
aK25a“=a
1 a!1a
aEa 1 2
aa 2"a– a
aZEFaS1a2
a = I
aKa !3aja-.a01a.a2a

ax1 ¥2>aE_aE
a&}a
a]U!Ua.aEUa_/.aXaZEFa#&IaUaaU"a
aa 2"a0
aF d/aEaJ3aDaEk
aEFa
aEa‡R_aaaFa S 
aQa0IaEFa2.aEa07$aax$a3aEFa125az$a¥2ha
abU"aƒe
aEU2
ag3a¥2ha
aTaƒeaQaE_aE
a]-5 Kak UraT(/a2j=aaZa05a*1 aa*SI_ax_N
ٍ
aŠ_aaa&Ia^SaXa2^5aZEFa#-RaaU"aƒea01a0
a1a2
aa( 2=aha,eaja01aaa1a Ia

a'GUa&a I+1a _ ba0

aa„
a01aG&.aaaE
a25
aaba0I ‰ ١١٥  ٦ ˆa(-Ra*SI_a I_ 'GU
a
&.aZkaI=aK4Ua2
a04
‰aAS
a*_\ax1 ˆ G1 GaAS
a
a 1 2
aa 2"a
‰ ٤٤٥ ˆaa25I_a axt_V 5aX
ٍ
aFa#&Ia U )aaU"a0
aK4Ua5
aE_aE
aEU2
a
{a01
V a a( 
‰116  6 ˆ a aa  " >axa0S&

aE_aE
!.a=aG6a
az(aE
aAS
aQa.aja25
aZkaFa=azaaj.aS}a" „Œ
a3aaEFaI6
a*SI_axa_GUaUa2 jRI1a _ DaK4Ua5
aE_aE
aaaAS
a01a
a0
a125aEUa_/.aXa*3aZEj.aES}6
‰ 51  29 ˆa jaS1

aKa#I$a&S3a#&a2=aAS
a0
aj.a01aeP.a
ab1a0IU6a0
aEFaQ!aE T $a
aTaQaEj
aE
a„& =a2aa2
a#&aOƒaE
a„&a=a2=aa 2"a™|$ax1a0
aSIaFaK4Ua01 aF
aja
aTaQaEj aEFaT2ea
a
-|$az Urax1aE_aE
aEj
a "a
adŽUaE_aQaOƒ
a0IU
aZEFa.FaEk a
4adPa
aE_ EUŒ4=a]}aFa'a
ad"aE
adŽUa&S3a]43a0
aEFaQ!
a1a2
a,eaE_aaaEUaa 2"a0ŒU6aK4UaSa
a!
a aE
aQaa0
a1Œ4=aE_aQaEUaQad^=
a0
aEFa41a#&a2=aXa'a
aaEj.aja
aG
2a~`a0ŒU6aZX gha P5a'2_a•ƒ1aba0

 38

a2
a,e Ka‡R_aaaEUa 1 2
aa 2"a
a0SIUaa0ŒU6aZE3aj
a "a
a
1 G
2au2ha /aE
a~`
aEFa2}ªaZ ‰ 143  3ˆa IPa S7PUa#S"aaTaa5a#2_a07"aba
)a "a'aa &+aa0
a1
aza "aKaT>aaa‰K4Ua
+-Uaa¼a -Pa
aQa2kˆ 0!a
a2I&_aba4Uaa¥2/&_a2a0

aQabI_aZE3a1aKa#&a#!!a
ad"aE
a
aG
2aEFaE.2
a#&a2= Xa'a
a0
aEFaSI
ak EFa -Pa
a
aG
2az  aaj.a -Pa
a~`aU(6a2=aaU"aƒeaJ3a0
aK4U 01a*ƒa

ZE3a1aa2"a#&IUa
aaU"a0ƒeaQ

T2`+U aKaaaE1adUa2aKak Ura0U27&^=a0_a٢٣aEUa~`ad

3a0
aEFa01a'a(ka
a–
aEa
a
a2%ax1aza1j
aE
2
a„Œ
a3aEUa~`a0
aEFa01aA3a2aDaj. 
ab%1 r=a
a~
a2%ax1aFadU2 
a
_ac25aE
~a`a0
aA3a01a2aZ1j
aE
2
aOƒaE
aXa'GUa bI_
a~`aZEFaSaT7{a
aQaEaX AS
a)a0IaK4Ua =a
abFNaE=a2aj.aEa
a

adUa
a
I&adŽUa~`a0
aEFa,eaEa
1 a
aa 2" Za Ia2%aUa0
a1ara2=aTaQaaaEU
a.3aFaja]ƒ\a4S3aEa~T2`+U aj7
aj7
aaEj.aESj

a
a2%ax1aKaF
a01 2k 8 ‰ 50  30 ˆa*1 2"a•&a0Uaa_a1a&5a
1 Saaa!RUaa#ea&U5
eaaa#"aZKj.
a.3a aja*1.a
aQ Ea¥2ha
a )a.a.o=a2=aE$ka FaE
ab1a2{a
ab3aK.Fa!1a]ƒ\a4S3
a2=aQaZaaEUa~`aaF6aTr3 
aE}aEjŒ=aEUa]k_ac/a2=a•"aE
a3ax1a0
aE!3
 80 ˆabŠI_a /.aa" >ab1Š_ax_ab7S1aSa j_a
UNa&_axaX R ZFa'rUaaEa¥2ha
aX
  š 
a2
Š_a0/RS5a2
Š1aa
G1a0/_ax1  1aa&aza¡3aaa_.aJ7 EFaKaJ7a†au2ha ‰ 10½11
     
½10 80ˆaj.a0a
U5a%|1aa/!1aY¡3abaaa
GS1aaxaa -.aaÜ0_a
U5a^Saba
3
‰11

aT(/aG3aKaFadU 2a
a
ƒaaKa$a
aa0
aEFa2}ªaEaT+1 2-.aa03 
a
aaaa~`a0
aj.aSIaFaKaT> Qa01aaKj.a.3aFaja]ƒ\a4S3aEa~`aK
ٍ ٍ
a0
a-.a01aaZE.Fa =ara…SUaaE
aQa.a.Fa0Ua!1a2ka Ej.aES1adUa2aEa
a
a2%ax1
aZESI 2
aK4Ua
aQaa!UadaE_aQa
aEa
a
a7Uax1aza
a„Œ
a3aEUa~` 0IU6
azaj.a
a "az2$/a3 EUa~`a0
aEFa.3a1=a-.a01a0p3ac/aKa _aE
a1aja‹ a0ŒU6
a2=a
a'a
a)aEa-.a01aZSIa3a
K4Ua "azazaaK4Ua¦a
aJaE
a]U!Uad
aT2ea
aEU aE
a]7Ua /aE
a~`aE_aQa0
aEFaSIaFa-. 01a
aQa0SUa2aZEFaRUa

aEt6a)a– ‰aESIa2

aK4Ua!1aa!Uada0IU6 ˆaKIa2
a "az2$/a
a !" QaEa2j=aza0
.aEF
aEUa~`a0
aK} E. aEa2
a2ja2=ahaE
a0SUaE
a-.aQa3aK}aYU2ƒ)a "aJ
a…SUa]Ua01 0

a
a#aax1aKak Ur 2RaE
a
U!UaT7Ua S)aZ
aEa
a
a7Uax1a
aja„Œ
a3
a01a0ŒU6aZEFa.Fag2$aa
a "aa'> aEFa.Fa S)aa
a]S-|$aEa]43aaEFaSj
a

 39

ZEFa¥2SaE
a 12.a
a'>aE
aT7Ua S)a
aEa
a
7Uax1a
a„Œ
a3aEU~a`a0
a-.
ٍ
aaaEj.aE.2
„Œ
a3aXa'a0
a4
a01a /aE
aT1 a,ea!3 ‰ 143  3 ˆaZZZZZZZa'aa4 &+a
a0
aEFaa(a
aTaQa‰ak Fa S)a„.aE
aTNa
~a`a0!a
aa ˆaEj.aE.2
aEaa

a0
aEj.aESj&au2haj6ad2
aER)aT2` ZSIazaK4Ua "a0!a
ab1a /aE
aT5a
a~`

aZEj.aE.2
aEaT%a&FaEj.aE.2
a„Œ
a3a~`a /aE
QaaEFa‡R+a UaE
¨a*SI_ ¨a
aEeP.a„.aE
a
/a
a
ƒaZFaK4Ua•"a1 7.a
aKadŽU /aE
aT5a
a~`aE_aQ
a.3 #a0-5a(4=a
a2kaE_aE
a0R-.aE
ab3aEj.aE. aEaaEtUaEtUaaaE aE_ QaEtkaESo

a.a.FaT2ea
a1 7. KaQa2kaZEj.aESj
a "a0_a
² aEa.a.Fa0UaT2ea
a1 7.aKaJ3
a2
a0-5aUaEaT%a&Fa.a.FaT2e 
aE-5aEtUa2kaaES_a2
a1 7.aEaT%a&F
a]%U3aE
a~`a
aaaj.a
aXa'a0P1 2ha41aZj.a.F Ka$a
aa 2"a„Œ
a*a01aZaES_
Zj.aXa'a
ag7.adUa
a aj
a "aEU

a.aEj.aE.2
aEaa
aaEj.aE.2
a„Œ
a3a~`a0
aK} E.25a– a0
a!3a0
aE3a_a2
a‘25a2k
aFa0Ua!. ‰aXaN/U ˆa2=aa
a !"ax1aFajaEa¥2h = 
a )a0
aFa01a*ƒa
aQ
aa*3 2=a]7UaE_aEU aE4=aDa]
a2) aapUaa01aZkFag2$a'GUa
aa
a
V !" 2a0ŒU6
a0
aj.a#I%aoa01aaEFa"a2=aG6 3aE_aE
aXaQa
a.aj.az$a¥2ha
aa 2"a'GUaKaQa.aFa'rU
aG6a!1a
aKaa 2"a.aEjaZ12
az$aKaa 2"a
QaaK}aE.2
a2
Na– a
aJ3aa
a !"a2
d(!_aZka]FaI%aKI25az$ ¥2ha
a
1 a– a2kaZ. aK4Ua2ŽU

_ 7aZZZ™|

‫اب‬

aEUa
1 zr.aQaZ(a¡1960a
!ka17a0)a0Ua
1 °Xa0S&aa Iad(!_a2Ia 2S+

aE
a
aaT7UaEFaESj
 v+a2=a'aE4=aEaKaTa6a Saz2
a“=aE=aEUa– aK
aaFaT7Ua-.a
a– a0
aEFa.3Fa,e
V Ta01aEaaaEFa125a4ªa
aT)ab3aE=aO/S
aESjaEaaa3a2=aTaaaE
a /a. Fa3aƒ\aKaF a*3a0
aEFa2}ªaZEFa<\a2=ah
a2= A3a2a– a0
aj.a
a‘2aEUaKaE_aaZEj.aESIa”4=aK4Ua2=aESUa!
a F E
2
av+aK}
aKaZK}aE
aaaK A3aE=aEUaKa3aK25apSRka2=a#!a#>aaaEaE
aEUjaTa 1 G
aE25a2}ªaT)aE=a2=a'aab_ E
2
a'7"a
a’GkaQa2aEUa– a0
a]FaGka2I$a
a–
 40

a]IaadUa
 )a„Œ

aK}aS52kaKa&45a<\aQa3a
a]k_ 2aaaa
a– aKaAaZK}
Zk

a01a*`\aaEF 0SUa
a0/_ƒa™"Ua
14UaE
a aa 2"azaEFa
aaaEUa– a-.a3a
a
a T7U
aE
a
aaKaaQax. ‹ aEa >a4=a0
a_2
&Sa.a2=a0/_ƒa™"UaQaEUa– a0
aEF
a')a01ax1GUaE=aaK}aEj?a„&a<\a– aE EFa}a#&aaz Pa3a€R.a
adaa¡&
a
a*-aE
a aa0aXa>a7Uaa&!ad&.aKaT a#1 h 
a'aaz6aEU=a0
aEFa_2

aEFa
aƒ\aKaEUaaU"aŠ)a
a
aEUaaU"aE&ad&.aE
aaaK}aEtk j
a2
jaKaEj&
aaaE
a– aZK}atkF I$a
a&45aƒ\aKaEU2
a "a2=aaQadŽUaUU"a=aKSƒad&.a
aa 
a01aKaE4=aEaEU2
ar\ a
apSRkaQ bI_aka]2
aKaƒa
aEk aKa.apSRka-R.a2=aT)
a– a3a aza0
aK6aFa)aaK_azG3a)a
a Pa
a1aE=aEa'a¢ja– a0
a]FaS}6
EFao=aK4Ua.aEUaFa– a4.aa 2"aDEFa5
aE_aE
a raoaE.aza
aEFa
#>aKaaQaEU
aja¦_aE!1a&$ EaaZK}aEFaESo=a
aQaKaE-a2}aE
aUaaKaEUra2}aa&!a]—2

aKa#\%aEa
4aE
aaa0/_ƒa
aa 2" E_aE
ab3aK}aE.3aE=aja‹ aaK}aGkaKa1 .a(
aE
aQaaEU2
a\a2=a¼R_ax1ax1aE
aQaK1 2&a= EU ]4Ua0IaEFa}aK4Ua0^%a&eax1aE
aOaE!
a&45a<\a01a
a– a2) aZK}a2
a¥2>aKaEU2
aŠ)a…SU EaaaaEj&aT2&`
,+>aaK}aEj?a„&a?_a#I_a%a
aa 2"a¦_a*a01aKaEt!aaE!3 T7Ua0
atkF
a#"ax1a!
– aKad(a1 .a=aZEFaFa›%IaAa2=aA+>a 6aE!3a– aa2=a– a¥2>a%
V
aEF 2
aaa– a3aFa
aŠ) -.aza
aT7Ua*-aEaa 2"aEUaJ3aESIaE_aK4UadUaja
a
V _a2
N
aESIaa– a0_a
a _a!
aE!1a2kaZK} EFaa2"a– a3aFaa2"a
aza
a
aaK}
ZE_ dUa
aQad2
az2a.aK}

W‫ا‬C ‫ ;ت اور اس ﮯ‬F ) ‫۔‬1

a„Œ
aO/SaE
aT)az2
a“=aE
a– aKaAa /aE
aEU2
a#=a0U-| 01aEa2&eaa#Pa
a–
01aKa‡R_aE
a– a)a0SIUa(4=aEaKaaaZEFa#&S%a2=aTIUaQav+aa
a– Zka]2
a‘2
EF
ajae"aEj.aja
 Ej.aja /a aa0aXa>a`a0
aEFa€R.a -5aaEa– aEj‚
 41

a2j=aaa#I$a
a
&3a Žax1a
a25a0S51
2.aa
a
2.a
a25aEUa– aZjaa0aEj.
Z‚
a "a
1 ax1

aEFaK4U ja >a5a1000Ý1 0Ia >a5ax1a#>aK}aEF25a2

Na– a
aJ3a€R.a -5 a01
a
aXabaaEFaU z2\ae"a
a /ac+a
a aa0aXa>a`aEUa– a0
aE_aQ
aZEFa.Fa•"aEaEUa0UaaEUaE
a
R> a€25aa0IUaZEFaUaK4Ua„.aE
a
R>ar
ad
aa01aE
a aa0aXa>a7Uax1GUaE
a– a0
aEF 2
a,eaTa01a)aEUa– a2
a#6aEk
a`aKa
aQaEa03aaaEj.aKa
a
aa!Uadax1a0I K4UaKa
a
a'
aKa‡R_ 2aZFaaU"aŠ)a3aESU
V aK4Ua
aza– aEaEFa
ad
a3aEUa aa0 Xa>
aKaUaE!3a0IaK4Uaz2
2PaE
a )a2paEj.a /ax1ax1GUaE
a– a aa0aXa>a`+U
a aa0aXa>a– au2haaZEj.aja a 0aXa>a`ax1aFaE!1 aK}aE.FaSa
a]?1 2?!aa]3adaE
aUa0Iaj.a
aK4Ua2Pae"aE ¥2ha=a
a– aEUa )a2paEj.ae"
aK E/aE
a&} a "aa
Gaa
ab%1 r=a41aZEj.aj ‰~ˆa– a£1 2?! 1a…3ax1au2ha

aa
a aa0aX >a7UaKa')aE
a– aja*-a
aEaKaaa0
aEFa
aS)aEUa– aj
Zj.a0Ua#>aEa
a
aEUFaXab

ad( Ka0Ia
aZEFa#>aE!
a
a aa0aXa>a`a*>a01a2j=a0
aEFa01 'a(4=
aXa>a– azaEa*-aE
T"aQaaj.a
a*|Sa¢_a=a
a– a)aS)aEUa]_aEU2
a'7"
a
"aQaZtka_@aa
a
1 a(a*3a2
”4=a01 a
aDEj.arajaE
aE1?}a
a aa0
a&Fa aa0aXa>a &+a0
aj.a
aEha01aE
2
a P/ T%aJa
aEUab1 234aa-U

aka3a
a aa0aXa>a`a
aDEka]Faa "aE
a‹5aae" a >aE
a
1 aQ
a0
aEj.ar E
aQaa&!a
aaDj.aSIFa*|SaE_aE
a*>aaajaa&!a2a
K
aEa%a&Fa2
E_aJ=a*-a
EaKaaa1a*>a*a01aEa aa0aXa>a–
a-R.a
+.aE
aa 2"aE_aE
a
1  Qa
aE1 a0
aEFa0/"aja01a
a2j=aDES1aÐUa
aa!

atka
a "aKa0UraE
a aa0aXa>a` 2Œ!_a
aEa‘2\a
aEUaEƒeaabU"
aJaQaa]FaE.2
a“$
a
aEU2
ad/a%a
aa 2"aEa% E
a0+> ‰~ˆa– aKaJ3aj.

aTaaa2kaD]FaE.3aEabU"aIaOƒaE
aQaFa.Fab/Sad4Ra3 
aa 2"aEaEa

ٍ
aEFaKaRUaP1aaEFaK RUa2kaaZK25a$aT7{a|1 .a
a
aQad2
az2a.aEFaKaT7{aA3
V
 42


aEj?abaa "aag$ae"a2U25a&}a)a a 0aXa>a7Ua0
aK}aES}6a4
a01a– a
a.
DEj.

aza
a– jaa 2"a
aK}aEFa 2"a– a
a3a
a aa0aXa>a`a0
aEFa01a' 2
ZEF S4
a
aza0
aEjI1a2
a'j
aa 2"aNaKa0!aQaDEFaS1a2"a


8) ‫ و‬A5-) 
28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬

tka
aaa#-R.a01a
a
_a*-aE

V a aa0aXa>a7Ua2=aTPa6 KaY=aAS
aQ
V
EF

aaZZZZZZZZZ ‰
aaEUa]4UˆaEj. EFajaK1a
‰07/
ˆa2jkaQa#&aa }2a0I73a2
a1a‚
aEa2
ažo=aT1 a2.aK4Ua3a25a¿7/a' x1aEa UaE
a4Ua)aKa]k_aaak2=a&F
Z‚‰129z2P7_ˆa2
a0
G.a
aaaaa /. 
a
&IaaAS
a
aaa

aaEFa.a2
ažo=aT1 a&Fa
a .a3aja'ax1aEaKaFa .a)  Ua4&.aEUa Fau2haJ3‚
aESU3aK4Ua .a3aEF .jIaK.azaK4&.aaEFaS1a /.a
a
&IaaAS
a
a .aaEFa.2
a0
G. 4&.
Z‚‰151z2P7_ˆaEj.

aQaK4Ua3a
a¿/7a'ax1aEaKa4Ua)a UaE
aaa0I73a125aa! 2=a]_aEUaa&1aEUaX‚
Z‚‰164a2&a' ˆaEF S1a /.a
a
&IaaAS
aK4UaaEFa.2
a0
G.a
aaaaEFa.a2
ažo=aT1 

a.a2
ažo=aT1 a
aQa
aaa3a
a¿/7a' x1aEaKa4Ua)aaaE
a]aEUaJ3aEFaF‚
Z‚‰20/&_ˆaEFaS1a /.a
a
&IaaAS
a
aa aEFa.2
a0
G.a
aaaaEF


aa 2" T1 a¥2>a
a'aE=aEUa_/.aXa0
aEFa01azaEFaka12}a 
Sa
aT J3aaaKaT1 aa
ZEj. jaa -Pab.aE
a
/a„.aE
aQa0Iaj.ajaK4UaE_aE
aE1
 43

ZK1a /.a
aAS
a
a]k_a– a0
a01ax1
ZKjIa
&Ia
aEU2
ad
aOƒaE
%aE
aAS
aQa0
a01a2
a
aaaEa
2.a=a/1aK1 2
a0
G.aja
a
t}a&S3 
aaaaj
a25a– a0
a01a2!.a
ZK1 &U  %U 
a&S3adŽUa2S4aa¥>aEj6a UaE
aaaaK1 2
aa
a]2) &S3aa2RU

a
aQa0Uaj.aG6a
aFa raE E1a‡R_aE
aa 2"a¥2>a /.a
a
&IaaAS
a0
aEFa2}ª
aEj.aE.25aS)aja2 .a3a– aE_aE
a
2.a
a2$/ a25au2haaZj.a/aEaU2
a2
Na_
E
aEU2
a2
Na
a
 )a_aQa
a
2.a0UaKj.a„Œ
aFa raEaE1 a2
ažo= ‡R_aE
aa 2"ajaz
a>ad2
a`a3 *>aE
a2aa /a01az(aE
aEUŒ4=aa 2"a0
aEt125aAaZEj.a0Ua/a


a
aDj.a125aa2=aaa
a– aEUa_/.aX 1aEj.aEj?FaG5a)a– 2=aaaEj.a#>a
a aa0aX
aT«23a
aE4
a01a™|$a
aaEj
aa&1a2=aAS
aa /aE
T+1 2-.a2Iaa¥>aaa
aa 2"
E
a*>aaa aa0aXa>aT2`+U aaEj.a0Ua¡G3aE
a
_a*>a]U 01a0
aEFaSI2

a.aSIa04
aK4Ua2k DEj.aES1adUaKa
a£1 2=a=a0IaK4Ua'a
+aT )aac25
aE
a
&IaaAS
a /.aEUa aa0aX >a`aK.a3a raEaEUa‡R_aE
aa 2"a0
aEt1S
a
aEUa aa0aXa>a`a
2.a3a
az2$/aa25 Ea#&aa'"aE=aaK25aKaE!
DEFa
aa.aK4UaIUa
a
_a)aIUaEa !.a aaEU Xa*U3abaE

?‫ب ا‬, ‫
 'رح‬28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬


EFa$a
a_/.aX Ka#+_a†
a3a
a /.aQa2
a,eaE_aE
a]k_a .a0
aEFa
'rUaE_aQa¥2ha4&.aEUa Fa2
Na01 ‰7Uaˆa‚
Z‚EF tka.a¥2ha
aa

aKaa 2"a0
aj.atk 
a
 )a01a2aE
a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa.Fad/a¥>aEa
1 aQ

a#Paaax1aZK25a,1 2%.aa,e.a a 0aXa>a– a
aaaaT1 }aadIa3a_/.aX
aE
aAS
aQac+a,1 2%.aa,e.a
aAS
a!
a0
aEFaSIa„& .aTa.a
ara
aja a

aEa0
.aEFaS4
a„Œ
a raEa‡R_aE
aQaaEU2
a,1 2%.a0Ia.3FaK4U EaE1 a2
ažo=a‡R_
 44

a.aFaO/S EaEt!a&a!
aTa
a
aAS
a2kaaE3a„&au2ha=a*ƒa
aAS

a
a‡R_aE
aAS
a.Fa0Ua01 ZEFaU2
a#&au2haQa%a
a›-a0
aEFa.SaE
2
az2}Ža&au$
aa,1 2%.ajax1GUaE
a*SIa#Rha!
a1  Fa‡R_aE
aAS
a2j=a
aE_aEj6=a aa*ƒ
a.Na=au$aE
aa 2"a aa0aXa>a7UaEaa
a
1 aQ 0
aEt125aAaZSIa=aK4Ua2"a,e.

aFa -Pa
EU2
a'rUaAS
a2=a'aE=a_/.aXa.a]41aDj.a
a2Pau$a
a– aEUa ) 1aEj.aKa

a0
aEFabI&a01au2haJ
2j=aZ2
a,ea*ƒa
aQaEa#&aa'"aE=a'a0
aEFa} 2
aaa01
aaE3a1a2"a_aEa*-aE
a
_ 
a*-aE
a aa0aXa>a– aEa
a
aa 2"au$
a12
aIUaEaEU2
a'7"a2!R.aau2$a
a aa0aXa> – a2
aE_a
aa 2"a‡R_aEFaEŒ4=aE
a–
ZkFa0UaIUa
a
_a) IUa01a
aDE3

K 513 ‫;ہ‬D; ‫ا و‬Z  

28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬


EFa.25a_/.aXaKaa2&a' a†
V
0
a4
aZka2
a
7+aEa .aXa2
a2=a2a.aFaESj
a
7+aEaXa .a2k 0
a4
‰7Uaˆ‚
Z‚.2
K4Ua !=a
a]25
aXa.aK}aE.—a0aza2ka2j=a
a'aaXa2
a
h

EFa.25aKaAGa†a
Z‚Fa a
a2) ad1aaXa3aE_aE
a™|$aQ
V a2}aEFa P. x1aKa'aE
aXaE_a4&.‚


a Ia
a2=a
aa EFa} 2
a2Pa%=a
a aa0aXa>a'aE=a_/.aXa)aKa]S1 ]Uaa
a„a.aEka2
aS)a’a01a0
aEFa} 25 ¥>aaEFa}aa2"a P.aU&Ua
ak Ura
aaaEFa}a
aZEFa2R
aU—a0aEaQa0IaSIFaK4Ua#>aK4&.a2^ E
aQa
7+a2aj
a0Ua a
aE

a*|Sa
a– aEUa]U&!a1aDEj.aEj?aba)a¢_aa&}a aa0aX >a`a0
aEt125aA

a2\a#I_a‡R_a01aE
aa 2" 2kaDj.a
aa
a a 0aXa>a– a2=a*-aQaEUa_/.aXa1aDj.
aE
a– aa2=a
a– a2j=a.aZK}aEFaa2" %=aa&}aXabaa
a~a`+U aEaEP1 2ha07S%
aEaQa0
aEFa^_a22a4
a01aKaA3aE
aQaDEFaSI3a
E!
aIUaEa P.a
ak Ura0U&U
aXa'aK T>aQaaZU/7.5a0
a0Ua.3a125aa 2P_a/7.5a.a.Fa2a01a2kaZEF 2=a
aa 2"a2
ZEj.a0U Fa/a
a.aE
aE4
a0!a†a
ak Ura
a aa0aXa>
 45

‫
 'رع‬28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬


EFa.25aEFaE.2
a2
Na
a aa0aXa>a7Ua_/. XaKa¥2a†
a2=aaa EFa.2
a'(a
a]G6aY=aE_aE
aaaaEFaS
a
aaaEa2IaaEFaS1a I 
a¥2/a
aaaz‚
ZEj.aEFaEo6a2=aaa3aEF S1 .ab aa„3azaEa2=aaaaEFa.2
ad2a
a]G6aY=U


‰Legislative aTS)a/1 2%.a
a~a7UaEUa_/.aX 0
aK}a,1 2>a#I_aKa2aQa‡R_aE
a
1 aQ
aaaKaa 2"a3aEFaK4UaFa¥2>a 1 2+.aa#+.a 4Uaa2aEa¥2ha
aXaZK}aE
aƒ Powersˆ
a IaEUa~`a
aG6aJ3aaEFa1a2"a'(a1ad2aEUa aa0aX >a7Ua„Œ
a3a0IaEFaF
a
a U ) aU"ajazaE_aQaEFaEaTS)aEFaEt1aE
aXajazaEFa
a•aEaJ3
V 1aEFa1
EF Fa$a„.aE
a
2>aaKa2%a†aTa41aZEFa0-ax1

aGa
|aXa@aE XaaÄ3aYaEaQa2

a•aEaJ3aa_aE_aEaaK4&.a'a„Œ
a3‚
Z‚EFaaE1

aa#+.a
aa 2"aa4U  2aE
aa 2"aKaaa0
aSI3a
aK4U #1 .a01a
a!
aEaKa]S1 a]Uaa
a
a 1 2+.a #+.aa4U a2a]41a.aEUaXaZkFa 2.aKad(
aE
aXa0IaK4Ua#1 . 01aZEFa2
Na
a 1 2+.
aKaaaEa– a0
aEFaS}6a4
a01 Ea]aXa™|$a
a
a2j=aZ
aa 2"a0
a0UaEFa1a2"a#/5a
a'
ZEtkaE_adU 
a'aEaE
aa 2"aEaE_ja– aZtkFaƒ\

\J 
28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬


aX >a7UaEUaQa0
aEFa.25a,1 2-.a
a2aQa_/.aXa2=aTPaT2IaK4Ua0p3 x1aKaa 2"
]Fa0Ž(aT1 a 6a2=ahaE
a'aEFa
a2Pae"a
a aa0
aFaj
 
aXaaaE
a]k_a .a0
.aEFa
a'rUaAS
a„.aE
aOa¥2ha4&.aEUa F ‰7U ˆ‚
Z‚‰105¡!_ˆa2
a0-5aKa$
 46

0
aEFaka1a IaEjaaEFa
a'rUaEUaXa3a2=aAS
aQa]Fa1aa&1 Ka0
a4
‰7Uaˆa‚

Z‚‰15 %_ˆa]2
a' aaa4&.

aaaE
aaa'a0
.a¥2ha
a'aE
aQaaXaK3aE(aza*3a0
EFa01a.ad
a
a]_aEUaa&1‚
‰51_ˆa_aaaaaEUa Fa0
aK4
aza. 2
a0-5


aEa .aza0
a
a]P5aFaESjI1a .a.a¥2ha
aAS
az2
a'rUa
aXaÄ a0
EFa.3a4
a
aaa*3a‚
‰61¡!_ˆaK}aE.2S

a0-5aEj.aKa]opj3aE=aza0
ax.a*3 Eka]Fa0UabaGk2}aza !"a
aAa2. ‰7UaˆaJ=‚
a0IaK1 2
a0UaQ!+ap.a
aKa'aE=aEa¥2ha
aQ 2
a.a0-5a3a2j=aK_aaa0UaaEU2

‰65¡!_ˆ K_2
a'7"a %6a2!aE

aE
a2PaE
a]U&!a1a0S)a)a a 0aXa>a7Ua0
aK}a,1 2>a#I_aKa2aQaKS1 ad&.a01

a
aEUFa…3a
a– a0
aEFaFSa01a
1 a2!.aZEj.a…3aEF E
a2PaE
a_/.aXa0IaK4Ua…3aEF
a
abax1aaEj.aja…3a– aKa
a
aFa'a0Iaj.aK4Ua_ Ea
a
a
_a

a•&ajaEk aE
a
aQa
a– aza0
ax.a*3aSIFaK4Ua,+>ax.a
"aQa
_2_ a&1
aEFaka
a2
Na_a_ 
a]Ua'a ‰a 2"ˆaXa'GU aKa
1 aj.6aZE_2
aS)a0Ua01 a
a
h
a
a
aaU"aa 2"ax1aK}a•32 #PS!aaE_aE
aEU2
a#>a0-5a0
aEFa.Fa2}ªa¥>aEaJ3
a0
a0UaEFad
a
aO5aU—a0aEa]UaaaaE
a
a…3a aa0aXa>a'a2aE
a
a
a…3a™|$a3a
a~a'a0
aEFaka1a04
aEaEP1 2ha¦aE #I_aKa
1 a2) aZ
ab

a'aE= ™|$a
a2=aE-5aEFaE1aE
a~a'a2ka0
aSaEFaK4UaFabaza.2
K4Ua !.aE
a04
a01a– aja /aE
aT+1 2-. aa
aa 2"a
aZEFa.3Fa S)aa&1a
aQa.a2
aQ!+ap.ajaK
au2ha
a]?1 2?!aa]3adaE
aUa0IaEj. 0Uae"aEa
a
a'a~a`+U a0
aK}aESI
aE
a~a`au2ha
a]-5aE
aaaE_aQaEj.a£1 2?!a1 …3ax1aja aa0aXa>a–
a2ka0-5a
aQa0
aEFaSIFa
a01a
a…3a!
aE
aUa
aDESIabaK4U aU"aŠ)ajaE-5
V
DkaE3F *aa&1a
aQa.aEj&a<\aEajaKa'aE=a1a2
a P.a2=aQa1aEUa0U 

‫);وا‬C ‫ و‬A 
28 A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫رل‬
 47

aEa¥2ha
aX ~a7Ua0
aEFaS4
ajaTa01a2=aTPaT2Ia„.aE
a2I.aa
2>aa  a 2"
j.aFaƒaEa
a
Fa'aja*-a01a
a– aaEj.a2U25aa
aEFaE
a2P

Z‚‰64a¡!_ˆaZEaaNaE
aXaE3a
a
h 
aQa0
aE_aQa2pajaK4Ua'a
aEUa F‚
Z‚‰80a¡!_ˆa
a
ha
XaEUaQa2
a
ha
a'a3
ٍ
Z‚‰10a,SR_ˆaK}aE.2
a
/aEaXa
PP azaK}aE.2
a
/aEa .a¦_a3aP1 ‰7Uaˆ‚
a &+ˆa_2
a0Ua#ha
a'&aE=aa
a'a2
a
haa
aX 2
a
haFaEaa&1a3ak_a‚
Z‚‰33
a'a
aQ aXa0-5a
a0/a!
a*3a0
aEFaK4UaOa01a
aTabaa2aba!
‚
aXa™|$a3aaE3aza"aS) 
aE_2
a0-5a
a)aKa0/aQaE=aE_aE
aaa2j=a.a2

Z‚‰36aAGˆako=aKaF2&k j
aza2
aU25Ua
a'aE
aQa
a2a_aEaKa .a3a
a]k_aaaa
a'a2
a
ha 
aXa2
a
haFaEaa&1a3ak_a
aaXaFaESj
 a&1a .a2ka¥2ha
a'aaXaa2j=a
aQa.aE3FagGUaaa4&. 2ka2j=a]F
‰59a¡!_ˆa2=a2) ar

a1aFaj?abaz22a
a
1 az2
a "a=a)a3aEFaK4Ua
a!1a
'a0
aK}aFSa¥>a
1 a01

a
aQaZEFa2U25 Fa
aaEa¥2ha
a_/.aXaza0IaFa1az22aE
2
a*|SaEUa]k_ E!3
a
aQaEa¥2ha
aXaFaUFa'a
Qa0IaEFaK4UaG6a
a_aEa
_a*-aE
aQa2U25
aQaZEFa
/aEaXa#> a
/aEaQaZEFa
h 
aXaba
ha
aQaZEFaUFagƒa V

aE
aXaja#&a
a
a a0
aEFa01a0SUa
aQaaK}aE
aU25U 
aXa/aE
aEU2
a0Ua
ha

aQaa]2&I E
aQaa
a=a0
aEFa2}ªaKab3ˆa
aa&1a#}aKaEPaE
aQaZFa0U '7Pa]}
ٍ
aKaQaFaI62
aza0-5a
0/aJ3a0
aEFaK4Ua#>aOa01a/ƒ" ‰K}a#$a* ‚
aG
2‚aE

ZK1 2
a0-5a
a)az

ab.a2p1a /aEI1aKaJ3aEFa.2
a
1 a2) a,1 2-.a/ƒ"aa¥>a2
ažo EaT+1 2-.ad&.aa
EFaka1a I 
a]Sh
 48

Z
ha
aXaE4=aEa*
Z
ha
a a 0aXa>a'a /aE
aQ
Z
h 
‰‚
aG
2
V ‚E
a– a/1ˆa2a_aKaE3a2!.a2j=

aQaaZEFa2.aa_aEaaa0IaEF K4Ua#$aKa2a_a'a0

aFad/a01a.aTa4=aEaQ
agGUaEa2a_a0
a01azaFad/aEa
1 aQa3aTa2 ZEFa2=a27&Ua2a /aE
a )a03a

aE_aE
aE-5aKaTGUa0
aFad/a01aTa2!.aZSIFaK4UagGUaE 'a2paEFaSIF
ag3a¥2h 
aXa0I73a2j=aZ.3Fa/aEac+a2
Na_a
a'a„.aE
a
2>a.a.FaX ¥2>a•32
a*ƒa
aEU2
ag3a¥2ha
'a.aEFaK4Ua„Œ
aaaE
aEU2
ag3a¥2ha
aXaAS
a2aEaEU2

a'a
a /aE

a 4aQaa¥2ha
a' TNa)aKa
_a 4a0
aSIFaK4Ua„Œ
aaE
aQaj
Z5E3 
ag3a¥2ha
a aa0aXa>

‫ع‬D‫;ن ﮨ;ﮯ  ا)  ا‬J ]) ‫  ﮯ‬

Ea PS/aE
aT1 2ŽUaTojkabaE=a)a2
aE_adUa
aQ PaAS
aQaaK}aESUa
a 2"a/"a2ka–
ٍ
a0aXa>a'aK ‡R_a07S%a2\a/ƒ"aa,1 2>aa¥>a aa 2"a0
aE_a„I1a.aK}aK4UaEF
aae"a‰Law Giverˆ g$aXad(
au$a&}
V %=a2a /aFa
a2PaEa¥2ha
a )a
a a
aEaa
aY=aAS
aQa*>ad&.a01aE
a aa0aXa> `aaZEFa}aa2"a2U25aa


aEaaE
ad2
a0+>a2=aa
ab3aK}aT+1 2-.a41a
a4_ad(
aZK}axR1 EG3aE
a
_a*-
V
aEFa
ad
a3aEUa~` KaTad&.aa†
Ša0
aEFaUa01a€R.aEUa]U&!ad&.ax.a‹ 2I_
azaFa0Ua<\a)2 4SUa™|$a
ax.a*3aEF ‰Source of LawˆaaU"aŠ)a2a /aE
aa 2"az
aaa
aY=aa 2"aa&!aaE
aEUr 2}aaa&!aE
aUad&.a0
aSIFaK4Ua(S7aKa =aQ
ažo=aa 2"a¥2>a~a`a0
aEFaj&aEUaQaJa*ƒ xjaaK}aEtka2
aƒ\aKaEj&a
aT1
a
aa&!adax1a
a
a– a /aE
aQaaZEj.a aa0aX >a'ax.a a
aE1 a2

EUaQa*ƒaza
a‡R_aE
aa 2"aEa a
aJ3aEFatk a
^_a_2Uaaa
aza„.} E
aQa2) aZj.
D1 a0Uaj7
aKa„&a
a
a=a3aj&
 49

‫ رات‬,‫ ا‬-Z3 ‫ ﮯ‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ^ ‫۔ رل‬2

EFa125a$a01aEUa– a0SIUa2
aEUa aa0aXa>a`aKak Ura0U27&^=a0_a23a0
aEFaK4Ua€R. Ea– a2=aTaQabI_‚

a.2
a#&I. a#I%.a
a2.2aaU"aE
aa
a2
a#a„.aE
aa 2"a3aEFa
aza01aj.a
„Œ
3

aXaAS
a0
a01abI_a25a. #I%.a
az2$/aOƒaE
aaU"aE
aa
aEUa~a`ax$aEaZEF
ٍ
a2aFa#&I.a
aaU"aQaEaQa
a(&aEU ~a`a„Œ
a3aaj.a#&IU ‰XN/UˆaaU"a

Z‚EFa 45a#"UaE_

K}aE.25a2j=a– a2
a#6aEk aKaE! 
a-.a01a.aE_a2a
ara
aZK}aES1a2"a#&IUa
aaU"aE
aX AS
a2=aa
aT}3ab
a– ad/a0U‚
aEaJ3aEkaK25 ‰6'ˆa“=a!1a
aEa 1 2
aa 2"a– a
aZEFaS1 2
a =aI
Ka !3aj
Z‚EFa#&IUaaU"a
aa 2"a0
F d/

a0Ua
a "a !ax1aE
aaU"a a3aEFa&45a<\ao x1a01aEFa125aEUa– a„Œ
3aKa]2P5aa
aS)a
araaU"a0
aEFa.3a
a !.az "a01aKa2jaUaZEFaF Oa
a– aEa03a
aEj&

aE
2
Eha'>ax1a1a2
aa Ia
a#&ax1a1a2
aa Ia#&ax1a2kazaFa#>a
aJ3 
aTS)aE
aEU2
*.2a<eaa "aKaaE
aT(-R.a
aQa
aa1a™|$a!
a
+.aE=
ax1a
aaU"aa0IaE.FaK4UaG6 
a_aEaaU"a<eaa "az2
a*.2aE
aQa.a2
ac1 R.
a2
aa "a1NaEFa1aEUaKaja Ia
a#&aJ3a0
aEF .Fa01a%a=a
araaU"aZK}aE.Fa0-
aEabU" #-RaOƒa
aQaEFa
aEhaEUaQa'>a3a×3a1a2
a2Pa0P1 2ha
a  a#& 2=aQ
aE
a‘2\aaZE3a12
a,e Ka#I$a-R.a
a%aE
aQaEFaaEUaQa
1 }a#&a3aaK3
a "a1Na01ZEFa.2
ara
aEU2
a*.2a<eaa " 
a]a1a¬|$a1a™|$a
+.aE=a)azaE_
a0
aK}aK4Ua01a/aE
aQa2paZK}aE.2
a#&I.aa#I%.a
aQa2
a#a„.aE
aU"a Sa#>a07$(
a01a/aE
aQ 0Ia
aa™PUa
aQa2
aEUa2a!
aaj.a1aaU"a™"UaEaƒ\aEUar aU"
a™|$ax1a×FaE
a2PaE=a0-a-R. a
aaa)a0-aa
aaU"aE=aEUaraaU"a0
aK}
Z1 2
*.2aEaE/1 NaE
a1
 50

 6;  ‫ م‬-Z3 ‫ ﮯ‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫@ر‬


aaT1 }aadI #&aKaa 2"aEUaQaZEFa125a'&/Saz "a41aKaraaU"a=aEUa_/. X
a0Uaza0
a
a2aE
a~a'aE=ad
a01aE
2
4ªa
a !=Ua !=a=a1aE
2
aaa'>a„Œ
a1a2

ٍ
aE
a2
ad
aOƒaE
aQaa2
aT2aEa(&a0IaK1 2
a*.2a#I$a-R. 
aaU"aQa2=ahaŽR_a¥2>
ZEF 3aK ‰ aa 2"a/1ˆabSaE
aaU"a)aa25a
aTS)ac1
V R.a01 ZK1j
aj
a3a
a /.aQa2
a,eaE_ E
a]k_a .a0
aEFa
a'rUaE_aQa¥2ha4&.a2
Na01aEUa F ‰7Uaˆa‚
‰44#&_ˆZEFatka.a¥2ha
aa

a& a_"a
a aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aESIa04
aK4Ua01a– a /aE
ac1 R. a25a,1
V 2>aQ
aZEFa0-ax1a
aaU" E
aQaEaa
aFaa 2"a
PPa01aZEFaG6a
a_aEaaU"aE
aa 2"aa
ZK}aE
aEU2
a…6a3ac1 R. U2=aE
a )aa
aa 2"a)a/aE
aEU2
a…6a
aQ

‫اس  م 
 ﮟ‬

a01a– aEab3a]F S1aK_a 6a2h)a

a 4R.a 1 GaKabI_aEFaA3a=a
aESIUaE
a– a062k 01
ZEFaO/.a
a !"aJ
aa E
aaaau2$a
a aa0aXa>a7Uaaa 2"a0
aEkaKIa„&


a7Ua ‰100S_ˆab1 2jƒ&_a*+1aXaZEFa.2
a !=a
akG
= za0
a125az$aEUa_/.aXaKa aa 2"
aQaEUa~ ` ‰42{ &_ˆa2jƒ5ax{aZKj
aY=a
aQ7_aE=a0
a
a
1 }a
a aa0 Xa>
a#&a)a2=aaaaK1aT1 } #-RaO/SaE
aQ7_aa !3aT4haaSaE_aE
a  a#&a2=a%
V
Z1SaE
2


43¡!_ˆao=a0Uar&Ua2^×FaY=a.atkFaOa
3a
a .a2ka0
1a IaEUa_/.aXaKaa 2"
ab
a€(ha
aQaZEF 2a
aEa
3a0
a1Sa„.aE
a#-R.aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaZ‰6z &_
ZEFa
a0P1 2ha
aEUF Y=aEaQaa.FaK4Ua2=a]S_ab
aaEFa.Fa2=a]S_
 51


a2
a,!a2=a2a_a„.}ax.a]4
aa0a=a.ajaE_ E
ar&Ua .a*3a0
a1a IaEUa_/.aXaKaa 2"
a
Ka IaE
aEUa0a0
a1SaEUa aa0aXa>a7U ‰6z &_ˆa2
a,!a2= aa1aďa]Ä=a
aZEt}6aU2
a,!aja2= aa„.aE
a2aaK}a0-ax1a
a2aa
aZEFa#$ajaU2
a¥>aYUaaU2

aE
a#-R.aEUa– a„.aE
aQaZE}6aUa
aa.a]Fa0UaraaE3a
a,!a.a]FaraKa]Ä=
ZEFaS}a"aKaTab
aaEFa.3a  KaTab
aea0
a1Saja01a„.



a
"aE
a25ax.a*3aEFaSIa=aj
ax.a
"aQa
aTaaEj
azra0
a125 EUa_/.aXaKaa 2"
à
a0PaE
a*$aI1V . 2aEaQa0
a1SaEUa aa0aXa>a7UaZE3Fa0UaG&aEaEk.a Rak.
ZEFaUFa]1&Ua
a,7>a†a aK


aEU2
a,1 2-. 
aEUFa'(aE
ac/aad2aE
a¡$ac/aKa]G6a
aE=aEUj
aEUa_/. XaKaa 2"
a
ad2aK1 G6aY=Uaa'(aK1 G6 Y=aE_a4&.a0
a25a
1 }ada01aO/SaE
a¡$a"a /aE

aK1 G6aY=a0
aSa#-R.a
aQaEa#&aa'"aE= EUa aa0aXa>a7U ‰4z &_ˆaK}atk
ZE}6aŒa
a FaEab3aK}aaa
aK1 G6aY=Ua K}aESIj
a FaK43aK}a


a
o_ax1 aFa0Ua
aa01 2Ua
a
a2ka0
a125aEFaE.2
aaaaU"a
a
{aEU _/.aXaKaa 2"
aQaZ‰11¡!_ˆakaEa0-a4. 
aE
2.a
aaa.a]Fa]
o_a raZZZZZZZZZaakaE=a0
2.a›-Uaza.F
a,e.aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaZkaK=a0-aS
az .a]Fa]
o_a2ka0
aj.a0Ua,eaTa01aK
ZEFaka
a2Pa
a]
o_a raEaaS3aEFa0-aFa. ja
a]
o_aa0
a25


aXa> 7UaZ‰23¡!_ˆa125a•aEaEU2
a•&3aKauIUa
"axa
a]4aaEUa_/. XaKaa 2"
ZEFa#)aKa Ia jaU2
a•&3a
aUja0_)aaSjaj= j=a0
a1SaEUa aa0

a0/aQa‡R_a01 ‰3¡!_ˆaK_2
auIUaEa].a6 6aab.ab.aaa0
aEFaS1aTr3a
a]2aa 2"
ٍ
a
a¡%aQaE
a IaZSIa„
aK4Ua]1 az1 raEa6a
"axa2ax1a0
K}aK4Ua,ea/ƒ"aK
aEUa– a
aa Kj.a]1 a raEa6aKauIUaE
a]k_ab3aa25aEUa aa0aXa>a7U
e
ZK1aa€(ha
a]1 a ra0
a1a I

2}a1 aE_aE
aE1adUa
a0`1 25aQa0
a.2
aK4Ua
2>a01aaEFaS1a Iad 
a
e25a
a…aa 2"
 52

a' ˆ E}6aU3 07.2az1 raEax1a1aEFa5

aax1aKa2&a1aE}6aU2
a…a'a2}a
aa&!
ax1a¥2>aKa2&a0
aFad/ 
a FaEaJ3aEFa,1 2%.a
aFa aa0aXa>a7Ua01aZ‰97a2&
ZEF .3Fa’ I7aEa…a`1 25a aE
2
a…a07.2

a0Ž(a‡R_aE
a34a
1 
a0.a†aZEFa.25a a
|a2=aEU2
a•&3aE
a U6aaEUaa 2"
aE=aja0!=a raEaá2)aE
az2ara– 0
a. aK4Ua2ŽUaja“ka.aKad&aE
aQaZEt_25
a7Ua01aZEIaza2=ahaE
a1 raja.ax1a
a U6a1aEUaQ= E
ab.)a
a2jkaE
a– a1aKIa„
aQ=
aE Qa1aA-Ua PaaEFa
aA-Ua
a U6aaEUa0
a1SaEUa]43aK}aFa a 0aXa>

a
a aa 2"aza.a2
aÖ
raEaA!aE
a >a5a@a2=aQa2ka aaEj
a U6aUaz1 r
ZS}aK4UaO+S!a
a aQ


/1 2%.az2
ac1 R.aE
a_/.aXaEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aK}aESIa„& – aEa]_a 6aa
a25a2!R.aau2$ u2haJ
a
aT2&`aaT$aaT1 }aadIaE
aa 2"aE
2
a'&/Sa
aTS)
a#PS!a
a_aEaa 2"a01aE_aQaj. 7a2=ac1 R.aa25aEFaEaKaa 2"a)a0IU6aG6a01aZEF
V
ZEFa0- x1a
aFaaU"aE
aa 2"a0IaEFaK4UaTŠ_

‫ﮩم‬+)    ‫ع‬3‫۔  اور ا‬3

a>a`ad
a3a0
aEFa01ag7.a
a aa0aXa>a'a
a0
aEFa125 $a01aEUa– a0SIUa2!.
a`a2kaZK1 2
ja Fau2haa
aEU~a`au2haJ3a0
a01a0UaK1 2
a FaFa
aEUa aa0 X
a]2a
aXa'GU a0
aEFa0`1 25aj 
a
a.a1Œ4=ax.a]2a
aXa'GU aEUa aa0aXa>
‚ZZZEŒ4=ax.

aSj&a5
a4
a.a¥2>aKaO/SaE
aQaEFa
ab/SaEUa– a3ad4Ra01 
ag7.aE
aQaa

aa
Xa'GU aZK}aESUa*3a– a
ag7.aE
aJ3aEFaK4UaOƒaE
a Xa'GU aQa)a01 0
a]F
ae"ag$a2a /aEF E
a2PaE
aXaEUa aa0aXa>a'a0
aEFa01ag7.a
a
a.aE
a
a– aEaEFa1j
aE
2
a#&aa125a„Œ

V 3aEa
a
aEUFaa 2"au$aa2U25aadI
V
aK4Ua
3a
aEU2}aK4UaE_aQa]FaI62
aaa2= aKa#aE
aQ ZK1 2
ag7.a
aQaaKUa'
 53

ZEF

a&az a0
aEF 01aA3aa a
aQaEFajI_a3aTa_aY!aEUa– aKaE!aQ
a2ŽUaƒPUa2}aZSI3a
aK4Ua0R-. 
aEt!a!
a2
a2ŽUaƒa
a].a#&4a
a !"aQaKav7
a0I+`a
a2ŽUaƒPUaE=aEa].a'P/a2\a=a3aK} E.3aE=aE!1a¦_a„Œ
a0Ua„Œ
aKa]aE

a2ka“$
a
aEU2
a 12.a
a2ŽUaƒPUaQa)aEaE
2
a' SaEa].a
aa ZK}aE.2
a“=a2
aGpU
a– aE
2
a4.a4= EaEU2
a0Pa
a#aUra0
aEka]Fa0Ua„Œ
aaE
aQa/aE
aQa.aEkaK1 2
–
ZK}aE.2
a’(.aE_aE
ar araK.aG&
a¥2>

aE
aEUo_ Ea]2.aKaa&?1aE
a‹ a/aE
a
ag7.a0
aEFaG&
a
4aja#_a01a
a– u2ha
aEUaJ
aEa– a2) aZj. .3a
a3aEaFa]2.aKaEUraE
a aa0aXa>a`a0IU
aZK}
a43a Fa0
aK}aE_aK4Uaj7
aEUa a#} /a01aE
a
ag7.aDK}a01a/aE
a
ag7.a0
aEFa4

a0IaZEj.aE.Fa'&/SaKa0UraE
a aa0aX >a`a3aK1 2
a'&/SaE+aFaK
a2$aaaa]_>a"()aaa >PaaaKa3a Fa0
aK}aEtk Ej&a41a/aE
aQa0%&F
aaaEFaaEa#&aa'"aE=aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua
1 }a
ab3aKj
 ‡+a
a]ƒe
ZEFa125a•aEU aa0aXa>a– aEab3aK}araEaEU2
a]
azaaEUo_aE_aE
a‘2\

‫ع  ))ر ﮨ ﮟ؟‬3‫ ( ﮯ ا‬A‫ﮯ اور ﮨ‬R3 ‫ع  ))ر‬3‫ ( و ﮯ ا‬A-5 ^ ‫رل‬

0
EFa01aKa‡R_aE=aE
a– a0SIUaj.6a
a–
aXaAS
a3a
a Xa'GU a zaZE
aKak Ura0U27&^=a0_a23aEUa~a`a3aKa'&ad&.aa‚
a I_aXa'GU  /7.a]43aZ2
ag7.a
aa0
a(a I 41aja
a
aaEj.aE.2
ag7.aEFa3aK
ag7.a
aaja~ ~a`a0
aFaa(aja01a]}a
abP.a
a25aE

a2
a04
‰2037ˆa Iab
â 
Z‰2037ˆaba_a1 a•7.a&Ua#"aZK} E.2

a!1ajaKa#PUa0IaK}a
a#PUa<\a0
a01a¥2>a0Ua]UaaK} 
a#PUaKS1 aaEUa– aKaT7aQ
a'GU  /7. 01a#>a
1 a4=aZSI2
aK4UajaaEj
a a
a  $a
aara2 3aK}a
a]ƒ\
aE
a– aZ‚EFaka
a'rUaE *U3a
aAa4&.a¥2ha4&.a3a
aQa2
a2=a/1‚a Iaba I_
 54

aZ‚EFa
a'rUaEa*U3a
aAa4&.aEUaXa3 
aQa2
a2=‚a0
akFa01a0&32.a
a‡R_az2
a#PU

aQa.aKa0
a4
‚ ‰2037ˆaba_a1ag7.a&Ua#"aK}a01aK aa 2"a‡R_a#>aE
a
1 a2
aE
#PUa‡R_a3aEUa– aZ‚EFa.3ajaEa*U3a
aAa2a¥2ha2a3a]Fa.2
a2= 
a
a.3ajaEa*U3 
aAa2a¥2ha2a3a
aaQa2
a2=a0
a4
‚ EFa01a0&32.a
aaaK}
aK6aEa'a¢jaNa
"a!
– a0
aEFa
a07SaE_aQa¥2>a
a– a2=a]ƒ\aaaEUaKaZ‚EF
a
aa0
aK}a(S7aKa raQa– a¥2ha2 aEFa'a01a
a
R"a
a– aEaa 2"a¥2hax1a0

ZEFaj&a,+>a
aQaEUa– aaK}aEj& <\a
aa 2"a OP+.aa
V a#}aE

a'a0
aK}aES4
a01a– aTax1aZK}a<\a]UaaK}a4
aK.aaEU – aKaQa.a0t!a#>a}aA
a
a aa0 Xa>a`aaEFa3aKaa 2"a3aj.a. aaFa¥2>a2=a aa0aX >aX
aE
aa 2"a2=a aa0aXa> `a0
aEFa
{a01aEaa 2"a)a0IUaZj.a Ia
a2=a
aa¥2>
aZEj.aa2=aEU2
ag7.a
a]a
a !"a]Uaaa– aEj.aE.Fa'rUadIaEa0/1 NaE
aajaz(
a
a
a0
aEFaS4
a01aa 2"a0IUaEFa Ia
a2=a
aa 2"a¥2>a
a
a0
K}aE.25a01a– aTa2
EFaja Ia
a2=a
a aa0aXa> Y=a'

‰31a2&a' ˆaXa I77+1aU/7.5aXaa7+.a S

aaa#"
' ˆakaE25a
7+aEa .aXa2
ag7.a2a.FaESj
a
7+ EaXa .a2ka0
aa04
a7Ua‚
Z‚‰31a2&
 
a7_a'2_aa/7S1ab1Š_aaã1aS1a Fab1Š_aÖ
G_aa.ã1 aaPS1ab1Š_j7S
!5aä$a#
a
/aS&
ٍ
‰157½156 a¥2ˆa#UaÖS_a5a  aSIa0U1aŠ_a

aaK}aE.2
aP.a3aka]a„I_aE_ E
a]k_aaaKa
a
&aQaaEFaFaj6a2=aG6a2}a
&a2‚
š 
a]}aE=aza2
Na
aJ3a
aa7U a
V V 'aQaK}aE.2
a2=a3aK} E.aa&1a2=aT1 a&FaaK}aES1aÖ
r
Z‚‰157½156¥2ˆaK}aE.=aFajI_aK #UaaT.

‰143 Ö2P7_ˆa07Paab&a'2_a•7S1aba /S_aaja

aS_a®7P_a/3a
aaEFa.2
a2=a
a'aa
a0
aKjI1a01a0
.aj.a
a2PaE_aaEj. .ax.aAa2=aJ3a07"azaEUa Fa‚
Z‚‰143Ö2P7_ˆaEFa.3a2j=a]Ä=aE?_ a

 55

aQa0
aESI3aE4=aK4Ua/a01a2
ao6a2=a2)aE
a#1 . 
a IaE
aEU2
a2=a
a'aKaT1 aa
a¦_a0
a.Fa41a-Pa/"a2ka]FI62
a‘2aE4=aKa0
a!3aZEFa2= 
aa 2"a#>a2aE

aXaAS
/7.5 EUa_/.aXaKa1a27&Ua
1 a0
aEFa03a
a2) a.aK1 2
a2=a
aa 2"a0IaK4U 
a'
DEFatkFaY6aEa]aXa]41aK Ea
a– a
aDE25a'&/Sa‡R_aE
aU/7.5aEaE
aE4

a
aEUaa&1a2=a U )aT1 aKaQa0IU
aEFaK4Ua“ka
ja
a#1 .aQa.aK227&Ua
1 a2j=
Z_a2
Na
ag7.aE
a aa0aXa>aa7U aEFa_a2
N

aQaE
a– a„.a„.aaEFaS1a 
ao3a
a#1 .a2}a!1a3aEFa327&Ua
1 Faj
az1 raEa*aa
aKaT> !
aaaE
aa 2"a2=a aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aEFaS1 2
a•&"a•"aj 
aEe2R
a
a
aEUa07"aEaj.a07" 3a
a]U&!aE4=aEaE1 2"a07"a
ad2a !aZj.a. aK4Ua
ad(ar\ a07"aza0
aEFaIUa#"Ua0/"a01aZK1aa0_a
Qa– a.aFa1 a2kaZEFa1 aK4UaKaa 2"a I
ٍ
aa a 0aXa>a`a¥2ha
aax.a'a14a71 2P.aaj.a
a2PaEUa aa0 Xa>a7UaK

aKa
1 aQa
z2Pa†aEUa_/.aXa /aE
a'a14aZEFaE.2
aar&Ua‰ jaXaeˆad2
a0+>
aE=aEUa FaEaaj.aFa
a2Pa&Fa07" 01a0
a125aa(a01aa25aO{.a
a#/5aQaE
a~`
a
a'aa
a0
aEj.aES}6ajI1a01a Fa0
aj.a
a2PaE_aQaE E/1 NaE
a aa0aXa>a'
aa0 Xa>a'a0
aEFaT7{a,1 2>a
a2aQa¥2hax1a01aZEFa.—a0aEaQaa
a EFa.2
a2=
aE
a
2>a=a
1 a41a¥2h 2aaZEj.aE.Fa'rUadIaEa0/1 NaE
aajaz(aE
aa 2"a2=a 
aa 2"a3aK}aaja2=aEU2
ag7.a
adIaa E
a aa0aXa>a'aa&!a0
aEFa.Sa01a„.
 
a.FaEa0P1 2haQaFa“r a
a
_2_aa&1aE
a]U&!a]}aE
a_/. Xa0
aSa]Fa0Ua
ŠaK
a– aa– aA DK4Ua1aK}aESUazaEaE3a1a Ia3aEa0/1 NaE
a aa0aXa>a' 0
aEF
a/"aKa'aE
a– a2k ZK}aEFa'@aKa2ƒ)aJ
a
a– aE=a0
aK_aáa)aT2`a')a FaE

ahaI
a2=a !3aE
a– ajaEaEU2
-.a
a#&ar2ha¥()aE
a
1 }a
a0
aEFa¥)a.a
a )
a
a]2ƒa 6a
a2= aE
2
aY=a
abFNaE=aEaEŠ3aE
z2ªaav+a0
aEFa’Gka2a.aEFa.3F
ac+aKaJ3aKIUa”aEaF2&kaQa– aaFahaI
a2=a !3aE
– a0
a2
a )aZKo=a2I
ZK}aEtkao=aEa03a
E/_ƒa™"UaE=

5) $) ‫۔‬5

 56

K}aE.25 $a01a– a0SIUa]ŒU=

a2=aa 2"a™|$ax1a0
aSIaK4UaFa01 aFaKa#I$a&S3a#&a2=aAS
a0
aj.a01aeP.a
ab1a0IU6‚
ax1aE_aE
aEj
a "a
adŽUaE_aQaOƒaE
a„& =a2aa2
a#&aOƒaE
a„&a=
a'a
ad"aE
adŽUa&S3a]43a0
aEFaQ!aja
aTaQaEj aEFaT2ea
a
-|$az Ur
a!
aaE
aQ a0
a1Œ4=aE_aQaEUaQad^=a0IU
aEFa.FaEk a
4adPa
aE_aEUŒ4= ]}aF
aXa>a`a0ŒU6aZXagha P5a'2_ •ƒ1aba0
a12
a,eaE_aaEUaa 2"a0ŒU6aSaK4Ua
a
a
1 G
2au2haaja /aE
a~a`a0
aEFa41a#&a2=aXa'
aaEj.aja
aG
2a aa0
ٍ
a
)a "a'a  &+aa0
a1a2
a,eaKa‡R_aaaEUa 1 2
aa 2"a
a0SIUaa0ŒU6aE3 j
a "a


Z ‰1433ˆ‚ IPaa S7PUa#S" aTaa5a#2_a07"ab
²

a3a
a– aEa a
aT$a& E
a– aZEFa125aK4Uaaa2
a'j
au2haj6aEUa– a
a0SIUaQ
a2h)a
aEU2
a "adŽUa&S3ac+a aa0aX >aXa'a0
aEFa01azaEFa. aKa„&a 
a
aEUFa'a
a aa0aXa>a– aZEj.aEtkaEaj ‚
aG
2 ‚z(aE
a'aKaEUraE=
a 0aXa>a– ax.a*3aj.ax.a
"aQa¥2>a
a
aEUF ‚
aG
2‚a2paj.a& .a

az UraJ3a / E
a~a– a.atkFaT5a
a– a*3a2j=aZj.aF(6a
&3adŽUa
-|$az Ura
a 
aG
2‚aFa!1 aE_aE
aEUraE= za×3a1aAaaka1az22aE_aE
aEj
a "adŽUa
a
-|$
aJa2=a
a'a
aAaZEj.aE_aE
aEUraE= aa0aXa>a`aE!3akFaaj. ‚

aQaZK}aE.2
a " ‚
aG
2‚a„.aE
a#!!.a2p1a /aEI1aE_ E
aEj
a "adŽUa Fa0
aEFa41
a 2"a0
a01a¥2>a.aEFa
"5a
a
a aa0aXa>a`a2ka2=a
aaG
2 E
a /aKa0/
ZEFaEk a
4adPa
a aa0aXa>a– aEa
a
aE_aEUŒ4=

‫ ا> ا_ت‬K 

aEUFad(
a*>aZK125a,-.a– a. EFaK4Ua,+>a2ka01aEFa
aEUaKa3a2!R.a01a
ad(
aE
a–
a2=aQa.aEFaj&axja*ƒa
a– aEUaKa2k bI_aZkFa,+>a2!R.a=a
a– aEa
a

K}aE.Fa =aTa 6


aE
a aa0aX >a'aKa aa 2"aEUa_/.aXaDEFa
a2a
a– aE ‚
aG
2‚a0
a01 ‫اول‬
 57

aa,1 2%.a
aAS
aQaZK}aE_aEUŒ= AS
a
aXa– a0
aEFa01azaEFa
aaa#-R.a3a
a
_ac25
aEU2
a0
G.a
a
&3aa25aK}aE_aEUjIa
&I 
aEU2
ad
aOƒaE
aQaK}aE_aEU2
a•e.
a4Ua 2aEFa*3aEa IaE
a )a2=a
aJ3aK}a&}azaK}a P.aU&U E_aE
a]U&!aK}aE_
aK&F a 2"aZK}agƒa
aaK}ae"aK}a ‰Law Giverˆag$aE_aEj
aTS)aE
a 1 2+.aa#+. 
a*-aaEj.a#> Ea
a
aEUFa'a
a aa0aXa>a`a*>ad&.a01a0
aEFa.S

a¥2ha
a_/.aXa2=a*>aaa– a0
j.a01aFa*ƒa
aEUFaaE
a aa0aXa>a– a2=a
_
a
3a
aEU2}aK43a]FI62
a#PUaE4=aKaT$ ,eaE
aa 2"aKaAaQaZEtkaE
aaE
a– ad2
az2aE_aQaEFau(ƒ>aFaa=a
a]k_a– a0IaK4Ua
aa 2"‚
aG
2‚a0IU6aAaZK4U
aKaaa1aDEF 0&a
a*>a4Ua1aDEFa„Œ
aaE
a*>aaa*-a
‚
aG
2‚a0
aKS 01
a`aaEFa
aza.aEFa„Œ
aE
aaaza2kaDK}aK4Uac/aaK}a#$aKaQa*>ac/aE
a
a*>a4Uaza2kaDEFaFa#>aE 0/1 NaJ
a
a– a a
a*-aQaE
a aa0aXa>
‚
aG
2‚a*>ac/aEaKaaa2kaaDK}aES1a2" E!
a_aEa
_a
aQa– a.aEFa0&
aaK}a#$aKa*-aE
a
aG
2a3aK}a*>aEaa
aa
aza.aE

_a*-ac/aaK}aE

DK}aE.2
a_aEa
_a*-a– aE #_aJ
a
aa

a!
a0
a01ax1aZK}abI&aK.>aFab.a
a2P.aQa0
aEFa2}ª ZEFa
a2P.aE
‚
aG
2‚ ‫دوا ال‬

a
aQaEae2a=aa&!a0
a01a2aZ2
a2Pa
aG
2aE_aE
a]U&! _/.aXa
a™|$
aG
2‚a0
EFa01a'aAaZE3aba
aG
2aS2ra2
Fa<!aEa
"haza0
a01a2!.aZK1 2
*|S
aEaKa].>a].aaa2P. 
a aa0aXa>a`a2=a*-aQaFa2aja„Œ
az)aE ‚

aDj.a
a*|SaE_aE
a*-aQa
a– aEUa]U&!a1 Dj.a
aEUaXa2P.a01a
aDj.aFa2=aT>aJ
a2)
aUFa,1 2-.a
aQaK}aE.2
aS)a– ajaO$a3aEaKaaaDEj.aEtkab‚
aG
2‚a)a~a`a1
aE ‚
 G
2‚aja3a /aE
a aa0aXa>a`a0
aE}6aUFaja,1 2-.a01au2ha aZE}6
araE=a)aza1aDEkaKaG
2a
Qaa&!a1aDkFaFa
aaaGUaEa¥2ha
a _a U )azak
a04
aTa01a¥>a¥>a.aEFaK4Ua€25a
ax1GUaE
a– aK 2P.aO1 2haE
a]Ua2kaDkaE3abaG
2aE
aE
!"a]UaEa€25aQaaEFa€25a
aza0
aESa.aEFa€25a2kaaZEFa0Ua 47 ›"a
a– a0
.aEt1
DK4U 1aEFa.Fa•"a€25aa
ajaKaTS)aa
a
a]G
2

aXa>aXa'ad2
az raEUa– 2
25 ‚EFa.FaEk a
4adPa
aE_aEUŒ4=‚a0
aEFa01a‫ا ال‬
 58

a1aEFa
"5a
aE7.2aaE3ac+a01aEFa‫ئ‬25aƒ
"5a3a2= ‚
aaG
2‚a2a
a aa0
aj6=a01aKaKa‡R_a,eaz1 raDEFa€25a
ajaKa
U 
a]7-aE
a]Uax1GUaE
a–

a
‚
aG
2‚a
a aa0aXa>a'a3aTS)a*azaKa')aE
a– 1 a0
a]FaS}6
aTS)a7S 
aaDK}aE.3Fa#PSa¥2ha
aE_aE ‚
aG
2‚a /aE
a– aEj.a#>aE
aG
2aE_a /a– a0
aEFaFa.aJa
"5 
a~a`a2=a]2a
aaDK}aESj
a
a!a]U
DEFa1Œ4=aa 2"aEUa~a– a0IU
K}aO+S!aE
ad2Saz1 ra„Œ
a
7!Ua0a

a41a
aja
a
aG
2aE_aEU3aEa1aE_aEa /aE
~a`a0
aESa.aEFa')a
a– a01a2k
a&1a
a ajaEaEU2
aQ!+ap.aKa'a¥()aE
aQa
a.aU2
a.2 EaE-5aQa0
aEF
a. aa0-5a=aKa0/a!
aza*3a0
aEFa41aja
a
aQa
aDE3Fa*
aE
aQa0
aEFa41 jadPa
aQa
aDEFa0Ua"aOa
aEj
aEa
a›S|aEaQa
a]U&!
aE_aE
a
aaE
aE_2
a !.a26 aa6aEa
aa25aE
aQaaESI2
aK4UagGUa
aa&!a„.
a1aK ‚
aG
2‚a3aKS-|$a1a
-|$az Uraza
aDF S}6a}abaza2kaEFaK4Ua
a†6a

a– aE=a„.aE
aa&ha=aaKjI1a
a]k Ura
aaaa&!a0
aK}aj 0!a†aK3a
a'GU a,1 2%.a
&IaaAS
a /.aaE
G.a&Fajaza
aDK3aE6aES_@aOƒaE
aaaj 

‚DF 125a
aaaFa S!a0
aK}aEF ‚¿/7‚aE_aE
aX

axjaxja
‚
aG
2‚aQa0
. K_@a$a„.aE
a#-R.aNa2=aTaaa– a0
aFaj6aFa

ZK}aEFaba626 Ea]Ua
4a Fa

aJ3aE3 aEaE
a*ab%1 r=

‫ﮯ؟‬R3 ; `3 K  ‫;ﮯ‬a ‫ن ﮩ‬J ‫ ف‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫۔   @ر‬6

EFa01aKa‡R_aE=aE
a– a0SIUa?j6a
a–
a~ T2`+U aKaaaE1adU2aKak Ura0U27&^=a0_a23aEU~a`ad
a3a0
aEF 01a'a(ka
a– ‚
abI_aEa
a
a2%ax1 za1j
aE
2
a„Œ
a3aEUa~a`a0
aEFa01aA3a2aDj.a
ab%1 r=a

adUa2a
a
_ac25aE
a aa0aXa> `a0
aA3a01a2aZ1j
aE
2
aOƒaE
aXa'GU 
aSaT7{a
aQaEaXaAS
a)a0IaK4Ua =a
abFNaE= 2aj.aEa
a
a2%ax1aF
Z‚ Ia2%Ua0
a1ara2=aTaQaaaEUa aa0 Xa>a`aEF
 59

`aKak Ura0U27&^=aQa0
aj.a01a#>azaEFa1aA3a
a'aJ3a2aEU – aKaT7aQ
aE
aKa
a
EUFa7Ua1 azaEj.aE
ad
a3a2aaE
aEUŒ4=aa 2"aEUa aa0aXa>

a
a– aKa]
aaa1aEj.aE.2
k &Ua
ae2a
a_/.aXau2ha
a aa 2"a– aKab3aEj.
aa0aXa>a`ad
a01a0
aK}aES1a01a– A3a
aQaDj.aa
aa&!adax1ac+a

a4
a01a– aKa‡R_a2aZEj.aE
aOƒaE
aXa'GU  bI_aEj.aE
aEa
a
a2%aEUa 
aa "ax1a /aE
aQaEj.a7Uax.a a
aE1Œ4=aa 2"a¥2>a aa0aX >a`+U a0
aK}aES}6
a
aja„Œ
3aEUa– aKa
a
aEUFa2U25ax1aa…3ax1abPax1a2ax1a /ax1 &}

aa– aZ.2
a#&aOƒaE
a 2"a3aj.a
aa!UaE!1ax1a0IaK4Ua
a7Uax1adPa
a– aKaQ
a3a
aa 2"aE4=aEaQabI_aEFa
aaa
 41a
a aa0aXa>a`aEUaa 2"a0
aK}aE.2

a/"aEUaa 2"a0
aSIaaaK4Ua01a a 45aNa‫
ئ‬a /aE
aEo= 
aaaK}a
a#PUaEUaKaT1 a,1 2>
ZEFaa
a01a
a aa0 Xa>a`

aZEj.aE.25a Ia
2%Uaaa aa0aXa>a` 0
aK}aEF 2
a#PUaTaa01aEaa 2"a–
ka1a'aE!3aK}a2%aE!1ax1a aa0aXa>a &+a0
aEFa01azaEFa4
EUaa 2"a3aTa=
ٍ
a
a )a2=aJ3aK}a2% E!1ax1a aa0aXa>a`a ‰a2%aa

a#aaa+7a#"ˆaZEF

a
a2%aE_aEU=aaa
_aa2%adax1 – a
‰_a1a Ia2%aUa&Ua#"ˆaEFa. aaEa¥2h
aE
a2%aJ3aaEFaz &Ua
a )a0_+a.azaFa'a
a )a2% 3aDESj&aK4Ua€25a
aKab%1 r=
a
 
a2%adax1aa
a
aQaZEFa.2
ad
a
+.aE
a
1 }a
az2a
a )az Fa. aaQ=
ZEFaSIFaE!
a]!I1

'GU a*ƒa
a– a.aEj.aE.2
ad
aOƒaE
aXa'GUaa aa0aXa>a` 0
aK}aES4
a01a*3a–
ٍ ٍ
a`a07$(aZK} ES4
aTa#hax1a/a2paTaOax1aŽR_a– aE_aQaZEFa.Faa 2"a¥2>aEaX
aj.a.FaK4Ua'rUaaFa¥2>a2=  E
a– a2paEj.aE.2
ad
aOƒaE
aXa'GU a aa0aXa>
ax1a
aQaZEj.aESadIaEa0/1 NaE
aa
a– aj z(aE
aQa0IaEFa.3a=aKaa 2"a3
aESIUaK1 aE
a– aXa¡%UaT7{a 1 GaZ]FaI62
a“=aEFaES1aA3 
aESIUaEj.6aE
a– aKaT7{
Zka] Kav+a

‫_ل‬K,‫ ا‬5U ‫'ں ﮯ‬$E> 7‫ﮩد‬,‫  ا‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫۔@ر‬7

 60

EFa125a$a01aEUa– a0SIUa].
a
a2%ax1aKaFadU2a
a
I&adŽUa aa0aXa>a`a0
EFa,eaEaT1 a
aa 2"‚
a&U5
eaaa#"aZKj.a.3Faja]ƒ\a4S3aEa~aT2`+U aj7
aj7
aaEj. ESj
a

 
a!1a]ƒ\a4S3 01a2k ‰5030ˆ 8*1 2"a•&a0Uaa_a71a&5a
1 Saaa!RUaa#e
aE
a3ax1a0
aE!3a.3 aja*1.a
QaEa¥2ha
a )a.a.o=a2=aE$ka FaE
ab1a2{a
ab3aK.F
a
aXa2=aQaZaaEUa aa0aXa>a`aaF6 Tr3a
aE}aEjŒ=aEUa]k_ac/a2=a•"
‰439ˆbNI_a /. " >ab1Š_ax_ab7S1aSa j_a9
UN&_axaXR ZFa'rUaaEa¥2h

aKaJ7a†au2ha ‰8166ˆax_aXa# ad2+.a _a7_ j1a1atk a*1.aKa 1 2+.a†au2ha

  š
a -.a0_a
U5a^SabaaZ2
Š_a0/RS5a2
Š1aaZ
G1a0/_ax1  1aaZ& z¡3aaa_.aJ7aEF
  
‰1110½8ˆaj.a0a
U5a%|1aa/!1aY¡3abaaZ10
GS1 ax Z

aE
a#! YrUaaoaES
a¦_a2=aa
a0/_ƒa22a "aJ
a0
aEFa.FaQ!5a
|a2
„I1a01

aja'ax1aEa¥2ha=aEU _/.aXa0
aEFa01a')a
a– a
aZK}aE.3a„?aEU2
a "aEaO/S
a'rUaKaa 2"ajaT1 a01aE_aE
aEU2
a
{az2&kaa
<\aEaaEUj
a7Sa
aQaFa)a2j=aaj
aEaEU2
ab%1 2= a
aa 2"aEUa– a’
aDKp_aEU2
a0Ua2=a
aQa„.aE
aa&h ¦_aK4
a0
.aK12

ZK} E.2
a\a2=a = a2!I1a
ac1 2a!
aE=aS3a.Fa_2
a\aFa.a2=aT1 aa E4=

aa0aXa>aXa'aEa 

aa 2"a)a0
aK}aES}6aU2
a' Sa01a– aEa
eaaa#"a
1 a4=
aZ‰XN/ˆaj.a0&a
a
1 }aa
_(ea#>ak Ur 
a– aaEj.aE.3Fajaz2&kaj7
aj7
a 

a_/.aXaKa7a†aZEFa aKa€7aa€aJ
a
1 a01a0
ajI1a0Ua„Œ
EUa– a
"aE.2
a' Sa01

aXaa2S5 Ej. ES4
aO/SaE
a aa0aXa>a7Uaza0
aEFa.25a#PUadG_a01a
a0IaR
E4=
a
aQa2j= Z‚EFaaa01a1aEFaSokaaS4 2
a„3aa3a2=aXa.a1a™|$a01‚a¬‰8
1 ˆa®3a0adaŠ

ٍ ٍ
a2=aha&S3aaja25a25a¦_a .a0
aEFa.25aO/SaE
a227&U dG_aKa50a.a36aT1 aEFaES1aA3
ٍ
ad(aK4&. 3a™|$a01a0
akaaFka)a'a4&.a2
a\aXaS-_)a2
a—j6a2a£F a eaj
a2=aXa™|$a01‚a/1ˆadG_aE4=aE
aaa /aE
aQaZK4UaTa‫
ئ‬a
a3aK 11QEFa}aa /.a


aa0aX >a7Uaa0
aEFa.25aEa7UaE=a_/.aXaKaA3aE
‰‚EFa.ojkaaS4 2
a„3aa3
 61


aa#ea&U5a
eaaaZEFa}25 P_aAa2ad(
aŒa01a
PPaO+_a¥ŠP1aaaa4
aEaaa 
aa aZEFa2=a„a'a
aF2&kaQa2a. ‰FaEFp_adG_ .a0
a!3ˆa]FakFaz2&kaKa2ka!RU
a.2
'rUa2=a„aAa2a3a]Fa2=aa
aaQa.a]Fa2=a
azaKa2kaaZ _a1a&75a
1 S
az2&kaKa0
aEF K4Uaz $=aEaQa/1aZEFa*1 2"aaaEa„Œ
a*aza‚*1 2"a•&a120U‚aZEF
aEFaE_a*ƒa01a– a
aQaEFatk 4
aTa3aKa€7a€aQaZ0S51a
1 }aEa¥2ha
aQa1a]F

ajaz2&kaj7
aKa/"a0
a12
a¥2Sa01aEa' E=aEaE
a0IaR
aEUa_/.aXa1 ka0
aK}
ZEFa&45aa 2"aA)a
aXaa+7aZ]FaS_a#6aja2=aES E aj7
a2pa]Fa.3F

aE= EUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0

aK}aES_IUa0SUa01a– aEaaaK}a25a“=aEUa– 3aT1 a2
aK1Sa2
aoI=a]ƒ\ 6a01a0U&UaƒaEUa]aXaEaKab3aKj.a
a]ƒ\aa
4aKa]-5
aEFa.Fad/a01a.aEaaaZEFaSIUaJI2 #I_a0SUaEaaa#>a0IUaZK3Fa$Fa¦_a0
.
ٍ 
au(>a5aEUa_/.aXa
ab3aK}aFaK$G^_aFaJaK k Ura0U27&^=a=a=aE~a`a0

0IU
aEFa
{aEa– a3aK}aESI2
a2=a
a
a=aQa„.aE
aa&ha= FaAaa25

a2"2aEUaQa
a]$G^_aa u2haJ3aS1aE}a0Ua2"2aj
aQa_/.aXa.a.Fa’G^_aa
aKaQa2k
Z1aE}aK4U

aKa3aZEFa
a
a7UaE=aKaT1 aaaEUaXa2=ab3a
aK}aK$G^_az 0
a.Fa6a.a„Œ
aEUa– a2j=

a_2
a 4 
aEUj
a0Ua
aG6a'(a!
a12
aS!a
a!
a2=a
)a
a¡SaEa
 ) 35
a03.a¥2ha
a
-|$a F 2\ax1a2}ŽaEFaES1aTa
ab1a
a]S-|$a Fa 6aKa
7+>ax1
a2U25a1 ¢_a!1aaa
aDEFa.o=a2{a2=a]$k FaE
ab1 
ab3aK}aT(/aoaFaE!1a01a
aU2
a0U
az1 ra
4aEaQa0IaE
au2haQa}aaKak Ura
aJ3aEF‚
aG
2 ‚Ka¬)au(ƒ>a
a– a1
.2
a2.aaEaFaa& a0%&FaE_aE
a,-.a
a]$G^_aaa
a2j=aD]FaE. a“=a0U T(/ao
ٍ
aE
au(>a
aaa5 .aKFa>aEaY=a'a*3aK$G^_a_&/a.a0
aEFa03a¬)a
aza2) aDEF
ad/a
a– a.aE.2
a“$
a
aEj&a
aE/ Qa– Dka12
a
7{aKaAS
aEaatk aaE_
aG
2a1a¢_a1aJa
aZEFaj
a2
jaoaS
aEUa– aK Ej&a
a*-aE
a
_a0
a.3F

aE_aQaK4U P.aU&UaFa
aa
aQaau$aFa
a2Pa
aQa.FaK4Uaz &U 
a_/.aXa

a
/1 2$a
a )aEaQa0IU
aZSIF K4Uar Ua2{a2=a(aaU"ajaƒ\aoaEaoa
a
aQ
aTe2aEaE
aUaEaa
aa(aE=aE
a )a0IU6 ~aY=a'abI_aZESIa' aK4Ua'>aE


a3 2
ag7.a
aaaa
ha
aaa .a0
aj.a1a Ia
aa&1a#}a)aEUa )a Ej.aE.2
ak &Ua
a4_
 62

aa'"aE
aaaE_aQa_ aad2aEaK1aa2"ad2a01a„Œ
a3aaUa'(aEaK4
a'(a01a„Œ

ag$aQa0IaKj.a0UaK$G^_a
a2%a_&/ x1aza0IU
aKj.aoa
4ajaK$G^_aj6a01aKa#&

aE=aTa01aEUa_/.aXaE_aaZj.a}abaaU"aEaaIa

2ax1ax1a
aJ3aKj.aK$G^_a
ar
aEaa aka2
a‡R+aEa]ƒ\a
aaakaEj
a "a2=aESaxja
a'aE=a0
j.a_aE_aEN
Zka25au(>a
aQaEa0/1 NaE
aa.aE3FajaY6aaN

a&a

a&a&a&aA5 ‫و‬

106a.a99a0+R>

‫ ﮨم ات‬- 8

a2\adax1a/1ˆa2%ad
aa01aEUa aa0_ a0aXa>a`a2k 0
aK}aE.25a– aKaESIUaK1 j
ٍ
a01ax1aZE.F  =a…SUaaNaEaQa.a.Fa
aEa
a
a7Ua0IaK4UaEa
a
‰2%ad-/
a0
aESj&a¦_aa.3a
a-.abI& 2\aj
a3a
ad
aQa /aE
a aa0_ a0aXa>a`a0

aJaE
a]U!UadaU(6aaU2
a "aEa1a(6aE
a2
a "aEU aa0_ a0aXa>a`ak UradŽUa3
a a 0_ a0aXa>a`a¦_aE_aE
aEU(6a
ad
aQa0
a.Fa01a
aQa0SUa2 ZEFaK4UaTa

aE
a– aT> a
aEŒaEaT2ƒ)a]UaaaZE.2
aQ!+aT2ea
aEU aE
a]7Uaja /aE

a'a
ak UraU
a=a" E
a aa0_ a0aXa>a`aaE
aa 2"aå7.a0
aEFa01ax1GU
a01a– aKaE!aaZE3aUa0U
a
aa!Ua7Ua2\ x1a0IaK4Ua
a aa0_ a0aXa>aX

a2ka0IU
aEFa.2
aRUaja
a PaE
aT7Ua S)aj&a0U
a
a'aE 0
aK}aE.2
aaj
aE_aE
aEU2
d
aFa!1 a2j=a.a
aKa&}a
aad
aa01aEUa aa0_ a0aXa> `
ZkaFa0Ua "ab1a0UakaEFaT2ea
aEU aa0%&F

aUa
aTe2R FaE=aE
a2
a aKjIU aEa1 .a
a'GUaE
aQaaa 2"aEFa125a„Œ
a3aEU – a01
 63

aJa
aa 2"aEazpUa
a– a0
aEFa.F 07$aEjaEa].aaa
a– aZEFa1a25aa6a2
a2j=adjkaK
aK}a
a#PUaE_aE
aEU2
a
{a01 2ŽUa¬-|ax1aKa2Œ1 2?_ E=aEUa
abR_|a3aK}aGkaKS1 aF
V
aZK}aE aE_aa&1a– a2=aaaK}aE_a'IUa…SUa3aEUa]k_aaa2
a—3a—3aE *.2.a¬)ax1a
a4Ua
aT2ƒ)a3a0
a.3aFad/ 
a– a.a.Fao=a2
a„&aa 2"a=aja07.2ax1aEUa– aa.Fa0UaTa01 2k
a*aFaK}aE.Fa =aEa03a
aEUa a 0_ a0aXa>a'a
a
aY=aT2ax1GUaE
a–
 à
aFax1aAS
a=a01a0
aEFa }$a2=aTaQa)aa 2"aZK}aE.Fa = jaEaEUa4_aa
aa 2"aT2ƒ)
V
a
x1 2+.ax1a3aEFa0&a
a]aaa01a0Iaj.atkaFaK4Ua'rUaE
ab aAS
ax1 ƒaKa
"

aZK}aFa.Fa'rUaEa¥2h 
a_/.aXa2=a•"a Fa2}aKaE2a2}aE
ax1 2+.ax.a'a٢٣aE_aE
a&}
a
ax1 2+.a(aa!Uaz 1 Gk2ax1 Ea¥2ha
a )a0
aEFa.FaQ!+a¥>aEFaESo=a
aQ
aTe2Sa2=aQabR_|aZEFaFa2
a&}a
aQaa
 )a2=ad "ad "aaEFaFa¿/7 E_aE
aT"
aK}a.Fa#aKaESaKS&Ga
au2hau2haZEFa. aEaa& a
aQaA3 aK}aE.2
a—j6a

a
a]Ä2=aZ2
a0P ]1a
a
R_|aQaa2
aaEau2haQa
&Ga01a0
aEFa.3aSaEa2= a2 .
a]1a#I%a](5aj&.a0
aEFa.3a1S Ea2= a#a
aaaaEFa. a“=a0PaEaT(I%a
au2hau2h
aE
a
1 ax1aEFaE.2
a"2.a*3ax1 2+.a01a2j=aZEFaSI Fa•5a]1a#I%a](5aaEFaSIaFa
abP5a2
aE_aEa#!aE
a2&/.a
a
1 aa#I%.a
a2$/a 1 3 .aEFa.FaE)aKaE2
Ka*aaaK}aE. a“=aKaT a
a'aQajaT(/aES3ax.a“I&%
aEaA2aR
a41a
a0UaZEFa.2
a&} 
aa0aE
a‹5aQaa2U25aE
a
1 aQaa&/aE
a2$/aQa
aa& aE_aE
aEU2
a#a
aaaK}aE. “=a#!a3aKaE2a2}aE
a“I&%
aa2&/.aQa0
a01a¥2>
aa& a07ƒ)a
aa0aE_aE
aEUja
a]k_a2=aQ .aEFa. a“=a3a
a0IaK}a. aT1 }aE
a'rUaEaa& a21 2P.aE_aE
a“&45a
aaa.aK}aE.j
aG&
aK4
b

aE
ax1 2+.aZEFaSaE
2ea !abP5aZEFa. aEaa& aR>a
aQa.aK}aESj
a
&4.ab&$a2=aa
7UaZEFa.F
a.aK}aE.26a3aE EU3a2=a3a¦_a„Œ
aZEFa.3a1aEa0/1 NaE
aa Ia
aEU—.aE
aQa.aK}aE.

a2
a„I_a<)a
a3a
ab&$a™|$a
ZEFaSjaE
a2
a_/.aXa
az2a0-5a
a0/aE
aa
aQ1aTa01ax1GUaE
a– a/"a2kaZEFa.25a03.a)a] XajaE_aE
aE?&UaEaQa.aZEFaSj

a1a01a.aFaEa0/1 NaE
aa&}a
aQaEjax1 2+.ab_a3aE_aE
aEU2
"a
ab1a0
aEFab

ab1aJ3a0
aEFaSI 04
a.a /aE
aEU2
aS)a2ŽUaƒPUa
a– a™|$ax1aZEFa3aKaa 2"a)a.a*7
a2=a•"aYrUa2}aaT2ea2}ax.a'Ga2) 
a
a2
aE_aEad "aE4=aE
a 43 3aE_aE
aEU2
a "a

a0
ax.a*3aZEFaSIa3a
a "aE!
aAaEa]FaFa.2.aT1 
a )aE_aE
a&}a
ax1 2+.a "
 64


'rUa4_aT1 ajaE_aE
a a
‚
aG
2‚aE_aEU2
a 43aa/aE_aE
ad" E
ab1adŽUau2ha
a0aXa>a7Ua0
aj. 01a
aO1 2ha,+>aE_aE
a]aXa.aEa2ŽUaƒPUaQaZFag2$a0Ua0!a
aEUF

a_/.aXaKaJ3aK}a.3aaaKa„.} E
a– ab aAS
a#&Iax1a
a1 .a4=a
a2P.aE
a a
aE
a2
aa(a
aT7Ua S)a2j=aZS1 a
a– a
"axaT1 }ad&. =aO/SaE
a#!aE
ak UraU!U
ٍ

a aa0aXa>aXa'a &+a01a /aE
aQaZ.3aa2
a S)ajaT7Ua= 
~a`aFa5
aE.2
a 43aa 3a2
aE_a
b aAS
aQaEa
a
aEUFa7Ua2\a0
aj.ad
a
aXa 7aba &+a0IaK4U
a,+>a
"2a
a]aXa0
aEFa.Fad/aZE.j
 2
a "a
1 aaz2$/ax1aOƒaE
aXa'GU a
aE
a0%&FaEaaIaE
ab1ad"aKa#7PS!a3aEtka2
aS)a0P1 2ha*U =azaaIa#a0Uaz%
a S)aEUa]4U *3aEj&a0Uaja
"aQa
a
+-aQaza0
aEFa01a.a*`\ °j.aaE1a2
aQ1 E_
a0I73aEFaFa'rUa#-SaEa0Ur Qa3aEFaka
aKaAGa†aa(a01aZ125aa(a
aT7U

a4_a I+aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaEa0Pƒa
aa2j=aaj.aa€(ha
aa=aEUa 1 raT2`
aE
aEU3aFaa(a
aT7Ua S)aaEF ‚
aG
2‚~a`ax.a'at
/aE
a0/"aQaZj.a
auIU
°k 
a a0!a
aEU2
a&}a
a– aEa0/1 NaE
aa0Uaatka
a S)aT7Ua
~a`a0Ua3

a01aEaFa Sa Ia

aaa0
aEFa.S K&Faa 2"a'24a¥(S)a1aFa€R.aEa Ia
a]aXa
a–
a2
a„I1a„I1a
aQa0
aE3a4
aEaQaaE3aa&j.aAS
x1aKa„.}aE
aU!UagUa0
aj.aK4U
E
aQaAS
aEaEI6aE
a2
aA|SUa
a2%ax1a.a.Fa Ia
aaa41a2kaZE_a )ak UradV ŽUa(
a]U!Uad&.a]aX 2
a–j6aAS
ax1a0
a.Fa01a0P1 2haj6a.aE_aE
aQaZj.aT2ea
a
aEU2
a0_
a_a2
a= 2aOadŽUaao=a
aAS
aQa2a0
ES1a„I_a
1 }a01aKa0671aaES1a…ja
az2ax.
a
a2%ax1a0
aj.a01aza
aS)aEUa]4Ua0P1 2ha3aEaE
aQaZ
K4Ua !=a0P1 2ha01aEUa]4UabI_
Zjax1 2+.ax1a
aA(PUaau(>aEa0/1 NaE
aQaa1ja2
a'

aZj.aka
a 2=aT"a
ax1 2+.aE!3aj.aa!Uaz Uraza0Iaj.a0UaAS
a#a#>aKax1 2+. Q

aa*1Š4.adŽUa€()aa2I5adŽUa#&Iax1 Ka
1 }aaU2pUa=aEUa_/.aXaEa]j.}aE
aa!UaQ
a†ˆa0U&Uab$ax1aE_aE
a0%&Fa2
a6aa2
aa
 a
%/adŽUaaaU"aa' adŽUaa &.
E
aQa2
a„I1a
aEU&UaQaza]FaES}6au(5a=ajaa!Ua3a0
.a1a2
a " EaE
aU ‰0!
ٍ
aQaZ.FadGS!a
a™PU E
a
1 }araU3aza™"Ua
aEU&UaZK1 2
a“$
a
aEUak UradŽUa=aOƒ

a1aja2&/.a%PUa
a&/aE
aQaZa
+.aE
T1 }a=a
az2aG6a
aEU&Ua01aEUa_/.aXaE_
aE.a0$kax1ax1a
aT&aajIaja
&Ia
a2&/.a
aQ Z1j&a)aja*ƒa
aQa
 65

à à
R)aV aaa&}a
aQajaEa0/1 NaE
a3aV aKaaaE
a2&/.aZ
aj U2pUa
aQa
"
au(>a
aQa2
aY 5a.atkaFajaY6aaNaEaQaKaEj
a£1a
aK4
aZjaEa0/1 NaE


a2j=aZE3aza0Uaja)aaUa
KaQaEFaa0U&UaE_aE
a0%&Fa
aT&aJ3a0
a.aa2

aka
aa(aKaUa*.a1a2
a=a2&/.a
a01aOƒaE

V e2axjaxja
a" aE=aEUa&/aQa*3
Z1ad(a I_a
eaaS&/Ua Ia
&&.aa I1 I_a
&
ad_a0

ٍ
Xa>aXa'aZEFa
aK4Ua =a1a
aKa
aSPPaEUa
aO1 2haQ 0
aEFazkad(a1 .
 à
a2^aE
aa2
a„aE= aE=aEUab1 $aER)a
a.akaFa azra
a4_aV a*3a /aE
a aa0
a 7aba2&a
aD
aK4Ua“$
a
aE1
/a2=aEU&UaaEk aaEj
a "a2
aT&a
aEU&UaQ
ٍ ٍ
ab+-aaa]25a,_>aS"5aS"a
aD
aK4Ua“$
a
aEU2
zr.aUa2ra2=a]a4UaEaEUaG1 G/_
aJ
a2) aEaKaaaDEFaESjaK4UaKa]$ka›S|aE
aUaE_aE
aEU2
a2=a
EU&UaQaja

a¦a
aJa&Fa01 AaEtka2
ad
a01aKa&}a
aa.a aa0aXa>aXa'a0
a4
a01 EU

aEU
a&aE
a'aE=aKaU!Ua1 . EUaQa0
aEFaa!a01a
a_/.aXa.aKa
PPaDEFaK4U
aaEFa}aj
a0%PUa
ak UradŽUa,+>a
aa!UaEa]1 >a3 EFa1a2
aoj
aax1a
a$aE
KjIU aEa$a
aQa.aEF6a3aa]FaGka2I$aE
aQa.aEF6a3a
a– aZk EFa.j
ax.a
"
ZK_a2
a 

‫ن‬,‫ﮩ‬8  cK'‫ﮯ را‬+5 ‫۔‬9

EF 01a927&Ua0SIUa
a–
a`a /aE
aQaaEF ‡R+a UaE
aASI_aa0
aEj.aESj&au2haj6ad2
aER)aT2`‚
a
aKadŽUa /aE
aT5 
~a`aE_aQaZEj.aE.2
aEaT%a&FaEj.aE.2
a„Œ
a3~
aEaaEtUaEtUaaaE aE_aQaEtkaESo EeP.a„.aE
a
/a
a
ƒaZFaK4Ua•"a1 7.

aaEa.a.Fa0UaT2ea
a1 7.aKaJ3a.3a#a0-5a(4= 
a2kaE_aE
a0R-.aE
ab3aEj.aE.
aEtU 2kaaES_a2
a1 7.aEaT%a&Fa.a.FaT2ea
a1 7.aKaQa2kaZEj. ESj
a "a0_
²
aZj.a.FaK $a
aa 2"a„Œ
a*a01aZES_a2
a0-5aUaEaT%a&Fa.a.FaT2ea
a0-5
Z‚j.a'ag7.adUa
aaZj
 "aEUa]%U3aE
~a`a
aaaj.a
aXa'a0P1 2ha41

a3aXa'a0
aEFa01aUa<\a4=a
a– aZK}a25aK. <\a /SaE=aaE=aEUa– aKaT7aQ
 66

aKaE/aE
a2 .a¥2>aEU~a`aT%a0IUaEj.aE.2
aEaT% &FaEj.aE.2
a„Œ

a
aa 2" ZEFa(aK4UaEaa
a– a Ia
aEU2
aS)aE
ab3aKaE/aE
a2 .aaaj zaaEFa

⠚
az%aEa!
aj7
EU~a`aKaEU2
a™|%a%a
a2P5a1a¼R_a!
aE
aQaa2!R.aa27/.
aj7
aKa
_a 4a=aE
a– au2h QaZj.aOhUa/ƒ"au2$aFa=a
a– aKa0/aQaZ_aK4U
aa'(a
aG6aJ
a*3aa‘25a2
aG6aJ
aE_aE
a]k_ 0
aFaK4UaT%a
aE_aE
aEU2
aEha01
aZK3aEt
a2PaEƒeaa "a
aKa2$/ aE3a124jad2 ag&a
aG6aJ
aaG3
aá 01aba
aZj.a2Œ!_aFak Ura&a
a– aaara
a– a4.aKa07haT 
~a`
a!1a'a
a– a
ZEFara
aE_j
aaraEaE
~a`azaKaT(/aaa0
aj.aSIa0Uaj
aaU"a
a1aFatka
aEa% 27/.a
a Ia!
aE
aa 2"aKa
_a 4a0
aK}aESIa2
a“=
ZK1a25a“=a– aFa' x1a¥2>aK4Uaa
4aDFaka1aEa%

aaEj.aESj&a
1 }a•7a

aa 2"a¥2>ab1 $aER) 0
aK}aEFa25a01a– aTa0/"a¥()a2
a2=a]kGaaa01aZEj.aESj&aK4UaaU"aŠ)ag7.a*3a
a#&aa'"aE
aa0aXa>aXa'
a
a
Qa2ka#&a0UaK}aESIa2
a“=a'"a
a
aaa– a0UaKaT7{aE
aJ3aEFaaS4a
| 
a–
aEUa]k_a#-SaE EUr E
aaaK.4$a3a
a#&ar2haE
aaaZ˜1aEaza.aEFaQ=aE
a– aT7{
K}a01a.azaK}a

aKaXaAS
a0Uazaa.Fa“=a0/a
a*3aEaE
a2I‚a0
aK} ES4
‰ž110 –až33ˆab1 2ab
aaE.2
0-5aEa4S3aE=aza*.aSa2ŽUa
a
aQaKa
a0UaE.=a Ia
aE_ E
aQaE
Z‰54a¬a1a 3ab/"&_ad(  P_abˆ ‚ZEFa#`5a
aXa.aEFa,+>a2kaEFaEa2a01aE.25

aK4Ua0-5a
a0/a!
a2ka0
aj.a01a0P1 2ha
aO1 >a2I  ‚K}aES4
‰ž71 –až27ˆaa24abaa&
a]}a2k ZE.2
a’(.aKaXa'a
a.aSa0Ua Ia
aQa]}a2kaESjI1aKaXaAS
E4=a.a.FaU2

aEa]k_a.a.Fa0Ua a

aKaEt!aQaK4Ua2kaaZE.2
a0-5aOƒaE
aQa.a.3a#a I
aa0aXa>aXa'aKa0/a!
aE
u2haQa0
aEFad/a
a!
aEaKa .a
a0
aEj.aESj6=
Z‰62a0+R>a
Š AS
ˆ ‚ZEFa125a0-5a
aEUa 

aZ a a™Ua¥()aO1 -_a¼R+1aa0

aEFa
aa 01aOP+.aSUa=a /aE
aOP+.a=aEUa "aba0(
 67

Z‰120a¬a4‹a
ŠaAS
ˆ ‚ZSaK4Uaja'ax1a
ara¥() 
a™UaKak Ura
aO1 >a2I

T2`aZj.aI6a2a]a
aJ3a a2
aE_a07_ƒa
a¿2a
aE.=aE=aax1a0
aEF 0/"a4%
a2j=aZFaSŒ4=a0- 
]a
a„.aEaa
aJ3a.=aK4Ua Ia
aKaXaAS
aKa4
aEUaO1 >a2I
a2=aQaZEFa1aK4Ua Ia
aKa0/aQ .aEUa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aj6=aEa]k_aEUa]4U
a-a/1ˆa0-a?j6a
aaEU~a`a0
aaT4$a2
„aEUa0&!aba &+aa07/$abaz2^
‰ !aa|ˆaZ1a2
a0-5aOƒaE
aaEUa2I T2`a0ŒU6aZEFa1_ ‰

'a„Œ
aKak Ura=a
a0%aT2`aG7>a=aEUa2IaT2`a0
aEFa
Š 0/"a01aKah
a– a
"aE
aT5aZK4Ua1aj. ka1a2
a0_aE
aaa'a01a0
aj.aK4Ua1a01aK4Ua2paj.a4
aE_aE
aE1
a2kabI_a‰kaFa07}aza0IU
ˆakaEFaQ=a4&. za.a*.aFaI6aE_a .a'aza2ka0
a125aEaQaEU
a
aQa0IU
ˆakaFa !P.aKa]{a*a2azaAa.aEFa_aK4U Ka0`7"aEaEUa .ax.aj

>a
aKaOaE
a¿aEaa
a¿_a®>aav1 aaEFa
a
>a0IaK4U 
a07}a

ab3aK}aSaK k Ura
a'aR)aK_aT2Ia
au2haQ ‰j.aSIaFaK4UaŠ5UaKaE
2.aE
a

ZEj.aESj
a0UaG3aja?}a22a' EaEP1 2haE
a aa0aXa>aXa'aza0
aEFa.Fa
{aE

aa5a0_aaXa
/haaU/ha0
aj.a01aa(ab_a
a2IaT2` /aE
aEUFa0R)a0
aSU3aK4Uaa

a.2
a
h 
a'aE
aQaaXaKax.a*3a2
a
ha2 ‚a Ia_a®ha(5a0_a Xa
-
ad/a
aJ
‚ZEFaK4Ua2=a .a
ha
a2a.a]2
aU25U 
a'aE
aQaaXaKa2kabI_aa13Z]F

ad
aJ3a0
a
a2>a2=aEjaE_aQa¥2>a
a0a“3a /aE
aT5a
~a` EUa]4Ua0
aK4U
ZZZZZak Ura=~a`a0-5

ˆ S)a106a0+R>‰

120a.a107a¬
a¥2ha
aT2ƒ)aaa*3aEUad2
a0+>aZEj.aESj&a0Uara
a– aE=aza
aE1 ' aEaEj.aEI6a2

a*Ua
aE1a…j ‹5a¥2ha
ad$aKa
_aQaaj.a}a a2ŽUaSjaKaA2aa5ha
ab3a 03.
 68

æ
0
aj.a01aA3a
a2IaT2`a.a1a2"
ZXa'a0a¡`"aa _aAŠ_aaA(I_ SRƒ)a_
aa0aXa>aXa'a3aka]_ a0Ua
a0-5aQaKa.aK3 E_ax6aEjajaE1 ojaaES
a2k©
æ § æ
aK1a?} EaT"a
a2I%_aQa
aFa0a
ara
a0
a
a2}ªa“F)aEUa2&aT2`aZ©j. 1a2
aEUa 
æ
a
aaaEUa2IaT2`a. K}aK4Ua’)aEaE}aKaS+.a
aE
o_aa3UaQa0+>aoaoa0IU

125a2
aoI=a—
Z0GUaaaU2.aa aa0aXa>aXa'a0&/S Aƒ|_ab 1axS aaxaxSI{
a 
a2Pa
aQaEUa aa0aXa>aXa'aaj
aEj.aaEaEj.a] 2.aE?aE
aAƒ)©
aKaQa
aEUa]4Ua21 2P. 3aEFaE.2
a0Ua
a2I%_a2=a•"aQaZ©]a?}aEaKa0
aEFaS4
aEa„a.
 125
g S7&a
!_a•7SaUa&U
Z©]FaK4UaaE_IUa0SaUaZ]FaaEU2
2=a.aK©

æ æ
aEUaO1 >a2Ia
a¿2a7_ƒaE
aQ7aT2`aa0&h5aT2`a0
EFaz $=a0/"a01aEaJ
a2j=
aZK}aEF j
a]_kax.a‹ aza2= ©-"¨aQaaj.a
aIUaEaEU2
a'7"a2=aa
aF Xa'av1 
æ 
aKa
+>a
aQa
a™|$ E!3a2&aT2`a.aEj.aEFa2
a0-5a
a43aza*3a¥()aE
aÖ
rab/U V

a2paZEFaSIa3ajaE!
a.a¥()aE
aa K}a#"aE
aXaa0_aa0&
a¦_a3a0
aj.a#.aE_aQ
0
aj. 01aza1aEUa]4UaA3a3a
aQ
0/aa j.P_ aa0aXa>aXa'a_a0U1aU
aPaU/a_aX

a0aXa>aXa'aza3aEkaK
aE KaÖ
raQajaax1a
aE Ua£Uaza2ka !"a
a )©
m
a`aEUaJ3a
a™|$aQaj.a#&a01aa'"a01aZ©ka]o_aEaaa2= QaKa.aEj.aES1aKaEUraE
a a
aX >aXa'a
a– aE=ab1 $aER)a0
aK}aES4
a– aaj.a_j7a
adr
V E4=aEa*a /aE

ZEj.aESj&ara
aE_ aE-5aE
a aa0

æ
adUaE
a,1 2$ae"a)azaEaj.a„Œ
a3aKaE/aQax!a
a2& T2`a /aE
a2IaT2`
K}aE.25aaau2h QaKa<)aE=
a
aG6a2a!
aKak3a
aQaaa2
0-5aOƒaE
aQa.aÄ=aKaXaAS
a Ia
a .a2k©
a aa0aXa>aXa'a.aFa0UaKaXaAS
a Ia
aJ3aE a0/ !1a
a2kaa2
a0Ua03.a¥2h
 69

a
a0UaaFaK XaAS

a0Ua Ia
aJ3aFa!1a0/a2kaa2
a0-5a2=aQaEa Ia3aK
a

aKa0/a!
a2kabI_aFaI6aF g&3a2=aJ3a2
aOƒaE
aaU"aQa0-5a
aQa.aKaXa'
aFa0Uaja0-5a&3a
aO/SaE
aQaE4=aEa .a ]Fa’)a]UaXa'a
aaXaAS

a 2
aŽSUa2
a24ja2j=a1aa2
a0-5aEaEa4S3a=aE
a2
a "a“=a.a1 0
aEFaS)aK4&.a.aF
‰qi Zqfa¬af 3ab"/&_ad(ˆaZ©EFa2S4az1 raU2
aŽSUa4&.ax1GUa2

æ
a
_ aƒeaEa
a

"aR)aEUa]4Ua3aEFa0Ua
1 }a
2aFajI_a=a
a2&aT2`a01
ax!aE
aaa0
aEFaSŒ4=aOa
a
a!
/aE
aQaZj.aja
aJ?!3a›6aE
a 
a}aO/SaE

Z2
aU&32.a2a
a

æ æ
KaQa1aEUa]4Ua3a07ƒ)ab_a /aE
a
/aZK}aa&aT2`a0R)a2!.a / E
a2&aT2`
K}aE.25aEFaE.2
a*h|a
a]U&!ad&.aa(a
aXa>a7U
aaXaAS
a2= a2aZ]FaK4UaaE_IUazatUa]FaaEU2
a2= KaFa27)©
aa“=a2a0
a01ax1aZ]FaS_ a0NaKa
ab3aK}aOab.a4&.a /aE
a =a
a aa0
a]2
a2=a
aaaK}aEI6aFaEhaEP1 2haaE-5 3aEag&S3aa€R.a4&.aKaEUraE
a0R)
a01a2!.aZka]2
a  a#&a2=aaaEka]FaEhaEa€R.aag&S3aE
a2) #}aAaa3a0
a01a2aZk
aZ©Ä3 Fa0Ua*3S!aE
azŠ)aaU"aE ra .ax.a*3aZka]FaraEaEU2
ara
a2=  4&.a0

‰œœqa¬ala 3a27ha1 .ˆ

æ
a2UkaE=aE_aE
aE_a
/aEa2-a#}a /aE
aEUF 0R)aEUa]4UaZK}aaT2`a0R)aEj.6
K}aE.25azaKaQaj.ajaa25a
2a3a„.} E
az7abaz /abaJ"aT2`
aOƒaE
a
a
a'aE
aQaaAS
a
a#3aaGaXa Fa0
aEFaOa01a4&. 2= a&FaFa27)©
a
a aa0aX >aXa'aaFaOaEaa
a
aaAS
a3aK1 2
a "aOaza2=a .aaK1 2
#&
al 3a27ha1 .ˆaZ©K}aE.2
aF) 2)a„.a4&.ajaKa27)aEa4&.aaK1 2
a3a
a

‰nn­a¬

a– aE=a3aK}aEFa25a2
Na
©d2
a×R)aT2`¨ab
a– aZK}aTU E=aE
ab1 $aER)a]6a01
 70

m
DEFaFad/ Ea•Nab
a
a– ax!a01a
aaaaDEj.aESj&ar aEa =a
aXa'
a


a*3a/ƒ"a.a
adIaE
a aa 2" b1 $aER)a0
aEFaT7{a(a‫ئ‬V ax1ac+aja')a01a
a–
a*aj
a"aza
ab3aKa]-5aE
a aa0 Xa>aXa'a2paEj.aE.25a
h
aT%a&Fa2
a' aK4UaEj.aESj&aT2ea
aE_ aK43aaEj. ESj
a"aK4UaEj.aESj&
7UaKaa=aE
az $a
5()a0
aK25a“=a2ŽUa
a
aQa– aZEj.aES_a2
E-5aEtUaE
m
a`a Fa0
aFa
a2}ª ')a01aEUa+>a1a0R)a!
a1aFaka a0-5a
a
a aa0aXa>
ZK}araE
aE_a' aT2ea*!aE-5aE

‫؟‬R3 3 ‫ و‬R8 ‫وﮦ‬6 ‫ن ﮯ‬J ‫۔   @ر ﷺ‬f٠

K}aE.25a“=aKa‡R_aaa– aE!3aEFa"a0SIUa2) a
a– ¥2>aA
m
a
aQ .aEj.aE.2
aEaa
aaEj.aE.2
a„Œ
a3a`a0
aK}aE.25a– a0
a!3aE3 _a2
a‘25a2k©
a0ŒU6aFa0Ua!. ‰X N/Uˆa2=aa
a !"ax1aFajaEa¥2ha=a
a )a0
akaFa01a*ƒ
aQa.aFa'rUaa*3a2=a]7UaE_aEU aE4=aD]
2) apUa01aZkaFag2$a'GUa
aa
a !"a2

a !"a2a0
aj.a#I%aoa01aEFa"a2=aG6a2}a3aE_aE
aXaQa
a.aZj. z$a¥2ha
aa 2"a'GUaK
aZ. aK4Ua2ŽUaG6a!1 
aKaa 2"a.aEjaZS1a2
az$aKaa 2"a
aQaK}aE.2
a2
Na– a
aJ3a
Z©k ]FaI%a.aKIa25az$a¥2ha
a
1 a!
a– a2k

a!.a=a0IaK4UaE_aE

1 }a
a] a]aXaKaEa
a– a1 kaZEFaA)ajaTa
a!.a01
Zj.aE}6aUFa5
aa
a !" x1aJaE_aE
a!.a
aaaaEj.aE.25a'rUaaE

aAS
a01a0
a.Fad/a
a– a.a.Fao=aa 2"aEUa– a2
a'j
aKjIU 2paK}aa2aFa2= ©aäV pUa¨a.a–
ZEFatka
a•&3aKaa 2"aa
©U¨ax1a¥2>aEaKab3aEFa.2
a2
N 
©pUa0¨
 71

§ â § §â § § § è § š § ٍ š § § èš è § §§ è ٍ è § §â §â § â § š § § § § §§
ë IV aëÃV aš◌aVéa¡%1aaV◌aV NVéaV Ã
V 5a   a #V 2 1a § « A
ً  a¡
V aba
V § «a a V éaš ◌ #_a  V I 1aa§ «a 2
ً 7_aV a

%
‰51%_ˆ
a1aEaEjŒ=aE
a2=a1a2=a0P1 2h E
aa2pa2
apSRkaEaQaXa0
aEFaK4Ua01aE_aE
a2%a!
©
¨EFa Iaa2.2azaZFaS}6aXa„Œ
a3a2
aaEaaN E
aXazaaEja2ad^=ax1a0
au2haQ


az2
V  x1aZK}atkaSaK.>ab.a
aEUFa'rUaT1 }aadIa2=a2%a!
aEa¥2h 
a_/.aXa]41
a0/1 NaE
‰ES$25ˆa2ad^= E
aXa2!.ad(
aEaEjŒ=aE
a2=a2 ‰d4_aa¡P_a/1ˆaa

a,1 2-.a
aQaZK}a
a !"a2!.a¥2>aEaK aazaK}atka
a•&3a]a3aKa aa 2"aZaE

ZEF a25aFa)aEUa_/.aX
§ è š § ٍ § è §§ § è§ §âٍ â § š â è § è§ § § § §§ §â § § è â ٍ š § § § § è š
‫ى‬2% a‫◌šى‬aV◌ì 1aba&_aV " V -aV◌#_aaV NVéV x7V "a‫ى‬#aš◌'Gâ Uaš◌aVé5a#1 2V 7V _aV â aa
aba#"
§ è š è
‰ 98½97Ö2P7_ˆabV V ã&_V
m
aaNaE
aXa2=a*"a2.aEFa
a'rUaa 2"a01aEUaQa0
a2= aQa
a#1 273aFab&$a
a3a4
‰7Uaˆ©
aXa.aZ ZaZ
aa&1a#}aFaS1aT%aa
1 }aaK}aFa aEk aE
aQa3a
a]S

V aaFa.2
aO1 -.aE
¨
a]25
aE!1aEFab&$
§ š è § § š § § è § § § š è š šâ § §§ § § §è â § š §§ §â §
‰194½192a¡2/%_ˆab1 V Š
V &_ baV aIS_aV x7V "a‫ى‬#Zb§V «_au2_aV◌Aa
V 'GUZb&V _/_ AV a#1 G
V S_aš◌aVé
aEU2
a07Sa.a0
a.a2=a*"a2.aZEFa2.abaua2
aE_ EaZEFaAS
az2
a'rUa
ab&_/_aAa01a©
¨FaEaKa]_

aa" 
aEaT1 }a
a'aZEFa#&S%a2=a]a
a !"ax1a¥2>aa 2"a0
akaFad/aE Q

aEFa.SaK&FaFaa 2"a)aAaZK} z(aE
aaazaEFaka
aKa
1 a_a%_a†a2
Na
ab3aK.>
ZKj.aSaT1 }a
a a 0_ aa0aXa>a7UajaEa].>aaa0

a¥>aEafœœZfœlaT1 a
aÖ2Paza]FaI6aS EFaE.2
av+a2=aESIUaEj.6aE
a– aKa0
a!3 ‰fˆ
aa!
aa&!aa aa0aXa>a7UaE4=aEaEU3aE 07"aE
ad2a !a0
aEFa.Fad/

a25 O{.a
aTaQaEFaES1a Ia
a07"a#1 +.aEUa_/.aXaZEj.aE.2
aar&UaE
2
a¯a¥2ha
a07"
aK4UaK4
a
1 azaKaa 2"abI_aj. Fa
a2PaFa&Fajazaj.a.3a
a¯a¥2ha
aJ3a07"a(4=aza0

m
aa 2"a2=a`a2ka0
aEFa01a'aZFaka125a$a I  Sa
aEU2
a¯a¥2ha
aE7"aQaKaJ3aS
 72

m
K4UaT7{a,1 2>a
aTaQa01a
aD(aEa0/1 NaJ
a
a`a Iaza.aj.a. aK4U a
aaz(aE

m
DK}aK4Ua‹aKaa 2"a3aEj.aESajadIaE!1a
a`a0
aEF

m
aaK} EFa#)aKa0&Ž/a0Ia– a0
aK}aESjI1aA)aKa01 a aa0aXa>aX ' ‰iˆ
aE
aEU2
aaz2&a2
aE_a
a]+> fœ­­aaK}aES1a
ad2
a0+>a27)a
aQa– aZEFa
a¥ha
aXa

a071 a,>aKaESUaE
aQaaK}aES_aYa2=adPaE
071 a
a– a0IaR
aZK}aE.3aFa0UaE_
æ
aESj6=aEFaE.2
aU&32.a
aaa2&aT2`aaK}aE.3ao=aKaa)a2=aQ +>ac/aZEFa.Fa•"
m
aEUa– aDEkaK1 2
¥haaEka]Fa#)aKa0Ia Fa0
aj.aa0Ua27)aK&FaEUa– a
aXa'a1 0
aK}

EFa.25aKaa 2"a_/.aX 2=aQ ©DkaFa!1aKa2Raa0
aj.a4
a01aEUaKa
¨a125
§ § â § š § èš § šš § ⧠š § §â § § § § è § è § è §â š š è § § â § è § è šâ § š § §â § § § è § §
V ◌#_a¡$aaVéad2+_a V !&_ab) S_aOV +_V 1 Ä2_aš◌'aš◌#_a€ >a P_
aab1 2V -V Pa IÄabPV V + bV  aš
ٍ § ٍ è§ § § š § §§§ š §è§ è§ § § §§ § š § §
‰27Z,SR_ˆa71 2V "a+S5ax_V NaaV abaV #/5a&/. _aa V /5aa5|.
ٍ
aE
abaZEkaF #)aXa¡$aaaKad2a !a2ea .aZj.a1j
aA)aŒaP1a
a'aE= EUaX©
aTaQaj.a a
aXaZFa¥)a
a !" !
aK4&.a0
aE
aQa2^aEFaES$2.a'aaEFaE.¢Ua2a„.
¨a2
aƒ ‰071 a,>a/1ˆa,S5a
a*1 2"a01aEUaQ E4=aEaQaE_aQaZEj.aESU3a0Ua .aE!3a

m
aE=a– a0
aj.aka1Sa0P1 2ha01a
aEUFa#)aKa0IaEa0/1 NaE
aA) 
a`a0
aFad/aEaQ
a' 2aEa0/1 NaE
aJ3akaFa,>a
2) aEkaK
aR
aK3a¥2ha
a0Ia2
aE_a
]j.
a2az(aE
aa 2" 01a
aZkaE3a#j
aja0Sa
aTS5a
az  aakaEaja•"a
az2&
DEFaK4UaT7{a(j
a
aEaT1 }aEa]P1 2h

a2
Na
aQaz ZK}aE.SaTax1aKara
aax1aEaKa]1 a=a aa0_ aa0aX >a7U ‰lˆ
m
a0
akaFad/aE!
a01a
a– a0
aK} Sj6=aza.aK}aE.2
aQ2=ara2=aQa`aZK}aS1a2
aEa]2
m
ZEFaa27)aEUa27)aa aEja0
aK}aES1aA3 `aZEFaa04
aEa]2aTa01aEUaK
§ § §è § § è§ § §§ è §§ §â § è § è §â § §â § § ٍ § §è è § § šâ §â §â § è §
aba‘2§«aš◌c/a¥2â aV◌à š◌#_aš ◌§◌‡§«aV◌Aa V T§«7Ua&5a1 V aV◌‹V r§«ac
V /a‫'ى‬Vé Ã7V _a2§«aNVé
š § è š §è § §§ § § § § § è § è § § ⧠§ ⧠§ § /è §
‰3Z 1 2+S_ˆa27V |_a V /_aÃU§V «7â Ua'"aN§◌aY§«7U§«ab
_"aV◌Aa§V ◌§«7Ua&5ac ً
m
aaa27) ‰
]2ˆa
aQaEUaaQaa4
aTax1aKaraEaax1a=aEUa7Ua0
a*3 ©
a0-a2aa1aS3a.a0-ax1a
a-" E
aQa
aaQaEUa7Ua.a1a2
a•ƒa2=aQa
a7UaEUaXa
 73

a27)a
aQaEUaJ
a
a– ©j6=aEUaQa.a1aS3a-"a
aQ 
aaQaEUa7Ua*3aJ=aZ
aGkaE
m
¨Z©1SaEUa )a27)aa  Ej¨a4
aEUa7U ©D


ag(ha01a
a aa0aXa>a7UaEUa_/.aX Ea0/1 NaE
aJ3aEFa]4
a
1 azaKaa 2"a0
aE25
Xa0
aK4Ua1aFa
{a.aEFaK4Ua2kaDEFaa04
aEa]2aTa
ara4&. EUaa4&.a0
aj.a

Dj. SjaT^=aQ=aE
a aa0_ aa0aXa>a7Uajaz(aE
aa 2"a_/.

m
a`a /aE
aQaaK}aES1a€(h 
aa=a0{aba 1 raE?aE_a0aE
a aa0aXa>a7U ‰œˆ
m
ax1a
a¢p= 2=a¥()aE
a`abR_|aabP5 2=aQaK}aES_a2
auIUaEaa0Pƒa
aa

aAGa†a_/.aXaA3a
aTe2SaaaZK}aES1a2
a—j6a
aTe2S aK}aE.2
aoj
aa5ha 1 $
aK4Ua)auIU 01aEUa7Ua&Fa0
aEFa.Sa
a]k_aKaE!aQaaEFaS1aKag
ax1a= E

ZEFa
aEa Ia&Fa0IaEFa

è § § § è § è §è §§ § è šè § § § š § § è § § § è §â § ٍ § § è â è § § § §â § §
V V §«a‹V r§« Ã5aëV ‹2abV V ã&_a‫ى‬#aaI1aaÃI_a§V ◌Y3ra2h §◌baëV 1 ra‫ى‬c"a&5
a`"aNVéadV◌‫ئ‬
ٍ § § §â è
‰ls
1 ˆa2haaš◌bV
a0aE=aE_aE
a&1a#}a0
.a1a2
aEa .auIUa
‰a.)ˆaQaEUa Fa.aka2ja3aEaQa
a 1 r *3a2j=©
a€(haK4Ua/1ˆa]FaEI6a2ja3aE aaza0I73aEFa0Ua‹2a
aKaEU2
auIUaEa]1 a
a]?aE_
‰]FaEI6a

¨

a>a7UaEa¥2ha
a_/.aXaE4=aEa0/"aQa0
aEFa01a'aZEFaa 
a0/"aEFaGka.a
1 a01
DEFa0p3 J
aKaa 2"aza_a2
auIUaEaa0Pƒa
a 1 ra .a0
aj.aka1a Ia3a
a a 0aX

a]S!aE
aaa#-SaEa01  2
a a.aEa]1 4a a#!!a
a2`Uaa aa0aXa>a7U ‰nˆ
aEFaS_@a 
a
)aEa
4aE
aT\aE
a“= 2ka‹5 (az2>+aaaaK}aES1a2
ao6a2=
V
a2ja2}aa2
a—3a
a]\a0
aK}aE.Œa$abR_|a2=aQaZF ¥>a0SaE_aE
aEU2
a0&a0
.

EF .25a_/.aXaKaA3aZEFa
a= 2a‘a5a!5aEUa]U&!a2
a 
a
]S)a2&{
§â è § š § § § § š š è §§ è § â â šè §§ §
‰2%+_ˆaV◌#_a aV NVé7V 5a§◌'V >š« ‫ى‬#aٍ◌‫ ة‬V "a§◌&S
2.a§«aً◌‫ة‬b_ab
V aV S/ƒ"a
 74

¨Ej.aEaTr3a
aXad
a]Ua01aEt1aE} oj
a3aaE
aEUa .a
)aE
a]j
©

Dj.aFa'rUaKa
1 aJ
a
a aa 2" Tr3a01a0
aK}aESIaSa– a

a.Fa'rUa'RUa†a
"aQaZEFa.Fa =a0t!a

a !P.a

&\a'a*3a2=aE&.)aE
a a3
V ‰qˆ

>a7Ua0I73aEFa.2
aEa
"aQa_/.aXar\ a
a2-7.aQaZEFa.3a
az2-7. 2=a3a=aaEF
a.25aEFaE.2
Aƒ)a
a]U&!aKaE!aQaaEj.aEIUaEa2jkaE_aE
a3a aa0aX
EF
§â § §â š ⠚ š § èš § š š § § è ⧠§ § è § ⧠§ šâ § § § è š § §â è § §â § è ⠚š š § è §
aO+_aO+V 1aa§«aš◌#_a 1 2V 1  I_aaI.aV◌‫ة‬Y%_aT
V Na2\aa§«aa.a I_a§◌a§« bV SV RV ƒ_a‫ ى‬Véaš◌#_a
/V 1aNVé
§ § è § § § § è§ § § §
‰s
1 ˆab1 2V 5V I_ 2V a•ƒP1 aV◌T
V &V IV

ax1aEaK ‰a2I%_aE
a“1 2"aaE5"a..a/1ˆa]F2k a0
aj.a}a25az aEa .a_/.aXa0I73a©
a0
j.aS}6aXa0IUaEaK4&. ‰05"a..a/1ˆaz2karaEa0
aEj.aES}6a . akaE a„.}a4&.
¨a—.a2&
a
a]25
aaEj
a2
aOa
aOaEaT&
aE=


a0
aF Fa'rUaz a01a
a_/.aXaKaJ3aK}aESIa25aF U%Ua
a
1 a!
aKaa 2" =a– a
aA
DEkaK1a25aƒa"aK4&. 2=ax1aEaKa]F2kaa FaFaEFa3a¥2ha
a aEa01 a3ak_a

EFa.Fa$ 2
a#6aEk aKaE!aE
a2-7.a2=a a3a ‰sˆ
§ èš § § è § â è š šâ š â è š § § § § è § è š §â § § š § è § è
‰y'RUˆab5V V 2aV◌‫ة‬xí
V _abaV ›ً _§«aV
&V  ÃU§V «a I_aAS5a I aa^V S!.aNVé
&
aE_aE
 a4&.aKa125aKaA3aE
a1 25a4&.aEUaQa.aEj.aEFa2
a1 25aEaA E=a .a0I73©
‚ ]FaaEjaES$25aG}ax1a.p_


aKa
1 aJ
a
a aa 2"aA3a01a
a1 25a
a]U&!aEa¥2ha
a_/. Xa0
aK}aESIaSa– a

Dj. Fa'rU
 75

aEab3aK}aa2
a“= K_aTaEa aa 2"aEaE
a– aEUaKaZEj.aES}6a'ax1a¥2>a–
m
aE6a0!a
av+a!
aEk a /aE
aQ Zj.a. aajaz(aE
aa 2"aQ=aE
a`a0
aEFa.Fa
{
ZK4Ua1aK}aja.aE_aE
aEIj3aEk E
aOa– a0
a]FaS}6ajI1a01aKaE4=aE


aZaZaZ!
)
‰fyq­a27Uaa2 S
aa 2P_ a&32.ˆ

‫ ا_ت‬K$) K  05-,) ‫  ﮯ‬

aQaEFaI6a aEaE
ab1 2ªUa
2a3a
a›-a *>a_a 7a2?
@aKa0S$ŠkaT+R>
V ˆ
a3a
a‹aKa#1Na
&aA3aE
a›-aE!3aFa'>a<)aax1 
a*>a2?
@aKaE!aE

Z‰EF }

   ‫ڈاﭩ‬

° Iad(!_ Uad2S+
aI6a aKa]S$a
a27Uaa2S
 zaa 2P_aa&32.aEa¥2ha
a– aA3a
a
!kafsa0)a<)a2
aE
aA3aQaZj.akaFa'>aY@a0/1 Šaja0-a0P 
aA3az $a•$aKaa&32.aE
a2S
aZEF
aKa1 a0
aK}aES}6ajI1a01a– aE4=aEaE6a0!a
av+a!
aEk 0
aEFa125aEUa– aKa2)
ZK4Ua1a]Faja.aE_E
aEIj3 Ek aE
aO

a0UaFa3aOa]43abI_Z]Fa.a2=aEIj3aEk aE
Oa
"a2}aKau2ha
aa&!aEŒax1 °d2S+
a2aS2=a
-|$a0IU
aZSIa2
aK4Ua!1aKa
ara
a.aFa-P Ij3aEk aE
a
a!
a0IaF
ax Fax1aaE3aFa¥>av+a21 rat!a0
a]FaS1aE_aQa›I.a
a– a}aK ZK4Uax!
a0
aK}a– aaZK1 2
a0U S)aESa_a_aE_aEoa¥2ha
a-Pa'GaFax1aaaE!aK
§
aEUa– aZ]Ä3axj3aKa0
aK}aEFa2
a¥2> E_aQa "araaKaEU2

V a“=a*
2a
aTŠ3aaªR_
 76

ٍ
aaEaQa0
aE25a0Ž(a7-Ua a2abI_aZj
&raoaP1aKaEjI_aA3a#1 ha.
ZKtk Fa =aKj_

aEUa– aaEFax1aE Ka#\%aEa
4a2a0/_ƒa

aa 2"aE_a2a0
a125a
a01aEUa–
aEjabI_aEFa
a¥2>aKaEj& 
aT2&`aE
aQaaEU2
a\a2=a¼R_ax1ax1aE
aQa2&a=
a]U&!adabI_aFa.aFaE_aE
aTNa=a
7+ 
a2ja2&a01a
a– a0
akao=a4
a„.aE
aQ!5
aZK}a¥()aE
aa 2"aK.at
aZK}aT4aEa
4aKa<)aE
a– aZI FaK4Ua
{a Ra„Œ
aE_aE

oaE_aE
aaaZESj&aK4Ua2=aha,+>a*ƒa
aa 2"a– a0
aEFaS6a0S=aEab3aK} !1aK.at

aE!aQabI_ Zka]Ia2

a#&IaKa
\25ab_aG1 G/_aXa¡%UaKaE!3aEFa
aA3a-R.
aS}6aU2
a“=a
aK4Ua¥2> Ka
"aQaZEFa2ea
14Ua
ea
a*3aK}a!1aK.ax1aaK
Z]F

aa3a2=a aa0aXa>aXa'a0

aEFa.3a ]41a2
a?&a£&av+aa0
a]FaSj&aK

ax1a
aa0
aEFaa
a– aZjaaK4
a2}a1aEFa UaE
aa 2"a„Œ
a* zaFa'rUaEa¥2ha
a )
K}a*ha
eaa#1Na*!aKab&eaQaZEFajaaz(aE
aa 2" 0-

DK} ESj
a
a]!I1aE-a]UaE
aa
aEFaO/.a
aEU2
a
haaEUaa&1 x.a]43 ‰fˆ

Dja0-a >az
Ša
a1aEFaa 2"a¥2>a2aEaQa
aEFa4
ax_a'GUaa]43aEUaa 2" ‰iˆ

DEFaFaE_aEUa )ajaa0NaE
a
ªR 
aQau2ha
aa 2"a
aDEFa]4
a0-a2a01a
a ‰lˆ

a¼R_aQa
a.aE3a1a„
aFa/&_a¥2SaE
aQa3a¼R_a2 
a2a0p3a
a¼R_ax1aE
aa 2" ‰œˆ
DEF
R
a41aja
aE-a2aa†
ŠaE
aa
aDkaE3a_a„& ©X ba'Ga¨a

 77

aJUa2) aE
ak Ura= /aE
aEU=aT7UaEUa aa0aXa>ad2
a7Ua0
aK}aES4
a¦_ac/ ‰nˆ
az Pa
a– aKaAaQa.aK4Ua2kaDK}a&F E
aaa– a
aZj.aaEa¥2ha
a )aza
a„Œ
a3ax.
DEFa

 m
aK25a– a
a.aEj.aK4Uaac/aaEj.a4_aaT$ac/aE
a
V ` 0
aK}aESj&a– a2k ‰qˆ
m
aEj. K4UaaT$a3aE
a– aGUaDEFa]4
a0&a
aaaEj.aaT$a3aE
a` 0
aEk
DEFa
a
a
aaaEa7SaE
a
haaa&1aE_aE
a]U&!

aQa– .aEFaK4U ©Xaba'G¨aza0

aa04
a01aO/SaE
a
1 a!
a
a 1 2
aa 2"a™|$a
2k ‰sˆ
aKa]&az3aE
v1a™|$a
a2kaZEFa.3aFa‹)aEad(a†2aza0
aEka]FaORSaE
aFa‹)aEad(a†2au2haajaz 
a.aK4Uaa
a )aza0
aE4
a01aO/SaE
av1 a!
aE
DkaE3

a
aEUra!
a
aK}a25aG1 .aK.>a3aE_aE
a a
adI E
ab1aEU ‰~ˆaXa' ‰wˆ
aE
aa 2" ' a a
a !"aQa
aDK4Ua1aEFaSIa3a
a' a aKaTG3a
aaaEa‡+_ E
a]S+-
DEFaSIa3a
ajaKaTG3a
adI

_ 7 ™|aZaZaZd(!_

‫اب‬

X ®&aa Iad(!_a2Iaa2S+

aEa2).aNaA3av E
aT52-a„Œ
aa
+>a2)a„Œ
aZ(a

V afyq­a27Uana0)a0Ua
1
Z]Faz)aTŠ/aE_aE
aQaa]Fa}a
 78

aEtU „Œ
aEk a2
aŒa4=aEaEU2
a¥>a
av+ax1a0
aEFa
aS)a0P1 2haFa2j=aO *!aEUa–
a– aKa<)aEjŒ=a0
aj. E}6aUSa01aE4=aEaEUaEa#!aEtUa
a– a0IUaZEt1aoj6aT
a
aG6aJ3aaESUaK4Ua
aaK}aESU – aG6a
aEaKaQaj.a
aEUaKav+a3a2=aTIUaQaE

a
aTab/Saa,eaaa2a
a– au2haaZEFa#_a
Q=aE
a– aKaEU2
aaEaESUaK4U
EaEU2
aa
aTaaabI_aZEj.aE
aEa– aKa<)aQaEUaKa3aj.aE}6 1aA3a
aj
ar2ha
a2) a01a
V aaA3
V 
aaaKa0
aK}aES}6aEa„aaK}aE aE_aTaa„Œ
a– aAaE
a2
aG1 2k
DEFav+

aaEj.aE av+a21V raKaQa3aTIUa Fad&.aZEF aFa*a„Œ

az2-7.a
a– a2=a<)aEjŒ=a2
a2) a2a2ŽUa
a– aE4=aEa*a2
a—j6a
a*aaaj.atka_@a$ KaQa2=ab3aTa
a
 bI_a]Fa.a2=aEIj3a.aEk aE
aOaK ¨a0
aK}aE.25a– aKaA3aE
aQaaEF .o=a2=a2P5
©
¨aaa
aza2) 0
aEFa01a'aZ©EFaK4Uax!a2aS2=a
-|$aaSIaxj3aK4UaKaEk aE

atkaaTa
a– a
©S2=
-|$¨aJ
aaDj.aka4
aEa– aE_aE
aEIj3aEk aE
aJ3aEF

az2
a2PaE
a_/.aXa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
j.a
a
{a01aEaU 2"aT1 a,1
V 2>a.aEUaKaDj.
a2=ab x1ag7.a
a– aa
ha
a– a2=aa
a IaE
aFaXaaK}a&}aa / ae"ag$a

aa†
Ša
a– a2= QaZj.a
a‘2aEa– aEUaKaE_aE
aEIj3aKa0PaE
aOaaZEFa*3
aE
aJ3aEF ©
¨azaFa2=aa
ha
aa0aXa>a &+a 1$a0
aEFa.2
a =a07$a01a$
a07$a01a2a2kaZK}a]G1 2ka– aEaJ3aEF ©S2=a
-|$ ©za41aaEFaIUa
a– aEaEIj3aEk
aa K}aEFa2
aIUaEaS2=a )aK4UaEaS2=a
-|$a– a#>a0
ka]2
a‘2aKa.aEFa,+>
)a
ha2a]43aK}aG1
V az a– aEk aE
aJ3aEFaFaj6aKaJRUaE=aE
a– a
 oa
4ax1
a
-|$a01aaEF Ij3aEk aE
a )aK4UaIj3aEk aE
a
aU3axj3a]}aFa1a IaEUa )a
aEU2

a
aEIj3aEk aE
a )a V Ia#>az EFa.2
aIUa™|$a3aEaQa0S7_aZEFaS2=a )a0IaK4UaS2=
ZEF SIj3aEk aE
aJRUa
aE=aE
V

Fa S)a120a0+R>

141  ١٢١ ‫ص‬

 79

a
aTŠ3aaªR_¨aEUa .a0
aK}aE.25a“$
a
aEU— Ka]I?6au2haQa
a#aa2a– a2j=
a
aQabI_aK}aESIa„
a$|a.aK}6a– aEa01aZ©EFa
a¥2>a "ar
V aKaEU2
a“=a*
2
a1aK}aE
“=a#aEUaKaZEFaFaGka
2a01aEa2ŽUa
ab3aEkaK1 2
ab1 2ªUa]G}azaA 0-5
Z
S2=aOa1aK}aEFa25a4ªa
a2a£Fa– aaEFa
aªR_ac+

aEjaZK}atkažoaaKj_ 
a– aEaT3a2a0
aK}aE.2
aQ!5a2=a7-Ua aQa=a– a2j=
a
2a01aEUa– aZEFa3aFa UaE
a– aK4Ua2} K4
a•7a
a]j_aaa2paEFaQ!5a
aQaj
a.a
a– abI_a.3a aKa„&a
a– au2ha aTa a.a.F 
©E_aE
aEj&aT¨a/"
a¡&a2a„Œ
a„.a„.aE
aEjaQ=a2aTa SaE=aEUa– aZj. a„Œ
aFa I
a0&ax1a
aaa2j=aaEka]Fa#>aT3a›S|aE aa0
aEj.aa14Eja2=a aQajaQ= E

aKaaE
a
aja _aa2paK}aE.2
a.a
a
a¡&a0
akaEIa3 
a¢p= 2=a01aE
a2
a•$
2aAaZEFaSaKa = a2aK&FaI}$ax1a
aJ3axIazaZESj
aK4UaE 0PRSax1
a.2
aKaj “$
aS3a
aEUj&a
a– aE_aQaEFao=a?_a2=aFa– a Ia01a
a– aEaT3
a.a‹(a
aQaZ]FaSIa2
a‹(a
Ka2) a
abj_a
a
UaQaZEFa.3aSoabj_a
a– a]Fa.3
ax1aa˜
a =a UaE=a“F)a0U-|a
aEU aEj&aTaOaZEFaKa„.}aE=aE
a–
aXa¡%Ua /aE
aQaZ˜1a—j6a2I5a
aEU2
a F25ajS}aE_aE
aEU2
¢p= 2=aKaOaE
a¬)ax!
ZkaEp_aEU aKa„&a
a– aU aT 'P/a2}


aEU2
a\a2=a¼R_ax1ax1aE
aa 2"a2&a=aEUaK¨a0
aK}aE.2
A!aa<\a01a¥2ha2a– a2j=

aZ
aK4Uaj7
aa01aO/SaE=aEUaKa0IUaZ©EFa
a¥2>aKaEj& 
aT2&`aE
aQa
aK}aGka¦_ E!1a&$aEaKa1 .a(a0
aj.a01azaj.a4
a„Œ
a3aKa<)aEjŒ=aE=a. EUaK
aE!
aEUa– a0SUa01aEaQaZK} a2
a¥2>aKad
aQaK1 2&a=aEUa]43aK}aE.3aE=aja‹ a

Z]F }a2
aa01aKaOaE=aKa0
a_a'IU

aTaa2-S|a.a¥2> O/SaE

av+7a#>aE
a<)a2a– a /aE
aEI6a2
aK.aO/Sa2\a.
at
aZK}a¥()aE
aa 2"aK.at
aZK}aT4 Ea
4aKa<)aE
a– ¨ 0
aK}aE.2
aRS
a2=aEU25a$
aQa0
aEFa01a'aZ©ESj&aK4Ua2=aha,+>a*ƒa
aa 2"a– 0
aEFaS6a0S=aEab3aK}a!1aK.
aT4a
aKa<)aQa2a0
a.Fa1Sa.a„Œ
aEUa– a2) aDEFaSIaFa
jaTa 47az1 raE
a
a].a aaZj&aK4UaxjaKa*ƒa
aT1 ab
a
aa 2"aaKj.a¥()aE
aa 2"aK1 G6a
Ej.
 80

aKaEU2
a›-.aTaEtUa„Œ

"a
a‹ a=aa1a„
a2
ajaEUa– aE_aE
a
>25a!
az  a.
Zj.a˜}6aUFa'&/SaKaEU2
pSRka2=aTaEjŒ=a
"a01a0IUa1a25a¥2>

a
aEj&aT¨aEa¥2ha
a– a.a.F ©Uj&aT ©
a– a¥2>a2ŽUa“=a2aEa
2aQa2k
aEa0/1 NaE
a– aKa#>abI_aZS1a2
aFaTŠ/aE_aE
az  Ka2
a„I1a0U&Ua01a
©“$

az k2=a2
aoj6aoj6aTaE
au2haabFNaE
ab3a]Fa}a2
a2I5a
a‹(aE
]`1 2aEa
4a2
aa– aTaFaE!1 aka]ajaA3a
aTazr.aaaE
a– aXa¡%UaKaE_aQaK}aEFa3 E

aFaK4Ua =a eax.ajaE_aE

aF2&kaQ  UaE
a]k_ab3a0
.aka]ajaA3a
aaa.aEkaK1 oj6
ZEFa0Uaa aU2
az2&ka
aaaaK_a„&au2h j6a4=a2}a
aEt!aE
a
azaEF

‫ن  وہ‬D‫و  ا‬

a]!I1aE-a]UaE
aa
aEF O/.a
aEU2
a
haaEUaa&1ax.a]43¨ 0
aEFa01a'a(4=a
a–
Z©K}aESj
a


a0
aE_a„&a0Ua01aE4=aza0
ax.a*3aSIa aK4Uau2haj6aKa„&a
 aA3a,+>a
a'aQ
a
U !
azaz)aa0
aEFaTa2}ªaZEFa
aa#>a
aEU2
a
ha
aQaaEU a&1a2=a
aQaaKU3a
aEUFaX ba'GaE
aQa)aEa Fa0
aEFa aK4UaQ=a&Fa
az2aFaja

m m
a2a
1 }a01a0
aEFa1SaK&FaEUaFa' aEFaaEa0/1 NaE
a'aK&Fa.azaZK1 2
a
ha

a FaKaa&1 ‰2=aEUFaXa*U3abaE
aQa/1ˆa2=aa Fa0
E
aQa#7"aZEFa aEa¥2ha
a )aQ=
 m
aEFaSIa a
U 01aFa /aE
aQaZK}aE.2
a !.az &UaŒa
a_/.aXa
aQaaK}aE. a&1a2=a'
m
aJ=aZK1 2
a
ha
aQaaKUa Faja
a )a
aaQaE
a2
a&Sa2=aaaE
a'a Fa0

m
a Fa0
aEFa0SUa
aO1 -.a
aaaZEFaO1 -.a
aQa a&1a2=a'a0IaK4Uaa&1a2=aaG6a#>
m à
a&Fa2=a
_a
a'a0
a˜j&a]1a
aTaQaKa‡R_a2aZEFaU  U )aa
aaEU
V
m
aZEFaa&1a2=
_a
a'a03a
aa&1a&Fa2=aa 2"aJI2aE
aQa0IaEFaK4Uaa 2"a03a
a&1
‰ aa0aXa>ˆaXa'a &+ EUaQaa1 aQ=a&Faa 2"aE4=a0
aEFaK4Ua01a*.2.a
aT/"
m
a0IaZFa
a !.a'a
a )a
a`aEUa Fa2
aa3a,+> 
aaaE
aQaaFa12
a¥/.a&FaE

EUaJ3a2j=a
a“=aa
a
_a2
a aEUa aa0aXa>a &+aE4=a0
aEF 01aT/"a*.2.a,+> V
ad(
a01a
V K}aEFa25a“=az 3aa 2"a01a0
a_aaaO2aja
aTaQa
aaaEUaQaUaO2a'a
aaaj
V
 81

š m
ZEFaXad(
a0IaK4Ua &+

aESU – a2ka
ab%1 r=aQaZSIa2
aK4UaIUa a'P/a
aEaJ3aEFab%1 r=a41  !1ax1a01
m m
aEa Fa2ka'aFaEFaU a
aa 2"aEUa Fa2=a&SaE
a'aJ3a0
a˜
a\a)a0p3a=a.aK}
a
aQa.aK}aESaa/1 ŠadIaaT1 } Ea¥2ha
a )ajaz(aE
aa 2"aEja0
aE4
a01
m
a€25aKaa2aaax1a_aEU aEa0/1 NaE
a'a2) a DEFa03a
a2) a
aEU2
a0UaO1 -.
a€25a
EaQaE_aE
aE_aEU2
a
ha.aEFaa#>a
aa&1a2=aaFa
_2_aa&1 *3aDFa]

m
a!
aE=aEa1aEFa1Œ4= K&FaKa#I$a
a
1 a!
a
aa 2"a Iax1a
a )aEUa'a0
aEFa.Fa•"
a‘25a
aQa
aaEFa‘25a2=a Fa'24ar&U 
a
"a”U=a2=ahaE
a'aDKa#I$a
a#&a1aa25
a
a‘25ar&Ua
a
"a”U=a2=a . °U&!a¨a0
a1 aK4Ua Ia01aK
1 a!
a
aa 2"a0I13aEFaSU
aFa05e 
aKa 
.a
aQaa
e25a
aQa.a.3a a Ia01ajaKaa 2"a2ka0
aEFa01 'aZ©EFatk
ZEFa‘25aEa$aE
a  a0aXa>aXa'aAa!3a.Fa‘25aFa!1 a01aja
"aQaD.3

‫ل ا? ﮯ   )اد ﮨﮯ؟‬$;‫) ا‬

0
aEFa01a' 2a
a–

¨Dja0-a >a†
Ša
aa1aEF a 2"a¥2>a2aEaQa
aEFa4
ax_a'GUaa]43aEUaa 2"©

a,1 2-.a
az2\ ©a"25¨a1 ©2
N¨a1 ©AS
¨a„.aE
©EU2
a'rU ©]43aKa aa 2"a0
aEFa01aA3a
aQ
a 2"a
a‡R_aaa01 2"a
a]43aTPazaEFaZEFaa 2"a2aEaXa'GUaa0p3 a¥2>aZEFatka

a aa0aXa>a7U 3aK}aa2=aT&/.aaT1 }ad&.aaa‡R_a01a]}aFa}a2

a0Ua¬-|aE_aE

a aa 2"a)a#_a
aQaZKaT>aa!
1a]FaKaT>a
aU 2"aT1 azaz)aK}aa
a FaE

aFaa 2"a¥2>a2=a aa0aXa>a7UaEa¥2ha
a_/.aXa0
EFa.SaK&Faa 2"aZEFa3aKaF
EFaFa$aKa¡!Ua†aZK}aFa'rUajaK1 G6aa„Œ
a0I EFaFaK4Ua'rU

â
‰ffl 
1 ˆa /.abI.a _aax&aa®&I+_aASI_axaX 'GUa

¨j. SU3a0Ua.a3a„Œ
aza1jIaEj.aa
&IaaAS
a
a'rUa2= a2. EUaXa©
 82

îEFajaKaÖ2Pa†aa&`a41

‰ilf
1 ˆa0a IŽ/1a®&I+_aASI_aba Ia'GU aa IaXa®&/Ua2

N

aQ K4&.aXaZEFa
a'rUa2=a .aEUaQa3a
a
&IaaAS
aQaa
aa!aE
aX 2= aE=aj
a1a©
¨EFa.25a
+-Ua
aEj
aQ=a

a25a
+-Ua
ab.)a
a2jkaE
a aa0aXa>a7Ua]43aEF ka12}aKaAGa†a
aTa
0
EFatk

 
‰lœ
1 ˆa®&I+_aXa
1ababI.a5aS1aaa2
N

aj.atk 
a'rUaj ©
&I¨aG6ax1az(aE
aAS
a2=a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aFad/ EaQ
a`+U a„.aE
aU J3a0
aEFa
aaE
aQa2) a*ƒa
aQaZEj.aES1a
a]k_a– a /.a
aJ3
aE
a&}aaT"aaE.2
ad
aE_aE
EU4=a03a&a
a Ia
a aa 2"a aa0aXa>
aG6a01a0Iaj.a0U ‰Private JuÇgmentˆ 0-5aT"a.Na0Ur
V 
a– ac+azaEj.aES1adUac25
a
a]k_ 0IaEj.aE.2
a0Ua'&/SaFa)a– aE!3aj.aG6a!1a
a01aGUaZj.a
a'rU 2=a– aEUaXaj
aFaKaT>a
a'"a.a1a#& 
aEUjIa01a0
aEFa2}ªaaZ‰®&I+_aaASI_a I&/1ˆaEj.ajaE.jI
 m
aK1 G6aazaz2
a'rUa
a_/.aXaEa0/1 NaE
T2`+U a
a
aE_aQaZKaT>a
a#/5a1aj.aSI
m
ZjaKaT>a
a'/5aajaKa'"aE
a` 
&Ia2aZAS
ax1aZKj.a

EFa
a'rUa„.aE
aAS
aEUaXa3aEFa.2
aja2
Na
aG6a x1a aa 2"a2j=


‰fs%_ˆ ‫ن‬
َ ‫ وَا َِْا‬
َ ْ ِ ‫ب‬
َ َ !ِ ْ ‫ل ا‬
َ َ #َ‫ا ُ ا&ِي أ‬

¨aGaa„.aE
aOaAS
a
a'rUaEUaJ3aEF FaX©
 83

‰in 1 +_ˆ 4
ِ5
ْ +ِ ْ ِ ‫س‬
ُ '‫ َم ا‬-ُ+َ ِ ‫ن‬
َ ‫ب وَا َِْا‬
َ َ !ِ ْ ‫ ا‬.ُ /ُ 0َ 1َ َ'ْ َ #َ‫ت َوأ‬
ِ َ'3َ ْ ِ َ'َ(
ُ ‫( ْ'َ ُر‬
َ ْ‫*ْ َأر‬+َ َ

a2=a¥-Ua¦_a0
.a
a'rUaaGaaAS
a„.aE
aaaaja„. E
a]U%Uab$a
a]_aE=aEUa F©
¨]F "

aj
a2=aa
a
aEa2}a3aEFaK4U .ar2.aza0
aEFa2}ªaEFatka
a'rUa„.aE
aAS
a3 ©aG¨a01

ak UraU!UaOƒaE
aT1 }a
a_/.aXa3aEFaFaG6 !1a
a2aEaQa0IaEFa.3a#aF
T(/aa€()aU!UaE
a2
aa
a<1 2R.aa¤25aaEFa.2
a
a
a—paE
aQ EFa.2
a "aar.aK

a_/.aXa
a¡7Ua0
aK} 01a/a¥>aE
aEU2
©'rU¨a2=a¡7Ua
aG6aQa„.aE
aAS
aZEFa.a2=a' a

a%aE
aXaAS
aEUa]4UaEaJ3aj.a25 ƒa
(>a
a&}azaEaQ=aE=a¬)aƒaEU
a2-+a2=aEaa4S3aT"a.Na
aaad
a01aZ
a "a' adŽUaK
1 aa2$/aa25aOƒaE

aG3aJ
aKa*
2 E
aU!UaTa0
aEj.aE.2
a0-5aza2
a'.a'.aEaaGaz2
a'rUa
aXa0Iaj.a0U
ZE}6aUFaara
a

j.atka
a'rUaz(aE
aAS
a3aEFaS1 27)aja
aG6a2!.ax1aa 2"a2j=

‰wb^S_ˆ ٌ:ِ3;
َ ‫ن‬
َ -َُ 0ْ َ َِ ُ ‫ َ ْ'َ وَا‬#َ‫ ِر ا&ِي أ‬-<'‫ِ ِ وَا‬-ُ(‫ا ِ ِ َو َر‬-ُ'1ِ 7َ8

m
¨EFa
a'rU EUa Fa3a2=aUaQaa2=a'aE
aQaaXaÄaa&1aJ=©

‫ن‬
َ -ُِEْ ُ ْ ‫ ا‬.ُ ‫ ُه‬C
َ Dِ َْ‫ ُ ُأو‬0َ 1َ ‫ل‬
َ ِ #ُ‫ي أ‬
َ &ِ ‫ َر ا‬-<'‫اْ ا‬-ُ03َ  ‫ُو ُ@ وَا‬:A
َ #َ ‫ رُو ُ@ َو‬B
َ ‫اْ ِ ِ َو‬-ُ'1َ = >
َ ?ِ&َ8
‰fns¥2ˆ

m
aEjŒ=aE
aUaQaaK1 2
a a
aQaK1 2
1 2I.aa Ž/.a
aQaa2=a'aQaKaa&1a¦_a3aJ=©
¨K}aE_aEU=au(5aF EFaka
a'rUa„.aE
aQa3aK6

‰fq ZfnÖ &_ˆ ُ #َ ‫َا‬-L

ْ ‫ ِر‬Mَ 3َ ‫> ا‬
ِ 1َ ُ ّ‫*ِي ِ ِ ا‬/ْ ?َ ٌ>ِ31< ٌ‫رٌ َو ِآ َب‬-ُ# ِ ّ‫> ا‬
َ 1 .ُ‫َءآ‬J ْ*Kَ
 84


a3a
a™|$aQa2}a_/.aX Ea0/1 NaE
aJ3ab7aAS
aaUaEa¥2ha
aXaEFaka aQ=a4&.©
¨EFa.j
 za
aS(aEFaaEU2
a2=a
ae2a
aQ

a¥>a‡R_aE
a
1 a2!.a0
a!3aj. G6ax1a_aEaAS
azaEFaka
a2
Na
©U¨aJ3aKaT1 aa

aza2aEaQa0
aEFa2}ªaZj.aka
a'rUa2=a'aE
aQaEa¥2h 
a_/.aXajaUa01aaZK}aEFaS
m
EUa– aEaJ3aZj.a25aƒa
a~`aEUaXa3aEFaSIaFaFa
25aaT2-az a“Uaa 
aJ3aaE
a# #!aE
ak UraEa a
aJ3a125a,ea€25a
a<\aa,+>aKa]Fa
ak Ur
a
a
aaaU"aaT2$/a
%/aa &.aa*1Š4.a
Uaa€()aEUa– aE
a2
ad
aKa$a

a2
ažo=ažo=aAS
a
a )aJaEUaJ3aj.a0Uad
a
a £1 2=a!
a01aZ1a2
a= 2a ŽaA(PUaKaU
aE
aAS
aEUaJ3aj.ad
a
a &UaQaE
a )a01a0IaZFa_@a2
a 43 3 OƒaE
a„3a„&a=
Zj.a=aja$a
aT2-aa aEaFa )a
 z2a„.

a¥2>a2
a—j6a
a]G6a*a2aK&Fa*3aa 2"a0
aEFa.3aFa,ea#I_aT 01a /aE
aT+1 2-.aa
a
&IaQa0Ia.FaK4Ua2=a
aFaa 2"ac+a2aEaQa.aEFaS1a Ia
aEU2
a2=a
aX 'GUa
aaj.atka
a'rUa2=a aa0aX >a7Ua„.aE
aa 2"a3aEFa.Faja2=a
aaGaQaaUa
m m
aa 2"aE_aaZj.aSIaFaKaFa'/5aa'"aE
a`a 2
aaT2a
a`a0_+aa4ªa
aJ3
ٍ
aXa> &+a0
aEFa.2
a
1 }a01aK4
aa‰Kal­sa
1 a(ˆa2
a2=a
aXa'GUa 0
aEFaS4
a01aK4

ٍ
a0
aEFa2}ªa.aK.FaK1 G6a›S|a 01a2kaZ‰KafnqsaaifallaZlflaT1 a(ˆa2
a2=a
a aa0
ZK.3aFa`SaT1 }a
aa 2"

‫  ﮩں ﮨﮯ‬

EFa01a'a2!.a
a–

¨DEFaFa_aEUa )ajaa0Na
a
ªRa
aQau2ha
aa 2" 
aDEFa]4
a0-a2a01a
a©

ð
'a01a0/ ©DEFa]4
a0-a2a01a
a¨a0
aEFa01a0-a(4=aZK}a_a_aE- aE
a'aQ
aEFa2}au2h Qa2j=aEa– a2paZ]FaI6aaA3a#-Ra
aQaKaaK}aEI6a2
aEa„aE4=a–
a'aKaJ3aEjI1a2
aja<)ab_ =ad2
az2aZK4UaFa(aA3a
aEa2a
a– a1 ka0
aK}
 85

aJ3aE25a0Ž(a<)a2a2a /aE

aQaZEFa
a' zr.aQaE
a– a3aj.aFaa&`a
aia27&U
§
aE4=a2aaU2
a“=a2j=a
a'a 
a– aA aZ15EFa1aA3a-R.a
'aQa
a– aEUaKaK
a
a2aaK}aES}a kaKaT)aFaE=a– a.a1a0
aEFaSj
 /a01a1a2
ar Ua2ŽUa#I_a
aA3
ZK} EFa25av+aE2av+a01a– a2j=a1a.=aK4UaFa0Sa
aEŒ4=ax.abFN E
a– aTa

‫ا ;ﮯ  ﮨﮯ؟‬K R8 f+     

a
ªRa
aa 2"a0
aE_a2
a\a2=aTaQaNaE4=aEaEaA3a
aQa.a0- 2a
a'aE
a– a}
a0/1 NaE
a]U!Ua1 14=a03a&a
az2aEUa]4Ua
aQaj.a_aE_aEUa]aXa3a]1 a0N 

aE
a
ªRaQa0
aESIaaK4Ua E
aQaA3a
a
aQa– aEFa2}ªaD14=a03a&a
aQaE
m ٍ
aQaj.a(a
a]k_aa 2"a3aEa`a0
aFau2haQ
ªRa01a(&aaZEtkaEa0/1 NaFaa!UaE_
ٍ
a(!U 
aQa]—2
aEa]j
aa]j
aEa]G}a2j=a_a2
a1a¼Ra¼R_aEUa] ]G}aKa0Uraa

a+aEaUa¼R_a
a
aa 2" 0
a}aK4UaFabI&au2ha!
a01a0
aSaEtkaE6aE.2
a1aaES_a#!Ua /
ٍ
adŽSUa_&/a2\a
a
ªRa01aE3a a0UaKaJUa5 zaaFa' a
a
"a!
aKaQa1aE3aF

a
aFa_/.aXa01a0
aEFaT7{a
aTaQa41aaEFaIaFaK4UaE_aE
aAS
2a!
a
aUax.a‹
ZEFadŽSUaF 

m
aE
aJ3aaj.aka1a'aE_aE
aUad&. aE_aE
a0%&Fa
a'aJ3a0
aE25a0Ž(aAaj6

a!1aEUa_/.aXaja
aTaU
aE
aQaj.aka1a2
aa(aj 
aE1a2
a azra
aT7Ua /
a!
aa&} a¢_a!
a%=a!
a7Ua!
aEFaGkaKaU!Ua1 .ax.a‹ a0
a125 ‡R+
aEa•Nab3aEFaFaEa•NaK4Uaj
ªRa01aaEFa}aK4Ua‡R+au2haQa0U
a
a,.5a1az$

aE
a2PaE=aEUa_/.aXa0
aEFaSj
a/a01a)aE a(a
aT7Ua S)aEFaFa
ªRa
aa 2"
m
Qa0
.aEFa_aE_aa0Na
aEj
az Urax.a
"a
ad "a’PUaE
aQaa&} 
a'a2) aEF
aZEFa0Ua"aT2e 
aEU aE
a'aEtUa!
a /aE
aQaaEFa.2
a&}a
aa!Ua0%&Fak Ura


a
ax.a‹ a0
aEFa
a
7{a!
a
a’PUaa 2=a _a† 1 23a•"_a5aEUa_/.aXa0
aK_a„I1a)a– aA
a
a 3!a01aaNa01ar&Ua0S"a”=a01aea01a0
a. aK4U 2ŽUa
a– a
aZSIaK4Ua?aK4Ua
"h

a01 0S)a01aK2$a
aÖ
ra01aU2"a
a a2Pa01axaE
a…a01ar&Ua
ab1  01ar&Ua
&3
aEa
4a2aE
a &.aa*1Š4.a(aaEƒeaE
a'(aad2a01a "aE
a
{aa€(haauIU
axjaKa2$/a !azaEara E
ag2$aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaraJ3aEP1 2hahaa'>
 86

aEa]j
aa]j
aEa]G}a2j=aaKtkažo6a2=a]Ur KS1 a
aa 2"au2haJ3aEtkaFa…au2ha
ٍ
aaau2haJ3aK}aEFa aE6aE.2
a2=au2haa
aaa#!Ua /a(!UaKaE$ka2} E
aUaa&!a]—2

ab3a
aY= 'a0ŒU@aa
a*1Š4.a&FaZEFaFa a6aS_aa 2"a#!Ua2aEa#!Uax1 

aQaZEFaT7{a
aEUFa‡R+ E
aY=aa 2"a3aEFaFa0² /aT7{a
aEUFa,+>aE
aaaEFa "a2=a]S
a.j
a
a]&$aE
ad(a0Sa
aEU2
…6a
a
+>a
aa 2"a#>azaEFa.2
a…6a™|$a3a

ZEF

a0%PUa#-Ra!
a
a?a
a 4aE
a– aak Ura
a aa0aX >aXa'a0
aEjI1a2j=
a 0/"ax1ax1aZEFa}a#a
a Fa‹ aKaT>a
a@I1 a S!aE!
a„.aE
aT(-R. G3a!

a#"ax.a]4
a
1a0
EFaSIa3a
ad/a
"a2}a2
a”U3a
aJ3aEFa3a a
a#/5aa'"ax1ax1
§
aE
a]U!Ua„
a6a“aa
aE
a Qa2h)a
aEU2
ad/aTaE
aa!Uax1a¥2>aZEFa&S
m
aQaEFa
aaa2
aE_adUa
a Žaa!UaQa
1a
EUaJ3a™|$aza2}a0
.aEtkaEt1a2
a*.2aT
a|1 .aZK}aESIa2
a02jax.a]4
a2=aaaE
aQa Fa0
aEIa3a
a " Ea2
a„
2=a
a
-|$a

a25 x1aQa0
akaFaa aE_aE
a -PaQa¥2>a„.aE
aax1 a4SUa a•ax1 
a P.
a
aZE3a_a2
aa&h 
a
+>aE
a2
a'.o=a”U3aEa4=a2}aEaaFaA!ajaTa3a¥2ha
a 1 25
aE_aE
aEU2
a‡R+aTaE
a™|$ax1a!
EFaSa!1aja'aa
aKa1 .a=a
aU
aT7{a,1 2>a
aTaQa01a
a.aSIa#aK4UaaSaK4Ua2kaDF 1 aKa#&ad&S}a01aEa]j.}aU!U
DEF Fa25
aKa
ªRa
aa 2"a3aEFa25
a2 .a )aFajaEjŒ=aE
ad&S} Qa0
aEFaK4U

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬$    ‫و ﮯ )اد‬

EFa01a'aj.6a
a–

a
a¼R_aQa
.aE3a1a„
aFa/&_a¥2SaE
aQa3a¼R_a2a
a2a0p3a
a¼R_ax1aE
a 2"©
¨DEFa
R
a41aja
aE- 2aa†
ŠaE
aa
aDkaE3a_a„& ©Xaba'Ga¨

aEUaJ
a01a2) aZj.aSj
a0Ua•".a
aQaEa aEjI_ Eo=a!
aKa0
aEFa
aEUa– a'a#&4a!1a01
a1a`a2!R.aEUa– a0
aK}aKa/aQau$aE
aa 2"a aa0aXa> Xa'a0
a1a04
aEa–
a¥2S 2a„Œ
aKa,1 2%.a
a‡R_a2aE
aa 2"aKaJ3aj.ajI_a2!R.a
a
au2ha
b_(3
 87

aTa3aZEFa}a04
©Xab 'Ga¨a™|$a
aAa
a]2P5a2!R.aaaaEj.aEt1a2
a‹a‡R_a2
0
aEFa01azaEFaFa3a4
aaaEa–

a
a– aZEFaaE2azaEFa4
aa
aja„Œ
a3 Ea
a0U27&^=aEUa aa0aXa>aXa'
QaZj.aKa
a
aEUFara† &UaE
a )a0Iaj.a0UaKa
a£1 2= =a0U
a0U27&^=a=
a2ax1a / x1aZEj.aESIa2
a0Ua2^aE
aQa1a¥()aE
ae2a
a )ajad
a
a– aKa

a'aE
a )a#>a*aza
jad
aS3aEUa– aKa
a
aEUFaa2&Iax1a€()a,-ax1
aNaK4
aaj.a.2
aU2pUaa&}a
a– a
a )aKaQaZj.ad
a
a~– aKa
a
aEUF
aKa/aQa– a2ka
aaQaZj.aS1a2
au(>a
aQa
"2 a
a )a.a.3aFajaY6a
EaKa.aEj.aE.3aFa'rUa‡R_a¥2SaE
aara2a„Œ
aKa,1 2%.a
a‡R_ E
aa 2"a0
aK}aES_
ٍ
a‡R_araa0
aE}6 UFad/a
a– aZ‚
!1 2ka 17a“Uaa#PaK1 2‚a0
a]FaSIa04
a
aaE
aQ
aabFNazaZE3a@aKa'a3aEFaSIaF jaKa#I$a
a')ax1azaZ.FaK4UaKaFaT>a

axja
aEt!ax1aaE%|a 45a,+>a
a0/ax1az ZEFaSIaFaja&}ax1aE_aE
a2I5
aFaja$ax1ac+azaZEFaSIaFajaKaT>a
aEUja2 .a* E_aE
a•"ax1a1a#
aE
2=azaaEFaSIaFajaA)aŒax1azaZE_a„I1a¥>a0Sa=a aKaJ3 EFaSI
aŽR_aE
aaKaar 2aZEFaSIaFajad^=ax1aFa1 aEa0/1 NaE
aES$25a1ar ax1aEaEjŒ1
aESU3aK4Ua2a– a2kaZEF ‰Inspirationˆ ¼R_a2.a*1 2"aEaQaKaG1 2pUaZK} E
‚›ƒ_a†$‚a/
akaE3aFad/a)a
a– a /aE
aQaZK_a„I1a,1 2%.a
a¼R_ QaKa
^_a!
a
aFaaraG1 2pUa.
a!
aK}aEFaE_aKa/aE
aa– aE!3a-.a*1 2\aa*a01a
aEj
a¼R_ Ka0PE
a¼R_a0

ZEF 0U(Rh

EFa01a'a]ŒU=a
a–
aJUa2) aE
ak Ura=a /aE
aEU=aT7UaEU ‰a a 0aXa>ˆad2
a7Ua0
aK}aES4
a¦_ac/‚
az Pa
a– aKaAaQa.aK4Ua2kaDK}a&FaE
aaa– a
aZj.aaE ¥2ha
a )aza
a„Œ
a3ax.
‚DEF 

aK4Ua
‚]k_ac/‚azaEFa
aa2= aEUaKaz Pa3aaEFaka aKaœa27&Ua'aA3a
a'aQ
ZEFaz P 0PRSa
a]U&!ad&.ax.a‹ aEad(ar\ a0I
 88

‫&ار ال‬3 W2)

EFa01a'a?j6a
a–
 à m
a0
aEkaK25a– a.aEj.a0Ua c/aaEj.a4_aaT$ac/aE
a
V ` 0
aK}aESj&a– a2k‚
m
aE
a]U&! Ej.a0UaaT$a3aE
a– aGUaDEFa]4
a0&a
aaaEj.aaT$a3aE
`
‚DEFa
a
a
aaaEa7SaE
a
haaa&1aE_

aa2=  3aEFaFaA3a
aQaaZEFa1a2}a2j=a
ala27&Ua'aE=aEUa– aKaE-aE4= E
a'aQ
aia27&Ua<)aE=aE4=aE Qa3aEFa
aza
aTaQaEUa– aKaE-a2aZEFaI6a3a1a
a'
a\a
aT3a2a– a0
aEFa.Fa07$aZ]F I6a2
a‘2aA3a
aQaKaaK}aEI625aaa– aK
ZK}aE.3aE6aE.2}a
aTaE
u2haFax1aaK}aK4UajaESo=aE

‫ار‬K)  + ‫ن و‬D‫ا‬

EF 01a'a].a

a–
aEaQa– a.aEFaK4U ©X ba'G¨aza0
aa04
a01aO/SaE
a
1 a!
a
a 1 2
aa 2"a™|$a
a2k©
aEaKa]&az3aE
av1a™|$a
2kaZEFa.3aFa‹)aEad(a†2aza0
aEka]FaORS
aE3aFa‹)aEad(a†2au2haajaza
a.aK4Ua 
a )aza0
aE4
a01aO/SaE
av1 a!

¨Dk

aoaa
aaaEFaSaT4$a
a]Sab3aEa]&az3aE
av1a0
aEF 01aA3a
aQ
a/1 EFaFaORSax.a‹ aEag2$a
a2=aEUFa
aE
ab3aK}azaKSa
a !"ax1aZK} K&!"
aIUaja™|$a3aEaEU 
a!
aEaKaaaZEFag&3a2=aaa
a
aaK}aKSa2.Saza2p1a‡R_
ara‹)aaEU2
aIUa
a
1 a!
a
aa 2"au2h J3akaE3aFa‹)aEad(a†2au2haazaka2

a]Sa
a !"aQaZEFaSIaFa1aEFa¥(S)aKaT7{aE
ab3aK}az KSa
a !"a2aZkaFad(
aE_aQaEFaK4Ua
{a
a](5aKaOP+.a2a0
aE4
a01a™|$a
a2kaO/S E
a!
a2kaEaK
 89

ٍ
a&a Fa0
EFaTa_a01aZkaE a0Ua”U a
a/ƒ"a2=aa&1aE
aQaEa'"aQa.a.2
aK4Ua'7" EaK
m
aKa.ajaFa'a
a/" 01a0
aE4
a01aza2kabI_aZ<\a1aKj&a,+>a
aEa
aQaEa

m ٍ
a
a'aza0IU
aK4Ua07$a
a/ƒ"aKaEUFad( ra‹)aE
aQa.a]FaK4Ua =a
a
ha
aQ
ZEFaK4UaKad(a†2a“ka
a
aJ3aEFa.2
a…6a
‰Authorityˆ U2&Ia

V

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬,& ‫ل ﮨ‬K8‫  ا&م   ) ﮟ ردو‬

EFa01a'a]j a
a–
a
aEUr !
a
aK}a25aG1 .aK.>a3aE_aE
a a
adIaE
ab1aEUa‰~ˆXa'©
a
aa 2"a'  a
a !"aQ 
aDK4Ua1aEFaSIa3a
a'  aKaTG3a
aaaEa‡+_aE
a]S+-
¨DEFaSIa3a
ajaKaTG3

m
a]UaTG3a
a Ia!
aE
a'a
az $a
{a1a]FaTG3aE
adIaU 2" 0
aEFa01aA3a
aQ
a!
a‡R_ E
a Iax.a aJ3aa*3aEFaSIaFa'  ax.a aaaKaT>aa¥2>a U E

a!
aE_aE
a
_ ¬-|a!
aJ3aFaSa!1a™Ua2a
a1a]FaES1aTr3a
a'  
ajaKa'a!
a
a– aE=ab 
aaE
aQaZFaS1aTr3a
a'  aKadIaE
a !"a¬)
m
a2a0/a
a]k_aaa0S7_aZSIa2
aK4Ua-.araaS| 
aE_a2
a'  aKadIaE
a'aa )
aEaE aU"aab a
a'aE4=a0
aEFa41a
aO1 2ha
aaaZK}aES}6a}aa&!a2
a#IU Ead(a3aEF
a
aQaE_aE
aEUoj6ajŒ= E a 2"a2j=aK1 2
a1ax!a2Ua
a2=a
© &+a(aa 2"¨aE
a2
a#)
ZE3aFa7a2=a'&
a¥2Saj aƒ$a2
a„I1aK43aK1a2
ag2$aT(1 .aUaba!1


aaZaZaZaZZ!
)
 90

‫ت‬8‫ا\ت اور ا‬,6‫ا‬

aE
aa 2P_aa&32.a0_aEaj. Fa'>a<)a#1 ha3a
a*>a_a 7a2?
@a /aE
a
2ajŒ=ˆ
a3a
av+a—6a7&_aQa0
aEFa2ea2\a#I_ 01aAaZEFaI6a3a
a•$aKa27&Ua
_a*-
aO/Sa2\a
a¥>a2h)a
ada† 5aE_aQaZE3a
a#PUa]41 EFaFa2jaEaT_`5aT2I
ٍ
a
‘2Sa2}a„.a„.aaEFa}a3a
a‹a®>()a]41a
aTe2Sa#>aE
aaa¥2> 2
a—j6a
a].
aFad/aK4UaaK3 Fazk aEa]2aE
av1 ab1 2Iau2ha=ab1 2ªUa0
.aEFa}a3a1ajaA3
Z‰K}aG&
a "aJ
aE2a01a0
aE3

‫؟‬05-3 ‫ع ام ﮯ‬5h ‫م‬$8 ‫۔‬١

a– aEUaKa2=aQaZj.a1a2"a25a]1&U 
©d(aghadG¨aEjaKa Sa
a
S
aa<)aEUa– ¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
ٍ
aj.ajI_a 
.aaK4Uax.ab

a_&/a1a Sa
aQa
a.a25a F 
ad(aghadGaKa0
aj.ajI_a

a0Uax.az$a
QaKa
S
aa<)az $a•$a0Ia
a0Ua•$aEaEUa– aZK1 2
a•$a
a
eaQa– 0

Z©ES}6aTŠ/a E.2
a¥2Sa
aƒ\a=a– a0
aj.aeP.a
a
U1a0IUa

a0IaK4UaUra
aa!
aKaT+R> E
ad(agha)aA3a
a
1I$aQa
a*>a2?
@ ‫اب‬%
aj.6a
ab%U
ad(aghaKaFa
afyq­a#1 2=af­ayawaZk Fa2S4az1 raaEaara
a*>aG1 2=
aE.2
¥/.aE
aaaEUa*>aG1 2=aE4=aEa21 2P.a
a_ 7a2?
@aKaQaZj.aF JU2RU
a0U
125aEF

a2a01a0
aEFa01a2=a Faa!aoaEa*a
aaaZaZaZaZEFa2|5avaE_a&Fa
"5a
a*>a2?
@©
ar a27>aoad
a01aZK}aE aE_aKa21 2+.a<7ea¥2ax1ax1a

V 2ŒI_a2}aE
aQ(
a|1 .aaU 2"aQ
0+R>afyq­aa3atad(aghˆ ©K}aEFaadU2aEaT2!ab!aQa01aE!3
V j.a*_ha
a
P%
‰in
 91

aEFaTaFa!1a01a.a]F K4Uajab
a Sa
ad(aghadGa0
aK}aE.25a01a*>a2?
@a2kaA
a
ad(agha3a™|$a2}aZ]FaK4Uaja27& aEU aœa
aQ2pU
aKa0
aEj.aE.25a3a UkaE!3
ad(aghaEaara
a*>a2?
@a0
aEFaSIa„I1aFa) 2
ažo=a
a
2aQaEFa›"aEaå7.
Z 
a1aEFa}a'aF

‫؟‬R3 0 123 D56 KF1)  ‫ ال ;)ﮯ‬,Zj   ‫۔‬٢

a
a– au2ha aTa a.a.Fa
©E_aE
aEj&aT¨a/"
2a01aEUa– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aEjaQ=a2aTa SaE=aEUa– aZj.aa„Œ
aFa Ia.a
a– abI_ .3a aKa„&
a#> T3a›S|aEaaa0
aEj.aEja2=a aQajaQ=aE
a¡&a2a„Œ
a„.a„. E

aK}aE.2
a.a
a
 ¡&a0
akaEIa3a
a¢p= 2=a01aE
a2
a•$a0&ax1a
aaa2j=aaEka]F
‰fyq­a27&aa 2P_aa&32.ˆ Z©ESj
aK4UaEa0PRSax1aKaaE
a
aja _a
V a2p

a
a
aQaQ=aE
a– a
aDFaE!
a a
© I ©Qa2a
a– a0
a]FaSIa„6=aEa– aKa

¨DK}aEFa2
aA!a¥2ha2a– E!3aj.aFa
Ua2a0
aEFaT7{


aG6aJ3aa!Ua0S7_aZSIaFaK4Ua#>a
a!
aaE
a_/. Xa.a a
az2a
a
Ua
a ‫اب‬%
aEFa#&ar2ha&a
a]k_aaaa#&a
a™|$aQazaK}aESIa2
azr U 
a
Ua
a™|$a!
aE
ao1azaK} EFa2
aa/.aEaz2kaJ3aE
a
abR_|a*>a2?
@aZFa}a2
ad
aza2
a#a„. E
ab3
aE_aE
a‘2\aQaZEFaG6a05 ٌN O1 a07S%ax1a
a0
aEFa}ap_aE_aE
aEU2
a
{a01ara
a6
a
aaQaaT+R>aE
ad(agha2=aQ EFa}aFaEa¥2ha
a]k_aaa¢p= 2=a
ar2haJ3
arS&ax1aE
az2kaQa0
aEFaSI3a
a "aFa#I%aEa01 2
a„I1a
a]
aaaZK}a }$aT7ƒ
™_)azaj.akaja0Ua'aS%ka3adUaE
ad2
a¡&aEa¥2ha
a*>a_ 7a2?
@aA3a25
Zj.a2h)a
aOP+.a&

◌ؐ 7; 
 ‫۔ رل  
 و‬٣
 92

!1ajaz$a›R)aEa›R)aK4
aKaa 2"a0
aj.a125a01aEUa– aK ©T&4R. ©AS
a=¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
m
a– aAaaFak 
a€25a
aKa
a-|$aa
a
a
_a
a`a2=aa
aJ3aSaK4U
m
aEUa– a„Œ
a3aaEFag7.a*3
azaj.a
aEa
a
a'aEUa`a„Œ
a3a0
aK}aE.25
Z©K}aES4
aK.a`Saa– au2haQaZEF K4Ua
ag7.a*3azaj.a
Ea
a-|$

a1aA3a
aQa
aaaaK}aEI6aoj6aE4=a
av+aQa*> 2?
@aKaE!aE
a
2a ‫اب‬%
a
aEt!aQaza2ka0
aj.a
a‘2aEaaaEUaKaZ‰nœZnla0+R>aŠ}aAS
Fa0Ž(ˆaEFaI6a3
a27&aa 2P_ a&32.a03  ©Ua
aa-|$a
a
a'¨aa&`a2a.aK}aES}6 j&
ad/a2paZEFatka
aa
PPa
aEt!aQa„.aE
a
ea=aKaJ3aaK_a25a0Ž(afyny
aEaKa#!aaaja0t!a01a0IU6aZ25 K4Uaka
&ra
aEo=aEaEUa*>a2?
@a0
aEFa.F
aE_aQaK}aES}aES_@a]&45a<\a
au2hau2haKabFNaE
]k_av1 ab1 2IaKaaE
ab3aEF
ZEFa.3a
a‹ 0>()a
aa&`aQa]41


aE
a– azaEFa1a Ia3a
a
ha
a aa0 Xa>aXa'aEUa_/.aXa0
aK4Uax$a
aKaQ
m
aEa‡+_aQaZEFa1a'a=aEUaQa
a– a0
aEFa2=aaQa0I EFaK4Ua2=aa
a€P+Sa.Na!

ٍ ٍ
aF x1a0IU6a(&abI_aZEFa€25aP1aKa
a0U27&^=aa
a-|$a
a– a. 01 2ŽUa7S
aka1a IaOƒa

ha
a– a
a FaaK}a•&3a]Ua
a0U27&^=aa
a-|$aKaTN
m
aza0IU
aEkaKUaTa](5a
a`a F 0
aK}aK4UaraE
aE_a2
a0-5a01a)aƒa FaE_aQaEF
m m
aO/.aEa
a-|$a
a– aza0IU
aEkaKUa0UaT ](5aaEFa4
a1a
aEUa– a'a
+
m
aƒar a
a]k_a¥2>a0Ua– aKaT(/aE
a
Ua-|$a0
aj.a
aF `a)ad
a01aEFaSj

m
a– aK aaEj.aESj
aO/.aEa
_aT(/a3aaEj.aES1aja
2.a
aE.2ar a0I Ej.aE.25
m
aa
aY=a'azaEF #>ar aja„Œ
a3a
a FaKa0/aQaZEj.aE.2
a
ha26aaa6aE
m
aZEFaK4Uar a0US| )a&Fa01aZK} Et1aSa)aEUa`a aa'>aE
aJ3aEFar aF
j.a
a‘2aEUaKaE_ E
aEU2
a,ea 1 Ga
aTaKaE!aQ
 93

ٍ
aaU2
auIUa4=ao
a=aUj
a
aa!U x1a(aK}aT(/a-|$a#I_a2}ŽaT(/a3©
a
a aa0aXa>a7UajazaZz2\a
3a•5aaT4haa#!\aU2
d
a
a2jka}a„.aE
a]Œ
a /.a
aA a]P1 2haa a2$aKa4Ua0IaK}aK4UaT(/aE
a
UaUa™_)aK TN
m ٍ
a4=ax1a
aQaZE_a
a0/ E
aE=aEUj
aE
a– aaQ7_aE
a`a(aZEFa#$a„.a„.aj
m
aA|SUaE
aJ3aaj.a.3a4=a
"aQaKaA2a3aEj. ES4=aQ7_a
a•ƒ"a•ea¬)ax1a– a0
aj.a01a.
m m m
a#}aKa 4aE
a– aE!3aEj.aE.j
aEUj
aFa– au2haaZj.aj #)a
a€Na-|$aE
a– aK
m
a0
aj. 01a4=a2aZj.a#)a
a€NaE=aE
a– ajaKaA|SUaE
aaaaEj.aESI=aK ]2jkaE
aA2
m
aZEj.aES1a /.a
aA (aa aE
a
/1 2$aEa'"aa#&aE=a– aKaE4=aaEUj
a
m
aG6a4=aEaKaaa0
aEFa.Fad/a
FaEa
/1 2$a'>aEFaEjIaE
aFa`a)aTa01aA
m
a
aJ3aEUa
/1 2$a0
aE_aQaZEFa01 7Ua
aG6a2 aj.aSj
aO/.aEa
a-|$a
a–
 m
a#&a†2aE=a
a0/aQaE
ak UraU!UaEj.aEtkaE
aaEa¥2ha
_/.aXa– aE_aE
a /.
aZKI=au2haJ
EUj
aE=aaKa2=a•ƒ"a•eaa’2)a’2.aJ
aQ7_aE=a¦_aEFaEFa_aK4U K
aaG3aa'(aad2aKa0/ E
aE4=aaEUj
a0
aEFa_aKa#&a†2aE=aG6a01aEUaQa0S7_
a
7aEa*1Š4.aa€()aE
aa&1a#}a3aa /.a
aA aa
a]k_aa2
ab/Sa aE
aG3U
Z©K}aESj


EFa01azaj.ajI_aEUaKa3aTa2) aEFaE.2
a S)a
a&`aQ

m
aEFa'2_a aaXa azaEFa€25aja3aEa7SaE
a
PPaKa]Sa7U a-|$a
a`©
m
aXa 7aba &+ 2
aFa(S7aKaF2&ka
a PaK4
a Fa0
aEFaka
azk aE_aQaEaQaK&Fa
ٍ
aaEFa
aFax1a
a~– a(& .aE_aE
a
abI_aZKj?a„&a0UaPPagƒaEaE
aXa

m 
aEFa.Faja#>ar a
a Fa2kaKaEPaE
aX 7aba &+a0
aSaZ
a
aEUFa'aEFaz
m m
aQaaK}aE.2
ab/Sa aE
aQaFaXa'a &+aaEFa.FaEaEU2
ƒaE
aXa'a &+aza.
m
Z©EFaaEUaFaXa'a &+a
a Faja
2.a
a'&/S E
ar

av1 ab1 2Ia0

akaE_a2
a "aEa)azakaEo=a2
aFaY=aEa2a£Faj ™|$a3a
aT7aa
ZK bFNaE=aE
aaa1aEFaKaT7a2a0&%62a#>a
aQaK}aEFao=aKabj_ J3
 94

3‫ق )ا‬C ‫ت   ) ﮟ‬D 5-3 ‫œ۔‬

m
aaaj.a
a1a125a$a'a
+aK4UaEUa`a0
aK} E.2
a !.a– aO/SaE
a].ab3¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
EFajI_a2=aisya0+R>a'a0-aT&4R.aEUa– a0ŒU6aZEFa
a€25aEUa– aE4= jaKag7.aE

m
aE
a– aa
h 
aT$aE
a`a.aKaaaK}aESj
aO/.aEa
/1 2$aab1a
az2a 3©
 ٍ
aKaaaZ#!az2\aT4haaÖ
ra… zrar&Ua(aZEFa2eaU2
a#/R_a#/R_aOha2=a
a#&
m
adraU2
a2=axjaxja
aQaEFa1SaE
a2
a#&a) u2haJ3aaEFa1a IaEUa– a„Œ
a3aE
ٍ
a2$/aaT(/aaa$/aU &.a(aESj
aK4UaO/.aEab1a
 z2a3aazaEFaZEF
m m
a 
.aEUa` 
aEŒaEab3a1aEFa1a IaEUa`a
ab3aK}a!1aK1 G6ac/aKaaa.aTG3 E

m
ac/aaK}a25a$aK.a
a
+-Uaa
&IaEU `aKab3aK}aK.a!1ac/aZEF 25
 m
E
a– a FaaEFaSaO7a
akG
=aaP.aa€()adIaK&FaEa#&ar2hV E
a`aKab3aK}a!1
aEa(au 0P1 2haaa
aEaKa]P1 2ha›S|aE
a#&a0
aK}aESIa2
ad/a01a2
a„I1a
a0P1 2h
¨EFaSj
a
Pƒ

ZEFaK4Ua,+> O1 2R.a
au2haQa0
aEFa01a›"a
a– aAabI_

a*azaK}aSa
a FaT&/. 3aEa
a0
aEFa01a¥2>azaEFaka4
a„Œ
a3aKaT7aQ ‫اب‬%
aa 2"a)au2haJ3au2haaxjaZEFa*.2a€V 25aa E
aaa0IaK}aK4Ua
aE7.2aaE3aFax1
a*azaEFa(aK&Fa„Œ
a3aEa]&%62a]UaaaE
a
1 }aZEFa*.2 €25ajaKaT&/.a
a 
2}a].a
a]3a
a‡R_aE
aQa0
aEFa.Fa01a-Pa
a Ia2}a0UaZEFaK4Ua*3aa‘25 KaE3aFax1
  
aka125aÖ
G_a.aaÖ-_ &"a¥2hax1a0
aEjI1aKaa 2"a)a2=ahaE
a'aZE3a
aŠ5UaKa'
 ٍ
aav{aaa¡!_aba I_aAhaa+IU5a125aKa2 ^>aE
au2haabI_aZEFa*3aa‘25aP1a3
E.2
a2}ªa
a
a¥2>a3aE
aEUFaKa2a^>aT$a]Ua01aZƒ>5 SaNaaZZZaZZZg
a0Ua#I%a "aQaj& 
aTaE_aE
aaa.aE.FaEFa2
a0UapSRka01a2h)a
av+a2ka*>a2?
@aZK}
a'IUa
aQaEFa
a#PUaEUa]4UaT7 01aE ‰dIaE
aQaa
_ˆaa&`aJ3aE
©T&4R.¨aZj.
K}a3 2P5a01aFa#-SaEaT7aKaQaZEo=a2

 95

m m
a0/_ƒa
a
a
a– aEa‘2\ aaEF6aU2
ag7.a
a`a„.aE
aSUaxUa™|$a
a2kaJ=©
aUFa#/R_a#/R_aOhag7.a
a– aKaab
0
aK4Ua#I%aja„Œ
aU2
ad/a01aE_aE
aQa.a2

aab
aaKt}6aEU2
a•eabU"aE
a2
aŠ)a'>aEa'&aaT$ E
a– aKaab
aaE}6
Z©Kt}6aEU2
a<7S!a'>adaE
au(>aa2)aa
&Iaa€()aEa
a
– aK

a0Ž( 
aa&`a=aQa.aKIa2
a F25aAS
a01a2aza2ka0
aka]2
a’GkaEab1 2ªU K
a]4Ua2{a21 raE
aJ3aE3 FaAPUaEaEaE
aaa
R
a#>aza
abFNaE
av1 ab1 2Ia0
.aK25
a0S7_aZj.aSIa2
a•5a
a]j_a2S%a
aa 3aEFa
a’(.aaa
abj_a=aKaa&`aQaxjaEU
aG1 2=aE
a¡afylnazaEFa2
Na
a*>aG1 2=ab3aKaQa0
aKj
 ‡+aTa01a
"aESo=a
a&`aQ
Ea /a'(ea5a0/a‹ aaEj.a2=a2a Sa#I_aE
aF2&kaza
"aQaZZE
‹ a0
a0UaK}a*>
ZEFaI6a”4=ax.a%=a
a
_(ea2
aGk

‫؟‬c >‫ﮍا‬nR  0 123 D56 ‫۔‬l

ab1a
az2aO/.a
ab3aK} aE!1az2\azrar&Ua0
aK}aE.25aKaT&4R.a– a¥2hax1¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2aaEFaK4UaEab1a
az2aO/.a
T(/aaa$/aU &.abI_aEFaEa
/1 2$a

aU2
a "adŽUaa$/aU &.aOƒaE
ad(aFa2aE b1a
"¨a0
aEFa01aa
a– a¥2h
O/SaEaaaa2aEab1a
"a2j=a.aK4UaEab1a
az2aO/.a
aaa 2ka0
aEFaT2aZ©EF
aFav+aEa b3aKa
I&ab a0
aE
a\a2=a
PPaQa /aE
aQaZkaFaE!
aU2
a "adŽU
aK4UaEab1a
az2aO/.a
a aa2kaZkaFaEa#!a.2$/a$/aU &.aE
axaO/.a
aaak
a
aXa'a
aKaaaa2kaGUaZ.FaK4Ua =aFa' 
aEUFa1a2\a1a1aE
a
I&ab a2j=a.
Eab1a
az2aE
a– a'Pˆa3aEFa2eaKaaaag7.a
a
UaJ3aK4U 
a
UaQag7.
ٍ
aOƒaE
a
a01a0
ak Ej
a
&Fa
aja'a01aO/SaE
aaa2j=a. ‰z2\azrar&Ua(aK}aO/S
Z©K4Ua1aK}

aO/Sa
az2aE
ac/aEUFaO/Sa
az2aEab1 E
aac/aK ©T&4R.¨aAS
a2 ‫اب‬%
a“$
a
aEU4=a/a<\a01a*>a2?
@a2
a'IUa_aEaa&`a= EaEFa1 a2
Na3a
aEUFa0U
 96

ٍ
a0IU Z]Fa}aa2"aO/Sa2\a/ƒ"aEab1a
a#!a$/aaU &.aaaK 0
aK}aEFa2

aEUag$aK43aK}aT7aza2 2aEaaaEFa1a2"aO/S ©
az2¨aEab1aEUaKa

aab3a]}

aza0
aEFa4
aEUaKa
aab3a¥2ha2aZÖ
raa…a zrar&Ua/1aEFaa
a
©d(aa
¨
2}a*ƒa01a
aQaZK}aa2aaE
ad(aa
a-PaEaaaK}aK4UaO/S¨
az2¨aEab1
aKa
aaa 2"aO/S E
aaa.aE.FaO/S2\a/"aza2kaZK}aO/S2\a#I_aEab1aza0
aEFaK4UaGk
ZE.3a]
aFaE=adIa2$

aO/.a
az2¨aEab1ˆa]2P5aa¥2>aE

aQaK}aEFa'IUa…SUa01aE T7aJ3a2a*>a2?
@
aU2
a2&/.aT& a
aT(|.aE=a2=a4UaaEFa_aoI=aEUa]4Ua
‰©EFaK4UaO/.a
az2 © ©EF
a1Sa01a¥>a¥>aKaQaZEFa3 12.a
a…SUaaaE
aaaKaT7aQa)a0IUaZEFaa2
ag2$
m
ac/aKaa¨aZK}aaEa`a
a FaT&/.a
‹ a›S|aKaT(/aE
a !"a2a0
aEFak
m
aaa
¨aZaZaZaZaK}a!1ac/aEFa25a 
.a
aEŒaEab3a1aEFa1 IEUa`a
ab3aK}a!1aK1 G6
m
aE
aaaEF 125a•aEab3a1aEFa1a IaEUa`a
a]
ab3a0
aEFaSIa3aIUa*ƒa01 Ea]2P5
m m
DK}aSIa3a
ar Ua2ŽUaT1 } 2a
a`a1aDEFaG3aU2
ara¥()a
aa25aE
a`aKa
aAa0
aEFa2
Na#"aTa01a.aK}aEFa2
a“$
a
aEUj z 5aUa*>a2?
@a‹ aEab3a‡R_azaEF
a0ŒU6aZEFaSIa4=a/a<\aK4Uar2=a0S5a
a0
aj.a_a2
aQ!+ 01aEUaKaE4=a
4aE
a‡R_ 01aEaE
aaaKaQaZE25a0Ž(a
‰fyœya27&Sˆab%1¢1aK1 ŒU=aE
a'a0- T&4R.
a(a3aazaEFaZaZaZ K}aESj
a
Ua
a02$a _P.aaT73aac25aa3¨ K}aEtkaEjI_
aaa$/aaU &.a0
aj.a
aE_aaEU Kau(>a01aZ©K}aESj
aO/.aEaT1 }ada
ak Ur
aZE3aFa•5aj.aSIa3aIUaEa‡R_aOa2a3a') 
aEj&aO/Sa2\aEab1a
aT(/

aa&`a=aQaZSIa3a
aK4UaŠ)a.aEa]2P5aaE
aQa¥2>òa a=a
a&`ax1a] 2a 1 G
aQa*>a2?
@ 3aEFa¥()a#I_aE
a*ƒaQa a
aQa0
aE3aFa,ea2=aQa.aEo=a™|$a

aE
aQa2
abaTa=a
a zaEFa.2
av+a™|$a3a2h)a
aOP+.aZK}aEFa'IUaEa]2P5aaE

ZEFab=a_opj3ac+ajSa
aaa2
aoI=a¼R_ ax1aEaK4
aEFa.2
a
ad(
a2=ad4Ra&

‫ہ‬1h ‫ ز  ال اور‬,)‫ں ) ﮟ ا‬,

 ‫۔ رل  دو;ں‬o
 97

ٍ m
a =a'a01aEaQara.akaE3a
€25aKa
a-|$aa
a0U27&^=a
a`a2k ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a a#}a.akaFaU2
ag3a¥2ha
a a#}a
a
aE_aE
aQaz  2kaDka2
aa
a€25aKaaa0
aEFa.F
ab%1 r=a01aD<\aE!
aaE3aUa,+>a
aOP+.a
aJ
aEaKaaaZK}aT5(S)
|a&FaK
EFajI_aEUa– a0ŒU6aZEFa¥2Saja
a– a)a
aQaEFaG&
a " J

a.Fa#> G6a
a2ka aEa aEab3aK}a aFaSŒ4=ax.a]U!Ua 6aEa]U!Ua 6 v1©

aGk2}a_@aKa2ƒ)aQa
a]  E=a_/.aXa0
aEFa2}ªaabP1a a0
a0UaEFa
+>aa&kaza.aEF
aK4UaFa.Fa•"a€25a
aa&1aa2R
aEaaa0
a]Fa Fa " QaKab1aE
aQaa3a0
aSIa2
aK4Ua !=
Xa0
aEFaePSa
a2aQaFa
Ua.a
aaE!1aZE3a1a2
a2-+a2=a
1 
a]U!Ua 6a¥2>

ad
a#>a
ab%a0U27&^= E=aK4Ua'a
aXaZE25aaaKaAS
a=a¥>a¥>a
aaa_/.
aEtkaE1aŒ4=ax.aa&!a2}aEaEP1 2h 07S%a2\a#I_azaa2
adaå7.a
aaaEFaESj&
‰qsa¬a#!aa#ˆaZ©]F

m
a2
a
a€25aKa-|$a
aa7Ua
a
a`+U a0
aEFa7a2=a&45Ua'a01 #> ‫اب‬%
a#I%aja„Œ
aU2
ad/ 01a2=aa
aaaK}aE1a
a Fa
/1 2$a'>a3aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaDk
m m
aG6a
aaEFaSj
aO/.aEa
a-|$ 
a`aG6a
aEaKa07haTa
a`a0
aEFaK4U
m
aaa 2"aEUaQaEj?aEU2
a "aEaKaaQa™|$ 3a0Ih2%aEFaO/SaEa
a7Ua
a–
24ad
a01aZFa
a¥2>a0-a
a
ak Ura=aKaEU2
a0/_ƒa
ag25 a'>aE
a(a0P5aa

aj7
*3a a#}a0
aE}6aUFad/a.aT5(S)aE
a a#}aEFaZEFaK4Ua
aEU2
aE
]a'
aZkaa#_a=ax1a2}aE Kaaa0_+aEkaK1 2
a¥(S)aKaE1a2"a0Ua1aE1a2"a
a
aG6a!


aEƒea1a "aJ
aEaKa
/1 2$a'>a0
ak FaUSa01aEaZkaa2
aK4Uaax1a2
a„a4U1
aUra3aKaT>aQaZEFa}a2
aIUaEaEUFa
aE
aQa1aEFa} a2"a
a
aG6a!
aza2=aa

ab
za0
akaFad/a
a a#}a*aO/Sa
aQaka24jajaTa3aakaEIa24j FakaFaT
aK1 G6a#"aE
aEU27jka
za.aK3azaja"a2kaT5(S)aE
a
UaQaZEFa24ja2=aa
a#
â
aa#¨a3aT7aza2aFaZEFa.3a
]
a“$
a
aEUaFax1az|)aK4UaZK}aK4U
a
aEj&aEa0
aEFa*/.aZEFa2}ªaEaFa‡R_aE
aQad4R 
aQa.aEFatka
a#PUaE ©#!
aTaQav+a.aKaT7aQaZka1a2
a#PUa]41aEaE_aE
av+7a<)aatk
V 
aK4Ua“$
a22azN
 98

a7)ac+aE_ E
aT7{aE
aaaEFa a
aEUFa0Ua1aEUFaE
aa&!a!
a2=a Pab3a0
aEFatka
2=
a2.Sa3aT1a!1a
ara
a1aT1a2.S 1aE}6aaT7{aEaa 2"a.a1aE_aE
aaaK}aK4Ua5
a
m
a
a Pa](5a`a0
a]FaE.Sa01a2=aha0PRSaTUaE
a]1  ›S|aT2Ia/1a]Fa/&_
a,+>az 0I73aK}aESIaFa5
aja a7)a.aE_aE
aT7{aE
adIa25aaG3aZEj. E.2
a1a /.
aZEFaT2ea
aT4$a"az1 r
4aE_aE
aaE_aEU2
a0-5a
aa&1aa2R
abI_a]Fa2aEa 
a¤7`az1 ra
4aE_aE
aE1ao6a2=a!Uj= 
a™|$ax1aKaE PaE
a#S"a0
aEFa01a'a
aQ
a2=a].4$a
aE3a2.a
a0-5a
aE/aE
aE3a
ax1aE
aQ ¥(|aK}aE.Fa
a }$aab2"
ZEF SIa3a
aj

‫ ﮟ؟‬qj ‫ا  ں ;ہ‬R&> ‫ح‬h  ‫ن‬J P‫۔ اد‬٧

à à à à
a1aSa2\
V aa2aa3
V aa1aS
Vm a ax1aZKj.aK&!"aa
aX
V ba'Gaa2k¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aja
aE-a2 QaE
aa`a0
aj.a0Ua#)aKa
_a`1 25aE
aXa'aG6a01a
a.aR)
m
a
‰a 2"ˆaE-aE4=aE
aaEU `au2haJ3aE.3a2
aa
a
aKa#I$a‡R+a2
a25a*.2a)
Z©j.a1a
a


ٍ
aESj&aA3aoaEaKa')aE=aaK}aE.jaEa$aaraoa& 'a01av1 ab1 2I ‫اب‬%
m
ajI_a)aEUa`a0IU6 v1 aaEFa‡R+azaE_aQaj.aka1jI_a0IU6aa 2"a0
aEFa01a-.a
aa ZK}
m
a
a aa 2"aEUa`a2ka0
a]FaSj6=aE aaKabI_aZEFa‡R+a2\azaE_aQaa2
aK4Ua*.2a2

a
a.a.Fa1Œ4=a0UaUra
a]!Ua
a /aE
a2
a1aEaEUa] ]G}aa.Fa1a—j6a2
ajI_ac+
aEF a 2"aFa01a0
aj.aSIaFaT7{a/ƒ"a
aTaQaE_aE
a]k_aE
a /aG1 SaF jI_azac+
m
aE_aE1aT4$a
aT Qa¦_a„Œ
ax.a*3a0IU
a.FaT7{a‹S+a)a.azaDj.a1jI_aEUa
V `a3
aFajI_aQax.a
"aQaj.ajI_ EUa aa0aXa>a7UaEa&FaAS
a01a0
aE.Fa0U
aEFaK4Ua a
aEUFa27S/aE
aG6a!
a2=a21 2+.a0
aF d/aEaQaZS}a07S%aUFa27S/a
aAS

aE
aE/a!
a0
aE
a‘25aAZ]Fa }$aE
aQaa!Uaz Ura0I73aEFa.F 27S/a
"aaza0I
aaa
aE_ „6=aEaaaaU"a!
a.aK}a3a }$aE
aQaa!Uaz Ura2paEFaK4Ua3 21 2+.aO/S
a– a 1$aDE3a
a“=a0UaG1 S x1aKa .a0
ax.a*3akaFa7Sa<"aT4$a
a]U!Uaz Ur
 99

a>a7Ua‹ aZaKaT7{aA3a
a'aQa3akaE 0Ua!1aja™|$ax1aaEj
a a
aaU"a

a27S/aa S!aE
aa 2"aEaQa2paEFaK4Ua3aK4
aKaUa aa 2"aF 1jI_a
a aa0aX
a01a)aZEFa
{aUFa27S/ 
aQaEaT1aUra#!!aa2.Sa0IU
a.o=aK4Ua2{a
a22azNa2= EUF
m
aE
aaQaG1 Sa#>a0UaEFaFa3a
a !. 2=aa
aFaT1aj.a1jI_aa 2"aEUa`a0
aT
aK}aER+>aFa01a0
aSIa3a
aK4Ua
{a01a.aE3aja#aK4
aza SIa3a
aK4Ua“=aKaT7{
 m
aa0aXa> 7UaZEFa<\a#I_azaK}aES1aT2`a01araS3a2=a21 2+.aŠ4_aZEj.aEjI_aEU `a3
m
aT1 }aa /.a
a– a2=a4=a2}aE
ak Ura
J3aj.a—j6az2$/a=ax1aFa
a "a2=a]Sa=aEUa 
m m m
a
1 }a21 raE
a– aaEFaEjI1ad
aE
a– aEFaEaK.a
a– Ka2$/aQaZj.aFap_a0ja

a E
a#PSa’PUaazax.a]!Ua
a /aEUa2$/aQaZEj.a3a¦_a]G}aEF E=a
2.
§â ٍ
a
aK4UaaT4$a01aj Eaa
aT4$a'>a !a!
aE
aUaZEŒ4=a
a Fa#!Ua /a(!UazaEaa
a0!a
aEU2
a
7{aK4UaZEtkaE
aK4Ua
7{ 2=aŠ\
a’PUa01a0
aEFaK4Ua,+>aja4
a01a2j=aZSIa3
m
a >a2aaka
ad&S}a¬)a
aQaKa2Fa >a4= Zj.aI6aFag2$aKaEUraE
a`
E_aKa21 2+.a<7ea
aE%PUa=aQaEa a
a]Ua].4$a21 2+.aa].4$ z Urab{ +aE
a2F
ZE

‫;ہ‬D; ‫  ا` اور‬C ‫ و‬%‫۔ د‬٨

ajaEŒ=aE
ad&S}aQa0
aK}aE.25aAa– aO/SaE

ªRa
aJ3a0-a2a
a ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
azaEFa.2
a”6a™|$a3a
aQaaEFaFa25
aKa
ªRa
aa 2"a3 EFa25
a2 .a )aF
aQaDEFa

R
a
aQaZ©EFa.j
a
a]&$aE
ad(a0Sa
aEU2
a…6a
a
+>a
aa 2" #>
EFajI_a2=ais­a#!aa# EUa– aZE25a0Ž(aKa‡R_aFaE=a)aK4UaEa„aO/SaE

ٍ
aE
aSa
aT1aaa0UaaK4UaG6aFax1araK}aS Ka]S
a
av1 a3aT1azaa'a'"©
a
ax$ !
a.aKaEUFaXaba'GaE
aU 2"aT1 aZEFaSIa3a1a2"a0=a Fa0
aU 2" T1 aEa‡+_
a>a7Ua
a#/5a1 '"aJ3a0
aEFa3a“ka
ax$aQaKaT1aE
aQa¥(|aK4UaFa“k
m
Z©K4Ua1 EFa
a`a/"azaEFaka
aA!a¥2ha
a aa0aX
 100

ab3aZK}aEtkaEt1a—j6a0S!U 2P5aE
a /aE
aQa0
aE3a125a0Ž(a
a
U1aQaN ‫اب‬%
ٍ
aT7a01a(-Sa /aE
a2P5aQaK_a„I1a2
'IUazaFa3a'a-a#!aa#aQ=aE
aA+>
ZEFa3
a
ab{ +aT1a3a1 K}aFa#PSax.a FaEa aa0aXa>a7U „.aE
a2..aKSa3©
ٍ
a#>abP1a aEaT1 2.Sa2\abI_aZK}a
aIUa#"UaP1azaK}a.2.a=a2=a2..a<2$
V 0&!
â
aT1a2.Sa2\a0
aEFa0aORSaTa01 Ka'>aEa03aaZEFa.Fa#>a*_\abªa0Ia.FaK4U
V
aK4UaŠ)a
‰EFa.Fa•"a€25a
aa&1aa2R
aEab3a/1ˆaTU&1 bI_aZK}aSIaFa.aŠ)a
adI
Z©KSI F

ZE3a
a“$
a
aE1a0
 Ea].7aFa2a)aEja0
aEFaa#"a/"aT!3a"()a01

‫&^ ;ﮩ ﮟ ﮨﮯ‬Z)   ‫&^ ﮨﮯ اور‬Z) $    ‫ ) ﮟ‬PK ‫۔‬٩

 
aAS
aQa0
a‚05a*1 aa*SI_ x_Na‚0
a1a04
a01aFaKag2$aEUa_/.aXa.aO/SaE
aa 2"¨ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a
ax$aQaKaQa0
aEFa01a
R

aE-a2aE
aaaK4Ua“ka
a07$aax$aK
m m
aDK4Ua1aEFa
a`a/"azaEFaka
aA! ¥2ha
a`a
a#/5a1a'"aJ3a0
aEFa3a“k
DEF dUa
aa
ªRa
a )a

aaaaazaE_aQaEF 
aK4Uax.a0/_ƒa22a
av1 adaEUav1 ab1 2Ia0
aEFa01a0/" ‫اب‬%
a¥>a¥>a2^aE
abj_a2}aja a Ej
a0/_ƒa
aE3a<ax1aK43aK}aESj_a2=a#!
aKaaa0IU
aEFaK4UaKaJa2a.aUj&aK4U EFaO/.a
a]k_aaax.a]43aZEFaSj&
a].aa0
a]Fa.2
a‘2aKaE_aE
a 4R.a
ab1 2ªUadabI_aZEFa. 2ŽUaa P5a
a“F)a
aEj&
SIaFaK4Ua =abj_a
aKabFNaE
aQa.aE_aa3au2haj6  a2ka


aE
a a 0aXa>a7UaKa‡R_aE=aE
a_/.aXa3azax1 K}aK&!"aoaa
a0
a01ax1
à m
a
UaQaaEFaSaadU
V 
aQaZK1aŒ4=ax.aO)aEaKa‡R_a4Ua– a0
.aj.atkajaQ=
a !"a2aZEFaSU3aUaEadUaE
aa 2"aE!3aEF ka1a2
a•&3aKaYa=aAS
aQa
a]ad&.a

 101

aKa$a
aQa0
.aj.a.3a
a'rUaE_aE
a&}a
a aa0aX >aXa'a3aEFazaa

m
ac25aE
aT" 
ax1 2+.a(aaK25a2&/.a
aTa1 2ŽUa(aZK25a&}a
O)a–
m ٍ ٍ
aKa'/5aa'"aE
a`aT2{aE
aQa0I j.a0UaE_aE
aEUŒ4=aŽR_aŽR_a
a]k_aa01aZK1adU
m
aEFaG6a41aZj.a24Ža
aUaE
aQaY=aT2a=a
a`a Ej.aE.Fa2}ªaEa].>a›S|a&$E
à
Z©EFaK4UaE_aE
aT(.a3aaz¨a/1ajaS2\aaaEFa.3
V 4
aja
aE!3

aza2j=° a 2"aE4=aEa*aEFau2haQa*.2.a

aaaEFa(aK&FaEa•Nab3a a
ab1a0
a01 Ta2
m
a#!!aKa
ax.a‹ Eag2$a2=ab3a/1aK}aFa#PSaEa`a„.aE
a&a2..a3aKS
m m
aEa0/1 NaE
aT1a4%a1a2.Sa3aT1 } aT&/.aza
a– aadIazaE
a– a2j=aZEFa}a.Fa#&
a
PƒajaEaT2.Saaa 2"a3aEFa&Sa#"aja a
ab3a 7)aza2j= ZK}aŒ4=ax.a F
ajaEa7S E
a a3a a7)aza2j=aZK}a.2
aja,1 2%.aa .a
a2ax1a Fa K}aSj

ZK}aK4Uajad-SaEaG6a&Sa#"a!
aaK}a,+>

aQaZEFa2.aE 07$aax$azaEFaŒ4=aEa aa0aXa>aXa'a

a Faja„Œ
a3aEa•N a
m
aEFaka
aA!a¥2ha
a`a3a#/5 1a'"a
a0
aEFa.Fa =a'a01a]43aEFa. a02aza /aE

m
EFa.Fa =aKaaE
aT1aaa#>a' 01aZK4Ua1aEFa#/5aa'"a
a`a/"az

ZEFa. a2ŽUad-SaEaG6a27S/az1 ra!

aa&`a
aa2paEFa"a.a a
ab3 ‰1ˆ

ZEFa. a“=a#I%aKaEU2
a•5ad-.a
aaaaK}ad-Sa Faz 2paEFa"a a
ab3 ‰2ˆ

aQ!+
2\a„Œ
a UaE
aaaEa‡+_aE
a/aaK}aKS1a2Raza2paEFa"a  
ab3 ‰3ˆ
ZEFa.F

Z. aK4Ua2ŽUa
7"a
Ka/a2paEFaG&
a
a
Ua!
aKa a
ab3 ‰4ˆ

ZjaK /aaEFa“ka
ad(
ajaKa a
ab3 ‰5ˆ
 102


aSIa3a1aK4Ua#_aE_aE
aEU2
a 01aEa.aFa =aKaT1a
a !"a2aaav+a
a2kaA
ZEFaYI%ajazaEFaŒ4=aEa aa0aXa>a7U K&Fa„Œ
a3aEa•NaE
a !"a4=a0

a•NaE
a !"a4=aK&Fa*azaK}aSj
a
&FaK1 G6a3aKab1a0
aE}6a_ a3aja01a] 2a 1 G
aK}aO/SaE T(/a25aaG3ac+a2S%aa2
aT1a_aEU aEa•Na2aaK}a E
a2ka™|$ax1aZ.FaK4Ua•"a€25 oa
a
PPaEaE_a2
aS)ax!a2a1ax!ax1aKab3
a0Ua
aEaE
a2
aOP+.a2aa2
a !.aE
a
a
a
a
1a!
aEaKaaaE
a2
aOP+.
aXa>a`a
a]k_aaa0S7_aZEkaK3aEUa2=aE
a aa0aX >aXa'aFa]Ua.aEU
aFaja
{a2k #/5aa'"a
a aa0aXa>a`a0
aK}aES4
a3aSIa3aUaK4Ua2=a
aa0
ZEFaK4UaaU"aab aE_ &Fazaja*.aEFa#/5aa'"a
aFa aa0aXa>a`a0

C ‫۔ ا` اور‬10

K}aESjI_a– a*3aK}a#"aja)a– a.aE

aG&
a
‚a
ªRaO1V 2h ‚ E
av1 ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a#>a03a
2..a
av1a_"aa/5a!1a0
aEFa.Fad/a,+>a#I_aTa01aKa2Ž_ ‚

aUa™|$a2}abI_aZ˜F6aU3a1= 0Ua¥(S)aKaaaZ]FaT2IaE_aEaaEjI1aE
ab3aE}6aUF
aFaaEUa]k_aT2Ia
a21 2P.aJ3a1aFajI1aEUa]k_ T2Ia
a0/"aJ3a0
aEFaSIa„&a01a#.
ax1aaaE
aaa0
aESIaFaK4UaORSa "aQa¦_a*aKaEU2
a#&aOƒ E
aQa1aEU2
a#PUa
aQ
a0!3aZK}aES 
aQa aG}at
aa]Fa.2
a21 2P.ax1aKa‹ a2=ahaE
a'aZE3a1=a0U €25a2
a„6=aEa]k_ ‰ /a]?jkaF 6a0IaK4Ua /a]2aa]4ˆaFa /aE?jka 6aE
aEUFa S)
aZkaFa0Ua]!I1aaa
a*aKaEU2
a#PUaa&` 
a21 2P.a0
aEkaKjI1a– aD4
a
aEUa2Pa0
aEt_
a
aka2
a#PUa¼Ra¼R_a
aE&3a!
a
aZ
aoIa!
a
ka2
aaa
aoIa!
a

akaFa a 45az1 ra

aZkaa2
aaaKa‡R_aE=aEFa1 aKa„&a
Qa3a
ad4RaQ
aakaFa0U j6az1 ra„&a
a!
aZka2
aaa™|a,+>a
aQa2
a„&axjaxja
a21 2P.
a¼R_aE-a2
aE
a21 2P.aakaFaj6 0Ž5a
a!
aZkaEIa2
a0Uaau2haj6aKa‡R_aE=a
a*ƒaz
a 3aT&4R. ˆ ‚Zka2
a]ƒ\aKa
1aa#PUaza kaFa0Uaj6a1a
a!
aZkaa2
a#PUa¼R
‰330a¬a'
 103

a2
ažo=a
aQ ™|$a2}aaEFaka1a—j6az2P5ax1a2
ap_a2I_aKa<abaE
aQ7S"aQa.a'  ‫اب‬%
EFa01 z2P5azaZEFaka—j6aEa„.aE
aSUaxUaS
a0
aEFaSIa„I1a)

a„Œ
a
4aKaa25a2pakaF €R.a2eaaaE
a*a.aKaG3a FaE
a21 2P.aQa1a0/"aQ‚
‚Z1 aK4UaFa“=aEa2a0/"aza0
akaFa0Ua#_a
aT QaGka2}a¥(S)a01aakaE3a1=aja¥(S)

Fa•5abj_aEaaaaj.aA3a
aT47$aE
a*>a2?
@a0IU6av+a=a
a /aE
Q7S"aQa2j=
aKaa&`ax1 ZEFa’(.a
aFabj_a.aK4Ua0IU
a1a—j6aEaEUa*>a2?
@aE_aQaj.aSI
a
aEjaTaEa]43aaK} ES_aE_aK4UaK}aESIa#aE_aE
aEUj_aaEj_a2P5aES3aE
a›-a)aEaAS
a
a›-ax1a
a01a0
aEF 01a›ƒ_aaK}aE.3a#IUa2
a2S
a¥>aEFa.Faz2ƒ)
a”4=a 4aK4Ua'a-aT&4R.a2ka0
aka]2
a’GkaEab1 2ªU KaZEFaF3a
a“$
a
aE1a

J3aK25a0Ž(a2
a'IUaa&`a=azaaa21 raE
‚aTa 6aO/SaE
av1  ‚ KaQa.aE3
ٍ
aEjI_aEUaKa2P5 3a /a5aE
aT7aQa0
aEFa.Fad/a*a F.aZEFatka
a#PUaT7a01aE
aa
a*.2
aE
a*>a2?
@ajaz EIa#a0UaAS
a#>aK43a0
.aK3a˜1a2
a#PUaja]41azaEj.
K}a01a2P5azaZKIa

3a1a
aK4UaFa21 2P.a
aEa2aEUaKa0
aa04
a01a2
a„I1a
a¥(S)aQa™|$ 
a2kaA‚
a
a a7)ad&.aO/SaE

V 21 2P.a2kaE
aQa¥(|akaFa0Ua,+>a01a.atka
a#PUa<\a=.2araza
a21 2P.
a](5a
a0p3a](5a
a21 2P.aEUaKa0
aEFa€R.aa E
a*aKa2aQa0
akaFad/a.aE3a
a•&3
aEaz1 raO/SaE
a]-ab3ab3aE
a21 2P.a2j=aZj.a01agea
a21 2P.aaEj. 3a aEa
4aZ
a
"
ٍ ٍ
ax1a
a21 2P.a2
(a
a*aaaaEkaK3aEj&a S!az1 razakaE3a1=a/a1aŽR_a€R. z1 r
ٍ
aEka]Fa27S/a
aS7!UazakaFa2R a2}aKaaaE
a]-ab3aakaE3a_a2
a.a0&a S!
aa
a1a]Fa0Ua¥()aE
a 2a=a
a21 2P.aza0IS". ZkaFa0Ua,+>a4
a<\aagea
aaa2p
ٍ
aEa]-a27S/aE
a21 2P.a(aE3aFa07S%a
+>a
aaaEa03a
aJ3aF 0Ua!1aKaaaT
aE4=aQ=aE
]k_aT/a,+>a3aO/SaE
a‹GaS5aaa
V ar UaaT)aE

V a2Pa1 UFa›S|
‚ZUFa¥()aE
aaaK}a3aE

‫ ہ ;ﮩ ﮟ ﮨﮯ؟‬56 0+,) R8 $   ‫۔   ا) ) ﮟ‬11

 104

a
ab1 aaNar&Ua0S"a…=aea0
aEFa01a#_a
aEUFa‡R+aE
a
a0
K}aE.25a–  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aa 2" u2haJ3aK}a…au2haaxjaKa2$/a !az2\a "aE
a
{aa€(haauIU K1 r&U
a
ad&.aKaz2\a
{aa€(h auIUaaNaar&Ua0
aEkaK25a– a
aZ]Fao6a2=a]UraKS1 a

‚DEFaFa2
a#&a2=aEP1 2haFax1

a
aaaEFa€R.aK
a2=a]G6aS3aO/SaE
aaz2\a
{aa€(haauIUaaaNaar&U  ‫اب‬%
a)a
a– aZEFa.3a1=a¥(S)aKab3 Et_a2
a UaK1 G6aza¥2ha2aaEt_a2
a•&3a¥2hax1
a0aORSa*a*1 2"a*1 2"aaaZ
a "aJ
a¥(S)a EFaz1 ra "aJ
a€R.a0
akaE3aFad/
Kaa5(S)a0%&Fa0IaK4UaKaa"R.av+a0IU6abI_aEFaKaTG3 2.az1 ra¥(S)aaK}
a&45a<\a01a
]k_a a
aEa03a
aJ3aEFa1a2
a]1&Ua
aT5(S)aEUa]+aE_aQaEFa.F
ad&.aZEt_aE_a
aFar&Ua2=ah E
a'aZEFaK4Ua0aORSajaG6a
aKa
a0
aEFa.FaO
aE
aQaZK}a01aT"aE
aQaZEFa‘25ar&Ua
a
"a”U= 0
aK}aORSau2ha=a2=aaaaa&!aE
aU
š
ad"aKaQaZE}6ao=a¯a07"a
aQaZE}6aUFae aE_aE
aQaZE}6 UFaY=aQ7_aa !3aE_
a27I.aa Sa
ar&UaZK} ‘25aKS/
a.a.a
a
"a2}aZE}6aUFaEa*.2.aQa/"aaz aag
 
a/"a
_+aa](5aa
_+a](5ag
a
_+
V K1 G6a](5ad"a
_+aKar&UaZE}6aUFaEa0&1 2+.
a¥(S)aZEFa0aORSa0ŒU@aa=a
ar&Ua&a
+a0
01a‘2\aZK}6ao=aK1 G6a](5
ada2= ¥Ua1a2=aEa.aE3a UaE3a—j6a1aE3a Ua„.}a0
aEFaKaT(/ E
au2haQa¥2>
a0
aEFa01a'aZ0S!F a1aE3 4
aEarab a /aE
a0+.5a†aK4Ua1aE3ao=a0+.5a†aEjŒ=aE


a2a
aKa0/aE
ar&Ua0
akaFa,+>aU2
a 01a2
aaa
aT5(S)aEj6aEj6aaa


a2)aaa0/$a0
aK4Ua¥(S)a
aaE
aQaKaaNaDK4UaF EFa2=a0P1 2ha0aORSa!
aE
š
a
aZK} 0aORSa#I_a#!a0P/SaaT&
ad&.aE
aaNa"aZES4
aK4Uaa K}aES4
a#&/_
DEFa05a›S| )aEaaNa0
aEFaSI 3a1a#_a
aTaQa
a¥(S)aEaNaQ

‫ﮍهﮯ ﮨ ﮟ؟‬8  ‫ﮯ ﮨ ﮟ‬q  A ‫ت‬C,‫۔   ;ﮯ ا‬12

a
a2=ab1aEaaaK}aT5(S) _&/aE
aTG3aT5(S)a7a2=av1 a0
aK4
a01a– a2k ‚  ‫"اض‬#
aaa
aFa
ab/SaEUaa
a ) ‰E
a– a'Pˆa
aTG3 b3a0
a]FaS}6a01aj6=aKa.a.o=aK4Ua2{

Ia0/1 NaE
aa‹ aKaa 2"aEUa_/.aXa(aZ.3aFaK4Ua*3a
a
-/ ja¥(S)aaNaK
a.aEax.a]= ¥2>a„.}aE=a0"25a1a™|$a
a2kaZ2
a1 ax.a]4
a„.}aE=aKaea0
a1
 105

a3a#&a
a0"25a1a™|$aQau2h J3akaFa#&/.a
a U )a Iau2haaja01ax1GUaE
a– a


‚DkaE(4
#&/.a
a_/.aa$aEa„.}ax.a]4

a0IaZEFaK4Ua¥(S)adUa
ra¥()aj
aj
a
a™UaZEFa0ƒ_^a+ƒax1ac+a01  ‫اب‬%
a
aQaZEFa
a2$a V Ia0
aFa05a›S|aT 01aaaE
a] aa0
aEFadUa
aG6aQa¥(S)
a I1 1aa I3a+!5a0
aEFaka125a01aKa &.a
1 a
aa 2"
V ZEFa2eaEaFaa 2"a)a'a,+>
‚Z_a2
a,!a2=a]j.}aa]246aE=aEa?aQ ‚ ‰7z &_ˆ 0

aEFaS_ x.a4
a2aZEFa.2
a,!a2=aaaEFaS_ax.aEŒ4=a2aE ‚a„.}‚a™|$ax1 Z˜jI1aA
aQaEFa.Fa2=a„.}a=ax.aEU$a. €(ha
a„.}a¼R_a0
aEFa.2
a')a2!.aaEFa.2j=a„.}ax.a]}a
a2j=aDK4Ua1aEFaKa‡R_aE
aa 2"a“ka
a¥(S)aQ ˜1SaZEFaS_a2
a#$ajaQaKa,!azaE_
D.3aFa*3 
a
-/a¥(S)a01a

a
4a
a2aE
aT5(S)aEUa
 0
aEj.aESIa„I1a)aza.aES_ad
aEa#Pa„Œ
av1 ab1V 2I
aa0
aE.FaT5(S)aE.aKaEU2
aŠ)adIaEa  a 2"a.a.Fa0Ua
a2ka0UaZEFa1a2
a +
 ٍ

aQa
a2kaZEFaS1a Ia
aÖ>aaaa 2"a(aZESIa2
a0Ua#&a&S3 
a2
a#ajaa&!

a
aÖ
raa 2"aZK1 2
aE!
#&/.a
a IaQa0
aESIa2
a0UaEha01aGka2}a¦_a.aS1a2
a0Ua2Pa0P1 2haa#I$
aJ
a0`1 25a01a0
aSIaFa0Ua€R.aKa2aQaj7
.a.Faa2
a0Ua,1 2%.a
aQaEUa
a2kaZEFaS1a I
ax1aEa¥2ha
a )a0
aEFa
adIaaT1 }a2S%aa2
a
aa 2"a0/ Fa!1aZE3a1aau2h
ٍ
aAa a
aT5(S) 2
aj
a(&aa2
aSa#I$a
a  a#&a2=aaaEU ‰ aa0aXa>ˆa / S)
a.aS}6aUak UradŽUa
aEa a

^_a2
aE_a
aa 2"a¥2>a
aa.Fa0UaG6a01a2kaZEFa1a2

a
aFa
a01aZ.3abaa &.aY2S%a
a0
aSIaFa0Ua#> Ea€R.ax.a aQajaKaa
aKaaaaZK}aE.3aE=aE"25a„ a¥2>a‹ aKad(aEUa2
a£&aT5(S) UIad&.a0
aEFa#Rh
ag&S3aaZK}aEtkaFa•&S 2=a0P5ax1ax1aa&!a]—2
a UaE
ab3a16K}a”U=a¥2>aE"25ao j
aEFa#j
a#j
a3a¥()aE
a
av1 ab1 2I bI_aEFa}a#6aabak UradŽUax1a
aaa
_ a

aFaORSa*a2=a27/.aa2!R.a
aa 2"a0
akaFaK4Ua01a0SUa
Qa.aK3aFaA
aza2kaKaQaK}
ZEkaK3aza2
aba5(S)aja*azaEFa€R.a‹ aKaab3a0
akaF 01a0IaZEkaK3
 106

‫ ﮯ وﮦ‬5uD) ‫ ;ت ) ﮟ‬A, c& ) ‫   اور‬c& ) ‫۔‬13

aEa. jaKa27/.a
aa 2"a.aK}aT5(S)a "aQaKabSaE
a
a2k‚a0
aK}aE.25 – ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aKaE1a2"aa
ab EaT5(S)aKa27/.a
aa 2"a2kaZK}aEFaaK}aESIaFaT5(S)a&$
a
au2haQa0/a#_a01a
a– ‚ZEFaSIaFa•U E!
aKa2aQa¥(S)a
abSaE
a
a.aK4Ua•U
a04
aza.aZEFa.3a1=a™PUa](5aKa2
aE
a*>ar2a0
aE3 4
aEaT2`ar2a*3au2haJ3aEF
‚Dj. K4Ua!1ajaTa](5a
a aa0aXa>aXa' ‰XaN/aXaN/ˆ 0
aK}aE.2
a1

a
4%a
a
PPaaKa7U EŒaa7UaEj3a0
aE_aQaEFa<\a2=ahaa07%.a01  ‫اب‬%
a7UaEŒaa7UaEj3a0UazaEFa.FaO/.aa<a3 aaE
aAS
aFaa
aQaa7UaEŒaZEFaK4U
ZaaE
aXaAS
aaE
Qa0UaaEFaSIaFaaaE

ax1aT2`ar2au2haJ3aEFa. a€>a2=az2kaE
aa a2=aaa)a#>aa07%.a01a
a*>a2?
@
au2haaK}aE.aKaaa
a aa0aXa>aXa'aE_ E
aEU2
a
{aT7Ua
a7Ua/3
aXaAS
E_aE
aEIj=a 
aO/.a
aXaAS
aa
a
a aa0aXa>aXa' v1 ab1 2I
a
aT7UatUax1a¥()aE
T7Ua† Pa0PRSaE
a
ad&.aEUa]r2au2haJ3aZK}aE.2
a'&/Sa

aZ1a2
aoj
a0S5a2ax1aE
a2
a…6a

a a
a
aEUav1 ab1 2Iau2haa
aoj
a0S5
a0
aK}aEFaORSa2=aTaQaKaEUra2}aa&!aE
aUad&.ax. ‹ aEa 4aE
ab1 $aE5()a0IU

aK} E.2
a !.a
aQa€R.ajaaU"ab1V 2}a !a2\a0
aSaEFaaU"aŠ)a2
V
a /aE
aa 2"
ag7.av1 ab1
V 2Iau2h aK}aE. aE_aEa7UaUax1aE
a2
a#1 .a<\a
aT7Ua S)ar2au2haJ3
aT&/.aaT1 }aa
a aa0aXa> Xa'a0
aK}aES_IUa0Sa01aE
a2
a27/.a<\a
a

aEFa#>a
aFaaaE
a
aKaEUra2}a
‚a
aG
2 ‚ !
aaE3a1a„
a2
a£_a2S5a

TNaE_aE
aEU2
a¥>a0Sa
aT7Ua
a7UaE=ar2aZj.a#>a
a
V aa0aX >aXa'a3
a
a'a
a2h) 
aEUa0SaE_aE
a
aG
2aE=av1 ab1 2IaaK}aES_IUa™PUaKaXa'
ZK}aE.2
a6a*

a' Sa2aZEFaaEa#I_a
PPaza.aEFa
aEUa*>a2?
@ 2=a' Sa2a3a‘2Saza}
2aJI2aE
aQa0IaEFa3ajaKaa 2"azaK}aEFa'IUa*a3aKa
a– a0
EFaK4Ua01
aa*aE_aE
aaU" ab a!
aEa2aUFa“ka
aT5(S)aE
aOP+.aa27/.a0
aEFa01a' S
 107


Z
a
a0UaEFaSIa3a
aIUaEaEU aU"aQa
aa 2"a2=aa
a“kaQaŠ4_aZEFaK4UaFa™PU

‫ ;ہ ﮨ؟‬c&D) ‫ف‬,‫ ﮨﮯ ( ) ﮟ ا‬,& ‫ ﮨ‬$  ‫ د وﮨ‬8  c    ‫۔‬14

aE
a¥2ax1a!
aKabSaE
a 1 2
aa 2"aZK}aK1 G6a_ _aaT27/.a
aQaabS ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2a!
a3aEFa#/5aU!UazaaT27/.a
aQaK}a"aZK4U “ka
a07$aax$ajaO/S
KabSaE
aaaZK4UaKaT27/.a
av1aJI2aE
aQaZSIaFaK4Ua
aa  
ab1aE_aE

‚DEFaSI 3a1aE!
aŠ)a
a(ab a
a
aKak3a
a¥(S)aQaZEFa¥(S)aF

a.aFa¥(S)aKaT27/.abI_a]Fa0 ORSa‡R_aE
aAS
a2ka0
aEFa41a.a'a\a#"a#>
V  ‫اب‬%
a!
a3aEFa#/5aU!Uax1a27/.‚a0
aK}aEFa25a) *>a2?
@aDkaEaE!
aa
ab az
aE.3aza aa
a‡R_a¥2>a0_+a.aKaT>aQ ‚ZSIaFaK4U aa
aE_aE
a2
ٍ
aŠ5UaG6a3 (&a0IU
aEFa.Fa#>aUFa aa
a
aaa /aE
aEU3aFa¥(S)aKa/ aK}
aZFaj&aEa‡R_aEUa™|$ !
aK43aK}aE.Fa/azaE
aQa0IaK4Ua‡R_aE
aAS
azaEFa.F
ab ‚a0
aK_ a
a2ŽUaƒPUaQaE=a– aE4= 0
aj.a
a‘2aEaaaKa<)a2aE=aEUaKaE_a
aFaEhaTa01au2haJ3a /aE
aQ ‚ZEIaFa0Ua¥(S)aK J3aEFaSIabaG6aFa¥2>aa

a!
a3aFaŠ5Ua27/.azaEaKaT27/.a›S|a
aQaaFab aQa) Ea aa 2"a0
aEFaSI
aEa
a
 0
aEFaSIaFaEhajaTa01au2haaE=a2"aA-_a_aA2"ax1GUaE
a S)
ٍ
aKaOP+.a
aaS)a!
3aFaŠ5Ua
aza(&aKaT(/aaE3a_aaab aQa)
a2I6aa
aT5(S)aE
a27/.a0
akaFa01az 5a
aEU b aQa
a‡R_aE
aa 2"aZE=a2"a0S{a

a
‚a
 ‚au2haaZkaEIa3a0Ua2}aEa2aE
aaakaEIadjkaK  aE
aa 2"a‡R_a¥2>
araaU" 0Ur a
aT&/.aaT1 }a4UaE_aE
a#&aE=aK&Fa0
akaFa01az 5a
aEU b aQ
a
aKaEt!a](5 0
akaE3aFa0Uad/a01aK&FaEaOP+.ax.a*3aEkaKIa2
a0Uax.a
"aQ
ZEF
"a
a2) aKaEj&aTaa a01aZEFaK4Ua
{a


Z‫ف  رت ا` ﮨ ﮨﮯ‬,‫ ا‬vC‫ہ ) ﮟ ر‬5)-) ‫ن اور   دو;ں ﮯ‬JaZ15

a
adŽUa&S3ax1ab1 *3aFa =a
"aQa¥(S)aKaEU2
aŠ)adIaEabSaE
aa 2"‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a
aKa
aKaAaQax.a
"aQa} "adŽUa&S3a
ab1ax.a*3aZkabaG6a2RUa0p3
 108


aea2&aT2`a1a0a_/.aXaeaO1 >a2IaT2`a0
K}aESIaSa– a
aZFaK4Ua =a¥(S)

aQa2j=aDEj.a2=a#&aEa]P1 2ha›S|a2=a Ia!
aE
aa 2"a25aE
a
aK EUraE
a0a_/.aX
aa 2"a0
aj.abI& KaT>aa01aZEkaK}aK4Ua"aT5(S)a01aE
aT27/.a2j=a.akaFa "adŽU 
a !"
aE
aa 2"au2ha
av1aQ=aE
a]"25 ›S|aaE.Fa0Ua‡R+a‡R_aE
aa 2"a2kaES}a‡R+a‡R_aE

a a'a2a

a0IS".aZS}a0Ua"aFaaIa
&aT aKa
a.aE.FaE&a_a_aj
V
‚ZS1aŒ4=ax.a]U!Ua2=ah ‡R+a
a‡R_aE
aa2

aXaea2IaT2`aZEFa'aÐ!Œ_a01a
aEU—j3a21 2P. 2=aQa2^aEj&a
aE/a!
 ‫اب‬%
 
a‘)aa\aKaT1 a
a aa 2"a¦_ajaKaEUraE
a0a_/.aXae 2&aT2`aa0a_/.

aS)a
a$aJ
V a $aR)a
"aQa2paj.a.Fa¥(S)a
a27/.aa 45aaaE
aaaaEj. E.2


aaQaZj.aja&Sa2=aP.aa aE
aQ 
a
aaj.a#>aja S"aE!3aj.a3a!1az
a.3aFa0-5a2=aEP1 2ha4&3aKaOaE
a27/.aJ3a
a I !
aE
aa 2"a /aE
a™+&.aav+aK
aaE
a]SaE
a aa0aXa>aXa'au2haaZj.a.3aFaŠ5UaE
a
aaU"aFaj.
a`aK Et!a!
a0
aj.a.3aFaa&ha01a*3aaj.a.3a
aOP+.az "a
"aQaj K
a‹ aZj.a.3a1a2
a0-5aOƒ E
aa.aj.a
a#&au2haQa1aj.a1a0-5a01aEUa aa0aXa>
a2
a“$
a
aEU2
aS)a27/.azaEaKaT27/.a
aa 2" u2haJ3aza.aFa3aza
a!1a2kaj
E_a2
a’(.a
a]SaaaEaKa]&aE
av1azau2haaFaA-_a_aA2" z1 raEaz1 ra3ak
ZEIa#aT7{a“|aa&haz1 raEaz1 ra
ab3ak

‫ہ‬S>E) wNa>‫۔ ا` د‬16

a}a#6aE!
ad
a
aaaja2j=aZK4U 3aKa#I$a21 2+.ab a
a0Uh2a0
aK}aE.25a– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aaaZK}aS}a.Fa]1 7.aS
aaa˜Ua
UaKab aE
a0Uh2 0
aEFa a„Œ
aja
aQa
a– a
aZEF
2kaDEFa
a41ax1GUaE
a– aja
ab1a
aZEFaSIa2
aEF6a1 7.a3a
1 2
 U&_=a]}aE

a21 2+.aQaaka1aKa21 2+. ]

a
a 1 2
aa 2"a.aj.a.o=aK4Ua€25a„Œ
aEaEUFa0Ua21 2+.aE
ab aE
ab1
‚D_a]
aEUa )a0Na
a
ªRa


a
ªRa
a21 2+. Qa0
a0Uaj.a_a0Na
a
ªRa
aa 2"aEUa_/.aXaZEFa0ƒ_^aÐ!Œ_aax1a01 : ‫اب‬%
ٍ
a aE
a )aP1a.aa 2"aZj.ajI_ Eaaa7.
aKaEUraE=aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua3a

 109

aDj.ajI_aEUa aa0aXa>a`a3aEFa‡R+aj 21 2+.a#>aza

a2paEFa‡R+aOƒaE

ab1 2Iad&.a0
aEFa01a0Rƒ_aZK25aF U%Ua
aQa2ea.aEFaK4
aKa  E
av1 ab1 2Iaza2k
aTa01abI_aK}aESj
  a
a#aE=a2=aEU3aEjI_a0UaE
av1 aaEU3aEjI_aE
aa 2"aa v1 
a21 2+.aQaaEj.aES_ajI_aaz $a'rUa2} Eaaa7.
aKa0UraE=a aa0aXa>a`a0

a /aakajI_aKa#I$a
a›+-ax1a
aa 2"aKaEUraE
a0 Xaea2IaT2`aE
a2
a#PUaE
ad/a
aUaEaFaT1a
av1 ac+a„Œ
a*a01aZK
a•$aEUaa&aT2` KPUa
aaK
aKaU T4$a2a
a
aQaaE
aT1a
av1 a0UaEFaK4Ua2
Na
a
aQaKaa 2" ZEFaF
a
aUa– aEa#_aJ
a2j= .aK}aK4UaFa&Sa#"aEa2aT1a
av1 a2kaAaZEFa3aK4

Dj.akajI_aKaEUraE
aFa a 0aXa>a`aa 2"a•"_a5a0
aEkaKabP1a01

‫  ں؟‬0+3 ‫;ن ) ﮟ‬J &5) ‫;ن اور‬J FG' ‫۔‬17

ab a(a,+>aKaaS!

=ˆaEFaESj
a2"2a
a¥(S)aE
a0S{ab 0
aK}aE.25a– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
0
aEFa01a#a
aEt!aE
araaU" ‰OƒaE

aFa
a0S{abaa27/.aFa
aa 2"adIaE_aE
az2kax1 2}ax.a a
‰aa#2=ˆaaU"a-|$‚
aFaOƒ E
a0S{abaaaaa 2"a27/.a
‰aax7=ˆaaU"aIaaEFaSUazaE!3 Fa27S/a0&
‚Z2
a€R.a
1 2
a2=aJ3

aa0aXa>aXa'a€25a01a
aaU"aIaaaU"a-|$a0
]FaSIa2
aT23a
aEj6=a01aKa

aO1 2R. QaEa 1 2

aa 2"a
aaDj.ajaKaEUraE
ab1 $aER)aE
a aa0aX >a`a1a 
DEFaSIa#a a
a

a/aE
aaU"aIaaaU"a-|$a.a0Ua*>a2?
@a0
aK} EFa =a2=aaQa¥2>aTa01  ‫اب‬%
a“= aK&FaKaaS!
=a3aEFa
a\a„Œ
aEUa]4Ua2=aEt!a&aQa0Ua K}aEj&a
a a
a€(haauIU E!3aK}aESj
aO/.aEak UrapU)a
a]k_a3aK}abU"aza2aEaaU"a-|$ ZEF
a 35a(aK}a
aE_aE
a<7e a ŽUadaE
axa3aK}abU"aza2aEaaU"aIaaZ
{a
aaa.a]Fa3az2ka›S|a2kaKa
I&ax1a0
aEFabI& 01aKaaE
a !"a4=aZaU"aU1a
E
ak UrapU)a=aEa0
.aFa#"a)aza
aJ3aE3a
aŠ5Ua
aaU"aQ KaOaE
ax1a2}aEaK
 110

aK4Ua‡+_a
]F2ka_a_aKabU"aE
a !"a2abI_aZE3aFa#>aa&ha
aEUFa‡R+
aFax1a.aa&!aKa 4 E
a aa 2"aZKt}6aEUFaFa]!I1a*aE
a*a0_+azaZSIa3a

abU"a-|$aE
ab3aEj.a#$aj aa!a41aKa0(a
I&abI_aEj.az2k
a“ka3a
aE}aKa0(a
I&a2

V a01 G3aE_aE
aaaEUaa 2"aZEj.a›S|aEa]U&!
a0S7_aE3a
a0Ua
) aKaaU"a-|$aE
aaaa*FŠ E
aaa0
aEj.a41a/aE
aQaj.a_IU
a7Ua2=a "aa0ŒU6aZkaFa2=a]U&!au2haJ3akaFaŠ5Uau2haaj 2=aaaaU"aIa
ad(
Z
a#&aEUa
Ia
ab1 $aER)aa aa0aX >

'aafœaEaQa0IaEFaK4Ua0Ura

aa 2"a'GUazaK}aEFaE_aJUaKaEUraJ3
V FaKaaS!
=aA
aE&3aaEa
aa aK}aEI6abaE"25a /Sa UaE
a]U&!aKa]1 >ajŒ=aaaZEFa0Ura
a /
aZjaKaOP+.a
a]SaaK}aT5(S) jaKa27/.a
aa 2"aaaE
aaaZK}aI6aGka]1 >aEF
a "a2=a0P5a0&!a
a4UaT(/apU)aa7}ŠaE
aaa0
aK1 aa&ha01a
a]"25a›S|aaa Fa2k
IaY2S%ax1aEI?j
aEaza.akaFaUa0-5a
a
1 2
a
aaaKaT(/aI ¥2>aaEkaK}
a7}ŠaE
aaa2
aE_adUa
a 2"a*> ‚a
aG
2 ‚a
a2kabI_aEkaK3aFa.aE_aE
aEUa(adŽU
a_@a—.a
a]"25aaaaaK a2.a2=aEU2
a
)  S2raKaT(/apU)aE
aaaaT7aa P
a2j=aa&!a0
akaFa
_a_ax1a01a07$a(aZkaFa0UabI&a2^aE
aG1 2U)
|ax1a01a.aK}6
aav+a0Ur aEj
abU"ad&.aE_aE
a0&!a
aKaJ3aK_a2
aS)a
a
a
&3aF x1
a¢U@aEa‹ a0Uaj.aFa = EaraE
a¢U@aE4=a0Ua
_a_a01abI_aZKIaFaEhaEaE7
ZEFaSIa3a
a =aEaraE

$j ‫ت ﮯ‬8 c ‫ہ‬5F C ‫رے ) ﮟ‬8 ‫ ﮯ‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫۔ 

 رل‬18

aa0aXa>a`a0
aE1a2
a•eaKav+aQa€a /SaE
aa 2P_aa&32. EUa– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aA|SUaEUa]U&!a1aEU  )aZj.a1aEUaJ
a…3aae"a1a¢_a
a]U&!a1a >a
a
1 a(a

a aa0aXa>aXa'aDj.a
a -P 
a– a2)ÔaEav+aQa0
a. aK4UaKa„&aDE/1 NaE

a0
akaE_a„&a
aTaQaja0Œax1aZ
a "a
I&a( x1aOƒaE
aT1 }a
a 1 2
aa 2"aEU
J3aj.a2) a
aEU2
aE-5aE
aT(/ad&.aa&}a
a]U&!aaz22 b_a
a
I&aQ
‚Dj.aSI Faa
aaaE
a aa0aXa>aXa'aEIaFa0Ua#=aK4
a
a]-5aE

 111

aEFa}a3a
aG1 2kau2haQaEaEU2
a 
aQa2
aa2"a'a/1aa'`5ax1a
a'aJ3  ‫اب‬%

a2U25az2
a2PaE
a_/.aXa aa0aXa>a7Ua2k ZEFa'ab
a0-5ax1a
av+aQa#>az

a– aaE-5aE
a aa0aXa>a`a0
aEFaK4Uaz6aaE
aEUa01a. Ej.a&}aae"
ٍ
aE
aQaZK}a
aa aK d(azara2=aaQaaEj.aXa*U3abadIaE
a– aaT1 }aaT&/.
aKa].aaEa.aSUaK4Ua
aa a
]G6aaa
a aa0aXa>a`a™|$a
a2kaJI2
aae"aa2U25a)a aa0aXa>a`a0
aE4
a01aza. 1aZkao=a4
a0_+aTax1aE
ae2 =aE_aE
a*>aaa
a aa0aXa>a– aEUa]U&!a0
aE4
a01a2j=a1aEj. Ej?aba&}
aEaE
a aa0 Xa>a– aKak3a
a aa0aXa>a`azaaj.a
a*|SaE
a2
a'G/a
a aa0aXa>a– a0
aj. Oaja01a
aaaaEj.araE
aE_a2
a*|Saja
aa!

a.3a£
ao3a
ax!aE
aaa.aK_aaa
aQa0IU
aES}6 K4UaUaTa4=av1 ab1V 2IaZES1
aEFaK4Ua
&FaKaaa
aE1a04
a¥>a¥>aja
aTa!
aEaKa]. ]Ua2abI_aZEF
aaZK} ES}6a!Uj=a
a]U&!azaKaJ3akaE3aFa_a.a.a
a*1 25adaQa / E
aQa0IU

aT+R>aE
aAS
aQad2
z2ab1
V 2ªUaZK}aE.2
a“$
a
aEIUa¦ja2
a”aEa'aQaT2`a01aE_
aJ
a2
a”aEaTaEFaEja2a0
aKjI1 2j=aaK_a25a0Ž(av+a
‚
aG
2‚a2=a98a.a95
ZEF Fa3a
aS)aG1 2kazau2h

‫ ﮨ ﮟ؟‬,& ‫ ﮨ‬% ‫م 

ت‬D3  ;  ;  U N   ‫۔‬19

aK a7}ŠaZEj.aEtkabaE7/$a_a_aa
aa*FŠaKaUa
"aE

aa 2"a'GU  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aa1?a
a
1 {aQaEU a 2"aZ
a
IaKaaUa1aaaj.a.Fa
ha
a]Ä%=a7}Š
ajaz22a4&.aKaaU &.aaaK4U Fa&}a7}Ša4&.aXa'a0
a4
aEa]U&!
aEa )a/1ˆa*>ad&.a01a /aE
aXa'aZkaE3a
a
ha
aF – aKaad&.aaaE_aQaK}
AaaEtkaFa#PSa¥2ha
‰'2_a®R)ˆab%U3aEŒaE
~a` ‰*>a2p1az( E
aEU=a

a
aT7Ua‹4 a
5()ahadaE!3aEtkaFa
ha
adŽUaQa/aE
a
ha
a'aa )
a—a€Ša– a
aJ3aj.a
a27/.aE u(ƒ>a
‚a
aG
2 ‚aEUaKa
aaZEFa.3a
a27/.aEau(ƒ>
‚ZK}aEF

aa0aXa>a7UajaTaS3a"aaE
aEUFaa#a0
aEF 
a#_a
aaQ  ‫اب‬%
aa 2" 
aDKtkaFa#PSa
‚
aG
2‚a1a0R)a /aE
a– a*azaKj.a#>aKadŽU (a
a 
 112


a Fa0
a
aa01aj7
aEU b1 $aER)a1aDEFa
a,1 2-.a
aQaEUaXa'a1aDEFatka4
aTa01aK
a
a a2
Na#"a!
aEaKa
aE&
V x.a‹ a2
aE_aEa
_a 4a1aDEFa#>a
a01a

aZ]FaI6a2
a“=aKa2=a83a.a74aT+R>aE
aAS
aQaz EFaS4
a„Œ
a3a aa 2"aDEFa}a01ax!
a“=av1a27S/aa S!aT2IaKa0Ua17K4UaESUa¦_a01a
a$a!
E
a aa0aXa>a7U

aza0
EFaa
av1 ab1 2IaO/SaE
ab1 $aER)aZEFa.3aFa 12.a
aaQaE b3a.2

aa2IaT2`a2=a118a. 113aT+R>aE
aAS
aaEUaKa2paZEj.aESj&aG5a2=a
aQa
a– aE=
a
{a2=aaadG_aj3a01aEab3aK}aEt1a2
a“= ¼Ra¼R_a'"aE=aE
a 4aXaeaaaa&aa2&
a4
aTa01aEUab1a V _aJ
a*
aKa]1 >az6ajŒ=a0
aK1aSa41
ara
aA+>a01aAaZ.FaK4U
ZEF

‫ق‬C A x6 ‫" ) ﮟ‬5) $)" ‫ ﮯ‬PK c& ) ‫م ﮯ ا)  اور‬x; )‫۔ ا‬20

aE
aQaZK4U g2S)a2a01a.aEFadŽUa(a2aE ‚'aa )‚a0
aEFa4
aEUaKa3a01‚ :‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a
‰335ˆaXaa+1ab1Š_aÄG3a&U
1 a
az a†aKaa 2P_a 4R.a2!R.a=aEUa– aZK}aja– ad2
EFajI_aEFaE.2
a,1 2%.

a
ad( 3aEFaU2
a3a¥()aE
a,_>adŽUaQa*ƒa
aEUo_aEa
V aa0aXa>a' a )‚
aEU2
aA2)a
aQa.aEFa.3 Fa "aKabr2a!
a*3adŽUa!1aZFaj
a2
a "aKaxaEUa
I
Z‰365a0+R>a'a 3ˆ‚ZEFa3a¥()aE
a'aE
aQaa )a#>aU2
a/a

a#>aZEFatka
aT!3a
aEU2
a“=a2
—2a—.a
aT7aFa2aEa2a2j=a]41  ‫اب‬%
EFa01aT7

za0
aEaQa2ŽUa•ƒ"aaU2
a/a
aEU2
aA2)a
aQa.aE3aFa "aKabr2 !
a*3adŽUa!1‚
aQaaE?_a
a,_>adŽU Qa2=aEU&=aoa1aFax.a a
aS
@aaUG}aaT\aa#S"a2=aEU&=aEj6
aEFaFa!1a01aZEFa3a¥()aE
a'aa ) #>aFaE_aE
aE1a2
a "adŽUa 5a
a0p3a

a2
a“$
a
aE?_a0S|.a
a
IaUh2a
aaS } 3a
a™|$aQa2}aKa }aT21 G/.aE!3
axa
a
aQaEF6aZka1a2"ad2a
‰Waging War against the Kingˆ o_a¥()aE
az$
aS
aEaQ2S 
aQaz$aaFa0Ua]
aFa¥()aE
aFa_&/ax1aKaE$karaa!
E

 113

‚ZFaaF

aE
aFaE_aEU2
ak &Ua
az$a0
aEFaSI „I1a)aja a
a„3a„&a_&/ax1aA
aZEFa€25aoaS
aKaE1aa2"az$a)a
aFaaE1a2" 3a¥()aE
az$a
a3a¥()
aE
a
I _aEU(6a
aAƒadV ŽUaE
a'aaXa™|$ax1a0
aEFaKa].aaaa€25a Ž Fa!1

aaXa)a
Ia01a0
a2
a ™|$a2aaa2"a
a¥()aE
a'aaXa
a
a¥()
ZEFa'

aZK1 2
a0Ua\aa—j.a2=a…SUaE
a]Uaaa– ax.a*3aSIa aK4UaKa„& u2ha=a

GUa
a€25aQ
a.o= ¥()aE
a
aaa 2"a3aEFaSj?aa Ia<\ax1a
"a!
a
Ia(a0
a˜
‘25
a– ‚a0
aEFaSŒ4=aOa
E4
a01a2
a„a
a]U&!ada.aOƒaE
a27/.a2aKa'aT>aQaZEF
a125a01aKaa 2"aEUaXaEFa
ara¥()a
a25aE
a'aaXaEUa– a0IU
a˜_aJ=a Ia=

aŠ4_aK}aEFaa Ia01a2
a£FaEaQa– aaEFa
{a01aEa
a
aa0aXa>aXa'aEF
OƒaE
a27/.a
av1 ab1V 2Ia2p ‚ZE.2
aK4Uak &Ua,+>a
a'aaXaK E/aQa–

a
aEUa' S 01aja¥()aE
a Ia!
aE
aQaa&!aŠ4_aZEFa'aaXaFa)a
Ia(
a0
akaa2
a a0a
aaa2
04
a01a
Ia
"aaEkaK1 2
a' Sa01aza
"aJ3aZESj
aK4UaO
Zja
aaEFajaa 2"aFaK1 2
aK4
a Fa„Œ
a3aK}a)a Fa.a'aaX


a2aEaQa]}aEFa1 a¼R_a
a‚a'aaX ‚a]43a]43 Kaa 2"a0
aK}aE.2
aav1 ab1 2I
aXaKab3a˜_a'IUaKS1 aza2
a'j
aa 2"aNa0
aka]2
a‘2aEab1 2ªU KaZEFa
Ia(
a
a…SUaE
aE_ 2a
IaEaaa]41a0
aEt_a„I1a)aaK}aE a„.a„.a‡R_aE
a'
]Fa0Ž(aT1 a#1Na*!a2=ahaE
a'aZK}aESIU


Z‰32a2&a' ˆab1 2RI_a*+1aaXaa5a_.aa5a'2_aXa/h #"
aK4Ua !=a
a]25
Xa.aK1 —a0aEaQaza2ka2j=aZ
a'aaXa2
a
ha0
a4
aEaa 7Ua‚
Z‚.2

§
‰136!_ˆa0_aaXaV a ab1Š_aj11
Z2= 'aaXaÄaa&1 ‰Ea'aEŒˆaFaEaa&1a3ak_a‚
 114

‰15T2+_ˆ 18.21a _a {a0_aaXa ab1Š_aa&_a&U

Zo=a0UaKax$ 2j=a2=a'aE
aQaaXaEaa&1a3aK}azaKa#>a.ab


‰13,SR_ˆ 2/ab1 2RI_aU SaU5a0_aaXab1a _ab
ZEFaj
a2
a4a¦ aFaS
ojaEUa F E_aE
a]25
aE!1a.a2=a'aE
aQaaXaEa0Uaa&1a3a

â
aa_P1a_a5a j3a*P.ad1a2-Uaa_aa 1aa aj5ab1 _) 2/a j_a ab1 2RI_ab/_aXaa
‰66a65a64 AGˆa2_a/haaXa/h S_1
aQazaZEkaK}a0%&FazaKaJ3aa2
a4a¦ aFaS
ojaE_aE
aaaa2= ]25
a
a
/_aEUaXaP1
a0
aEkaK4
za
"aQaZEkaK3aE?=a2=a¦ a246aE
aaa*3aZEkaK=a0Uak aaa
r
Z.Fa
a
ha
a'aa.Fa
a
ha
aXaEUa Fa’

‰540S_ˆa0_2aXa2R
a jUaa jSPRUa ja#7P.aaa j/ 

a'aE
aQaaX 
a2R
aEUa]4Ua0
aEUaTaQa2pa
aK4UaEUaG6a!
aEaEUFa'7"a
a€RU E
aa
ZE

‰800S_ˆa0_aaXa2R
a jU x_Na j_aXa2R^1ab5aÖ2ab/7a j_a2R^S!.aa
aQaaXaEUa]4Ua0
aE_aQa01aZkaE%|a0UaK4UaXa.a2
aa
T2R^aa2SaE_aE
aaa .a2ka7Ua
ZEFa
a2R
aE 'aE

 
‰840S_ˆaaP5a a.aa0_aaXa2R
jUaz27"aa P.aa aTa ja aa#-.a
a XaEUa]4UaZFaoj
a2=a27"a
aQa0Uaao=a0UaGka2}azr3ar&Ua
aQaE3 2a
a3aEaKaaa
ZK}a2aO5azaaEFa
a2R
aEa'aE
aQ

‰33 &+ˆa I_&aƒ7.aa'2_a/haaXa/h ab1Š_aj1a1

Z_a2
a0Ua#ha
a'&aE=aa2
a
ha
a'aaXaFaE a&1a3ak_a
 115

‰23b_ˆa aj5ab1 _)a j3aUa0_aa5a0_aaXa™/1 b

0%&FaKaQa¦_aE!1aZEFa¦ a
a 43aE_aE
aQa2
aU25Ua
a'aE
aQa Xa
a3a
ZEkaK}

‰630S_ˆ j5a _)a j3aUa19 j_aa5a'aaXa+1aba0Ua&/1a _

aJ3aEFa¦ a
a 43aE_aE
aQa2

R_|a
a'aE
aQaaXa
a3a0
aEFaK4Uad/aK4Ua

ZkaEFa0%&FazaK

‰620S_ˆ bãaU
aaaze21 aaOa0_aaX
ZK}abaza2kaK1 2
aea
aQaza0
EFaaOaz1 ra
aQa'a
aQaaX

aFaE
a
IaK4
a/aE
a'aaXa2ka0
akaE3aFad/aE kaEo=a^aja™|$a3a
aT1 aa
aEaE
J3aEFa.3aFa "aÐ$2??
@ab1 2. a!1ax1aaEFa.3aza2
aopa0a
ad( b1a.aK3
a0
aK}a01a.a/aE
aQaZK3az 2
aFa”}aKS1 2 a
ab_?aa_!aa2?}aaGp6aaa25
aFa25
aaEU2
aU2kaEaQaaEFaa&!aaEU 
aQaZFaa&1aab1a
a]U&!aFa
I
aZESpjaGa
a 43a&ajaKaT2) a0IaE3a0Ua#3aKaFaUaaEU2
U25Ua
aQaZE3
aQa™|$a3a E=a2"aa&1a¤2$aU2
aea
aQaZFa(S7aKaAŠa a aE
a2
a¥(S)aE
V Q

aQaE_aE
a]U&!a0IaK3aFa2 ]IUaaaÖ
razrar&Ua
aQa—a0aEa
ha

a
aUa2) aEa
Ia!1aZEIa3a
a0Uax.aT2R^aEaE_ E
aQaaFa0UaG3ajazr3ar&Ua

ZEFaSIaF
7!Ua

a
a
1 2 a!

ax1ajaE_aE
aaax1aj7
ad(aEUa x.a‹ aEa /aE
a0aa0
a˜
a\a2=a4=aQaNa2j=
a%U¢Ua
aAaZK}a "aKSIaa
4aKax_&a !aj ‹ aaEFaFaK4Ua•&3aKa
I
a_a_‚ 'aaX ‚aE
ax1a2}aEaKa“
2aaJU.a7_a2-aA2a
2.aa21 aS!
=a1(
a1aDEkaK1 2
a<!a2=a]I 2a
1 2 a=aS2r ‚'aaX ‚aE
axax1a!
a1aDEka]F
a
‚'aaX‚ax1a2
aFaORSad(aEUa= x.a*3akaEFa#ƒ/a=a
a=ax.a
"aQaKad(
DE_a2
a0UaA|SU
 116

‫ﮯ؟‬R3   ‫ود‬K ‫ورت ﮯ‬Z) ‫ ر> ) ﮟ‬K‫ﮩ‬6 ‫۔‬21

a
a– a2j=a.aj.a.Fa7a2=aa Ia2}a
a aa0aXa>aXa'
1 a >a
+a2k
V ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aEU~a` 0
aEFajI_a01aKaE!aQaKa
S
aa<)a2ŽUa21 raEUa– aDj.aka1a]
a Ia
%
aEaQa
‚a2 . ‚a– aAaaj. 2=aa
aa*aza
a1a4
a„Œ
a3aKak Ura
aT7Ua0_a23a=
‚ZK}aEFa2
a‹)


aaj.a.2
a0Ua&}a
~a`aEa0/1 NaE
aSa2\a1aSaa_/.aXaj KaT(/ab3  ‫اب‬%

aka1a—j6a2=aE U!UaEa0
aEj.aESj&a01~a`aOƒaE
a /.aFaa
aFa_/.aXaK
a0
aj.a01a-PaEaQaZEj.aE.25 E-5aE
a2
az%aEaA+>aE=a– aKaT(/aE!1aaEF
a
au2haQa
a]U&!aZE3aaa
2.a
T%aO1 2ha(a
a]k_aEa0/1 NaE
a~`
Zj.a0- x1a
aFa
_ac25a)a1a
2.

‫  ا>ﮩم ﮯ؟‬R3 ‫ﮯ ﮨا‬h ‫رے ﮯ‬Z) ‫ہ‬1h  ‫۔ اذان‬22

a!
aE
aa 2"aKa
_a 4 0
aK}aESIa2
a“=a'a!1a
a– a
‚a0
aEFajI_aEUa–  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a'ax1a¥2>aK4Uaa
4aDFaka1 Ea%aaU"a
a1aFatka
aEa%a27/.a
aE-
 
ar&UaKaa 2"aEUa_/.aXaZEFaSaKa›1 2$aÖI%aK&F .a'ax1a
aQ ‚ZK1a25a“=a– aF
aEU~a`ab/.a
aQaZ
aK4Uab/Sa
aO1 2haE
aTaQa)abI_aZ1a I 
aE1ar aE_aE

aZj. 1a Ia

aEUaQ"UaE4=aEUa~– a0IU
aZ
a¥()aE
aEa=aa
aEa% E
a0+>
‚DK4Ua1aEFa#)aKadIaE
ab1aaNaE25

aa 2" DFaka1a Ia

aE1ar aE_aE
ar&UaKaJ3aEFaSIa3a1a0_a
a
1 a!

aa 2"a
 ‫اب‬%
a*3‚a0
aEFaka125aK 58a
1 az a†aZEFa1 aKa]S1 aa¥2>a2
Na
aa
ar&Ua.aKa 
aFa$aKa9a
1 a0&3a†a ‚ZK}aE.—a€Ša
QaR
aaAS
a#}a01a.aFaE.2
aaE_aE
ar&Ua .
aa
ar&UaKa]S1 a]Uaa ‚Z—a¥2ha
a2
NaE
aXa.aE3aI=aE_ E
ar&UaraE
a0&3a*3‚aEF
a IaKaJ3aS K4UaK4
a
1 azaKaa 2"a
a FaZEFaka
aEa
a
adŽUaz $a…ax1a2
N 

Z2
aa
ar&Ua0
aFaka1
 117

 
aa¥2>a0Iaka1aK4Ua2
ažo=aÖI%azaEFa.Fad/aEFaO/.a
E_aE
aÖI%ax.a]43

av1a3aKaQ ZEtjI1a2
a'IUaaNaAaKaÖ-_aAS
a
aÖI%aZEFatkaa2
a#PUa]41aT
a.aka
a "adŽUaz "a
a
&3 r&Ua*3aKa07ha01 a0
aEFa.Fad/aEaaaK}atka
a•&3

a•&3au2haJ
a
a]k_aE_aE
ar&Ua0
aj.a aK4UaKaaQ
1 }a
aEa¥2ha
a_/.aXa'a'
0
a.aE3a(3a¦ a0
aaEaEUa]k_ac/aZ
az%aE
a2
a•&3a
ad2
a0+> EUa~`aZE3a

aEUa]k_a2 c/aZEFaFaFaoj
ar&Ua0
aE3aFad/a
a]k_a2
a„I1aE.Fa a]a
aQ

aQajaZEFa
a-Ua2aa
a41 0P1 2ha(4=a0
a4
aEUa]k_aa„Œ
abI_aaEa
aEUaQ"U
aA)aEUa-Ua 1 rabaX 7aT2`a0
aj.a}a3a6aEa j.aFa0Ua0-5a2) a
aKa0/
QaDEFaSŒaQ"Ua01a )a† aa4
aEaQaEUa]4UaZEFa}a3aE_aQ"Ua™|$ x1a0
ajI1aK
a0P1 2haj6aEaQaKa4
EUaQaZEkaK(a
a]k_aE_aE
ar&Ua4
aEUa]4UaDEka2
a
a
aQaj6=aEU
a
~a`a2
a aEUaX 7aT2`a.aFa,7>aZES K4Ua‡R_aE
aaNaEUaQa0ŒU6aZ]Fa.SaK4&.
ar a a01aÄ3aE.Sa¼R_ax1ax1a
a'(aajaEFaA)aŒa01a0
125aEU~a`aZ1aA)a=
a !"a
a )a0
a
‘2aaE aEFaE.—a2&aT2`a.aFa ar a
aaNa*3aZEkaK3aE.I= E

a
aaNaAaav1a
aÖ
V I%aEF 01aZ &+_a05a125aEUa~`aZEFajI1aA)a41ajaEUaKa‹
abaXa 7aT2`aA)aT-ad4_a01aaEFaFaEad4_ 0
a01azaEFa.Fa2}ªa„Œ
a3aEaQaZ0>()

2ka
a*aaaK}a aT1a3aKav1 a*S
a2az(aE
aÖI%abI_aj.aF 2=a2&aT2`aa 1 r
a)araaa
1 } 
aaNaKaA)a
a]+>aaaraJ3a0
aEFa.Fa
{aEaaa.aE3a
a•&3
aaaEUa2aba0(aKa7_a,S5aZj. ka a Ia01aa/1 ŠajaQ=aE
a aa0aXa>a7U
ZEFa1a2
a•&3a
aT1

‫ ﮨ ﮟ  ;ﮩ ﮟ؟‬z ‫ و‬K  ‫ﮯ‬5F C ,>‫ا‬K6 ‫۔ @ر ﷺﮯ‬23

a
aQa)a
a– abI_aZE}6aUFa7a2=aa0-5a2}a
~a`aOƒ E
aaE
a– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a0+R> 'a 3aa 2P_a 4R.aEUa– a0ŒU6aZEj.aE.FaK4Ua7a2=aaE-5a01aE
a– 0
aEFa¥2S
125aEU~a`a0
aEFa
a#PUav1 a01a2=a148

aO1 25ax1aEaKa .aaÄaQ=a2a0 Pax1a .a0

aEFaSIaFa]Fa.aF a!Uax1a'24aK‚
a01a2p Z]a2
a0-5aKaOaE
aQaKa2
aba#aE
aQaaFaaraA26az1 ra
7!Ua
2
aEaE/1 NaE
aE-5 2aEUa .aG6a
aEaKaOaE
aja!
aE=au2haQa2ka0
a_a„&
 118

‚ZEka2
a#>aoIax1a
a¯ra .a#>a.a
a#>

aE Y7aara
~a`aEUa 1 2
aa 2"aO/SaE
ab3aKj.a]ƒ\aUIa41a
a]-5aE
~a`
aza.a]Fa2=aESaE  Ka2kaEFa.FaEa03a=a2aza.a]Fa.2
aƒ\aKa2k‚a0
aj.a14

‚ZEFa.Fa2=aa
a

a
R"a22aEa#!aUU"a™|$a3aZEFa'aÐ!Œ_aax1a
aa P5 E
a&45ab|a01  ‫اب‬%
ax1 ZK}a.Fa_a_aK1 G6aaKaE-5aE
aE Pa2}a0
aEFaSU3a
aTaQajaz FaSj
aF
aaU"a2=aT/"aaa2 ZK}aE.FaOP+SaEab2"aa].4$a3 ‰Facts of the caseˆ 0 PaT/"
V
aKaE PaQaEa‡+_aE
aaaK}aEFad/ Ea0 PaaT/"a3a0
aU2
aEha01a/1a€7ƒUa

V
aKa0
aEFaK4Ua01azaEFa125a„Œ
a3aKav1 aQaEUa a 0aXa>a7UaZEFa
a IaUU"
a .a0
aEFa01a*ƒa¥>a
a$aE
a– a0Ia]FaSIa2
aƒ\aKaEU2
aO7ƒa2= 0 PaT/"a
aaU"
a]a2
aO7ƒ 
aaU"a2=a4UaKa.aEkaa2
a
{a0 PaT/"a¥()aE
a
PPaE
a2
a“=a <\
aE
abP1 25a3aEFaU2
a0-5a2=aa d
a
a…3a0
aE_aQaZkaFa2=a .aa0Na
aQa]}aE
a )aak
aFajad/a'a
PPa
aQaEa0/1 Na3)a2a!
ZE aEaE
aQaEa].4$aaTU
aFa0 Paa
aQaEaa
a¥-Ua'>a0IaSIa„
aK4Uaa
aE-5 2=aT/a.Na=aza.

aƒ\a
aO1 25aQ 0IaEFaK4Uaƒ\a
a…3azakaFa0-5a3a2=aa<\aŠ4_aZEFa.FaU2
a0-5 2=

a7UaKaE Pa2}a_/.aXaEaQ Z12
a0-5aKaOaE=aE
a2
a
{aT/"a
PPa¥()aEUaJ3aEF

a
aaU"~a`a0
aEFa01a.aa#>aDj.a.2
a1S 0 PaT/"aa/1 Ša
a aa0aXa>
a
aXaEj.ae"aXabV aa– a0IU
aEj.aESIa2
aK4Uaƒ\aKa€7ƒU E
aaa2=aOPaa27/.
aaQaZK}a
 a aE-5aE
a– a2=aaQaaj.a.2
a&}a
a– aKad
aQa$aF
ZEaEaza.aFa#_a
aQ=aE
a!
a¥()aE

aE-5aK ‚0
aEFaka4
aK4Ua01aK4
aKaQaEFa125a' SaEUa*>a2?
@aEav1 aJ3 2= 
a
aEaE
a
_ a2k 0
aEFa !au2ha=aTa01ajaKaaU"a  ‚Z]FaSIa2
aƒ\aK
aE
aaU"axjaxjaE
a2
a !.a
aa …3aaa2
a
{a/"a
aTa0/"a¥()aEa].4$a™|$
V
aƒ\a
aE-5aEa*>a2?
@abI_akaFaK4U <\a)aEa0-5aza.aaa0-5aOƒ
ZK} EFaa2"
 119

‫;ہ‬D;  z6 `‫
  ا‬28 { ‫۔‬24

a0
aEFa01a')a
a– a/1aZKj.aF K$G^_a 6a¥2>aE~a`a0
aK}aE.25aja01a–  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
ZK4Ua‘2Sa#"aK$G^_a 6abI_aj.a‘2Sa#" Ta01a.aK.FaK$G^_az1 raE~a`a2k

aZEFa}a3a
a“=aEaFa2a)a2
a'IUaEa21 2+.a2a3aEFa0>() JRUa "aJ
 ‫اب‬%
EFa01a¼Ra¼R_azaEFakaIUa0>()a01a
T7aJ3

aE=aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aK}aES_IUa0SUa01a– aEaaaK}a25 “=aEUa– a3aT1 a2‚
aK1aSa2
oI=a]ƒ\a6aa01a0U&UaƒaEUa]aXaEaKab3aKj.a
a]ƒ\aa
4aK ]-5
aEFa.Fad/a01a.aEaaaZEF SIUaJI2a#I_a0SUaEaaa#>a0IUaZK3aFa$Fa¦_a0
.
ٍ 
au(> 5aEUa_/.aXa
ab3aK}aFaK$G^_a 6 FaJaKak Ura0U27&^=a=a=aE~a`a0

aEFa
{aEa– a3aK}aESIa2
a2=a
a
a=aQa„.aE
aa&h =a FaAaaa25

aEUaQa
a]$G^_ aau2haJ3aS1aE}a0Ua2"2aja
aQa_/.aXa.a.Fa’G^_aa
aK Qa2ka0IU

‚Z1aE}aK4Ua2"2

a 6abI_aj.a‘2Sa#"aTa01a.aK.FaK$G^_az1 raE~a` ‚0

aEFakaIUa01a0>()a
aQ
bªab!a01a au2haJ
aKaaE
aaaEFa
a]k_ab3av+ar2ha01 ‚ZK}aK4Ua‘2S #"aK$G^_
ZK} E.2
apSRkaE_aE
aEj&aTa„.aE
aSUaxUaza0
aEFaSIa„


adŽUaaE
ab1aja’G^_ x1a
~a`a.aj.a.Fa7a2=aaTa2}a
~a`a2k‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
‰XaN/ˆa0Iaj.aK4Uaƒ\a
aa!Ua!
ƒ\aza0
aE_aQaZj.a5
aE_aE
aEU2
a F2a Fa

aa&1a2=a )aE!1a.aEFaSIa2
aƒ\aja ) ‰XaN/ˆa2ka j.aƒ\a
a )a)aZj.aƒ\a
a
‚DK}aESI Fa/a
aE


a<\aE4=aEUa_/.aXaEa0/1 NaE
a 0
a4
aEUaJ
a01a2) aZEFa
aaaE
aEƒ_^ax1a01  ‫اب‬%
a3aj&aU a2^aE
a2a£Fa
aJ3aTa#>aZF ’G^_aE~a`a2=aaQaZj.a
a&}
 120

aE_aE
aE1a2
a F2a Fa
adŽUaaE
ab1a0IU6aj.a’G^_ax1 
~a`a0
aEFa01aEFaSI

a
– a)azaKa a
ac25aE
aT7Ua0
aj.a_a0NaE=ad
a01aEUa_/.aX E_ Qaj.a5

ٍ
au(>a
aQa5a.aE3 Fa’G^_a
aEa– a
1 2%aEePSa
"a!
a2kaaka2
aU2pUaa&}
ZEI za0Ua"a)a
aKadŽUaE
ab1a0
.akaa25

ZR3 ‫ ز‬,)‫ ا‬V\‫ت ) ﮟ وا‬8 ‫ ﮯ و ﮩ ﮨ‬88 ‫  ل اور‬3‫۔ @ر ﷺﮯ ذا‬25

a2=aa
aaza125a1a
„Œ
a3aKak Ura=a
aT7Ua=aEU~a`a0
aK}aE.25a–  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
EFa01a$ 
a– aKaE!aE
av1aO/SaEa'3abI_aj.

ab3aK}aT"aE
a– a#>azaK} 'PaKav1aE~a`aK.a›S|a3aO/SaE
aaa‚
‰55a¬a#! a#ˆ ‚ZEj.aKax$a)a– aKaaE

0
aK}aES_a2
a¥2Sa
aQaFa)a– a /aE
aQa

a
aa&kaE=a0IaKj.a25aK4Ua2= a
aa V aEUa– aK.a01a0
aEFa.2
a2}ªa)a.a2.a01a
a`‚
‰ 56¬a#!aa#ˆ ‚ZKj.a25a2=a

a€a0
aEFaka1j
a*.2
aFa2j= KaEU2
a#PUa
aaaEFa}a3a_a4a]41a
aT7ab3a2  ‫اب‬%
a#>aZEFaka_a2
a  2a*ƒa=a2
a'IUaEaK4
x1aaEaK4
az2P5ax1aE
a2
a_aEa€7a
a1a a3aEa0/1 NaE
aa
~a`aO/SaE
a'3a0
aEFa01azaEFa4
EUaKa2=adPax1aTa3
aE
a27)aEU~a`a
a].a4UaZkaFa#a
aTR>aaaaaakaE aza0
aj.ax.a aQa¥2> zaj.ak
a125aaaEUa– a„Œ
a3aO/SaE
Qa.akaE a]4
aa*
aza0
aTa01aFa"aZEFa125aaa2=ah
aO/SaE
a>aba2=ahaE
a'aZEFa125aKar UaE
a&kaaQ"a0IaK4UaKar UaE
a27)azaEF
a125aEU~a`a.a}6aU2
a#S"aEaEUa2&aT2`a*3abI_aZFa'3a01a 1$a0
125a2}ªa07$aEUa–
aEU2
a#S"a
aNax1aK4&. .aEFaK4Ua'3a01a2kaaFaK4Ua .aE_aEU2
a#S"aE
aQa.aEFa'3a01a2k 0

a0Pa
aQaEa
aKa.aka aKak Ura2 '3a2k‚a0
aEFaKav1 aax1aZSŒ4=aK4UaOa

a`a0
aEFa.Fad/a¥>aEaQ ‚ZFaEFa2>Uaaa
aba2}a. Aa2a /a2a0Uaka]2

a0/1 NaE
a
a– a a
a].ab3aaEj.aE.25aaaKar Uax1a
a aEFaEaE 0/1 NaE
a
 121

aS1a2
a,ea
a€25aQaFaaar2h 
a– aZEj.aE.2
aKar Ua›S|a#I_a2
Na
aaaj.a.3a1aK4UaE
aES_a„6=aEa– a)aza]}aj.a. a“=a#I%a
KaEj&aE
a€25aQa
a0+>a]43abI_aj.

aT&4R.aEUaKaK_a /Sa
aQaZEa IaE
a_/.aXa1aK}aEFa25 EaEa=a– aTa01a0
aEj.
ZK}a
a“=aK ‚-.a(a
ar ‚aa&`aE
'a-

‫ﮯ ﮨ ﮟ؟‬,&  ‫>ﮯ‬K8 ‫ﮯ‬5F C ‫ﮯ ہ @ر ﷺ ﮯ‬R3 %J ‫ت ﮯ‬8 ‫ہ اس‬82   ‫۔‬26

a /aE
~a`abI_aEFaKaEUraE
aXa'a3aE-5aE!1at
0
aj.ajI_aEUaK ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2=a]kG aa01a0
a125aEUa– aZ1a' a
a]-5aaaEUab1 $aER)a.aFaeP.a
TaT2^.a*3
aE
a2
ad/a01a– aZ#& 0UaK}aESIa2
a“=a'"a
a
aaa0Ua– aKaT7{aE
aJ3aEFaaS4a
|
â
aEFa1a2
a“=aT7{aba
a2aQa2
#6aEk a0+R>aFax1aEUa– a)aKaAaQa0
aEka]Fa*/S
a
aEUa– a0
aEtaZEj.aESj&a 2.a#"aOƒ E
aTa2^.a
aE-5aE
~a`a7
a+>a0

EFajI_

a¥2>a2=aEja
a0a“3a /aE
aT5a
~a`aEUaO1 >a2IaT2`a0
aK4U d/a
aJ
‚
a– aE=az 
aE1a' aEaEj.aEI6a2
aKak Ura= ~a`a0-5a
ad
aJ3a0
a
a2>aE_ Q
aFaSjaKaA2aa5ha
b3aa03.a¥2ha
aT2ƒ)aaa*3aEUad2
a+>aZEj.aESj&a0Uara

a0
aj.a01aA3a
a2IaT2`a.a1aa2"a*Ua
aE1 …ja‹5a¥2ha2
ad$aKa
_aQaaj.a}a a2ŽU
‚Zj. 1a2
aEUaXa'a3aka]_ a0Ua
aE-5aQaKa.aK3aE_ax6aEjaj Et1 ojaaES
a2k
‰113a¬a!a60a27Uaa&32.ˆ

aE
aTa0
aEj.aESj&aG3a
aTaQa0+>ad&.a"aaE
2IaT2`a0
aEFa.Fa
{aEaQ
ZEFaSIa3a a
aE-5aE
aX 'a„.aE
a2^.

EFajI_aEUa– a2j=

ao oa0IU
aK1a?}aEaT"a
a2I%_aQaFa
a0a
ara
a0
a
a2}ªa“F) EUa2&aT2`‚
a125a2
aoI=a—a
aaEUa2IaT2`a.aK}aK4Ua’)aEaE}aKaS+.a
aE
o_aa3UaQa0+>
aKa0
aEFaS4
a.aa
a2Pa
aQaEUaX 'aaj
aEj.aaEaEj.a]a2. °E?aE
aAƒ)a0

 122

ٍ
‰`1ˆ ‚Z]a?}aE

a3 E_ aE-5aE
~a`aEaTa2^.a0
aEj.a#"aE
aQa2&aT2`a0
aEFa.Fa
{aj EaQ
a2IaT2`ax1ˆa0
EFa')a
a
a– aZj.aK4Ua'aja
aTa2^.aKa0/"aQa0IaK}aESI
aE-5aE
a aa0aXa>aXa' 0
aj.aSj&aK4Ua
aTaQaja
aEaKa0+> ‰aE

DESI 3aK4UaE_ ajaKa
_a!

aZK}aE.2
a’(.a*ƒa= ¥2>aKaT7a2}av1 ab1 2Ia0
a
aTaQaEFa'aax1a01  ‫اب‬%
ajaTa01aKaaa
aZEt_a„I1a2
ažo=a2j= 
aaaK}aEtkaE
a#PUaT/"aa3aE
a2IaT2`a2= 
a.a
aIUaEaE_ a
aE-5aE
a aa0aXa>aXa' *3aEUa2IaT2`a0
aEFa
ŠaK4

>a7Uag2$aE ra– a
aG

2a`a‚a0
aFa4
a01aEUa!
aEaKad2
a0+> 1aEUa2&aT2`
a=a
a– a2kaZK}aESj
 S)a=a
aE1a' aK4Ua0IaK}aK4Ua =aE
a]-5aE
a aa0aX
aQa– aZEFa2aTa.a]Fa "aE
aQaFa0 aE}6aU3a
a0a“3a
"aQa0
aEFa41aE
a aa0aXa>aXa'a01a0
a˜125a0Ua' Sa01abI_aK} ‚'a X‚a– a0IU
aK25a#&a2=
aG
2aE
aEUraE= – aaEj.a
aG
2aE
aEUraE=a`aZSIa3a aK4UaEaE_aQaEFa0-5 

a2a1a2&aT2`a2kaTa01‚ ZEj.a#>a

a`a#
a3aK}aFaTS)aE
a– a‹ aZK}a

a1 a“=a01a0/a]}aJI2aE
aQabI_aZ.3 baTa
av1 ab1 2Ia07$(a.a.Fa4
aEUa0+>
aEUa0+>aajaEUa2&aT2`a
"aa1a0_a
aE-5 E
~a`aEUa2IaT2`a
"aJ3a0

aaa0+>a P_a#3aoaoaaEFa "aE

aQaFa0aFa0Ua0a“3 Z1aIj3a
ha2aj
~a`a0
EFa01azaEFa.Fa
{a„Œ
a3az1 raEaz1 raEaQaZEtkaE6a$)aeaKaT" 

aaaT2ea*!aK ]-5aŽSUaE
a– a0
aj.aFaOa&45a<\a01a
aT2`ac/a /aE

a*a2=aEU2
a07SaE
aQaj.aFao Ea*a™|$a3aKa 45aE
ab1a
"aQabI_aEFaSIa3a
a' 
aEUaTa=ac+a0
aEFaY!5a
4a#&ar2ha01aZ1 2
a )a !.a2aa_a2
aQ!+aƒ\a=aEU
aQabI_aZFaaaE
av+a<P5a4ªa
ab3aE3a_aE_a4a.a
aT2{. aaE
ad2
a0+>a2h)a

a
a2jaU ZFakaFa€R.a
a*a
a2) a /aE
av+a2=aJ3aK3a_a2
a aKjIU aEaE-5 &S3
â
a
a#"a0-5az $aEhaF FaEha2=aha0aORSaTa3a /aE
av+ax1a0
aEFa01a.az "a !
Z]Fa aEav+aE{a3a¡ aza0
a0UaEF
 123

 6; %‫ﮯ  ا‬5F C ‫ ﮯ‬D6 ‫ہ ) ﮟ @ت‬uu ‫ق‬h ‫ۂ‬5qN) ‫۔‬27

a!
E
aEUraE
a aa0aXa>aXa'a0
a]2
a“=a'a
aKa0
aK}aE.25 –  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
ax1aKaEUraE
ad2
 7Ua0
aEkaK1 2
aK4UaIUaja– a.aEaQaZFa aEUab1 $aER)a
aE-5
aEUraE=aEUa2&aT2`aZj.a.3a1a2" /3a€(haE
a2
a&$ax1a
a]"(hab.aFaaKaJ
ZEFaFa2
a#&a2=aax.a‹ a
aEaa
a0P5aa1a 2"a0Ž^a€(haE
a2
a&$ab.aEaK

aKj.a.3aj&aFab.a€(hab.ajaKaEUraE
~a`a0
aEFa01ab%1 r=aK 0/aQ  ‫اب‬%
a€(ha07.2 b.a™|$a3abI_aEFa1a0-5aE
a2
a&$aFab.a
aaaEU ~a`aKaTPa /S 
aaj.a
a€(haFax1a
Ua
Qa0
a.3a
a“=aŠa01a2kaEa¥2ha
aQaj.a.2
a¼R.a_a_a

ٍ
aZEj.aES_a25a'7" ~a`a
aŠaE
aQaZj. 
a'&/Sa 
.ac+a¼R_a01aEUaaa07.2aa"
ax1a2
aaK"(hab.aEaT2
a¦_a*3a0
aEFa01a¥2>az 
a„Œ
a3aKa 4aE=aEUa2&aT2`
aE_aQaEFa}a3aSa#j
a0/a
a€(ha01aAa0
a125aEUa]4Ua.aEp_ EU2
a“=aŠa
a
Ua
a€(h
ad&.a
QaZEkaK1a2
aŠ5UaEa
a
aFab.a
a]"(hab.aaEkaK1 2
aK4Ua'7"a
aŠ Qa F
ajaEUa!
aEaKaaaZEFaORS 2=aQajab1 4Sa0&aab/.aKa /aa
a'7"a€R.aEUa0+>
a
aŠaE
a
Ua0
aE_aQaZEFa
a 2.a
a01 KaaU"aE
a
_a 4aEUa2&aT
V 2`a0
a4
aK4Ua01
azaEFa}a2
aaa
Ua=a™|$a3a0
aEFa2=aEaQa
ae"a-+U 
aQa0IaK4UaaU"aU2
a'7"
a
EUa] aEUŒ4=aEU3a
a
aE
a07ha01 aŠa
au2haQaKaEUraE
~a`aZEF 'P_a€>
aKaEUraE
a2& T2`aZ_a2
a'7"aTa
aaa2
a„&a ara
a
aaaEU ~a`aE_aQaZj.
ٍ
a#"araKa]S_ aŠa01 
a™|$a2}aE
a
ƒaFaj=ax.ad$aEab&1aax.a2-aEaa21
 ٍ
aU2
aa
a
Ua
a€(hax1a2
aa€(hab. EUa]k_aT2Ia0I73a>-)aj.aSIaFaK4Ua !.
ZFa1a2
ag2$

 6;  ‫_ل‬K,‫ ﮯ ا‬D6 ‫رے ) ﮟ @ت‬8 ‫ب ﮯ‬51>‫ۃ ا‬+>) ‫۔‬28

aEUa2&aT2`aZj.a.3aa aEa a

aT" >a
aAP_a®R_aK EUraE
~a`‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
‚ZZ1a2
a S)aE KaEUraE=


a`a0
aE}6aU2
a01aaEa.aEFaSj& 'a
a' aaaKa]-5a™|$a
a2kaEa ‫اب‬%
 124


a0
aE_aQaZK}aESIa2
a' aaa*>a
aG
2ajaK ]-5aE
a_/.aXa0IaK4UaE
~

a2PaKaa 2"a)aEUa_/.aXa0IaK4UaKav1 a!
aEU ~a`a0- 
aAP_a®R_aKaT" >
a2=av1  b1 2Ia2ka
R
a
aE_a4a
aEI.a
"aES@aZ‰6 a
1 a0.a†aFa0Ž(ˆ ZEFa125
aEaE
a2
a\aa—j.a2= ‚AP_ ®R_‚a¼R_a)a.aK}6aj&a
PPa
a0/aQazaaFa0Uah
a0= aja
a]k_aaaEaKaT" >a0
aEFa}a2
a2}ª d4Ra01a=aFa– a¼R_a01aZK}aESIa„&a)
aKaEUraE
~a`a0
aj.a01a' Sa
a2&aT2`aZFaAƒa*" ›_.a
ab3aEFaSIa3a1
a1a
a]k_aEa aQ ~a`aE_aQaj.aT2ea
aE1a'aE_aE
a*"a›_. 
a
Ia(
a
aE1 0= a
a!
aE_aE
a‘2\aQaK&Fa0
aEFatkaFaS"ha.a
Ia&FaAaZEj. E.2


a0
aEFaSIUa0SUa41 EaQa
aZEkaK1 2
aK4Ua¥2>a0= a
aKa aQa FaŠ4_aEFaK4Ua
3
a41a0-5a
~ `a/"a
aD@a'  0-5a
a
a 4aE
a aa0aXa>a7UaEUa2&aT2`
aKaT" >aaE3a1a2"aAP_a®R_a2ea
a]k_a„Œ
a'24 Fa0Ua1aFa
3a
a*"a›_.a0
aj.

a0
aEFa1a2" dra01ajaEUa_/.aXaKa aa 2"a)a
aDEFa.3aIUa0-a
aaa0%&F 0%&FaE
DE3 
aá2)aFa2eaKa'a2}a2=a a
a*"a›_.a0-ax1a
aT" >

‫؟‬R3 ‫ رل ﮯ ف‬A& ‫ہ‬5F C ‫ ﮯ‬D6 ‫رے ) ﮟ @ت‬8 ‫ہ ارا\ ﮯ‬,+)   ‫۔‬29

aT2`abI_aZKj.atkaa2
!P.aKab1 }aKra0SRaKaEUraE
a~d2
a7U‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
‚Z1 2
a S)a
a ?!aQaKa 4aE=aEUa2&

ab1 }a0%&FaKra0SRa0
j.a125aK4Uaj7
a0-5a01aEUa aa0aXa>ad2
a7Ua ‫اب‬%
a
a#&a¥()aE
aQaEUa2&aT2`aa.Fa1 EU ~a`a Ia
a!1a2kaZK}a.3a
a !P.aK

aSIa3a
aKaT>aQaa01a2j=a1a1a' a0-5a
~a` EUa]4Ua0
aEj.aESIa04
a– a.a.F
aKa 4aE=aEU ~a`aK43a.Fa_aE_aJ=aEab1 }a
a]ra4UaEU 2&aT2`a0I73aj.
a0SR 0
aEFa01a0/aT>a#>aZ aK4Ua“=ajaTa
aEaKa]UaaabI_aj.a

V !P.
ٍ
aXa>ad2
a7UaZK4UaF j.aaU"a(a
aEa2a1a2
a !P.aKaFab1 }ara
a]r
aE25aE-5a›S|a2=a•"a›S|aT2e a•"a*!aKaE/aE
aea0SRaEUa aa0
 š š
a
ax1a2}aEaKaea0SRa
a›haa0Ia2P_a Y 5a27)a0Ž1 2"aa2`UaaZEj.
z  a0
aj.aka1aK4Ua0ƒea
a!1aaj.aka
aEa]P1 2ha_a_ Ka
_a 4a
! 
ٍ
aKa 4aE=aEUa2& T2`aE_aQaZE3a
a2=aFa]P1 2ha1aEP1 2ha](5ara
! a
aea!1
 125

a'a
a' aaaKa]-5aE
~a`aEa
a
! a3a
a0SRaeaEaz%aE
a0+>
V
ZSIa3a1a2"aK4U

‫ہ‬5F C  D6 ‫ہ ) ﮟ @ت‬5)-) ‫ ﮯ‬A N13  }f‫۔ و‬30

aEUa2&aT2`abI_aEj.aE25a2Pa!aݻa
a]k_aEU aa0aXa>aXa' ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a'a0
aEFa.Fa,eaEab3aK}aSaK_at
a
a !"aQaa01aZ1a'  Ea
7!Ua
aT )aK4U
‚ZEj.aEtkaE_ aKaz $a
5()aOƒaE
aTa2^.aE-5 E
ad2


T2`a01a.aEaa
a1 .aDEj.aE25a2Pa›ªa!aEU ~a`a0
aEFaT7{a

aTaQ  ‫اب‬%
aEaE=a0R)ax1a0
aEF 01aza.aEFaSIa3a1a2"a'a
aG6a!
a2kaEaE_aQaZj.a#/5a
a2I
ZEF ra
aEU2
a' aaaKa]-5aE
a0R)aE4=

aZK1a25a“=a
245a#&I x1a

a]_a
au2haQa2
a#av1 ab1 2Iad&.a0
a]Fa.2
a‘2aK
aKaaE
az $a
5()a0
aEFaK4Ua'a
a2 Qajax1aEaKaaa0
aka]a2
a
{aXa%UaK
ZEj. EtkaE_ aE-5aE
~a`

‫ دور ﮯ > ﮯ ﮨ ﮟ؟‬7‫ر‬6 ‫' ا&م‬-) ‫ن ﮯ‬J   ‫۔‬31

a]F ¤2%aEa<2$ac/adIa3aE

aa 2"a0
aEFa1—a€Šaja
aTaQa2aEUa– ‚ :‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aFa0Ua =aTaF E!1 ax.a*3aK}aE.3aFaSax.a
"aQadIaza.aK}a0Ua"a<2$aza*3
a
aE1a a
aAP_a®R_aEa a
T" >aZEFaka
a27/.aEadIaE
‚a7‚aK4UaZK3
ax.aa7aQa Ia01a0
aK}aES1a2
a S)a2
a04
a01a
a  Qa2&aT2`aZEFa3aKa 1 2
aa 2"a I
a IaQaE_aQaS}aK4Ua"aT2eazaAaZj.aT2ea
aA"a›_.a
a !" Qa
adŽUax.a*3aj.
a
adI E
a !"aQaE
aa 2"a3a
a]k_aaaEFa.Fa%a41aZFaK4UaT2eaja
aEU2
#&a2=
‚ZK}aES4
‚dIaE
aa7‚

a=a=aKaaE
a
Ia-|$av1 ab1 2IaZSaK4U Ta
PPaEarab|aQ ‫اب‬%
aa*3aO/SaE
aQaZEFaj
 ‚
adŽUaU 2"‚aEUa]4UadUa
aQaaK}aE.2
S)a2ŽUaƒPUa£!U&

 126

ٍ ٍ ٍ
azaK}aE a®1
aaÖ$ 1aS2>adIajaES3aO/SaE
adŽUa$/aKa aa 2"a0
aEFa.3a4
aE
aRUa
a
Ia-|$a3aSaK4Ua!1aK&F ja Iax1a
aaK}aE.2
aT7{a
a
Ia-|$a*
aZK}aE_aE
aa7adIa*aza0
aK}aES1aA3aza.aFa.2
2}ªa%a
aEU2
a S)aEa1aFa7a2=
a01a.ak E3aFa "a
adŽUaz2
a›-.a
aT2`aaaakaE3aFa S)aa7a01 *3a2p1a‡R_
K}aE.25aKa‡R_a¥>a*>aG1 2=aA3aZEkaK3aFa¯!adIa*

aEaz2\a
{aT2)a0" >aEU Qa2j=a.aEFa

a !"aa$/adŽUa
aa 2"a2ka0
‰EFa.3a
a'ˆ‚
aU2
a "a…1  SaZS}6aU aE_aK4Ua
|_ax1a
adŽUaaaa 2" 0
aEFa01a03a
aQaDK} ˜1a]
adIaO/S

a=adŽUar}aKaJ3aK}aO/SaEaa7aaadIaE
az2\a
{aT2) 0" >aŠ4_aZEFaS}6
aKadŽUa( ‚0_Paz2
a“=aKaz2
ŠaJa"abaFa0Ž(ˆ ‚ZFa0Ua "aKa#I$ 2)
‰‚ZT%/


a_/.aXa0%PUa
a
a
adŽUaz2
aaaE
aaa0
ESIaj
aK4Ua01aK4
aKaa 2"aT2`a01abI_

adŽUa41a.a -Pa#>a&Fa0
aFa125a$a01aa]Fa˜1adIaO/S E
aQaaFa
a“=aEU
ax.a*3aK}aEF aE_aE
ax.a
"aQa FadIaE
az2\a
{aaT2)aa0" >a0S7_aEFaU2
a "
aa,eaE
aa 2"aKaEPaE
aQ aEFa_aojka)aEUaT2`aaa„Œ
a*a01aZE3aFa0Ua "adŽUa01
aEFa
7!Ua
a2) a
a0/aQaZK}aES}6a1a—a¥> 2
aa2"adIaE
aa7a01a
adIa/ƒ"
a*3a0
aj.a01a¥2>a.a%a
aQaZj.a25aKaaE
aAP_a®R_ EUa2&aT2`a3aEaTaQ
aK4U
3a
aQaAaEj.aES1a Faj.aT2ea
aE1a0= a
a]k_aaaE_aE
a*"a›_. K&Fax.
aE1a0" >a
ab
!a ¡2P5aKaa 2"aE!3aEFaFa!1a#I_a01aZEkaK1aK4UaK4Ua FaAaE_aQaEF

abI!aa2P5azax.a*3aEkaK1aÖ
rax.
"aa
a™|$ax1a FaOƒaE
a IaQaZEFaka1a Ia

a01 2ŽUaE
a*>aG1 2=aaKaTaQaZEkaK1a2
a a1 Ea Fa.akaEFa0Ua
_a01a
aQa*3aZEF
ZEFaK4Uaja
7a
a
aK ‚a7‚

‫ﮩم‬+) 5U  "‫ دور‬7‫ر‬6 " ‫۔‬32

ax.aEUFakaraE
aTaja0-5a&Sax1a
a
/1 2$ 0
aK}a#"aja)a– a.aE
aQ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a ŽUaE
a
1 a(ax1‚a0
aj.a4
aEUa– aKaE!aE
aaS!
=ab (aZEFaSIa3aj
aS
ٍ ٍ
eax1a
2abI_aK4Ua,+>a2=aha]Ua(Paa2$a

2$a
a]&!a2\ KaEU(6a

 127

ak &UaK £&_=a

axa
aaa0
aK}aESj&a*aaG3a
aQa FaEa
a
a
! 
‰431½430a¬a1952a27&Saa 2P_aa&32.ˆ ‚ZE3a

K&Fa.aO/SaE
a]&!a2\aZEFa›S|a#I_aEa01 2ŽUaE
av1 ab1 2Iaja0/ 01  ‫اب‬%
aE_aQaZ.2
aK4U x1 2$aK4UaKaa0Na
aEU(6a
IadŽUa=ad(a0
aEFad/a2=aha
7
ax.a
"aQaE.FaK4Ua"a2=aEU2
aŠ5U Ea Fax.a*3aaK1 2
aŠ5Ua
a!_=aQa0
aEFa‘25a01a&F
ٍ
adŽUax1av1 ab1 2IaE
aQa¥(|aK1 2
aEa
 
adŽSUaeax1aK1 2
aja„Œ
a3a7
aaESIaj
aK4Uazaja Ia
7ax1a
a
aa 2"aO/S E
aJ3aK}aE.2
a›-.a)a

aZK} ES1a2"adIaE
aa7aza
aaaK}aKaa 2"adIa/ƒ"aa,ea3a2= T7{aE
a
Ia-|$
ax1aE
aa 2"a0
aEFa01 ›1 2/.a
‚a7‚ax1GUa&FaZEFa€25a
aa& aabraKa].a]Uaa
aEU2
aa
aaa.aK}a3a•Ua„Œ
a2k KaEU2
a#&a2=a'>aa "a!
aEFaEt1aE
aQa1a I
ٍ
ab1 2IaJI2aE
aQaZkaFadŽSUa
aa7azaEkaK1 2
7a Faja„Œ
a3a2=ahaeax.
aQaFa0Uakra`5ax.a*3aE_aE
aEU2
a  a#&a2=a]_>az2
a›-.aE= E
aaax1GUaE
av1 
a
adŽSU eax1ac+a2=a]_>aEFaEt
a2PaE
aQaadIaEFaEt1aE
aa 2"azax.
"
ZEkaK1 2
a#&aEa


‫؟‬R3 ‫ن ﮨ ﮨ ﮟ  'رع‬J ‫۔ @ر ﷺ   ف 'رح‬33

a
adIaU 2"aza1aEFa,1 2%.a
a'> adIaU 2"a
a0
aj.a1 aEaja01a'ax1‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aaaEUa
a1a Iaha_>a
a].ab3aEUaa 2"a0
aEF 01aTa,+>aDEFa.2
aja05eaKa
245
a
adIa 1 GaEUa
aKa
245aQaaEt1aEUaa 2"adIa„Œ
a0
aK4Ua01 ZK1a2
ab/SaTG3a

aj.ad&.U zaa
245a3aEUadIaU 2"a0

a.Fa01a*ƒa
aQa.a.FaT>a!1a2kaZ1 2
a05e
aEFa
aaaT>a4=a0p3 x1a]43aEUa– abI_ Za2
a#&I.a
a
245aQaEa05ea 1 GaEUa

ZK}a`SaEa2ax1aK.a]U 01a0IUaEFaa2
aaaja#I$a2a2=adPa2

a0
a$a01a
a~aXa' ‰E
a– a'Pˆa0
aEtj6=ajaEaa!U E_aEj
a„3a„3aa—j.a–
‰EFad2 U2
a•&3a
a]4aa/1ˆa IaE
aa 2"aEFad2ajaU2
a•&3a
aUja0_)a Sjaj= j=
a
a– aza0Ih2%ˆa™|$ a„&a2}aZEFa05eaKa
245aU 2"a
aT2+a1aEFa,1 2%.aa,e.a

a'a Fa01aEaQaZEFa05eaKa
245a01 0

akaa04
a01 ‰Fa.2
a0Ua0U5a#}.a1aFa0Ua eau2h
 128


a]4aa]Äaea]Uja]Ä)a]j= j=aKa
245aU 2" ]43aEUa_/.aXa0
aEFa. aE

aa0
a1 04
aja01aaEFa1a2
a2
Na
ax.a]
o_aFa_=a0
aSa]1 a
a]?a ]Äa
a]1 
a0_)aaSjaj= j=a0
aj.a. aK4Ua4
01 ‰XaN/ˆa
a]aXa
a]}aE}6aU2
aK4Uaj?
a
a]4
‚ZSI 3a
aK4Uaj?
aja
aUj

a2PaE
a )aaEj.ajaa 2"au$ aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aEFa01aA3a
a21 2P.aaQ  ‫اب‬%
adIaz2
a'rUaE
a )aE_aE
a]k_ˆa j_a'GUaaQ_ b7S_a0
aj.aja01a*-a
aaaZjag$az2

aaK1 2
a'(aE_aE
a]k_aK1 G6aY=ˆav7|_a jad2+1aaT7ƒ_a j_a#+1 0
a01a ‰K1 2
a,1 2%.a

a– aaEj. raE
a,1 2%.a
aaU"aE
aa 2"au2haJ3 ~a`aE_aQaZ‰K1a2
ad2a2=aaa
a]G6 Y=U
a]UaaaZj.a
aa a•1 2%. 
a– aaEj.arajaE
a•1 2%.a– au2haaj.a
aa a,1 2%.a

ٍ
ZEFaK4Ua`.a
a/ƒ"aKa].

a„&a
aaa.aE.F 0Ua(S7aKa&a
a+a…
a2kav1 ab1 2Ia.a0/a
a0_)aaj= j= }
aEU2
a•&3aKauIUa„.aE
ab4a
Qa
aTax1a*3aEUaa 2"a0
aj.aSIa aEaU aTa01aK
ٍ
a.Fa.2ƒ5aaaE
ab4aab4a3aj.aU2
a
ªR 
aO/.aQaE
a
7+a-PaEaQa.a125a•aE
ٍ
aE
ab4a
a]aab4a
a–a
a41a0
a1SaEUa aa0aXa> 7UaZE}6aUFa(&aaEF

aEaEU2
a•&3aK uIUaja
aUjaa0_)aa
aSjaaj= j=aŠ4_aZEFa.3a=aj KaE/
ad(ar\ aaEFa Ia
a'aE
a )a'24 •1 2%.a1a¤7Sa1aFa27/.a,1 2%.az)a01aZE}6aU2
aAS3
aEaQaEUa!
aaE
aE"25ax1aE
a‹)aZEF 
a !.aaU" Ea€R.aEUa
ad&.ax.a‹ aE
aKaa 2"a0IU6a Ia01a0
aEFa
av1 ab1 2Ia3aj.aFa0/a' Sa
aE"25 Qaa
aK4Ua¥(S)

ZESUaK4UaEa FaŠ4_aEF K4U

aZK}a0SUa
a 45a
"aa
V a
"a*azaK}a
V j KaE!aQaEUa*>a2?
@a3aK+a2
a2kaFaFaFaFa Ia
aG6a3aKa0/ax1a0
aEFaja01ax1 EaKa]_>a FaE
a
/1 2$
a
‰2&)ˆ A2$a¥2>aKaa 2"a(akaFa3a IaFaja2=aQa.aE3a=aKa0/ 2a!

ad2aG6a a0%Ua2}aE_aQaEF UFa a0%Ua

aQa Ia
aKaQa0
a125aEU
V ~a`aZj.aka
ad2

aa 2"a
a.aj.a41a2ka%a
a_/.aXa0
aEFaSIaj 'a01aFa aaUaa a
ax1a¥2>aAaZEF
Dj.aSIa3aaK4Ua
245a
aT2I!ad&.az2\ —.aQ26ajaK
 129

‫ﮩم‬+)  ‫اداد ﮨ;ﮯ‬K ‫ت رل ﮯ‬

ِ  F8 ‫۔‬34

azaj.a.Fa'rUaa3a2=a aa0aXa> Xa'a

a0
aEFa2=a'aQa a
av+a‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2aaEFaFa#)a0-ax1a
aa¥2>aKaa 2"a1aEFatk Fa‹aKa 1 2
aa 2"aa
a
a !"ax1a¥2>aEaKaaaZKj.aK&!" ‰t
a0Iˆaa
aa0
aEFa01aA3a
– aZFaK4Ua‹a0-
aUa1a01 
a– aKaZK}aFaK4Ua‹aKaa 2"aKa
ad!"a"aZEFaFa‹aKaa 2" a

EFajI_a01aKa'a 3aT&4R.aEUa– a0
a]FaS}6

a0IaEF kajaK4Ua0ƒ(aQ=a&FaaU"a01a2paEFaFaa 2"aaU"a_>a0

aK4Uax$ KaQ‚
a
aaU"a_>aza0
aEFaka1 E_aQa0ƒaUa
a'aaEFakajaEaEƒaE
a )a'
a&FaEaT2-a )a=aaK1a2
a“=a0U&Uax1 E
a2
aŠ5UaKak Ura&a
a
a=aa=
aKaÄ.2a2RUaak Ura&S3a=a
aaU"a_>aQaK&FaOƒaE
b3aK1a2
ab/SaEP1 2hazaE_
a.(4
Xaba'Gaza2=aa
a
>-)aaaEFa01a
>-)a
aa‰237a0+R> ‚Z20E}6aU2
Š5U
aa
‚a‚aJ3aZEFa.3 jaaza2=aJ3a.FaK4Ua#)a
a
aT2-a
a25aQaKaQa0
aEF
a/"aza2kaZEj.aE25ab/SaEP1 2ha&a
aU"a_>aE
aa 2"aEUa aa0aXa>aXa'aE
a=aEU ~a`a2kaaj.aSIaFaK4Ua#)a
a
aT2-a
~a`aKaQa.aj.aXaba'Ga
a
a )azaFa0Ua]
a aFaS
aT2-a=a
a'aZj.aK4Uaaza.aj. 125aG1 .aEaT2-
a )aaT2- U!UaaEFa4
‚T2-a )‚aEUaKa0
aK1a04
a01a– aEFabI&aZSIaFaK4U
azaEFaaT2-a3a
a– a0
a]FaS}6 j6=aKa.aEFaA3a01a
a– a2kaZEFa.Fa€25aoaKaT2-
ZEFa.FaFa )aT2-aU!U 2}aDz2
aƒa
aa!
a1aEFa )

aE=aEUaKa2=aJ3aEFa
aƒ\aFa2j=aKaEj& /aE
aa¼R_aEUa*>a2?
@a]41  ‫اب‬%
a2ŽUaE_aE
av1 ab1 2Ia01 ‰43½42a¬aŠ}aA
V S
aFa0Ž(ˆaj. 1a2
a07Sa
aaaKa<)a2)
a<\aEaEP1 2ha#_ aja07.2aQa
aƒ\ax1a
aaa– a0
aEFa›>a]1&U x1aEaKa¥>
ٍ
ZEkaK_ 0UaJUa
a/ƒ"a
aTa
a– aaEkaK3aE6aE.2}aTa=azaja2j=aK1 2
a
{

a% =a
a0Ua
a
a™|$ 2}au2haJ3aZEFaK4Ua›>a% =a
a2a2aE ‚T2-a )‚

aE
aEU2
aaT7Uac25aEUa_/.aXa„.aE
T7Ua3aEFaT2-aFa2aEaQa0IaEFa.2
a(a›>
 130

aEj.aESŒ4=ax.a]24kaaa
a >PaE
aa 2" ~a`a2=a 
aJ3aj.a25aƒa
~a`aE_
a]2aaEj.aES6a)a2=a
aza
ad(a– aKa$a
aJ3aSIa”4= K4Ua7Ua2\a
ax.ab3
aƒa
~a`a„.a„.aE
aAS
a3aj.aT7UaraT2-a01aZEj.aES1a2
a,eazaTU%U E_aE

aQaZK1 2
aja&}a
a]k_ Kak UraT(/aaKSaja%a#>a
aAS
a– a0
.aj.atka

azaz)aEFaSaEaXajaT2-a3a
a7Ua2\ DEFa
7!Ua
a2) a
aT2-a
a¡7Ua2\aEaT2-
aKa
Ua=azaT2-a
aa5aada2aa>aa2p1 
1aT2-a7ha1aFaT2-aUU"
aE_ E
aE1adUaT7Ua
a
a7Ua3aEFa›S|a#I_aEaYaa 45a'&
aQaa
&I a aUaQ
a0IU
aEFaK4Ua a/1 N P1a
a'24aFa
aE3aEŒUaFaS
az)aG6a4=aZEFa.3a
aƒ
aQa0IU
aEFaK4Ua aO/SaE
aaaEF SŒ4=aja2=a…SUab3a7Ua2\ax1aEa0/1 NaE
aT2-aQ
ٍ
aza…SUa01a0
aSU3aK4Ua/ƒ"azaO/SaE
aaaEFaSŒ4=aj 2=a…SUab3a7Ua2\ax1aEa0/1 NaE
aT2-
a/1 NaP1au2haaG6a2aJI2aE
aQaZEa2I5a.Na=a1aEFa}a2
aŠ) Ea&}a
a )
a01a„.aE
a/$ =a
a7Ua0
aE_aQaZEFa a/1 NaP1aAS
a_aEUFa'rUa2=a7Uau2haJ3aEF
a
|a3aEaTNa
a7Ua
av1  b1 2IabI_aEFaFaFaEa¥2ha
a )a&}a01a0
aEFa.Fa 
aE_aE
aEU2
a
{a01azaaEFaS1a2
a=aaK4U 2
Na
a¥2$aa#`5a2}aE
a7UaEa03a
aQaEFa
2kaEaZEFaK4Ua€25a
aKa]U!Ua &%UadaaKa7Ua0
aK}aES1a2
g2$aUp_ara
a6ao1
a2
a2Pa2a0Ua
aQaE_ E
aEUŒ4=ax.a] aY@a=aEUa]aXa0
a01a¥2>aza.aEFa#>arSa

Zj.a1

‫ن‬J ‫م از روﮯ‬NJ‫۔ و  ا‬35

 à
aEFa25a“=a51a
1 a
a%_a†aKaT7{aE
ad!" ›S|a
a U )aV aEUa– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
EF 
a01aEUa– a0&32.a
aQ

a1aEaEjŒ=aE
a2=a1a2=aEP1 2h E
aa2pa2
apSRkaEaQaXa0
aEFaK4Ua01aE_aE
a2%a!
‚
‚ZEFa Iaa2.2azaFaS}6aXa„Œ
a3a2
aaE aNaE
aXazaaEja2ad^=ax1a0
au2haQ

aQaKaZEj&aK4UaFa/aE
aE-a2) aE
a
1 aQ ‰OƒaE
aT2-aU 2" 2ˆaEUa– a.a'

aO/S E
a]P1 2haE
aEUFad(I&FaEad2
aE7Ua¥2>a_/.aXaKaQa0
a]FaSj& 01aEa
1
a0
aEFa2}ªaZEFa
a0P1 2ha
aEU2
Ta„.aE
a2%a2}a
aQa0
aEFaka01a1SaKaQa0Ia}a2
aK4Uaa
 131

a]-aaE4=aE
a
1 aQaZa!Ua7Ua2\a2a d2
aE7UaT2`ax1aZK}aK&!"aa
a]U!U
aEFaka
a27/.aEaa
aEP1 2hax1aZEFa2
Na
a]P1 2haaE
aEU2
d(
aEad2
aE7UaT2`aK
j.a0P1 2ha2aaj.a.FaEa
ha
a#1 273aT2`a3a'GUa
aa2=a7Ua*" EFa*ƒaEaJ3

a0aaT2` 2
Na>-)a
aQaaZj.aS1aaEaEjŒ=aE
a2=a3ar a
a )a
az2

a&I.aaXa 
a0
aEF Ea
eaKa 1 2
aa 2"aO/SaE
aQaZEFaSaKaz2
Š.aE
ad(!_

aJ=a]1aEa„aTNa3a0
a
a2}ªa“F)
V 
aQaEUaaT2`a0
aEFa2=adPa2a ‰1644ˆ
a])a
ad2
aE7Ua0
a_ad4Ra01a
aE-aQaZ]FaS}6 jI1aAPUaEaEaKaEFa.2
ad(
az2=
aEF ka1Sa01aKaE-a2!.aE
a
1 aZSIaFaK4Ua
{ajau2ha!
aZj.a.2
a( aE/1 NaE

a¥2ha
a'aQaZEF Sja'a¥2ha
aaaza0
aEFa01a0P1 2ha
aEU2
aTa
a )aEa]U!Uada0

a.aK}aESo=a 1 2
aa 2"a*3a Fa2p1a‡R_ ZEFa.Œ4=ax.a]U!Uada
aaQa'aaEFa.2
aa )
‚ZEF .Fa}a2
aK.aEa Fa )

aaK4
aE_aE
aEU2
ad/a‘2 a'ha
aQaEFaka125a“=a]41a0U&Ua3a
‚T2-aU 2"‚  ‫اب‬%

a01aE
a
1 aJ3aZEt_a„I1a2
a'IUag
a]ŒU= 
a$a†aKa aa 2"aZK4UaT2ea
aEU3

EFa.25a_/.aXaKa
1 a_a /aE
aQaxjaK} EFa25aaa*>a2?
@a/

š ٍ 
aba¡±%U ba0a jUaU 0/3abI_aa&1aa*SI_aa .a

aU2abaax_ aax_Š
a
 
Z‰52a
1 ˆa PS!a¤2>a_a jS_axUaU7

aEFa
aAS
a0
aj.a0Ua0S=a
a .aua
aa25aE=a¥2ha4&.a
aaEUa F ‰7Uaˆau2haQa
aK}aES}6a
aJ3 K}aE.2
a&}a FaEa0/1 NaE
aJ3a1aaUax1a
aQaEUa Fa2paEFa
aa&1
ٍ
‚Z¥2h 
a
azaFaE.2
a&}a .aP1aaEa] aE=

a
aEŒ4=aK.a
a ) x.a]U!Uadaja0-a
a
a
1 a0Pa0
aEFa.Fad/a¥>aEaQ

a=ax.a7UaE=a_/.aXaEab3aK}aEtk ESaEP1 2haza¥2>aKaQa0IaEFa}a2
aK4UaaaT>
a
1 aQa¥2ha
a4UaEFaka
a2
NaKaQa
a]P1 2hab.ab3aE
EŒ4=a U )aa25aZEFa.Œ4=aT

a}a25 Ea aa0aXa>aXa'a_/.aXa/1aEFa}a2
az$a¼R_a
‰u2h aˆax_Š
aK
a#1 273a2aEaU2aba ZEFa
aa¥2ha4&.aua
aa25aE=aEUa FaEa]P1 2hab.a4Ua0
aEF
 132

aQaZ.3a125ax_aaEaE
aE4
ax_a .aE.Fa2aza2ka0IU
aESIa3aE_aK4Uab
a2j=aZKtka
aa2= ~`aEa]P1 2hab.az
Ša3aK}aT1 }ad&.az 2aE ‚ua
aa25‚aE_

a
a  x1aEaKa] aE=aEUa_/.aXa0
EFatkaSa01a*.2.a
aT/"aKa]2P5 a2)
a
a PS!a¤2>az azaAaakajaQ=aE
aQaKa#I$a
‚a25au‚a3aa2
aEaUaQa&}
a2
ar
2azpUa2=a
1 ax1aa¥2>aE
a2
ar Ua2ŽUa
a€7 a€a2ka F.aZEFa}a2
a&}a
a]k_a¥2h
aEaQaEUa]4Ua3aSIUaK4Ua*ƒaza
aQaja*.aK}aEFa25a*>a2?
@ 2!R.a
aJ3aE3a_

a
a]U!U da_/.aXa0
aK}aE.25aaa01a*ƒa
aE-a2!.aE
a
1 azaEFa
a“$
a
E_IU
aZEFa.Œ4=ax.a]U!Uad 
aaQa'aaEFa.2
aa )a¥2ha
a'aEFaSja'a¥2h
ٍ
aQa2
aaza2j=a2ad^=ax1aEja1ˆ ¡±%1aa0UN
² 5aa#21a aK}a01a‡R_aE
a
1 a0IU
aE
aQa.aE3a_a'a2%EaE
aES$25a2aE ‚'‚a2kaKa2P5 QaZ‰EF6aza3aEa IaE

aad(!_a 4 ¡7Ua2=a]U!Uada/"a

aZEFa.2
aa2=a]U!Uada'a0
aEkaK3 ba01a/
aE
aå7.aQa
^_aEra.a0Ua¼R_a01 ZK}aE
aR)ad(
aa›ƒ_
V a†$aFa/a.aE
aaDEj.aE.2
a

aKaFaa 2"a0UaaEj.aE.2
a0U(aaaE
a )aO) d(!_a 4a¡7Ua3aEFaSIaFa'&/SaE_
a'&/SaE_aE
aES$25aQa2=aha¥>a¼R_a
a'a.a]41aEFaka
a'&/S Ka/aQaEaK4

a3a
aaEFak 
a27/.aEa‡R_aE
aEU2
aa
a2ad^=a
aaZj.a.aaQ=aE
a¡7Ua3 EFaF
ZEFaSI

‫ ﮨﮯ۔‬$  ‫>ل‬8 ‫ن‬D‫ ا‬،‫ن‬D‫  ا‬5,)  U ِٔ‫۔ و‬36

aFa0UaZ1 aK4UaK4
aKaa 2"a2
N 
a]&!"a›S|a
aQaj.aSa
ad2
aE7Uaa3 ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a'a3aKa
ad!"a"aaEFa0&a
aa
a !" x1a¥2>aa 2"a0
aEFa1 a2
Na01aK4
aKaa 2"
aEaY7aara
a aa0aXa>aXa'aJI2aE
aQaZK}a‹aaK4
zaKj.atkaa
aX
§â §
‚Zka
aaa 2"a01 ¥2ha2‚ ‰19d/Ua†ˆaa 2P_aŠa_aa0
aEFaka14
a01aKa 1 2
aa 2" )
aajaaaz(aE
aQaaka
aa 2"a¥2ha2a0
aEFa‹aja0p3ax1a!
aKaa 2"a

aEUaa&1a2=aaZK4UaFaEj&a
a
&Fa
a – a0
aEFa01a ‰21Tˆ#>aZK4Ua‹aKaQa3aEF
aE
aa0
a.FaK4Ua01aZEFa.FaUaa&1a2=aa'&
aad&.aa&1a01 aEFaSIaFaba™|$ax1aE
‚ZE3a1a0Uaa&1a2=aE-a2aaE3a1aa&1a2= E-ax1

ajaz(aE
aa 2"a0
aEFaI6a3a1aKaE!aE
a
2aaE4=aEaQaT7{ 
aTaQ  ‫اب‬%
 133

a0
a'a01a} Z‰125a.a118a0+R>aŠ}aAS
aFa0Ž(ˆaEj.aE.Fa'rUadIaEa0/1 NaE
aa2= ~`
a#>aUaa&1a2=aQa0
aEFa01aA3 
aQa.aEFaka1a]4
a Ia
aEUaa&1a2=aa
a !"a2aQ

a1a Ia3a
aEUaa&1a2=a'aE=az(aE
aAS
a=aEUa_/. XaZEFaG3arax1a
a
_2_aa&1

baz 0IU
aE3a1aa&1a2=aQaK1aja /.aa
1 }a3a'a0
aEFa`PSa
aT Qa)azaEF
a
ha
aXaEUaQa

ha
a'aEUaJ3‚ ‰80!_ˆaXagha P5a'2_a•ƒ1abaZEFaXa*U3

a j j75aXa ab1Š_axtV _ ‚ZEkaÄ=a
1 }a.aEk 2
a
ha
aQa .a2k ‰84_ˆa Sj.azƒ.aa ‚Z

‚Z2
2=a
a
1 }a
aaa .aJ=aEFaa
1 }aEUaXa
ab3aK}a¦_az 7Ua01 ‚ ‰91d/Uˆaz S5

aZtka
aK4Ua'rUaAS
a
2=ab3aK}aGkaE!1a¡7Ua /Sa0
aEFaK4Uad/a
a*>a2?
@a 1$
a2=a
1 }aa /.a
aaa¦_aaK}aE aja2^aE
AS
a7UabI_aEFa aK4Ua2^aE
a7Uaj7
a.aAS


aEU2
ag7.a
aQaaEUaa&1a2=aXaAS
au2haJ3aEj.aau2haa2=aEU2
g7.a
aQaaEUaa&1
aK4Ua2ea„Œ
aUFa'rU SaaEaFara'aja2=a¡7UaE_aEUaAS
a)aZj.aka1a IaK4U

aa /aE
aEU3aFa€2\aE
aa25aza*3aF g2$a
"aQa'GUa
aT.a2=ad(!_a0aaT2`aZEF
Z‰43 – 40aT1 a™-"a†a17 ½ 16ag
a¥2a†aFa0Ž(ˆ EŒ4=aKabaE
aha2
aE_a
a#2

aaaz $ 2}a

a2-aaa25a3aE
aQabI_aj.aFaK4Ua'rUaAS
a
a2=aaaKa2- d"aUr

aEUa0Uaa&1a2=a4Ua0
aSaEj. E.2
a“=aEa¥2ha
aXazaK43aj.aaE_aE
aEUaa&1a2=a].
ZF AŠaO+S!a
&a]2I%_aE=azaEa03a

aE
a*.2.az3a
aa 2"a0
a]F Sj6=aEaaaKa.aEFaIUaEaEUaE
aG6aQa2ka
av1 ab1 2I
aAS
a01a0
aEFatka
a
2>a
aTaQa)aKaa 2" DK4Ua1aK}aESj
aa&1a– a2=aEUFaXa*U3ab
a—j.a…1  SaKaT"a›S|aEa0IaEFaFaK4Ua'rUaKa#I$ 
aAS
a*.2ax1a
"ax1a0aY=
aEF ja
2>a01aKaFaa 2"a¥2ha2aZ‰32 aa"2R_a106 a#2aˆaEFaka
'rUaE
a2
a—j.
  â 
a17 0P_ˆa0U2"a•7.5a0U2"a 0/&3aaaaZj.a_a)a0Na
aE1ao=aE
a2
a*.2aEaEUa_/.aXa0


aFa
+.aE
a
1 }a
a_/.aXa
az2a*.2.az3a
aa 2"a0
EFa.Fa
{a01a2=aha/ƒ"aEaQaZ‰1
aa 2" 
a™|$a!
a
aAaZEFa_a2
aK4Ua*.2a)aEae2a=aEaEUa aa0aX >a7UaEF
a]4
a
a]S1 a€2RSa
aQ aE3ao=a„.aE
a*.2.aQa
a].a
aQa0
aEFaSa Ia01aK4
aK
aa.aEFaK4Ua0
aEFa2}ªaaEFaK4Ua
1 }a

au2haQaKaa 2"a2kaDE3aj
aKa€7aa€aJ

 134


a– a
+.aE
ab3aka]FaaEa_/.aXa
a aa0aXa>a`aF T1 }aa 2"ara‹)a„Œ
a0_+

a0"a†a ] 2a 1 GaZo=a
a_/.aXaaead2
a0+>aao=a)aEa*.2.aQaY= AS
a01aEU
â 
a
1 ˆ ‚EFa0Na&FajaUj&a*ƒ 
aQa2j= ‚a0Uaaaa {a0
aEFa.25aja01a_/.aXaK
aa0aXa>a`a27/.aa,1 2%.a3a
aT&/.aadI E
aa 2"a0
aEFa.Fa
{a¥>aEaQaZ‰19
aTNa3a0Iaj.a0Ua =a
abFNaE=aE
a aa0aXa>a– azaEj.aE.2
Ea#&aa'"aE=a 
a
aa*h
ea
aQaaj.a.j&aja*ƒa
aQa
a– aFaj.a.2
a'rUaa 2"a2=a– Y=
ZFaSj
aa&1a2=aa 2"a3 EFaSIa2
aE!
aIUa™|$a!1a
aEaEUaEaZj.a.2
aja
e

‫ﮯ؟‬R3 ‫ﮯ‬3_ ‫ ﮨ‬% R8 5,)  U ‫۔   و‬37

aEa
ha
a#1 273 T2`a3aEFa‹aaFa¥2>aKa 1 2
aa 2"a0
aEFajI_aEUa– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a
a¥2ha
aXa'a0
akaFad/ Ea]4
a01a
a– a0
aEt125a01a.aE4=aZj.aFa'rUa2= ~a`
ٍ
a
aaJ3a0
aK4Ua a
aQa
a– a7_\a2aDj. . aja2^aE
a
ha
a#1 273aT2`a
a
a]_aEUaa
av1 aO/SaE
aQ ‰v1 a/1ˆaK}aES4
a2^aE
a
ha
a#1 273a–
0Ž(ˆaEj.aE.Fa2
aE_a
aa 2"au2haJ3aEj.aE.Fa'rUau2haa2
aE_a#1 273aj Ea0
aEFa01az P
‚èZK4Ua'7" #"ajax1GUaE
az2kaE
a– a)aaa01a
a– aE_aQ ‰ /_aaa•3aEt125

aQa0
aEFa.3aj6=aO/SaE
aaEF I6a3a1SaaaŠ)a
aTaJ3a0
aEFa‘2a*a01  ‫اب‬%

a¥>aTa01aEaQaK}aE a2
av+a)a*>a2?
@aj 2=aJ3a51a
1 a
a$a†aZEFa
aŠ)a

a*>a2?
@a0
aEFa.Fad/aZj.a.Fa'rUaja2^aE
a
ha
a#1 273 a2=a¡7Ua0
aEFa.Fa2}ª
aAS
aQ ZEFa1a2
a#PUa0_a
aQaEaK4
a4U1aaEFajI1aK4Uaja#I$a
a /_aa •3aEU

aa aa0aXa>aX 'aa'G1a_aa
‚a0
aEFaka
a#PUa'"a01a
a0ƒabaa!a.aK
a2
a a#1 273aaj.a.Fa'rUaa2=a aa0aX >aXa'a/1aZ‚x_Na2!R.aS_a0!_a#1 273az2`+1
aFa#1 273aa2}a0
a(IUa]4
a*ƒa01aEaQaZEj.aE.Sa0P1 2ha
a#& 2=aQaaE.2
a,e.a
aQ
aj #1 273‚aZEj.aE.aja]a2aaE
aa 2"a#1 273a0
aEFaSIUaTa01a¥2>a.aE QaDEj.aE.
ZEFaK4Uad
a#I%aoa
aj&a€25a
‚E.aFa#1 273aaE.
 135

€>‫ ﮨ ﮟ  ا>€ ا‬$  ‫ ا` ﮨ‬D& ‫ب اور‬, ‫۔‬38

a2aEaAS
aZEFa4
aXaba'G 
a]U ‚a
&IaaAS
‚aEUa )a0
aEFaa#_a01aEUa– ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
az aZEFa
aE3a
a .aja "aJ3a2=aUaa 2" Qa
a– aZv1 a1a
a2aEa
&IaaEFaa 2"
a
aQaZEFa.Fa2^.aÄa01a ‰K}aE.F ‚a ‚a/aE
aJ3ˆaK4Ua
›ƒaaKa
&IaaAS
arU
 
a I+_ a 2P_aJ1aZEFa4
‰a
&Iˆa Ia)a
aa 2"aEUa_/.aXaZEFa3aK a 2"a)aT7{
Z‰231ˆa I+_ax.aZEFa4
a I+_a0p3a
a*SI_a0p3a2

a]43aEF r a=a

a aKaE_a/aE
aÄa¥2a0
aK}aKa&45a<\aQav1 ab1 2I  ‫اب‬%
aara2a0
aE}6aUF d/aK4UabI_aZa04
a2!R.aEF6a]43aaE_aa2"a0RhaEaEF6
aZEFaK4UaÐa#_au2haQa0/a
aEU2
b/Sa/aE
a‡R_ajaKaAaE
aara!
aK4UaKaF
a FaFa1 a¥2a01aaaE
ab3a¼R_aa0I73aEFaSI 3a1a2"aKaT>aa¥2>a2!R.a
aÄ
Kaaraa41aZEFaS}6a1a2"a¥2SaK4Ua#"a0
aFa}aFad/a01aE E1 2"a1a]Fa/&_a¥2S
a/a Faza0I73 EFaSIa3a1a2"a
"aa¥2>a2!R.aEa0
aEFa0P1 2ha
a'&/SaE
‚a ‚a¼R_
a
aÄa]}aFa0UaT>a01a]43abI_‚ ZEFa2S5aa j3a01 ‚aE4
a™|$a
aE!3aZE aaaE
a‡R_
aEU2
a›ƒa2=ada
a¬)a1a2=a¬)a
ada1akaFaE_aE
EU2
a•&3a
a]G6a_a_aa.a1a'&/S

ZEFa#&4a#I_aa
aEUFa2!R.aE
aÄa2=aTP E!1aZkaFaE_aE

‡R_a¥2Sa
&IaaAS
a0
aEFaFa2}ªa.aEaa
aQaEFaO/.a
aara2 x.a]43aEtjI1aA
aK4Ua
{a01ajaE T&/SaE
aQa.aa 2"a}aZK}aE.Fa'&/SaE_aE
a]/a_a]Ua0IaK4U
 š š 
axa#7a_agaEFa.25a_/.aXaK #+Ua†aZEFaS1a2"a/a Fa
aAS
aza
a
&Ia0
a.F
a„.aE
aa 2"aEFa01a*ƒa
aQa
‚ZaTa„.aE
a
&I ¥2ha
aESaE
aAaE= ‚a®&I+_
DaT


aQ= 4&.aKa4
aEUaQ ‚a®&I+_a ISt3a "a'"a125aKa¥2)ra†aO/SaE
a! T2`
aTã1aba EFaFa$aK z2Pa†aD]Fa1 a2
aE_aAS
a0
aEFa01a*ƒa
aQa
‚Z]Fa1 a2
aE_a
&I
ٍ ٍ
a0
aEFa01a*ƒa
aQa
‚Ztka a
_ oaEatkaa
&IaE!3 ‚ 2
a2)a.a P5a®&I+_
a
aa&P_aEUa F‚a®&I+_ab&P_a.a P_a125aO/SaE
aa&P_ IaKaa&P_a†aDtkaaAS
aE
2
a'aAS
ajaK4
aKaa 2"a#>aDj.a
aƒaAS
a0
aK}a01a/aE
aQa
‚ Zj.a
aƒa
&I
 136

aT1 aEFa1 aja]43 ¼R_a

aAS
aZEFatka_a2aAS
a2
a'a
&Ia0UaaEFatka_aK4Ua2a
&I

aJ3aEFa1 aKa/aE
aUaQaEF 1 aja]43a¼R_a
a
&IaaEFa1 aE_aE
a0&aE
a4_
aKaAS
aG6a01aZEFa.Fa#"aE
aEU2
aS)a01 a,+> Ka#&aa2I5aaEj&aE
aOPaa!UaE
a]43aE_aE
aAS
aZEFaSIaFaja„.aE
aAS
aaEFaSIaFaja2} E
aAS
aZEFaSIaFaj
a/a01 2paEFa
&Ia UaE
aAS
a0
aK}a2ea01a.a/aE
aQaEFaka
a'&/Sa¼R_ 
‚ I‚

aŠ4_aZEFaK4Ua
&I 
a2}aE
aQaaEFaKaAS
a¥2>a
&Ia1aEFa
&Ia)aAS
a0
aK}aK4U
a>a`a0
akaFaK4Ua
a_a*ƒa01 
aEUFa'rUa
&IaaAS
a2=a aa0aXa>aXa'
a aa0aXa>a– a0
aEka]Fa01a/a,+>aE
aQa0Iatka
a'rUaAS
a¥2>a2=a aa0aX
U!UaaKj&axjaxja%a
aAS
aQa– aEaJ3atka
a'rUajaU za„.aE
aAS
a2=
§
aGka2}a01a/aE
a®&I+_ *SI_a j&/1au2haaZK1aj
aE
a2
aŠ5UaEaEP1 2hab1 2S4a
aQaKak Ur
a*ƒa
aAS
a
a]k_a– a0
aK}a01a/ E
aQa0IaK1ao=a‡R_aE
aAS
a¥2>a– a0
aK}aK4U
aE
aXaAS
a
ak UradŽUaE
aUa¦_aEaJ3aK1a
2.a /.a
a a“UaQaK4UaaKj&
ZK3aFa#" E
aE_@aOƒaE
a%

 -) ‫وت " ﮯ‬3" +>

aKa
1 aQa
aAGa†a3aEFa#_aza2
ažoaEa#ad&.aE
aEUF
&IaE
aFaa 2" ‚  ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aXa>a– a0
6aK4Uaja.aE&aa– aO/SaE
aJ3aaEFa
a‹a)aEUa– E!3aEFa3

a>a– ‰2533ˆa®&I+_aXaT1 ab bI.a5aS1aaa2
NaEFa
1 azaZK}aEFa25a
a aa0
à
aaa 2"ara‹)aaSaa– aEFa‹aKaa 2"a3a
a
V Qa0
aEFad/au2haj6a
a aa0aX
  à
2aEa
&IaŠ4_aZEFaka4
‚aS1a ‚aja
a
&IaKa
1 aQaZK}aE.2
a1 2"aSa2\aa

V
m
aEFaKa›4
a† (aZEFaka4
aSa
aa 2"aKaTPa2aZK4UaSa2\aaZEFaSa
§
az( ‰2792ˆaa 2P_a.aaaZZZZZaa
aaaT2
V EFa0p3a2a‰Z271ˆaxaAS
abax_aaaa#.
aZ1 aK4UaK4
a2
Na
aT(.a
av1aZK}aE a‡R_aE
a0.1 a jaS1aK TPa /SaE
aa 2"aK1 r
aZEFaFaa 2"a2aEaQaFa2
Na
aT(.a
a
&IaJ3aKaAGaÖaE_ Q

aT(.‚a¥2>a2=ahaE
au(ƒ>ax1a
aT(.a¼R_aZEFa7a2=a&45a
aa&aEaja' Sa01 ‫اب‬%
a2\a
V ‚a ‚Sa
V ‚a2=aa
aJ3aEFa#/5a
a a#}aE
a /aU2
a¬-|aKa/
V aE
‚XaAS

 137

au(ƒ>aEFa1 aKa/aE
aEo=a2a¼R_a
aT(.aKaa 2"aZK}atka
a•eaT(ƒ>a
‚S
a
1 a
az2Pa†a.aFax$a„Œ
aKaQa2kaZEFaka
a¬-|aE_aE
aAS
aT1 a¥2>aEahaE

 
aE!3a
aG6aQa
a2=aEUa]4Ua‚ab&axaabƒ%_aS.aa/7.aZK_a25a0Ž(a102a27&U
‚KaaE
aF$a
aa&aEj.aE.2
a
aT(.abh$

5S)  ‫ول‬$; ‫ان ﮯ‬$ ) ‚3 ‫ب ﮯ‬, ‫۔‬40

K}aE.25a– ‚ ‫ال‬
a/1aaG&_aEFazaaEFa
a'rUa„.aE
aAS
a
aXa3aEFa.2
a2
Naja
aG6aax1a aa 2"a2j=‚
a2p1a‡R_aZKa'/5a0UaEFa#$aKa'"aE
aXa'a0UaG6a2!.a01a0
aEFa2}ªaZ
(>a
a&}
a'/5aa'"aE
a aa0aXa>a`au2haaEj.a_aEaa 2"a'/5aa'"aE
aXa'au2haJ3
a/3a0_aUaaXaUaZEFaka
a27/.aEaaG&_aE!3aEj.a_ajaEa&}aU& aQ

a2
Na
aaGaaAS
aKaJ3a125a#PUa]
a0-aFa.a
a25a
1 a
a 1 a†aEUa– a0
aEFaT2
a.aEaQ ‰
a'rUaja}_aEUa Faˆa 1 +_a_GUaa0
aEFaka4
aKaJ3a
a0Ua2
Na
aoIaQaaEF
ZEFaXaba'Gau2haaja 1 +_aG6aj.6a„.aE
aaGaaAS
a0
aEFa2}ª

a
a aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aj.a0Ua#I%aja„Œ
aj&a01a.a.Fa0Uav+aE2av+a2k ‫اب‬%
a¥>a{ aE
a' aaGaa
&Iaz2
aƒa
a )a
a a'P/a2}aKa'/5aa'"aE
a– aaY=aT2
V
aj.a#&S%a2=a'/5aa'"aE
a aa0aXa>a`a
&Ia*3a0
aU2
a =av+a01a]41aZK}aE. a2ŽU
aE
a™|$ax1aZEFa'ab1 2.a a
a+a…
a
PPaE}6aUFa2}aEa'/5aa'"aE
a– aaGa01a.
a!1a
aKa]G6a]Uaaa
aZjaar.aaEFaSI3a=aja &%Ua
"axaKa'/5aa'"
a0
aEFa.Fazr UaEa].a4UaDEIaFa0Ua3a„.aE
aQa2a.aFa3aG6ax1a0
aEFa`.
a2a2aEaaGa0
aEFa,eaja01a]41aZK}aEFa•"av+a…
aa 45a…
a03aJ
av1 ab1V 2I
aXaAS
aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaEaJ3aEFa
(>aza0IaK4Ua
(>ada
a&}ac+
Z
a "a' adŽUaKa
1 aa2$/aa25aOƒaE
a%aE

 138

aaAS
aKaQaZK_a„I1a2
ažo=a
a25a
1 a
a 1 a†a)ad2
az2ab1 2ªUa.a‘2Saa 1 +_a}
aE
a 1 abI_aZ‰K
a'rUa„.aE
a¡7UaK1 G6a]Ua01aEUa Fˆa ja_GUaEFaka125a.aO/SaE
aaG
a3a
aK4UaKa]G6aaa&$a
aQaE_aQaZ‰.a}_aEUa Faˆa 1 +_a_GUaa0
aka125a01a¥2>aO/S
a™-)a01aZK}aE.2
a'&/Sa*a
V _ªaa'a. ‚}_‚aZK}atkaa
a¡7Ua„.aE
a
>-)a3aSI
a2
a„
a•.a
aaGaaAS
a
a
"haQaza0
aEFa01a
>-)a#>a
aaa0S7_aZEFaK4UaEaKa¡7U
aE
aa 2"a2paEFaTa*aoa01aE_aE
av1 ab1 2Ia.aUFaXaba'Ga
aEF_a}aZK}aE.2
a'&/S
‚.a}_aEUa F‚a 1 +_a_GUa0
aK}a41a‡R_a¥>


28 { ‫۔ ا` اور‬41

a'rUaz(aE
aAS
a3aEFaS1a27)aja
aG6a2!.ax1aa 2"a2j=‚aK}aE.25a– a2
a#6aEk ‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
K}a25a‹aT1 ab.a#1Na*!aEUa– aE_aE
aQ ‚j.atka

‰8Zab^S_ˆa_GUaŠ_a_aa0_aaXa5aZ1
aZEFa
a'rUaEUa Fa3a2=aUaQaa2=a'aE
aQaaXaÄaa&1aJ=

‰157 ¥2ˆaa+R&_a axt_a0/a'GUaŠ_a_a^Saaz2-UaazGaa0aab1Š_5aZ2
aEjŒ=aE
aUaQaaK1 2
a a
aQaaK1 2
a 1 2I.aa Ž/.a
aQaa2=a'aQaKaa&1a¦_a3aJ=
aZK}aE_aEU=au(5aFaZEFaka
a'rUa„.aE
aQa3aK6
‰16½15 z &_ˆad(!_a#7a0Uea•7.abaXa0a j1ab7aAS
aaUaXaba
¡3a "aZ3

a
ae2a
aQa3a
a™|$aQa2}a_/.aXaEaE/1 NaE
aJ3ab7aAS
aaUaEFak aQ=a4&.
ZEFa.j
aK}a
aS(aEFaaEU2
a2=

az(aE
a'aaXaOƒaE
a')aE
a– a
aZEFa Ia
aEUaa&1a2=a_aa'aaXaKa
1 a4=
aaAS
a– aE!3aEFa2=aG6aj.6a¥2>a0Ia2=aaGa0Ua2=a
&Ia0UaEFa2=aAS
a0Ua Ia
aEUaa&1
a
ag7.aE
a_aaEFa2
Na
aEUaa&1a2=aXa'aKa
1 a2aZK}aES1a2"a_aEaaGaa
&I
a
a2kaOƒaE
a' SaQaE
a– a/1aZK4Ua Ia
ag7.aE
a
&IaaAS
aKaQa/1a I
 139

ag7.a
a_a¥2>a.2
aK4Uajag7.a
aa 2"azaaEFa.aa&1a2=a_a¥2>a.aK4Uaa&1a2=aa 2"a™|$
aK}aE.25a– aKa
ea
aQaDEFa
a_a01aZkFa#)aKa2raE
ab+RaabazaEFa.2

a6aZ‚j.a25aƒa
a`aEUaXa3aEFaSIaFaFa
25aaT2-azaa“Uaa aza2aEaQ‚ 
a
a'/5aa'"aE
a aa0aXa>a`a0Ia=a?j6a.aEaEU2
ag7.a
aQaaEUaa&1a2=aa 2"
Z‚EFa2
Na
a_a¥2>aKaT1 aaa0IU
aZjaEa
h

a.a.Fao=aa 2"a2
a„&aáaj7
aEUav1 ab1 2IaZEFa'aÐ!Œ_aax1a
a+a…
a01 ‫اب‬%
a /.a=aEa
7a
a#+aa•"a2=aTPa›S|aa 2"aZ.Fap_a0S=a
aaar UaE
aAS
aQaK4U
V
ٍ
aS1aT%a
a
3aKaESUaE
aXaa&1a¥2>azaK4
a(aZEFaS1ara2=a
&Fa
a¡G3a›S|aE

a01az2&{a
aa&1a2= 2) ad1aa )aK4
aZEFa.Saa2!)aau(5a a
aIUaa2"aE
aT2) a¥2>aK4
aEF
V
au2haaZEFa.2jau(5a*3a
aEUaa&1a2=a'a¥2>aK4
aZaUG+1a a ja¥)a0
aEFa.S
aT1 aa01a
aAaZ
aG6a2a!
aj7
aaEFaS1a2"a0/1 Na
aTUa
aG6a!
aj7
aKa'&
a0IUaDEFa`.aKaaa0
akaE3a
a  2a0SUa01aEaaaakaK3a2Iau2haaEa2ax1
a›S|aE
a
PPaoax1aEUaa 2"a2=aTPad&.aaa0
aEFa5
aE_aE
aEj&a01aja#PaaN
a
a4=a2a!
a
aEaKa]Ä4=aaaaEFa
a“=aE
a2
a]1&Ua_a_a•"a*!a
a]Ä4=
a'7"a6aEjŒ=aE
a$aQaakaEaa&1a2=a aa0aXa>aXa'aja™|$a3aZ.2
aK4UaRU
aXa>a`aakaEUaja
aa 2"a– aEa– azaK}aEa aa0aXa>aY=a'aE!3akaE_a2

aEU2
aIUa
aa 2"aZka2
a“$
a
aEUFa az24ajaEa“Uaa
&IaFajIa
a aa0
ZEFa•7Sa
a
_aUaza0
aEFaSIa3a
aE!
aFa-.a01aO/SaE
aE_

‫ہ )اد ﮨﮯ؟‬5J  ‫ہ وا>  ) ﮟ ن‬5J %23 ‫۔‬42

a /_aaja

aS_a®7P_a/3aaEFajI_a]1a0&32.a
aQaa
1 a_a07"a#1 +.aEUa– ‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬

aj.a
a2PaE_aEj.a .ax.aAa2=aJ3a07"azaEUa Fa‚ ‰1432ˆa07Paa*P1ab&a'2_a•7S1ab
Z‚EFa.3a2j=a]Ä=aE?_aa
aaEFa.2
a2=a
a'aa
a0
aKjI1a01a0
.
 140

 0
aK}aESjI_a– aO/SaE
aQ
aK4UaKaa 2"a Ia
a
aEUa07"aEaj.a07"a3a
a]U&!aE4=aEaE1a2"a07"a
ad2a !‚
ٍ
‰449a¬a`1ˆaZ‚K1aa0_a
aQa– a.aFa1 a2kaZ1

a.aj.aK4UaFa1 a Ia*3abI_aZ.FaKaa 2"a2ea.a.Fa1 a Ia

aEa¥2ha
a )aO/SaE
aQa2k
aaj.a
a2PaEUa )a
aE7"aE4=a0
aEFa_a2
a‘25aE4=a01aEUa– aD]aE!
aEaa 2"a0_a
aQaK
‚j.a.‚a/aE
a

aKa
1 aQaZK}aE.2
aOƒaE
aEe2Raa0&32.a
a
1 aQa– a /aE
aQ
aa
a0
aKjI1a01a0
.a
a2PaE_aQaEFa.a2=aJ3a07"azaEUa F‚a/1 ‚EFa.‚aK}a/aE
aQ ZK4U
aZEFa.FaEaa 2"a)a .a
aU/aa ‚EFa.3a2j=a]Ä=aE?_aa
aaEFa.2
a2=a
a'

aj7
aa
aKaara2a0
aK}aEtkaE_@a2
a2=aaQa¥2> ‚EFa.‚a/aE
a

aKa
1 aQ ‫اب‬%
ag
a=aza
az2Pa†ajaEUa™|$aJ3abI_aZEFa.3aajaKa/aE
‚EF‚aEaE
‚j.‚aj7

aSIaE_aK4UaGka2} ‚EFa.‚a/aE

a

a]41azaEFaFaa
1 a01aKaJ3aFao=a2
a„&aj7

a'P EFa.FaEa
1 aQa Sa

ag
aZEFa•UaKaE_a/a01a /aaaO7aaa&`a0IU

a
aaa1a2j=aEUaG6aJ
a0
aEkaK4
a2ea¦_aaU‚ajaU
aS_a jS7"aba j_aaQ_aba¡jR!_
aJ
‚a0IU
aSI3a
aK4Uajau2ha!
‚K}a01‚a0&32.a
aU
a]41 ‚Ej.a01a2=aJ3aEaE7"aQaE
aa
aEaAaEj.aE.2
a¯au2ha
aE7"aa!
aa&!aE4=a0
aK}aEFaSa¥>a‡R_aE
‚1a2j=aEUaG6
a =a•"a
a‘2SaQaEa¥2ha
abR_|a aaaK}aE_aEU2j=a¯a¥2ha
aE7"a2a2
a—j6

aK1 2
a‘2Sa01abR_|a2ka0
aEFa.Sa_/.aXa /aE
aQaZEtka2j=a]
aEaE7"aE4=aE=a0
aEFa}
a®7P_a/3a EFa.3a125a$az2P5a01a„.aE
a].a2aKaE!aQaZEFa
aA3a
aQa.
a

a]41 ‚ZZZZZZZa0
aE_aQa2paka
a2PaK4UaEj.a .a2=aJ3a07"azaEUa Fa‚aZZZZZZaaja

aS_
a/aE
aQaZEFaka125ajaU
aKaT1 a
a2= aO/SaE
aJ3aEFaG6aFa0/a2aEaj
aZEFaS1a2
ab/S ‚j.a.‚a/aE
aQa2=aha/ƒ"a
1 a0PaZESIa3aE_aK4Uajau2ha!
‚EFa.‚

a25a¡±&!_a5axj3aa*P.a2Ua " EFa.3a1au2haQa Ia
a07"a#1 +.aKa
1 a2!.a /aE
aQ
a¥2ha
aa& aaa
a246a4&.aK}aEFa„I1a F‚ad2+_a !&_a2ƒ$axj3aa'5ae2.a®7"ax_
a
ad2a !az246a=aa—aAaFaES}6a .aE!3a¥2ha
aE7"aQa
a .aK}aES1a2j=a FaJ=aZj
 141

a¥2ha
aE7"aa!
aaE
ad2a !aE4=a0
aEFa. a01aEaE
azpUa0%PUa¥>aEa‡R_aaaZ‚¥2h
a~– aE_aQaZE3a1a' a07"azaAa0
aEj.aES}6a01a aa0aXa>aXa'aZj.a Ia
aEU2
a¯
aAa_a0
ak aa25aKa
_aQaZEFa. a Ia
a07"aä1 7.a*
a0
aEj.aE.ja0a¥2ha
aa& aa
a
ad2a !a¯a=aa2j=aZFaES}6aUa07"a .aE!3aK}aES1a2j=aK4&.a¥2ha
aE7"aQa F
a?_aaa.aE3ajI1a2
a„
a
aZZZZZ_aja

aS_a®7P_a/3aa
1 aKa€7aa€aQaZ¥2h

aEFa}a25a_/.aXaZEFa25a“=a]41aEUa*>a2?
@a3aS}aK4Ua“ka
a
aT(1 .a 
a01a0
aj.a
a2PaE_aQaEaEUa Faaj.aFa
a2PaFa&Fajazaj.a07"a3aE4=aEad2a !a0

aZEFa.2
aU2kaaEaQaa
aaEFa.2
a2=a
a'aa
a0
aKjI1

‫؟‬R3 3‫ا ﮨ‬K  ‫ﮯ‬N  ‫ ;ﮯ  ;ہ ;ﮯ  ال‬7‫ﮯ ) ﮟ رل   و‬5)-) ‫ﮯ ﮯ‬5J ‫۔‬43

a0
aESaK4UaFa/a„Œ
aE
aoIaQa.aj.a
a2PaEUa )a07"a(4=a0
aE3a
a !.a2k‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aQaZ‚EFa.3a2j=a]Ä=aE?_aa
aaEFa.2
a2=a
a'aa
a0
aKjI1a01a0
.aj.a
aE_aQa01aEUa F‚
aXa>a`aZj.a.FaK4Ua =aFa'a
aEU3a2j=a]Ä=aE?_a
a!
a
"aE
ab/.aE
aE7"aE4=a0
aE_
a2
a¯au2haajazaj.a.Fax1 2$a„.aE
a`a™|$a3aEj.aE.2
a¯a¥2ha
aE7"ax1a aa0
aE
aQa
"aQaZtka
a1 7.aKaE7"aQa*3aFa =a
"aQa'a
‚EU2j=a]Ä=aE?_‚aZj.aS_
ag7.aE
a aa0aXa>a'aa
aaEFaSj
aG1 Gaz1 ra
aE7"aE4=aaa
a0
a1 a•"a
aEj
2=
ZEFa.2
a¯a¥2ha
aE7"aEtU ‰EFa
a1 7.a01a U )a I+aEUaJ3ˆa

a
}3aUra0
aEFaK4Uad/a01a
av1 ab1 2IaZEFa0&$2
a
a a
"aa 45a
"ac+a01 ‫اب‬%
ٍ
aEaE
aQa*3a¡ SaKad(aZj.aSj
a
a
a„.2.ab1 2.aQ PaE_aE
aA2a#}ad&.a07/
aK
a
a 7/aG
2aE=aE_aE
aaaZj.a•"a
a“r a
|aE
a]2a01a.aj.aka1a07"a
aQ P&_a

aEFa.2
az$az2P5a01a
av+a21V ra
1 a¥2ha
aaZj.a0Uad
aa a
aUa07"a
a 7/aE
a]141a2
a—j6
V
aaa2paj.a]2ka
|a07"aza062k‚a IU&1a•R_aXaa
aaaXa ab1Š_aaaÖ27I_a
U
aaaza0

a‡R_aa ‚EFaK4UaaEU2
a•ea
aa&1aQa4&.aXaaj.a%|a
1 }aEUaXaK43aK4Ua2=a]k_
a41a] 2a 1 GaZj.a.Fa =a]
a'a
aEU3a2j=a£_aKaE/aE
aE7"aQa0
aEFa.3Fad/aE
a aa0aXa>aY=a'a0Iaj.a1 aK4UaKaa 2"a Ia3a0
aK}aE.2
a2}ªaja
a
PPaQa‡R_
 142

ab3a2=a
a IaQaZj.atka
a“r a
aa&1aE
a]k_aE/1 NaE
aaj.aka1Œ4=aE/1 NaE


a
aZK}aK4UaE_aEU2
a•ea
aa&1aQa4&.a Fa0
aEFa}a25a_/.aXaO/SaE
aK4Ua
aEUa]k_
aa/1 Ša IaQ=aE
a'ajaa 2"ara2\a0
aEFa.3aza"a“ka
ax$a!
aKa2aQajaA
aDEFa07_ƒa
aa&1aja2=aQaaEFaSIa

‫ام‬$>‫ ;ﮯ  ا‬8 ‫ہ‬5J ‫ہ‬, ‫۔ ;  د‬44

a /aT1 aFaaK4Ua
aE7"aE4=aj.a1 aEa¥2ha
a )aFa Ia
aE7"aEtUaQa0
aTa01‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
ab&Ž_ab&_aNaxUa /_abaY¡3aa /aba a¡a
/7.abt_ a0
aEFa4
a]43aa2
a,eaEUaa 2"
a]&_ªax$aEa
"aQa.a.aka2
ag7.a
aT%F)a
a]k_aaa /aE
aEU3 a /_a.a2k‚a/1 ‰2145ˆ
a2kaZj.a aE_aE
aE7"aEtU ‰ U )aäa/1ˆa /_a0
aEFa,ea¥>aEaQ ‚kaE3aFaEaK
a
aE7"aE4=a .a /aE
aEU aE
‚ /_‚a0
a.3a4
a0Uaj7
a01a]41a.a.Fa2PaOƒaE
a /_aja07"a(4=
ZU2
a0Ua¯a¥2h

aES1a25a“=aEaFa2a2
a—2a—.a
a].7a2av1 ab1 2Ia0
aj.a
1I$aEj‚ ‫اب‬%

aE_IUa*ƒaEUabaE
aaa2
a—2a—.a
aT1 a
a_/.aXa¦_a3aE3a
a
1I$a
aQa
aAa2paK}
aEaQaE
a2
a#PUaoIa2) a
a
1 aJ3aZEFaS!Fa
a
a&$  aEaE
aaa]FaYaEa "aQaK
aFad/a.aEo=a2
a(a
a2P5a2) aE
a
1 a
aE4=aEaQaa
1 a=aQaEFa}a3a—ŒUa*ƒa01
a !a*3a2
a—j6a
aQ P&_a
aZK}aEFa2
aYa
a„.aE
a aa 2"av1 ab1 2Ia0
aEFa.3
a#}a2=aOa7"au2haJ3akaFa =a•"a
a•%.aab/hau2haaE_aE
a]141a.aka1a07"a
ad2

 EFa.25a_/.aXaKaE!aQaZj.aFa =aE_aE
aA2
aa®1 a#Ia*SI_a.ab1Š_a
.abt_aa&/1a&a#5^aXaaa jabaO+_a0Uaa&/_a*SI_a.ab1Š_aaa
a /_abaY¡±3a /aba j a
/7.abt_aZc/a®7"a•Sa j`/aa jS7"a•Sa
UaaxS7"a/7.
‰145½144az2P7_ˆab&Ž_ab&_aNaxU
aza„Œ
a3a Ea¥2ha
aAaE
aaaEFaO ‰Ua07"a
ad2a !a/1ˆa01a0
aK}aESU3aA)aAS
a#}
a
aE7"a4&.a01aÄ aE_aQ=aE
aAS
a#}aaaU%Ua
az)a .aZEFaK4Ua#5\aEaQaXaK}aE.2

a
aE7"aE
a!
a
aEaKaaa0UaaFaK4UaE_aEU2
a2=a
aE7"aE
aaa .aaEkaK1 2
a0Ua2=
 143

a.a
ag7.a
aT%F)a
aaaEFa1 aQ=a4&.a3a /aE
aEU3a a azaEUa .a2kaaZEFaaEU2
a2=
ZEkaFaEaKa]&_ªa .

aE
‚ /_‚a07"a(4=a0
a1 a#IUaE!
a2) a*ƒa01aEaQaEFatka4
aTa3aKa€7aa€aQ
a4
a01a¥2>a.aKaQaZEFaka
a2PaOƒaE
aQaFa07"a2a01a¥2>aaj.aka
aK4Ua2PaOƒ
a /_aQaAa.aEFaka aE_aE
aEUa07"a
ad2a !a2
a—j6a
aQ P&_a
a Ia
a )a*3a0
aEFak
a!
aZkFa ªaU2
a¯a¥2ha
aE7"aOa2
aFa2{SaEa¢p= 2=aE
a]141ac+a /aE
aEU3a aE

a`azaj.a
a¯a¥2ha
aE7"aJ3aE4=a0
aESIa3aE4=aK4Ua/a01a
aQajaEaa
aOƒ
ٍ
a3aT+1 2-.a„Œ
azaKa]S1 a
aE4=aEaQa0I73a>-)aZj.a0S)a)a
a aa0aXa>
aEUa07"a0S)a)a2=a aa0aXa>ad2
a7UaZK}aI6a3a
a#PUajajaKa43a42a27&Ua3a]F
ZEFaT!3a
a !"ab1 2. ax1aj
adG_a

5S)  ‫ق ا? ر>ہ ا>و‬K K1> ‫۔‬45

aXa¡±$aaad2+_a !&_ab) S_aO+_a1 2_a0_aXa€ >a P_aEFa

a“=a01aEUa– a
1 a2 ‫"اض‬#
ٍ ٍ 
a
a0&32.a
aQaa71 2"a+S5ax_Naaaba#/5a&/.a _a /5aa5|.ab1 2-Paa ItabP+ab
a
a1 2_a0_aXa€ >aEUa– a0
aE25a.a' ‰4827ˆ ‚ZZZZZZZa1j
aA)aŒa
a'aE=aEUaX‚aEF
a)aŒaEUaQ‚a/aE
a1 2_a€ >aDEFa
aEaa
a "aJ
‚1j
aA)aŒaEUaX‚a0&32.
a=aEUaX‚az aXa€ >a P_aE!3 ‚1j
a2
aŒa
aA)‚aK}a/aE
aQaZSIaK4UaFaF ‚1j

az aŒaEa .aEUaXa0
aE
aK4Ua01aZK}aE
‚1a2
a=‚a0&32.a
aQa)aEUa– aZ‚1j
a2
aŒaz 
Z

a01aZESIaFaK4Uajau2ha!
‚ 1j
a2
aŒaA)a
a'aEUaX‚/aE
a1 2_a0_aXa€ > ‫اب‬%
aaE
a€ >aKa2P5aQaZ1 2_a0_aXa€ >a0
a0Ua.3a4
a'2_a1 aXa€ >a.a.Fa4
aT
aZj.atkaSaTaŒaKaJ3a1aj.aŒa3aA)a2aZka1j
aA)aE!3a'ax1 K}a'/R
aTaŒaKaA)a
aQa1a1j
aA)aŒa
a'aE=aEUaXa0
kFa01a*ƒa
aQa0_+aaE_aQ
a„aEUaQa0
aEka]Fa01a/aE
aQaZv1 +_a" >a
aKa2aE!3aEFaFa!1a#I_a01aZS
 144

Z1j
a2
aŒaEa4
aEa„aTa3aEUaQa0
a01a0Ua4
aTaŒaE

az2P5aa /aE
aQa.aK}aES}6a_a*>a2?
@a3aK3aE_ajaE_a/azaE
a2P5aQa2ka] 2a 1 G
 ٍ
a#)aKad2a !a2ea .‚ad2+_a !&_ab) S_aEFa.25a_/.aXaKaJ3aEFa.3aFa/aEa/ƒ"
a
aQaEFaFaK4Ua=ajazaj.atkaj
aTa3aKaA)a0
aK}aEFaSa¥>a‡R_a01aZ‚EkF
aaa2kaZkaEFa2
aFa=aA)a01aEFa
" >a
aA)aE
a'a
a]k_ab3aE4=aEaEUFa
{aŒ

aE
aE4
‰EkaFa#)a2ea .ˆab) .a_/.aXa.a.Faka1j
a2
aŒaA)azaE4=aEa'GUaE
aT1
aZ.25 ‰FaEI6aFaE)a .ˆa S)a "aE

a
aTaQaEFa}a3a
ad(
a]41a2=a
1 ax1a
aJ3a,S5a†a=aZEFaK4UaFa.a¥2>aTa
aEtkaE1aYaEa2&aa&!a0I73aEFaFa'rUa2=a•"aE
a071 a,>a01a0
aEFaFaaT4$

a01a
a
1 aQaKa€7aa€aQaŠ4_aZj.a1 aK4Ua“=aja0/"a
aEUFa#)aKad2a !aaEj.
Zj.aI6aFa=aA)a
"aQa0
aSIa3aK4UaFa_a*ƒ

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬3‫۔   و اب  رت ) ﮟ ﮨ‬46

a01a
a aa0aXa>a`a0
aEFa
a“$
a
aEU2
a
{a01aEaa
a0&32.aE=aEUa– ‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
ZEFa#_a
a27)aEaEa
PPa
aa1a2"aa
aA)aZj.aa#7"arajaA)

aT2`aZEFaS1a2
a 12.a/ƒ"a
aaQaE
a*>a2?
@a105½102a
1 a
aT5>a† ‫اب‬%
 §â
a0
aEFajI1aA)aEUaKa?‚ax+NaUad&_a5aaUaa1aK}aE.25aEaG7>aE=a }2
a– a„Œ
a3aa3a‚ 2.aa#/5a
a1a0
aK}aE.2
a‘2aKaA3aG7>aZ‚]Fa}a2
a,NaEj.aK
a
aA)aE
a–a27&^=aE=aEUaG7>a0
aK}a01a/a¥>aE
aQ ‚E1 Gka2
aEaEFaka1a Ia

a<\aTa01aEUaG7>a2kaZj.aka1aKaA)a3aj&a Ia
aXa0Iaj&aK4UaA)ac+

aQabI_aZE.2
a1aK4UadIaKaA)a
a]27&^=a Fa0
aS1a25a,1 2-.a
aQa_/.aXa.aj.aj&

aA)aEUa Fa }2a‚ab!+&_aGUax_Š
aUa1 2_a
" >a "a 2a1a125aEUa_/.aXaJI2aE

 145

aZ‚K}aE.2
a1aG3aFa!1a
a]!+a Fa1j
a2
aŒ

‫ا)ت‬$>‫ا\ت اور ا‬,6‫  ا‬-) ‫ﮯ‬8 ‫۔‬47

EFajI_aEUa– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a
aXa
aaK}aEFa#)aKa0Ia– a0
aK}aESjI1aA)aKaE1 a aa0aXa>aXa'‚
aE
aEU2
aaz2&a2j=aaK}aES1a
ab/&3a 4aXaead2
a+>a27)a
aQ ~a– aZEFa
a¥h
a,>aKaESUaE
aQaaK}aES_aYa2=adPaE
a071 a
~a– a0IaR
aZK}aE.3aFa0UaE_
a
aaa0aXaea2&aT2`aaK}aE.3ao=aKaa)aEaQa0+>ac/aZEFa.3aFa•"a071 
aEka]Fa#)aKa0Ia Fa0
aj.aa0Ua27)aK&FaEUa– a
aXa'a1a0
aK}aESj6=aEFaE.2
aU&32.
‚DkFa!1aKa2RaQa0
aj.a4
a01aEUaKa
‚a125aEUa~– aDEkaK1 2
a¥ha

aa=a
a aa0aXa>a`a) ‰XaN/ˆa0
aEFa.Faa‘2Sa2=a,1 2%.az2
aaaQa
a–
Zj.atka_aƒ\aKaEj&ad4Ra

ad4Ra
aa
a aa0aXa>a`a)‚a0
akaFa =aEa0p3aJ
a‘2Sa01aK4Uad/ ‫اب‬%
a0
aEFaSIUa*ƒa01a¥2>a.aEaQaEFatka
a#PUa2= aT7a3aZ‚j.atka_aƒ\aKaEj&
aIaFa0Uaza*3aakFaz2&aKa2Ra0
aj.aj&a01aEUa]k_a2
abaA)a
a aa0aXa>a`
aZEtkao=aKaa)a¦_a.

aXaEaFag2$a
aXa'‚a0
aEFa.Fa,eaEaQaEFajI_ax.a2) aEag2$aEUa– a0/"a3‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a' ‰2ˆaZkFa0)aKa0Ia'aEkaaEkaK3aE
a'aQa– a0
aj.atka#ag(haEa¥2ha

a0Ia0
a1a2{.a<\a01aK4Ua0Iaa0Ua
a!
aEaKa0+>ag(ha
aQaEUa aa0aXa>aX
a01a
a+>a71 2"aE!3a2&aT2`aaEtkao=aKaa)a0+>a.aj73akFaKa2Raa0)aK
a`aEaQa
aEkaK1 2
a¥haaEka]Fa#)aKa0Ia Fa0
aj.a4
aEa Fa.aEUa~– a0
ao=a4

 146

‚D1a
a
a0+>aEUa– a0
a. aK4UadG_a01a2=a aa0aXa>

a)aƒaEUa]k_ac/a.azaDj.a1a2{.a01aEUa aa0aXa>a`a0
a a#IUaEa]4
aTa01 ‫اب‬%
aKaQaEFa
a#PUa)aEUa*>a2?
@aT7a3a2a2= aZkaE3aFaa'aaz2&a0
aj.a_a„&
a Fa0
aj.aa0Ua27)aK&FaEUa– a
‚a0
aka
a‘2aEa aa0aXa>a`a*3a0
aEFaka1S
a2Raa0
aj.a4
a01aEUaKa
‚a1aA3a
aaaEUa~`a. ‚EkaK1 2
a¥haaEka]Fa#)aKa0I
a2Raa0
a.Fa1a2{.a01a)a
a]k_a/"aEUa aa0aXa>a`a2ka0
aEFa2}ªaZ‚kFa!1aK
DEj.aESIa25aE!
aTa01aKaA3aE
aaa aa0aXa>a`a.akFaz2&aK

a—.aEaaj.a
aTa#>a0
aK_a„I1a0/"a=a2
a'IUa122½121a0+R>a
aAS
aQab1 2ªUa2=a•"aQ
a#)aKa0&Ž/a0Ia~– a0
aK}aESjI1aKaA)a aa0aXa>aXa'aZEFa}a3a1a2
a—2
a2
aE_a„.a
aaaaK}aES1aa
a0+>a].a
a]3a– aA)a01aZEFa
a¥ha
aXa
aaK}aEF
aaz2&a0
aK}aE.2
a,1 2-.a01a aa0aXa>a`a.a0Ua2=a•"aQaZK}aE.3aFa0UaE_aE
az2&
aZkFaK4Ua'aQa0
aK}aE.25a41a0UaakFa'

ax1a0
aE
a‘25aZEFaSIaFa aE!
adG_a
aE1a
a1 ‚E1a2{.a<\‚a2=aQa0
aEFa01a'
a 4a01a0
aEFad/a
aa0aZEFaS1a Ia
aEU3aE_a‹5a2=a 4ax1a
a
Ia
aa0
a¥>a0SaE_aE
a -Pa#>a 4a01aakFa=aKa2Raax1a /aE
aQa0IaK4UaKa2RaQ
a0
aEFa.Sa.a¥2>aEaa.2
aK4Ua2}ªa
aQa2=a‹5aa0abI_aZEFaF3aja2h)a
aEU2

a
a
a‹5aEUaQa0
aK}aESIa3aE4=a01a/aE
aQa
aZEFaka1a Ia
aE1adUa 4a01aEj
a
a=azaEFa Ia3a2ŽUa“=aE
a0_a
Ia0
aEFa2ea01a/"aE_aE
aa0ax1a
aD1
a2=adGaE
a‹5aEaEU3aFa2}ªaE
aQa0
a2
a0Ua2=a
a
aTaQaaa'j
aFaE4=a2=a‹5a=
aQa0
aE4
a41a0UaakE3aFa=aKa2Raa 4a01a0
aE4
a01a0UaEa‹5aa0a2kaDkao=a2{a

ZkaE3a1a2"a j3aEaa
aaU"aJ
a2) aEa.akaE3a
aK4Ua=aKa2R


akFa]1ax.a2) a0/a01a0
aj.aj
aSaFaE4=a
a aa0aXa>a`aEUa_/.aXa*3‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
 147


aŒa
a'aE=aEUaX‚a0
aj.ao=a
aT2ea
aE4
a01a
a_/.aXa2=aEU2
a
51 aE
a0+>a2j=a.
a) ‰XaN/ˆa0
aEFa.Fa2}ªa01a.aEaQaZ‚EkaFa#)a2eaXa¡%UaKad2a !a .aj.a1j
aA)
a1a04
a4U1a1aj.a1j
aA)aŒaEjaEUa )aK4Uad/a0
aj.akaFa2.a
a aa0aXa>a`
a01a2p1aa
a )aE_aE
aEU2
aa
a2.aQaaEkaÄ3aFa#)aKad2a !a .aÄ3aE6aEIa0
aj.
ZEka]Fa#)aKad2a !a2ea– aj.a1j
aA)aŒaEUa FaZE3aFa0Ua2Sa– a0
ao=aUabP1

a
‚EkaFa#)a2eaKad2a !a .‚a0
a}a0Uaja’Fa01a
a*>a2?
@aKa€$aE
a‘2S ‫اب‬%
a,>aZEFa•&3a^>ab) S_aZEFaEa]U&!a0IaK4UaEa aa0aXa>aXa'aAƒ)
aEFaka125aE
a2
a*h|a
aaaEj.aE a„.aE
a aa0aXa>a`a0+>a3a2=a•"aE
a071 
ZEkaFa#)aKad2a !a2ea¦_a .aj.a1j
aA)aŒa
a'aE=aEUa Fa0

a*a
aE_aE
a– a01aEFa. adG_a3a
a j3a2=a aa0aXa>a`aEaaaE
a– ‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
‰XaN/aXaN/ˆa2=a•"aE!1a0
aK}aEI6a04
ax.a]41aKar3aE
a]j3aE=a.a– aZEFaK4UaT
Z‚j.a1a2"a*3aEa0Iaj.aaTr3a¥2>a0Ua
aE_a j3ajaEUa aa0aXa>a`

aYaEa03aQaAaKa¢p= 2=aEj3av1 ab1 2IaZEFa€ -a

‚.aEa2a 1 kaŸ‚a01 ‫اب‬%
a¦_a01a
aZES
6aK4UajaEaEUp_adG_aj3aaaa2=aQaE
a2
a*h|a
a™|$ax1a0
aK}aEI6aF
a aa0aXa>a`a)a2=a•"aE!1‚a0
aK}aESIa2
a“=aKaT7{aE
aTaQaT7a
a2
ax1aE=aEUaKa#>aZ‚j.a1a2"a*3aEa0Iaj.aaTr3a¥2>a0Ua
aE_a j3ajaEU
a]43a0
aEFa01a0IaEFa*3a1aG3a j3 ‚2=a•"aE!1‚a0
aEFaK4Ua01azaEFa4
aTa3aKaa&`
aaE
aE4
aTa0/"a¥()aE_aE
aEU2
a•5a
a ªaQaaFa.Fak aKa ªaoa!
aŒ
aKaTac/a4
aTa0/"a¥()ax.a a
aT2ea21 GkUaaEFa.3Fazka_a”a]}aFa0Uaz6
a‘25aZj.aaKaa&`aQaja'ax1a
aQaEUaKaZEFa.Fa*3aKaTac/aaG3
a2kaK}aE.3aFaS52kaKa]j.}aE
ab&$a– aaEFaFaFa3aEaR
a
a‹5a(a0
aE

ab1 GpaE
a– aaEFa3aKa /.aJ
aJ
a]4
a]4
a‹5a
a– a0
aEF6aU2
ad/aEa– ab&$
a2
a'a”a– a
"aQa0
aE25a.a2
a
51 azara35a2aFaE!1aaK}a•"a0p3aJ
aJ

 148

a
a'aQaAaza.aK}a‘2S/a2=aQa2ka*>a2?
@aDEkaK1aŒ4=a,+>a,+>aT(had&.a
ab&$
ZK1a25a
1aA3a¥>a¥>a
aQaaK1 2
a

a
Iax.a*3a0
aE2$a0UajaEFaES4
a01a0
aEFa_ad
aEa}az 1 ax.a]41a.aEUa– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
atkaFa#>a
Ia*3aaEFaES1aO7a
aU!UaT!a~`ax.a
"aQaj.aFa0Ua#>
aa U)aE=a
a
IaEUa aa0aXa>a`a2
a„
a€haE ‰bF a
)ˆa
abP.aa¼aQa.
aZ‚_a2
a +aK

a
a“=aEaFa2a2
a—pa0a
aa&`aJ3a2aZEFa'aax1a
aaS4aaaa01 ‫اب‬%
a]P1 2ha a UaKaEU4=a03a&a
a]_>aE
ad(a0
aj.atka4
aTa01aKaQaEFa}a3
a1 a0
aEFa2eajI1aja01aEFaE.2
aO7ƒa2=aE/a!
a
a'>a!
a0IaSIa3a_aK4Uad
aE
a
aEU2
akraK4UaE4=a.a]Fa0UakraTa2kaZK4Ua1aK}akraTaE_aE
aEU2
aŠ5Ua
aQ
aT!a'>aE
ad(a2ka0
aj.aka1Sa01aKa'a
aQaZE}6aU2
aŠ5UaEa2j=aE}6aU2
a“$

V
aj
a2ŽUa“=a
a
}a¥2>ajaKaA|SUaE
a0R)au2ha
a*>ad&.a2a0
aj.a01a0eP.a

aa0aXa>a7UabI_aEFaSj
aO/.aEaE7"aJ
a a#}a0
a.3a
a0Ua‡+_a
a
aTaQaa.3
a
"aQaE_aE
aEU2
aŠ5Ua
a "aQaKa0/aE
a
5()aTaE
aA2a0
ajI1a*3aEUa 
a
aEU3aFad
UaE
a
5()a(aKaFar\ aEaE1aa0R)a
a%1 2"a2\ax1aaK}aK4Uakr
aEUa*>a2?
@a/a3a
aTaQaZFaEaKa“1 2"a0R)a0
aa25a
1 }aEUa~– a.aEFa0%1 U
ZEFaSIa„I1a)a™|$a2}aK4U K}aE4=

5S)   G>‫ ا‬A 5->‫۔ ;; ا‬48

EFa
a“=a]1aEUa– a
1 a
a 1 2+.a† ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a]2a2
Na
aQazaZK}aE.SaTax1aKara
aax1aEaKa]1 a=a aa0aXa>a7U‚
ad/aE!
a01a
a– a0
aK}aSj6=aza.aK}aE.2
aQ2=ara2=aQa aa0aXa>a`aZEFaS1a2
aE
a /_aU7Uˆa0
aK}aES1aA3a aa0aXa>a`aZEFaa04
aEa]2aTa01aEUaKa0
akaF
Z‚EFaa27)aEUa27)aa aEj ‰27|_
 149

K}aESj6=a– a /aE
aQ

ag(ha01a
a a 0aXa>a7UaEUa_/.aXaEaE/1 NaE
aJ3aEFa4
a
1 azaKaa 2"a0
aE25‚
aXa0
aK4Ua1aFa
{a.aEFaK4Ua2kaDEFaa04
aEa]2aTa
ara4&.aEUaa4&.a0
aj.a

Z‚j.aSjaT^=aQ=aE
a aa0aXa>a7Uajaz(aE
aa 2"a_/.

aQa.aEFaa27)aEU ‚27)aa ‚aEja0

a4
a*3aEUa aa0aXa>a`a0
aE25a01a.aE4=
aEaQa
aZEFaa27)aEUa )aEjaj.a125aEUa aa0aXa>a`a0
akaFa
{aE!
a01aE
a !.a01aKa F.aj.atkaFa4k aa a
araQaE!3aa27)aEUaQa
~a`a0
aK4U ‰2ˆad4Ra01

ag(ha01aEUa )a0
akaFa
{aE!
a01aEaQabI_aK}aFa_/.aXa2aEa27|_a /_a0
a]FaS_aE

aK4Uaz $=a
PPa01aEaQaEFao=aO&S.azpajaNa

a 1 2
aa 2"aEUa™|$aJ3aDj.aaa/1 Š
aK4Ua1a aE/1 NaE
aa‰2`_ˆa2aEaQaEFa.2
aA!a¥2ha=a )a
a aE
a!
a*3a0

ٍ
aI$a .a3a ‰45ˆaXa I&abjU&/.ab7Iau_aba S&aaEFaKaz a†a(aZ.F
a]41a
aE25aZ‚EFa1jIaK4&.aEUaXa3aFaE.jIaE/1 NaE
a aQaK4Ua.aFaE.jIa
a]U3
aaa .a0
aEFa.jIaa/1 Ša
a]_aEU a
a]U3aI$aXa0
aEFa2a01aE ‚Xa I&‚
a
aa!Ua2}aXa0
aK}a/a01aE
‰9654ˆa P_a a /1a _aa!Ua a1aDď au2haQa
a]U3
ZEFa.jIa2
aE_aKa„.}a "a)aaSU3aK4UazaE!3aEFa.jIa„Œ
a01aa/1 Š

a2227|_a /_aU7Uau2haaK4Uaa/1 Ša Iaa a2aEa Ia1a aE

aXaKaT1 aaau2haJ3
aj.a
a#>au2haQa a
aTaQaEUa aa0aXa>a`aZK4Ua2a1ag(haa/1 ŠaK
ZEFa.3a
a#>a aKaTaE!1au2haJ3

a]}aEFaFa3a25a21 2P.a01a2=a
1 aJ3a

a 1 2+.a†aZEjI1aE
a'IUa132a0+R>a
aAS
aQ ‫اب‬%
a2
a•ƒa2=aQa
a7UaEUaX‚a0aXaz2jªa0
aEFa3a
2>a01aKaQaZEFatkaa2
a#PUa=az

a
aEFaSIaFaFa_/.aXa0_+a2aEa‚1SaEUa27)aa aEj‚a27|_a /_aU7UaE_aQaZ‚1
aFaK4Uaja'&/SaE_aE
a!
aaE
aXa‡R_aE
a27|_a /_a] 2a 1 GaZSIaFaK4Ua27|a2
aEjaEUa27)ax1ˆa27)aU75a aa0aXa>a`a.a.Faa
aaE1a27)aaE
aXa2kaESI
ZE.25 ‰1S
 150

aa0
a0/"aa.ac+a.a.FaFag(ha
aTaQaEa•NaU!Uada
a aa0aXa>a7Ua2k
aKaa 2"aEa2aaag(ha
aQa
a~– aEUa27|a!
aa1a04
aEaa!
ara
a~– aEU
a /_aEj‚a ‚1a2
a•ƒa2=aQa
a7UaEUaX‚a0
a.3a
aaau2haQa
aTaQa0Ua.Fa0UaFa2
Na#"
a07Sa2=aTaQa
a]k_aFa -Pa.a
aEU2
aaaEaa$aQa
a0/"aQaKa aa 2"aZ‚1SaEUa27|_

a
"ha
a_/.aXa2=a
%=a
aJ3aEFaEa'aQa0IaK4UaEaa!Uada!
a0/a4&.a0
aj.aU2

ZEF

‫  ;ﮩ ﮟ؟‬R3 ‫ ﮯ ﮨا‬A& ‫۔ @ت ز   ;&ح ا? ﮯ‬49

aEaa
a 1 ra .a0
aj.a1a Ia3a
a aa0aXa>ad2
a7UaEUaXa0
aK}aESj6=a– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
azaEUa aa0aXa>a`a0
aEFajI_aEUa– a0
aEjI1a01a.aE4=aDEFa4
aKaa 2"aza.a_a2
auIU
aEFa
a01ajaEUa– a0&32.a
aJ3ajI3ra0
aEFa01a<P5aKa
1 a0IUaZj.a
aE ‚ IaE
a )‚auIU
Z‚1a2
aEa .auIUa
aa.)aQaEUa F‚a0

aaU"aa "aEFaESaE
a )aK.a3a0
aEFa01ar Ua
a 1 2
aa 2"a0
a]FaI6aSaE4=aKa0
a!3
ٍ
‰(ˆaE!3a]Far2a]j.}aE
a!
azaz)aEFa.2
aA!aEa¥2ha=a )aK4UaK3a
aOƒaE

a
aK4Ua#S"aEUa .aK4U ‚‰178ˆa jS"aXabI_a SP.a 5aEFaO/SaE
a3ab_SPaKa'RUa†
a*ƒa41aZj.aFar2aFa]j.}aE
aba
&3a#S"a01a0
aEFa2}ªa0IUaZ‚
a#S"aEUaXa0I
a .a0
aj.a01aaU"azaZ
aOƒaE
aaU"aE
a )auIUazaEUa aa0aXa>a`a/1aEFaEajI3r
aEa*>a4&.a3a]1 a
a]?aaa4&.‚ ‰234ˆa I(>abab1Š_a
¡a#(aZK}ad2a2=
aXa>a`aZEFaG3aK4Uad2auIUaEaa
aQE_aQa.FaK4Ua7>a?aa0a0IU6a ‚]F
Zj.a
auIUaEaa0Pƒa
a 1 raT2`aOƒaE
a IaQaE
a )aEUa aa0

a¦_a3a
av+aQabI_aEFa.Fa_IUa*ƒa=a¥2>aEaa 2"a.a2ŽUa“=aE
av1 ab1 2I ‫اب‬%
aK1 ŒU=a2j=aEo=a^aKS1 a6a4=a
aAGa†ad2
az2a0
aka]2
a‘2aKaEaaaFaES}6aj&
a aa0aXa>a`aEaa0Pƒa
a0aXaea 1 raT2`aKab3aEjI1aKS1 aza
ag

aE
aXaaa0UaEa]P5aa]25
a7Uaa0
aEFaka125aKa]S1 a6a4=aZEFa2
Na
auIUaE

a¥2>a01aK}aK4UaE?a>aGka2}aE?aE_a0aEFaFa3a
a2=a .a3a2
a2=a
aaQa2=aE2j
 151


a2
Na
aaJ3a0
aEFaSa.az$a01aEa_/.aa$aQaZFaES1a'IUaEa0a¦_a .a3aEFa'"ax1
aQa
2>a
aKaQabI_aj.aSj
aO/.aEa0/aE
a]?aE_a0azaEFaka
aKa2a27&Ua
1
a0Pƒa
aE?aE_a0aE=a)a
a aa0aXa>a`aE_aE
aEU—.a
a aQa0
aEFaK4Ua
a2
 ]Fa0Ž(a2P5a01aK37½39 a27&UaT1 a /aE
aQaZj.aka1a Ia
aEU2
auIUaE

â ٍ 
aa
aa2haabja`"aNa j_a‹ra5a‹2ab&_aaaI1aaI_ajI3ra2haja 1 ra`"a&5
ٍ ٍ
a "aXa2aa
aa#7"aba)ab1Š_a5aXa®a0_aXa‘25a&5a‹2aba7_aaa
aaZ/RaXa2
ٍ  ٍ ٍ
7!aXaR
aaXa a23a%|1aa0U%|1 aXa
aa^71ab1Š_aZ P

a0aE=aE_aE
aa&1a#}a0
.a1a2
aEa .auIUa
aa.)aQaEUa Fa.aka2ja3aEaQa
a 1 ra*3a2j=‚
a.a Ia
aXaaZ]FaEI6a2ja3aEaaaza0I73aEFa0Ua‹2a
aKaEU2
auIUaEa]1 a
a]?aE_
aXaZFa1a2
a‘25aE_aE
aQaEUaXa3aEFaK4Ua 
a
aKad
aE!1a!
a2=a7UaZj.aFaU aKa#&
aŒ3ax1 ‰E_aE
a]27&^=aaˆa Ia
aXaZK}aEI6aGkaE4=a3aEFa2PajaE_aE
a]k_aaa0P1 2ha41a

aaK4UaE.@aEa!
aaE
aQaK}aE.@aEaaaK}aE.Œ4=aT^=aE
aXa3aEFa0-5a(.
Z‚EFa5
aXaE_aE
aE_aA!

ٍ
a0
aEFa}aSa41aaar Uaaa&`a01a
aZE
a\a2=a]2P5az %
a<)a>-)aa2=aT7a=aQ
a1aD1a2
aA!a¥2ha=aEaEUaXaE_aQaZj.a
aOƒaE
aaU"aE
a aa0aXa>a7Uad
ax1

aQaaj.a1a Iaa/1 ŠaEUa_/.aXaE_aE
auIUaQa0
aEFa}a2
a
2>a
aTaQa2=aha¥>a01
aE
a]k_adaDK}a0Uad2au2ha
a]Ä4aPPa]1 a
a]?aE_a0a0
aj.a1aE_aE
a -Pab/S
a
aQaE_aE
a aa0aXa>a7Ua7Ua2paj.aG3a¥2>auIUaEa]1 a0Pƒa
a]?aE!1a.aE_
aXa>a7Ua`aE_aE
aEU2
aaE!3aj.a0-ax1a
a
_a`1 25aQa‘25a01aaj.aka
a‘25
a¦_a01a0
aE
azr Ua)aaE
a0Ž(a21 2P.a
a*>a2?
@a /aE
aQaZEj.aa aa0
ZK}aES}6aUa2=a
aT1 2ŽUaE=a
aa 2"a1aK}a2=aE
aa 2"a/"

‫ ا>ٰﮩ؟‬A&  ‫ۀ رہ ﮨﮯ‬K6J ‫ذن ا? ﮯ )اد‬8 ‫۔‬50

a¥()aE
a2`Uaa*3aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua`a0
aEFa
a“=a01aEUa– a
1 aK1 ŒU= ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aZFa¥>a0SaE_aE
aEU2
a0&a0
.aE_@a 
a
)aEa
4aE
a“=a 2ka
"aQa.a
a%
a‹5
 152


aE
a]j
‚ ‰559ˆaXaaN75aj_>aa®&"a&S
2.aa®_aba S/ƒ"aa0
a4
aEUa_/.aXa2=aQ
‚Ej.aEaTr3a
aXad
a]Ua01aE1aE}aoj
a3aaE
aEUa .a3a
)

0
aK}aESj6=a a2=aQ
‚Dj.aFa'rUaKa
1 aJ
a
a 1 2
aa 2"aTr3a01a0
aK}aESIaSa– a
‚
aE
ab3a
a]k_aa ‰3923ˆ ‚a&ªa jUaaSP1ab1Š_aaNa0
aEFaka4
aKaJ3aKa
1 aQa
a…a†
aKa
1 aQ ‚EFaka
a ªa2=aaa0IU
aEFa.3aaTr3a
a3aEFa.3a
a3aa(a¥()
aTr3a_>aQa
a3a0
aEFa2}ªa01aatkaaTr3a
a3a¥()aE
ab&_ªa
aba
&3
aE
a )aTa3aZFa2eaE_aE
a3 ‰Eaa
aaU"aa "ˆa3aEFa#$aTr3a
aTaQa2}aK
ٍ
ad1a I>aa(aEFa.2
a27/.aEaXaaNaEaa 2"aFaOƒaE
aaU"aaEaa
a "az2
a2P
aEFaEaE az2kaa*3aŒ4=a
7-aaaQaK4&.a„Œ
a3a‚ ‰1653ˆaXaaN75ab/&_aPS_
ZFa25a
a0Ua]
aFaKaT
a3)aaU"azaz) ‚j.aXaaNaza.aEj.

a*3a0
aj.ajI_a01aEUaKaZEFatka
a2
a—j6a0SIUaG
2a
a' Sa2a]41av+aa01 ‫اب‬%
a2
a 
a
a]S)aa2&{a2ja2}aa2
a—3a
a]\a0
a1Œa$aEUabR_|a.a
ad
a01aEUa]U&!
aa#>a
a' Sa2a01 ‰124a0+R>aŠ}aAS
aFa0Ž(ˆaEFa
a= 2a‘a5a!5aEUa]k_aa
ٍ
a2aZEFa
a“$
a
aEU2
a¥>a0Sa
av+a=a2
a?}aEaaa -"aEUa*>a2?
@aE!3aj.
a2
aba,-a01a0
aEj.aES4
azaZj.a1p_adG_ab/Sax1a2=a]U&!aEUabP5aa41a0
aj.a01a' S

a!
a01a0
a_a„I1a_a2paK}aE_aEU?a
a‘a5a!5a Fa0
aK}aE.2
aa
aTaQaK}aEj

ad
a01aEU ]U&!a0
akaka1a01aEa¥2ha
a_/.aXa*3aA3a
aQ aZK}aEFa2
a= 2a‘a5a!5
a¬)a0I73aEFaSIa=a2"aKaT>aaA3a
a‘2SaE
aaa01a0_+aa.aEFa
aEaTr3a&F

aEazaEj.a…aKaUa3a "adaE
a3aZFa aEa¥2ha
a_/.aXaTr3a
ad
aa2=ah
aaEj.a0U&_ªaa0U%a2.az1 raKaEUraQa.aT3ap3aE
aUa0IU
aESIaFaK4UaA3
aZEFaSIa3a_aE!
a4a
aaaKaA3aE
abe2/SaZEj.aES1a2"a‘a5a!5a
aaa)aa&!
ٍ
aza.aFaEUIja#Pa
a™|$a!
aZ.FaFaGpUa0I+`a+1 2>a]41a.a0_a
aaa.aT2ƒ5abU"aEF
a124jad2a
a‘a5a!5a
a]U&!aEUabR_|a*3a2=a•"aQa0
aSIa2
aK4Uaja-.a01aj7


a3aEa aa 2"aEUa*>a2?
@aZK}a41aT2ƒ5abU"a]a0
akFa125a01aKaA3aEUa_/.aXa.akF
aEa 45aE
aa 2"a
ab1 2Ia0
aEFa01azaZEFa.Fa2}ªa„Œ
a3aEaaaaK}a
a“=a]41aK_a 6
 153

a›I.aEaE
a2
a aKjIU aEa2ŽaJ=aa€7aa€aa#+aa•"aE
aU 2"aT1 aZK}a
a#I_
aZK}aES_@a2
ab/SaEaT1 a
a•"a›S|a#I_a/aE
aT1 a
a•"ax1

%‫و‬3 ‫۔ ا` اور ;ہ ز‬51

EFa
a“=a01aEUa– a
1 a?j6 ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
‰ 87ˆab1 25I_a2a•ƒP1aa0S&IaO+_aO+1aaaXa 1 21aaZZZZZZZa I_ajUabSRƒ_a aXa
/1aNa

aEaK ‰2I%_aE
a“1 2"aaE5"a..a/1ˆa]F2kaa0
aj.a}a25az aEa .a_/.aXa0
a*3a‚
aj.aS}6aXa0IUaEaK4&. ‰05"a..a/1ˆaz2karaEa0
aEj.aES}6a .aakaE a„.}a4&.ax1
‚a—.a2&
a
a]25
aaEj
2
aOa
aOaEaT&
aE=a0

0
aK}aE.25a
51 a– a /aE
aQ

a0
aFaFa'rUaz a01a
a_/.aXaKaJ3aK}aESIa25aFaa%Ua
a
1 a!
aKaa 2"a=a– a
‚
‚DEkaK25aƒa"aK4&.a2=ax1aEaKa]F2kaa FaZFaEFa3a¥2ha
a aEa01 a3ak_a
aK4Ua0
aj.aj
a04
aEaba
&3aEUa )aOƒaE
aJ3aj.az a
aFa01a2=aha_>
aaabakFa
aXaAGa<!.aa07\aEkaK}aA
a'aa )aZka2
aƒa‘a5a¥(|S
aE
ax.aY(aa'aE
abR_|ab1 }aZkaaK4Ua
aj7
a2=a]a
a]25
a )aEka]F
a ‰Circumstancesˆ TazS5a“= ‚z ‚a01aKaE/"a¬)aQaaZz2\az2\aEka]Fax_
aaa/1 ‰ 87ˆa I_aaI.a®
%_a2\aaaa.aa0
aEFaa2
a04
a01aEUa 1 2
aa 2"a
ea
ab3aEj.aEF
aZj.a. a2ŽUaP1a_a=a07\a2=aQaaj.aE
a]jS}a2^az2kax1aEaK

a¥2ha=ajaK4Ua )a]FaOƒE
abU"a/7haK.a3a0
a]FaI6aSaEa
eaE4=a01aK
aEaKa]Uaaa0
aEj.aEFaSaTa/1aj.aEa#7"aaj ‚z a
aX‚a01aZEFSIa2
aA!
ZEFaP1a_a=a"a2=az2kax1

ax1a2
NaZEFatka
a“$
a
arab|aE
a2
ar Ua2ŽUa
a#+a•"aa€7aa€a2j=a]41 ‫اب‬%
a
"ha35a
aQaaj.a}a a„.aE
aaaaraoa2I%_a
aR
aEa0Ia¥2hax1aEFa
a•"a¬)
a'aa
4a„.aE
aJ3aj.a}a a05"a..a
a“1 2"aEad$a¥2ha2aZj.az1 raK4
aEa]U&!

aaa0
aj.a
az aEa]U&!aEUa Fa2=a•"aQa0
aEFa.25a_/.aXaZj.adUaE2a
"ha35aaj.
 154

a0
aj.aFaFa =a“F)a01aKa]_aE
a]U&!aakaE3aFa#>a07\a
a .a2=ax1aEaKa]U
ax1aEaKa]G6ab/Saa3aj.az a,1 2>aa¥>ax1a01aZE3aFa#>a07\aK&Fa2=aE5"a..
a5a¥(|Sa2aEaQa0
a01ax1aZK}aE.2
aK1 .aa
aQa*>a2?
@a2paj.aka
aKaaE

aj.aE}6aUFaz a
a07\aFa2=a]Ua.a.Fa2aza2ka0IUaEFada† aaaa SUaaj.a‘2_
ax1aEaKa]Ua0
aEj.aEFaSaTa
"aQa0
aK}aE.2
a01aza#1 .a2aZ2=ax1aEaKaa0
a0U

a,S5a
a a0IUaZ1a2"az a=aEUa_/.aXa
aFaa%Uaa
aTaaEFaP1a_=a"a2=az2k
aU=a"a2=a“1 2"a2I%_abI_aEFaP1a.a_a=a"a2=aE5"a..a0
aEj.aEFaSa01azaEj.aTa3aE4=aE

aKaEPaE
a2I%_aQa0
aEFa}a25a)aKa
1 a_aE4=aEa
1 aa_/.aXaZEFa#I%a
|
aza1 k‚ ‰6'RUˆaa2Ž1a aaT&_a_aa"!1a&U
a0
aj.aFaFa01a
R
a
a]U&!aEFaE.3
aja2=a“1 2"a2I%_a0
aEj.aEFaSa3aEj.aTaza41a

V ‚K}aEFa3aEIU}a¥2ha
aTaEjI1a]jIU
a0
aEFa.Fa2}ªa01aEa]1 rab|a
au2haaDU=a"a2=aE5"au2haJ3aEFaP1au2haa_a=a"
aQaz)aEFaS!UjaT1 2ŽUaE=a2=aa 2"a0Ia.aK4UaT1 2ŽUaFaE=aEaa 2"az2ka01a
av1 ab1 2I
aZ]FaEFa2
aIUa
aaaFaS
a‡R_aE

‫ں‬DN‫ن و اب از ر‬D ‫۔ ال از‬52

a0
aEFa
a“=a01aEUa– a
1 a
a2) ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2
a1 25aEaAaE=a .a*3 ‚‰ 89ˆab52a®It&_aba›_a
&aUa I_aAS5a Iaa^S!.aN‚
aEjaES$25aG}ax1a.p_aE_aE
a a4&.aKa125aKaA3aE
a1 25a4&.aEUaQa.aEj.aEF
‚ ]Fa

K}aESj6=a– a /aE
aQ

aFa'rUaKa
1 aJ
a
aa 2"aA3a01a
a1 25a
a]U&!aEa¥2ha
a_/.aXa0
aK}aESIaSa– a
‚
‚Dj.
aE_aEUI=a2}aK‚ ‰2186ˆaaaNag _aÖa*3a0
a4
aEUaXa*3a0
a]FaSIa„6=aEa– aKa

aJ
aA3a
aI=a
aE_aEUI=aEa¥2ha
a )a. ‚EFa.I=aEjaza*3a]FaS1aA3a
aI=a

aEFaSaA3a
aI=a
aQaEa¥2ha
a )a
aE_aEUI=a2}aEaO1 2haJ3aDEFaSaE/1 NaE
aES$25
a3aE3 a2ŽUau2ha!
a
a]k_aaaA3abI_aZj.a(aA3a
aI=a
aaa
aba
&3aEaO1 2ha
aZ‚KpUaz $a21 2+.a2=aŠ\
a
aTa2}a
a )
 155


ax1aKaA3aE
a1 25a
a]U&!aEUa_/.aXa0
aj.a01a'a2aZ]&!1 araA3aa& ara' ‫اب‬%
a'rUaKa
1 aJ
a
aa 2"azaEFa
aKa
1 aQa2
Na
a a/ƒ"aa,1 2>aJ3aE
aEjaES$25aG}
a]}aE
aXaA3a
aI=a
aE_aEUI=a2}aEaEP1 2haJ3a0
aK}aES1a01aA3a
aQa*>a2?
@aZj.aF
a
aE_aEUI=a2}a
aZj.a(ajaA3a
aI=a
a]U&!a2=a•"aE
a a3aEaEP1 2haaEFa.2
a(

aEFa3aEjaES$25aG}aE.aE_aE
a a2.a0
aEFa.2
a(aA3a,eaFa!1aEa¥2ha
a_/.aX
a#ajI_ajaKaXaAS
a2
Na
aA3aQaKa‡R_a¥>a„.aE
ab/.a/ƒ"aQaE
a /.a
aaDK}
DEFa.3

a
‚EpUaz $a21 2+.a2=aŠ\
a
aTa2}a
a )‚a2=a Fa0
aEFa0Ž(aOajaTaÐ!Œ_aa*a01a]41
aZEkaKUa
aa¥2>a FaFatkajI_aa3a0
aEFa2>aK43aK}aEFa2
a¦_azadG_

 6; ‫ و‬1 1  ‫ظ‬+>‫ ا‬8 ‫۔ و‬53

ٍ
a
a')ax1aza.FaK4UaFaKaT>a
a‡R_ara‚a0
aEFajI_a2
a#6aEk aEUa– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬

aK4Uaja.ad/aaEFa
aUa0&Fa.aa
aQ ‚E3a1a'@aKa'a3aEFaSIaFajaKa#I$
a0UaZ]Fa0Ua‡R_aE_aE
aQaaE a')ax1aKa'aE
a™|$a!
a0
aK4UaEaKaTI&aTa01a0

aEa aAaZEFaSIa aKa3aE
a')a(a¼R_a
a0UaaEFaSIaFa =a2^aE
a‡R_a')a

‚DEFa
a*ƒa
‚*
2.a#&4‚a
‚‡R_a(aä‚a0
aEj6=

aaK}a›S|ajaKa
PPa=a]Ua‡R_a3aa')a0
aEFaK4Uad/a
av1 ab1 2I ‫اب‬%
a
a¢Iax1aKaEU4=a‡R_a3a
a')a!
abFNaU!UaEF6a.FaK4Ua„.ax1ajag"a
aa
a*.2.aKaEU4=a‡R_a3a
aQaE
abFNaaEU aKabFNaE
a')a'24abI_aE_a
"aFa0-a]G}
ٍ 
a. a„.aE
aFa¼R_ara')aKabFNaE
aa!Ua0
a2
aa01a™|$a
a2kaZEFa.Fa2eaUr
aa2aKabFNaE
aA2aG1 2pUaKabFNaE
aG1 2pUa')aFax1a0
aka2
a043.a
a
aQaza.aEF
aE4=aKabFNaU!Ua0
aEFaT7{a(j
a
aTaQa01aDEFa. a]
a„.aE
a‡R_aaKabFNa&F
a.a2=ahada#&a01aZEFa.2
aKaara=a0&32.a
aQabFNa2j=aEFa. aKaT>a2a=a')ax1
a0
aK}aESU3azaEFa(a•"aj7
a
aEjI_a1aE_a2
aáa
a]k_ab3abI_aEFa.Fa„.aE
aG.a
4
a>)aKaEU2
a’(.a‡R_a3aE_aE
aQa
abFNaaEFa.Fa}adjka#|.ax1aKabFNaT"a!
 156

a. aKaT>a
aFa‡R_a')a0
aEFaSIa04
aFa—Uax1a¥2>aTa01aE_aQaZEFa.o=aU2
a’

ٍ
aXa0
aEFa01aT>ax1aEaKa].>aa
4a
aaZK}aE. a„.ax1ara‡R_aa')a1aEF

a.4=a03a
a‡R_aE=a
aQa)a7UaaEFa.3a@aKa'aE
a7Ua')ax1a2aEa¥2ha
a_/.

aE.FaP_aEa¥2ha
a_/.aXa‡R_a.a0UaKaQa0
aEFa01a03a
aEUFaSa2\aE
aa
au2haQaEF
aZEŒ4=ax.a]k_aEaKa‡R_a¬)a0
aEFa.Faa2=aTaQa7Ua0UaaK}

‫ق‬C  5,)  U ‫ اور‬5,) ‫۔ و‬54

a/a^_aE
‚‚a'aZ‚K}aE
a›ƒ_a†$a/aE
aaKaara2‚a0
aK}aES4
a– ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
aSa
ad2
aE7UaT2`aEa¥2ha
aXa3aEFaO/SaE
‚‚a(ƒ>aQa'aK4UaO/SaE

aDEj.aE.FaXaba'Gaja‡R_a1aEj.aE.FaEa¥2ha
a ) ‚T$a›ƒ_‚ac+aE
aaQa
aZj.
aa0aXa>a`a‡R_aE
a 1 2
aa 2"a0
aFa01a*ƒa
aQa.aEj.aE.FaFaT$a›ƒ_ac+a2k
Z‚Ej.aE=aE
a 

a2
aE_a2P5aax1aE
aJ3aEFa3aKaT7aQa
a208a0+R>aE
aAS
aQaA3a
aQ ‫اب‬%

aa0aXa>a7UaaK}aE
a_/.aXa]Ua¼R_aa/aKa 1 2
aa 2"aZK}aEFa25av+a01a*>a2?
@
aäV a
aQaE_aaZKŒ4=ax.a]k_aKa‡R_a4UaEa– a0
aEFaka
a'rUaE_aQa
aQa2=a 
a#I_aEaQaKa -Paa
R
aa
Ua=aSa2\a/1a !"a2a
aaZEFa.3a4
aS

a‡R_aE
a_/.aXax.a]k_aaj.a. aE_aE
a&}a
a aa0aXa>aXa'azaZEFa›S|
a2kaZj.aSŒ4=aKaT>a
a]
aa]-5aT$aE
a aa0aXa>a`a0IaK4UaK
a01aK&Fad(
a0UG/a
aa 2"a2kaDEFaSIa aa
a !"a4=aQ=aE
a7Ua0
aFa.2
a !.a01a™|$ax1
a
a aa0aXa>aY=a'a
a.aEFaSIaFad(
a
aFaXa01a0
aEFa5
aE_aE
aEUabP1
a0SUa
a&}a
aFa )aja01a0
aE.aK4UabP1a01aK&FaEU
a0UG/aE
~a– aak Ura0UG/
aDK}

‫ ﮯ ا;&ر ﮨﮯ‬A5 ‫ ہ و‬56 ?‫ ا‬5 ‫ رل‬6h‫ہ ﮯ ا;&ر ا‬,8u   ‫۔‬55

ax1aZK}aK&!"aoaa
aaaEFaSaT4$a
a]Sab3aEa]&az3aE
av1‚ ‫"اض‬#‫ا‬
a2.Saza2p1a‡R_a/1aZEFaFaORSax.a‹ aEag2$a
a2=aEUFa
aE
ab3aK}azaKSa
a !"
 157

au2haazaka2
aIUaja™|$a3aEaEUa
a!
aEaKaaaZEFag&3a2=aaa
a
aaK}aKS
aZkFad(ara‹)aaEU2
aIUa
a
1 a!
a
aa 2"au2haJ3akaE3aFa‹)aEad(a†2

a!
aEaKa]Sa
a !"aQaEFaSIaFa1aEFa¥(S)aKaT7{aE
ab3aK}azaKSa
a !"a2
a'7"aEaKaE_aQaEFaK4Ua
{a
a](5aOƒaE
aOP+.a2a0
aE4
a01a™|$a
a2kaO/SaE

ٍ
ZkaE aK4Ua”U a
a/ƒ"a2=aa&1aE
aQaEa'"aQa.a.2
aK4U


aIUaEaEUaE
a]Sa2.Saaa™|$a3a0
aEFa4
a01a2=adPaJ
aEUa_/.aXa0
aEkaKSa– a

aEFa¥(S)aKab3aka2
aIUaEa]Sa!1a3aakaE3aFa25
azaEFag&3a
a
a2=ab3aka2

DkaE aK4Ua¥2a2=aa&1aE
aQ

 
a]43aŠ4_aEFa1a2"ad(aa2R
a a
a
haa2=a
a aa0aXa>aXa'aEUa_/.aX ‫اب‬%
a1aEFa
aEaG6a](5a1aEFa1a Ia
aG6a](5aEUa aa0aXa>a`a0
aFad/a2=ahaP1
ٍ
a>a`a]43abI_akFa2R
a*3araIUaEa
haag7.a.a]}aEFaa
1 }a01aKa0/a](5
aEU2
a0Ua1aEU2
a'7"a
a].4$a
aE3a2.a
a]}aFaSa0UaT7{aP1a
a Ia!
aEa aa0aX
a`aT7{a
a IaQa0
aEFaS4
a01a2
a=aG&
a
aT4$a!
a™|$a
a2kaZEFaSIaFa¥(S)aK
a1aFa<\a)aEaEa01a
aQa.a.2
aK4Ua2=a
aQaKaE_aQaSaK4UaEa aa0aXa>
aa0aXa>a`a Ia01a0
aEFaS4
a01a
a2kaE
aQa¥(|aZEFaK4Ua2R
a*3a01a'24a,+>
V
ٍ
a01aZSIa3a
aK4Uax$a/ƒ"aKaEUFa25
aE
aQaZK4Ua
aa aE_a2aja*.aFaFa
a 
aZK}aSIa aK4Ua“=abj_a
a a'P/a!
aKaEj&aE!3aEFaTa¥>aa ax1
 158

‫ہ‬5F C A‫ن  ا` اﮨ‬,N 8E) ‫> ہ‬6 >‫ا‬K6

( 56 ‫م‬U `5) ‫ہ از‬D3)

a
aE-a2S%aE
aE-5aJ3aE
a 
a}aaS!
=a2^a…3a*>a•R$a &+aJ?!3aA3ˆ
ax1a0
aj.a01av+a21 ra0t!a#>aKaJ3aEFa0-5a
a#=ax1a#>a01aEFa}a3a1aKa#1Na0&32.
a!1a.aFad2+a2\aE_aE
aa3aE_a2
aU{auIUaEa2aE!1a2kaKak3
V a
aaå_Ua=az
a0-5a
a05a0rSa2aQaDK4Ua1aEFaS}a"aOa
a
U`a
aaQaE_aE
azaQa1 aKaT>
V
a0
aEFa125a4ªa
aT)aE=aja2=a#!a_>aaa„.aE
a#-R.aoaEUa…3a#e5aEFaE.2

aŠ)aE_aE
a]U&!aja
av1 a„.aE
aa 2"aEFa
aO1 2ha
araaU"aa-.a
aaU"aKad(
aE
aRaP5ax.a]4
a
1 2
a
a]U&!aE
aaS!
=a¬-|_aaK4Ua1aEFaSIa3a
a !.aaU"
ab1 2.a FaaaE
aaU"a(a0-5a01aEa‡+_aQaDEFaSIa3aj&a =a
a<eaa "
ZEFa1 aE_aKav+a†2aE=a
a#!
a0&32.a
av7a_>aE
aQa¥2>a2
a—j6a
aaaK}aO/SaEaE Pa#>aE-a3aE
aE-5aQ
aE
aEU2
a‹a0&32.a0/aK4UaK}atka
a#PUaT1 aU 2"a3aKaE-5a2=aTPac/aZEFa}a3a1a]41
aE
‰1179a.a1142a0+R>ˆaFa¡1960a@a#1a=a0&32.a01aZEFaka1aa27&Ua
aT1 aaza¥2>aE
‰ad(\ˆaEFaSIa3a
a0Ž(aK}a0-5a#&Iaa#>aZEFaka
a2
a„
aEa
abSa07ƒ

a
a17a27&Ua0/5a
a£I1ar@a¢1aG1@kaaj.a2ea2P.a
a_a0
aE3a_a2
a !.a01a2ka‘2R_ aZ4
a
aaU"aza0
aEFa01azaEFa. aEa&Fa3a'a*ha0-5aoax1a*.aj.a.Fa2=aE PaQa€(h
aa !aaK}aa&!ab1 _aE
aaaaa^_Ua0
aEFa,+>a#I_aTa01aZEFa =aå_Uax1a
aJ3aEF
aJ3aEFaaU"aaa
azaKaE/aE
aå_Ua
1a0
aEFaK4Uaa aA3a
a'aQabI_aK}a•.aE

V
ٍ
aaU"ad2Sa#"aa¥2/aa4%a4SUac/aEaKab3aKS
ad&.a
ad&.a71 2P.aZEFadra =a

a 3aaTNa
aa^_Ua =a
ab3aK}a#&S%a2=a<eaa "aE!1aK}a›U-.a
a]3aa]U
a
aaS }a
PPaZEFaFa3a
aKaaS!
=aa }aEara>2ax1aKaE/aE
a
1a

a =aEaS|a
a "aaax.aAa2
aE_aEa !P.a#7"V a 4aUh2a 
a
V 1 2a'&%aKS_ a0&3
aaajaaU"ab1 2}aae"aE
aE4=aEa
IaUh2a0
aEFa3aaIa
a2aQaZK}aFa.2

 159

aaU"aa&!a0IU
aFaFa.3a
a =a
aaajaKa /aa]FaEFaE.2
a2=a
a<eaa "
aK1 2
a27/.aa2!R.a
aY=aa 2"aOƒaE
a -PaE=a !a2\a2a1aG1 2pUa0
aEj.aES}6aK4Ua01aa

a#>a
&Fa3aKaT(/ad&.aE_aEj
aO/.aEaaU"a !a
a2p&_aS5aZKabU"a
V
a<eaa "a01aZK}aEI6a' a#I_aTaAabI_aEFa.2
aF U%Ua¥>a
a
PPaQazaEF
ٍ
K}a#1Na‹a2-S|

aKaaE
a
U`at!aEUa…3a#e5aKa6aa5a¥2k2=aaE-a0PaE
a4a¥2ka2=a /aE
aQˆ
‰ZK}a25aaaT(-R.a
a0P5a0/$aa/5$aR

aE
a
/ƒ"a
aE3a!
a
a0
aEFa01a'a*ha0R-.a#>a]FaI6a2
aaaE4=aKa0
a!3 aZ7
a‹aKab aAS
ax1a3aFa#>a07.2a
adG_aFaE!3
V aEFaSIa3a4
aaU"a(a
a "aaa„.
a =a
aJ3aEFaaU"aFa01a1 a0
aEFaSIa3a4
a]1aKa]ŽR_a2aDEFa.Fa#>a
aaU"az $
DEFa*3a2=aå_Ua !ax1aOƒaE
a¡%a
a17a27&Ua0/5a
a£I1ar@a¢1aG1@k

a
aQaaU"a3aEFaSj
aO/.aEaE"25aJ
aza0
aE
aQa2ŽUa•ƒ"aEaa
a PaE
aa&! aZ8
a1a.2$/a1aa1aFa07/$a7}Ša
ak Ura
aQazaz)aE}6aUFaa2&IaKaE7/$a2}aE
ak Ur

a )aKad(aZEFaOƒa"aaEFa
V Iaa aEFa a
aFaXaZEFaaU"a
a )a¥2>aza$/
a1aFaz Urazaz)ˆa™|$a2a
a1a2=ada%=a
aZEFa0ƒa(aazaO/.abaE
a a
a0Ua0%=a]}a&FaZSIaFaK4Ua#a2
aba0abaE
aO/.aQ ‰Fa2}aEa27"a1aFaKa27"az2
a2
abaaz3a
a*`\aE
a )aa2
aaI&a
a
/_a=a3aK4Ua3aza!1a
a
a]Ä%=
a
a]U&!a UaE
aaK}aE1a2
a2Pa a3aEUaa 2"aZE!Uja2=a FaKar Ua0U&I+.a
aTGaE=
aaU"a0IU6aZEFa3a`5a
a
1 2aUaa}NaKad(aZEFar a=a
aEU2
a#&aaE6
a„.}aE=au2ha=aTS)aE
araaU"aEUa )aE_aQaEFa
"ha_aEU2
a a]1 =a2=ar aU!U
a2.aEa]2aza0
a1 kaEFaK4UaS)a
aEU2
ad
au2haQa
a™|$a!
aKad(aZK}aE_aE_aK
a2
aaO7a
aT!a#
aaT)a2p&_aEUad(aZEFaS}6a1a2
a S)a
a !=a
12RUaa 2"aZEF
a&a2.2azaz)aEFa1a2
a S)a0I_a
a2.2aa€R.aE
aa!UaEa2=aa!Ua UaE
adŽUa"()aE=
a]U&!aE
axax1a
ara
a.aK4Uaa&!aE
a2jaU ZKa2a2aE
ak Ura1aFaKa2
aOƒa3aEFabI&Ua3a
a™|$aE!1aKa
1 a(aZEFa2eaU3a1 2=aKao_aFax1a

aEFa01aKa]/a,+>ajad
a
a >aE
a
1 a(ax1aZFa a
aTS)a0U}%4$aaU/_
 160

ٍ
a ax1a0
aEFa$ aUa/ƒ"aEa-.aQad(a0Iaa 2"aZ2
a  a#&a2=ab25aadIaE
aXaza0

a¥2>aaXa0
aEFa.2
aa(a
a2aQa2>aa2ISa aa 2"aZ2
a•eaaU"aE_aE
a]U&!ad&.
a67aa40a
1 a12 za7a
1 a6 zaZK}a/ƒ"aa2) adIaE
aQaaEFaz$a
aT2) aaUaQaFaX
 EFaka125aKa12a
1 a40 zau2haaZEFaXa¥2>aa2&Ia0
aEFaka125aK
a27I_a/_aXa I+_5
ZEFa¦Gaa2.2a3aEFaE_aE
aXa0-5aJ=


ZEFaTNa
aXaa
a0
aEFa,eajaEa23½24 59 zaTa01
aaZa
2%1a&aXaa+7aZa27IS&_a7_aG1 G/_ab&j&_ab&_ad(!_aQ P_ax&_aZaa0_aaŠ_a
  
I+_aG1 G/_aa‘aT&!_a5aa0_a,7!1a!+_a¡±&a0_a-&_a7_aO_|_aX

aEFaa74pUaEFaaE1abaEFaaS(aEFaY=aEFaz$aE
aQaa0_a
aK4UaZEFaXaF
aEFaO_)aEFaXaFaZK}aE.2
ax1 2$azaE!3aEaQaEFaY=aZEFaaoaaEFa*_\aEFa
2r
a3aG6aza2}a
aQaEFa.2
aaakG
=aZdUaEj6a
4aK}aE_aE
aQEFa.2
a2kaT>aEFaaEU
aZEFaUa
2razaaEFaKabra3aaEFaKa]U&

a0
aEFa.2
a F25aT4$a,ea
aTaQa#&a
a¡R)a]6aE
aaaa aa0aXa>a7U Z9
ٍ
aE
ad"aa&!aza0
aj.aK4Ua
aTa2.aa aEaQaE_aE
aaa0UaEFa5a/ƒ"aE
ad(a
F$
ٍ
a
aaa0IU
.3a_a2
a !.a5a
aaE
aaa.aES1a2
a!1aza2kaZES1a2
aa(a
aEUFaz$
aEFaSIa3a4
a„.aE
a&Sa=ajaTa01aZj.a2.aEa07$aax$a
PSaa
U1a
(>
aa/_aOƒaaS|a)aE
aUa(aza0
aEj.aE.2
aFaa(a
aQa0UaaEj.aESj
abP1a01a0Uaza0

aa&!ad&.aZEj.aE.2
aEa%a&FaE
a]U&!a2aEj.aE.2
ajad
a3azaZK}a2U25
aQaZj.aeP.ara
a Pa(aKa]ŽR_a2a1aE
aaa3aEj.ax1 2$aKa2aFax1
a&S3aa2I5a&S3aakaFa0&.)a
a
"5a
aa!UaEa2=aa!Ua0
aj.a01a‹Gaba
a P
abada™|$a2}aZ2=a
a0Uaj.a
F2=a
a0UadI+a
a0Uaj.a
a
a0UaZka#j
azraE_aE
a#&

aQaEa‡+_a2a!
a1aP.a3aj.a.o=aU2
a2=a
a]k_aaaEa„.a„.aE
aQa2paj.aSI
a
aE
o_aE=aap_aA2ea
ax1a2=ad(aT)aEUa]43aEj.a™|$aE4=a01 /a2aZEj.aO15a2=
a'a !=a
1 4&3a&FaZ1a2
a2ka‘aE
aa U)aE=a
ad"a=aE
a2
aGUaK%U3a
a
1 
a!UaEUa01 /aZka1a2
a#1 7.aKadG1 2a
a
1 4&3aFaa
ad(a /aFa 3aE
aT5a
~
ac/aE=a062ka aa0aXa>aXa'a &+aZ1a„
a0%.aKao3a
ad(aE
a2
ar\ a
a
5()
 161

az22a
a0&!a
a /aE=aja
a!
aEaKaaaEUa]4UabI_aEj.aESj
a
7+aoaEa]a
2"
aE
aaaEUaE?aE
aaa /aE
aEU2aE
a01 /aZFa4&3a2=aha]1&Ua’a
a– a0%&FaZ
aK4Ua2P
a
aa 2"a‫ئ‬ra¥()aQa
a 1 G1aEUaEUaE
a7Ua)aa_a&3a0`7"a0U7>\a2=a
5()a¡%a*!
ab!ada0
aj.az¢p= 2=a
a0aa01aZ1a2
aa2"a
a]U3a
a]G1 GaE=aa=aE_aE
aEU2
aA 
a01aZKIa2
a‡R+aE_aE
a
a#}a
aOaE
a
5()aza0
.aaE_aQaa3a=aEUa0aXae
aEFa3aE
aAI.a
a¢p= 2=aajaT2`a0/$a0
aEFaTa*a01aaEFaj3a#I_a¢p= 2=
a 7Saa
F$a0
a(IUa01a0SUa
aJ3aIaFa0Ua#>a
a
ab!adaEaS&!" aZK}
aE
a2aE=aE_aE
a]U&!a /aE
aQaZEtka2
aS)a
a
a "a !ax1a UaE
a]U&!
ad
aJ3aEUa01 /aZ}a0Ua#)a
a
aaaKa'2?
aE
aT(/aE=aa}a0Ua"aS)a
aKaA|SU
a
+>aE
a?a !aEUaQa
a2) abI_aFa0Ua  2a0SUaA2)a5a
a 1$a
aQa
ar\ a

aza2
abaU{a
a
aQaKa2a
a _ad"a‹ aa
a2{Sa2=aha21 GkUa
a&U%UaaP.a0U 
ZEFatk

aEa
aU&!3aa&a3aEFaSIaFa™|$aza¥2>a2a
a]U&!aEaa
a aa 2" aZ10
aE/aQaZEFa.3aFaRUa
aa!Ua
aTa2=aha¥>aEaQaZEFa]raE_aE
a*-aQ
ZkFa RaU2
a#PUa
aT1 a#1Na03 aK

â
aT1a _a0ax&_aOab+Uaaax&_a0_aaI1aUa_"aIaT_ha I_av/a "aXaaa j7Ua j_a'"
Z a•aXa¡±%1aba0Ia.1aXa !_aa /_a5a®ƒ!azraa Ia0Rƒ>aXaaa'"a'&_aba®/

aza
aEaz$a2=a F‚aE_azaZEFa
a2Paz$aE_a4&.a
aT_haEUaXa0
a4
aEaaaEUa7UaE
aa
a a _aoa
a.azaZK}aO+S!az1 ra FaE
aF$aKaEPaE
aQa0IUaZkaFa PaE!

a]UaU&!3aa\a
aQaaEFa
a*|Sa
aQaKaEPa4&.aEUaX‚a4
aEUa7U ‚ZEFaK4U
aoaXaZaEF6aE!3axa=a0
aEFaS)a
aXaaK}a25aƒa„.aE
aU25aKS}a
a !"
‚ZEFaKa aE
aQa„Œ
a*aaEFaSj
a
/

aE_aE
aXa¥2>aaXaraaU"aOƒaxjaxjaE
aaU"a(aEFaka
aaa2= a0
a!3aZ11

aE25aŠ5UaEaE/1 NaE
a]_aa¡7UaE=abU"aE=aEUa_/.aXax.aAa2
aE_aEad aZEFa¬-|
a
aƒa
/1 2$a2) a
a]k_a0
aFa`SPa
a2aQa0^_a
&Ia
aXa0
a1 a!1a
"ax1a2j=aZK}
 162

aa01aZFa'rUaKa#I$a
aa2= ‰ aa0aXa>ˆa &+a¥2ha
a]U!Ua
/1 2$aaU"a01aZE3
adUaE
a aa 2"a3aka1a2
a•&3aKa#I$a
aAS
ax1aEaKa /aatka_a2
a1aUratka_a„I_
a
adIaaa0R-.a
aT(/aE
a]Œaa].a]2ad&.aE
aU!Ua#!Ua /aE
aQaZEFa¥2/aE
a<\a
aaEFa,+>a
a0
aK}aE.SadIa41aZE25a$aKaa 2"aEUaXa3aj.aU3a
aKa$
aZEFaz2Ia
aaEFa*+S!a
EFaG3Ua
aaEFaG3a
aEFaz 1 !=a2\a
aaEFaz 1 !=a
aEF
aaU"a(a=a2kaE
aJ3aEFa+aaG
2aza01aZEFaarax1a
a2$/a !a aa 2"a‘2\
ZEFa.2
a’2k

a062kaZEFaE$az Œ=a
14Uax1a?a#&S%a2=a]U!Ua0

aEFa
PPaz $a !.ax1a01 ‰›_ˆ11
a2}a›
aa'aU!UabI_aEFa•.aE
aaU"a ax1a01aaEFadUa
a4ªaE
aa_raa aT2ƒ5
aE
aT/"aE
a#7PS!ag&S3a
aTaaaT-|$aZK}aK4Ua]!I1aEa‡+_aE
adPa2}aaEUr
a“=a0PaEa›
aaTa0UkaG}aKab3aK}aT(/a0UkaG}aE
aa!UaZSj
aK4Ua0U&Ua
aE_
aEUFagha2}aZEaUatUax1a
aT)a„.aE=aE aKaUa3a0Œa2}a0
aEFa01a
%a
aXaZEFa.
aES_ a#!aaTaU!Ua0IU6aKaUaQaZEFa.Fa0&)a“=a
aT2^.a•"Sa2\aaEtUaaa
aa 2"aZESIa#6aK4UabU"aadIa' 7.aa2^.a#"Ua#PS!a UaE
aUaFaS_ aQaE_aQaK}aES}

aa•a 6aKaT(/a›S|aEUaa 2"aEa03aaZEFaK4UaS!aEa "adaQaja 
au(>aa2)aadŽUab1 2.a#
ax1a
a "a2aK&Fa01aZK}aE1aaE_aE
a
1 }aU!Ua "ad
ٍ
aZEFa#-Raa,eaz1 ra01aK ‰
{a(ˆaT(/a¬)ac/aZEFaS1a€()aƒeax1a7a2=
aa 2"aKab3aK}aE!1aT(/ac/aZEFaka
aKar UaE
a,&.aa#&.a2
Na
ab3aK}aE!1aac/
ab/SaOƒaE
aTaE
aEUra#&ar2ha=aa!UaKaT(/aaa0
.aEFa
aS)aTIa#&IaEU
ax1a2}a0
.aEFaka
a'rUaKaaraza
14Ua01a0
aEFaka1ara2=aTaQaaaKa aa 2"aZ2

aZkFa
{a Ra1a2
a#PUa]41a
aaaka1ara2=aTaQaKab3aT1 ac/aZEIa„&aE

za1a
1 a11 za127a
1 a6 za106a
1 a6 za99a
1 a6 za242a
1 a2 zaEUa…3a /aE
aQˆ
a
1 a57 za17a
1 a54 za28a
1 a39 za106a
1 a17 za89a
1 a17 za1a
1 a15 za2a
1 a12
‰ZEFa1a„.aja0&32.a
aaaaK}a
a#PUa4144 z58a
1 a3 za25

aazaa 2"aZEFaK4UaOa¬-|a
a] aax1aj&aao=a
aa 2"a0
aEFa,ea#I_a2a01aJ=
aQaaKIa„&aEa.aK}6a2kaa&!ad&.a0
.aEFaSIa„&a™|$a2}aE!3aEFaKaaraa
 163

aFaS
azaz)a™|$a
aaEFaka1a
aa&!a2}a3aEFaOa!1ax1a01aZKIa2
a#&aOƒaE

a aa 2"aZSIabj6aK4UaOa

aEj&aaEo=aa 2"aEaa&!azaFa0Ua]
adPa_aa#e5
aEFaSIa2
a#>a aS&"aEa2R.a
ab1 2!RaOaE
aEUraEU2=a ax1aEFaESj&a

aZSIa3a1a2"aK4Ua2) a¥2a2=ageaE=a

a]2!R.aaaZE}6a}ax.aK41aJa
aE/aQabI_
aEU2
a27/.a
aQaa2
a27/.a
aQa a0
aEFab&`Sa
a2aQa)aj&aao=a
a aa 2"
aZ2
aO7ƒSa2=aT2eaFaS_ a
aUaa2=aTaE
a
"a
aQa a0
aEFa#$ajaTa01aK
ٍ
aK}a
aEUaz2\a/5$adaax_ada0Raada(ab1 2!Ra 1 "aK1 27/.a3a
aAS
aQ PaQ
a3aUaK4Ua].a
a]3aKaEUraE
a‹ aza]Fa.2
ad2Sa4SUaja)aKaaa&!ad&.a
ab3
aE=aE
aaaKab3aEFa
aK4Ua !.ajaEUa¡(`5aEa
4a2a
PPaa
aT27/.a
aaaZKSI
a2}ªa01a2=a Fazaj.a
aEUaT2`aaa0/_ƒa2\a3a
aT$a›S|aE
a aa 2"aZK}a#$aja2k$
aEUraQa3aK}aEFa2{SaEaT/"aaTaE
a“= aa2kaaa01a2=aha/$a2\a1a/$a0
aEFa.2

a1axaE=aE
aaa3aK}aEŒ4=ax.aESUa¬)ax1aKaaE
a#!aaazaZEj.aha2=a'aE

a.aE3a_aaa2) a¥2a
a'"aE
ab1 2!RaE
aE4=aQ2aaz2.a1azaEa‹ aZEj.a“= aKaEUr
aK4Ua•"aEa
a&U%Ua„.a„.aE
aEUraakaE3aza2
aFa aKaJR"a} ax1a?a(
aa01aj.aFa'GUa
aQaKaaIaaaraJ3a0IakaEFaK4Uab1a2p&_aa ax1a2j=a01aZkaE
a0Raada.a.2
aK4Ua2Pa<eaE aEp_a
aa 2"2kaEFaFaaa2= a0
a!3aZkaEFa +ax.
aEaS&!" aZKava
aESUaa0ƒ_aza0
aSIa3aaK4UaTr3aja
aT+1 2%.a
az2\
a
aJ3aEFaka1a2
a a#I_aEa]1 >a 6azra
a2!R.a
a aa 2"aKa$a
az 1 3aT
aZK}aEI6aFaI$a
a'ra$/aak2õ=aa¤ƒ+Ua71Š4.a&3a7}Šaa&!a0
aFa01a0SU
a!1aaEFaI63a]j.}aE
a]2azaj.az3a
a]U&!aKaEUrax1a3a"2.aaá2!1 axR?
a
a]U&!aZEFara0&.)a
a'aT>aQaZK}aEtka Ua
a0%&Faa&!a0
aEFa.FaQ!+
a&aEaa!aEa3aEa
aaa$/a&S3aZkFa6a„.aE
aEUra2
aFa 
a
a]_>adaE
a  a 2"aZkao=aU2
a#>aTUaEaQaEFaI6aE_aKa
52ka=a
a]U&!
akFaU2
a27/.a0U &%Uaa'P/a!1a
aaaE_aE
aEU2
aO7ƒa2=a]eP.aEFaES_ aE
a?
aaxaE=aaKIa2
aOƒaE
aQa#I%.a
aT-.a"()aaT)aE=aa21 P.a=a¦_a0

aK}aESj
a
U}Naa#Pajaa&!au2ha
a]U!Ua2aZKIa2
ad
a2=aEP1 2ha]raE_aE
aEUr
a0
aK1 2
aOP+.aa‘)aa\a2=aTaQaza0
aEFa#>ar a01aE_aE
aFaEU2
a'&/Sa
"ha01a
aSIa3a
a]!6au2haJ
a2=a'a¬-|aE=aEaaEFa
aXa ad4Raa a
aU 2"a¬-U
 164

ZkFaU2
a27/.a
aQaaj&ao=aa 2"a
a]U&!ad&.aJ=aZEF

  
aaXa•7hab1Š_axt_aRUa'"aNa /_a.ab1Š_a_"aY aba32)aNaSax_a•&S!1aba ja
¡a/7.a j"
aK}aE.3a#IUaEaQ=a4&.aza*3a0
ax.a]41aK}aESa›I.a0aTa4&.a3aK}azaEaKaaaˆ
aXa2=a'aE
ab3aK}a¦_a41 ‚DjaEUaQaEFa4
a
‚aK}aES4
aEFaka1a aK43aEa]k_aaaza.
Z‰EFa
a2=a
aT%F)a=aEUa]4UaaEFa1ap_ajaEU

ٍ
aR_a#7"abaU
aaaa®&I+_a*SI_a j&/1 a j
G1aa0S1 a jaS1a jaaba5av/aŠ_a
ab7a'(e
aK4UaaT1 a
aQa2=aaaaEFa.2
aT(.a3aEaKaaa'ax1aKa]a
a =aEUaJ3aEFaFˆ
ٍ
aZ ‰Ej.aKaF2&kaFaj
aP1aE4=aza0IUa
&IaaAS
aK4UaEFa.jIaaEFa.2
aY=

aZK1ap_a0Ua#R"a2=a]_aE=aaK1 2
a2 .aKaa 2"aza0
aEFadra2=a]k_

 
aA7_a_a2
ŠS_a0S1aa2 _aY27ax_a0_GUaAS

a &PaaK1 2
a\a2=aT1 a
aQa¦_a0
.aEFa_a

2aEFa
a'rUa2=a .aEUa Fa3aEFaAS
ax1a01ˆ
‰K1 2
a#>a
+-U

aUau2haJ3aK1 2
a“$
a
aEj&aEaaK1 2
a2I5aa\aKaa 2"aza0
aEFa2ea01aE_aE
a]k_
aE
aQaaEj&a
aa 2"au2haaEFaT2ea
a 43 3a
|a2h)a
a'-aE
a >Pa2p1aK
ZEFa4S3adUa
aFa“$
a
|a
aEU=a
a 

ab&_/_aba^_aXaaa0!R_a 1a&U5a 3aba

ٍ
Z‰Ea]_aa43aEFarUaEaXaP1aEFa.2
a 43 3aE_aE
aa3a=azaEFa.2
a 43 3a
|a
a3ˆ
 165

aZK1 2
a“$
a
aEU2
a#>a a,+>aa#&Ia
a aa 2"a¦_a0
aEFaka1ara2=aTaQaz

â  
aa&/.a S
aNa&aj ƒ+.a _aS1a SŠ
a'" ¡3aNaS
a0ha
aaaEa aEUa .a0IUa1(?j3a
aT1 a2aEUa .a
kaE4
azaEkaK3a aza*3a0
ax.a]41ˆ
‰DEj.aEFa2
a
a .a1a
aK4U

â
ab&!&_a I&aa 2a Ia®a‹2abab1 _a5a Ia#/3aa I7S3aazj3aOaXa5a 3a
²

aXa&-SaaÖ
G_a.aaÖ-_a&"5aQ_aa¡ j$aUI.aa Ia j$a'2_aaI_V aŠa5aa#7"ab
 
a2-_a /Uaa_&_a /5a I_a
aK4UaaEFa6aK4&.aEUaQaZEFaOa
a“$
aE_aE
aQa0
a!3aK ‰za
ˆaXa2
a“$
a
|aˆ
aaE4=ab&!a4&.aj
adUaEUaQa
a }2a–a4&.a0P1 2hap.aKaE/aE
ab1a2=a .a

azaZoI=a¤7`a
aXaaaÖ
raa2
a "ar&UaJ=aazka2=a]k_a .aaEazka2=a .a'a0
.aKaQ
EFak aj6aFa
aaaj6aFa
aJ=aEFaa74pUaaa4&.

ٍ š  š 
a2.2aa a
4aJ=ˆa&aUraAa#"aa0aax_a`P1aaa#7"abaa 2P_a#/.aaO+_ax&_aXa_/S5
a4
aa
aQaa¥2ha4&.aE3aFa=a0
aE
aQa„.aE
aa 2"a2
a 3a0UaaPPaz$aXaEF
V
‰Ka aEjaoa2aAa

a•".a01aEaEP7ha¬)a!
aE
aaa0
a0UaEa]U&!ad&.a0
aK}a.2
a
ea
a2aQaT1 ad&.a01
aE
a27/.aa,1 2%.aZK1 2
a27/.a
aQaaKj&au2haj6aEaK1 2
a#>a a
aa 2"a0
aEFa.3a

K}aESIaFa01ax1a 6aKa]_>aaaZEFadra =a

a]_>a !a 6aE_

a
a]3a2=aaa0IaE}6aUFaK4UGk2}ara¥()a
aaaZK}aaa FadIac/aE
a aa 2" ‰1ˆ
ZE}6aU2
a#&a].

ZEFa2ea“aa
aU2
a2=a
ab3aaEFa
aT1 }a
Ua
ab3aK}a!1aT1 aa„Œ
‰2ˆ
 166

aE
a‡R_a]}a]FaE.2
a
_a2=ad4Ra 47a2\aab/Sa3a]Fa,eaaza#I_a‡R_a]43 ‰3ˆ
aQ PaQaKa]ŽR_a2aZ]Fa7Saa,+>aEaa
a22kaa
^_a3aKt}6aE_a2aU/aF
ZEFaK4Uaaa.a”j
a
au2ha!
a„.aE
a‡R_aE
aAS

ZEFaK4UaT2ea ra1ac"Sa/aEa0-a
a
a aa 2"a0
aE}6aU3a
a !.a
aTaQ ‰4ˆ

ZKt}6aE_IUaK4Ua/a
aE
a2
a_aEa€7aa€ ‰5ˆ

aE
aa 2"a2
a„
aKa2ŽaJ=aE
aaaEj.a“= aTa3a
"aE
aa 2"a'GUa/1aOƒaE
a'GUaa$ ‰6ˆ
ZEFaYU2ƒ)aU2
a,1 2%.a
aU/

aEa'aE
a“=aa2kaEa0
aEFa01a aEaQaZE}6aUF ‰Rationalˆ 'P/a27/.a
aa 2" ‰7ˆ
a0%&FaTa•"Sa2\aaEtUa0
aEFa‡+_a#"a2a01aZE}6aUFaOƒSaEaE1 aU!UaE_aEUFa2{S
a
aT`PSaaTaaa,1 2%.aaEFa}aFa05ea]G5araKaT1 2ea
a?aZK}aES}aE.Fa&U
aZEFa2eaU3a
aKa$

a
a
4%ad aa
4%aKaaaK}a.Fa =aK.>a›S|a3a2=aa
a¥(S)aE
aaIaaar ‰11ˆ
aaE}6aj
a2h)a‡+a
a
1a
aT3aaTaK&FaEFaE.2
a#P.aZE}6aUFa0Ura&F
a0
aE}6aU2
a "a“=au2haQa*U3a
a'aEaeaEFaESŒU3a
aOPaE
a*1 2"aa /
ZK}aEaE
azpUa&Fa*aTPSaY2.a#"aaOƒa2\aaT"aaTe2R

aKa3a
1 a(a,+>a!1a

a /aE
az $a
5()a
ara
aKaUaQaEaS&!"  ‰12ˆ
aa 2"aZFa
ad
a
a27/.a
a aa 2"a„.aE
aa/.a&Faazaa/$a=aEUa]k_aKaJ3a aK4U
a
a >PaaOPaE!1a€7ƒUa0IU
aEFaK4Ua a€7ƒUa
aaabI_aK}a a'>az2
a2PaE
a 
a raEax1a
a™Ua¬)ax1a
a aa 2"a2kaAaZK}aES}aE.Fa21Š=a2^.a#!!a3aEFa
aaF2
 167

a2
a,1 2%.aOƒaE
a€Naa 45aE=aza0
aE3a1aaOa
aTaQa
aa&!a2}aa]FabI&aT27/.
ab3au2haaZkaK3aba*3a
a&ŽUa ax1a2
a aKa3aT27/.a&$aEaKaESUaE
aQa.
aEUa0ƒeax1aO5aE
a2ŽUaƒPUaE
aQa
a™|$a2}a2kajaKaaaZEFa

a aa 2"aKaT(/
au2ha
a?a2a2}aZkaE3aFa =a?a¤2a2\aaz k2=ax1a.aE3a1aaS)a

aT2!aa
az1 raEaz1 ra

a25az1 raEaz1 ra„.aE
aFa
&ra
aEa
aja?a(
ZkFa#>a
aEa
aFa
1 2
a07\aE_aQaZEFa.2
a“=

ٍ
ab}NaaS"haFaS
az)a™|$a
aZK}aE.Fa™"UaKaT"aa#Pa.2ƒ5a a 6a1a ax1 ‰13ˆ

aE=ajaa!Ua2ŽUa*>aaQ!a
aE3aax1aZSIa3a
aK4Ua•".a
aEUFa#
aE
aQaF
a3a a]—2
a]j
aZSIa2
aK4Uazr Ua0P&
a
a
&Fa
aa0&3aE_aEU aKa }%
a#Paz1 ra
7!Ua0a
a25aKa
a&S3a=aK}aEFa2
a2!a„.aE
a ŽUax1ak Ura&S3
ٍ
ajaEaa
a aa 2"aZEFa.Fa2.2aa2S4aSPa0|SaT"aaz }%aT"a
aaaZK}aESj
a
"ha
aZSIa3a—j6aK4Ua2=a] a 6a1a ax1a€7ƒUa
a]_>adaE
aQa2=aTaa27/.a
aXaAS

aZE}6aUFaEa%a&FaE
a]U&!ad
a01a0I


aaPR1a j"ra&aa ja$a 2aaÖ-_a"aa j2_aSab1Š_
a3aaEFa.FaEa%a&Fad
a
aaaa
a "ar&Uaa1aA3a
a(aE
aAaE=aEUa]43azˆ
‰K}aE.2
aá2)azaKaQaEFa
aƒaK4UaEUa Fa„Œ

a0S
² &/a S+7>5a I "aba›_5a¡ a S
aNa IaXa®&/Ua2
Na"2R.aa/&3aXa#7+a&-S
  ٍ
aa Sj.a /_a0S1a I_aXab71ax_Š
aja
ŠPU5a_abaÖ2RaR$aa S
aaZU)
a .aEj.a*3aFa2=a .a3a
a
&/Ua
aXa2
a1aa2
a =a
a0"2R.aa*aj.a¤7`a
aa
aXaˆ
aE
a¦ a .aEj.aaZjajaEa#`5aE
aQa .aEtkaFaa1a—3a
a]_a4&.aEUaQaJ=ab&$
a0
a 1$aT1 a=aE_a4&.aXaEFa.2
a,eau2haQaaEaQa
a .aEUaQa1ŒaJ=a
E
aEok
‰Ä=a
1 }a .

a2I5aa\a2=aT1 a
aQaaEj&a
a aa 2"aza0
aka1a Ia
a]U&!ajaKaT1 aa
4a
 168

a1adUa2a2=aha&S3a0IaK4Ua2=aha2RUad
a01a0
aEFa01a2aEaQaaZK1 2
a“$
a
aEU2

aZE}6aU3

aKaEa2aDK}a
a/aE
a¼R_aE
‚aU"‚a0
aEFa2eaU2
ad/a01a UaE
a€7aa€aQ ‰14ˆ
aE
aQaT(/aE
aaa0
aEFa.2
a')a01a
1 2
a
a]k_aO/SaE
aJ3aEFa0ƒeaza2aEaaU"
ZKt}6aEUFaOƒ

aOƒaE
ae2a=a™|$a2}aEaKaaaaj.a2%Saa#"a
4a /.a
aU!Ua#!UaKa S ‰15ˆ
a
aE!aKa#I$a
a]F2kaK4UaaFa05eaKa /.a
a]U!Ua*3aKa /aZj.aSIa2
a2!ak Ur
a2=ahaE
a'aZFa&Uaja
3a
a€()aƒeaY2S%ax1aE_aE
aaa
"aQaa a“=aT2e
aG3Uaa<\ax1a01aOƒaE
a')aE
a
1 2
aZka
aAI.a
a#S"aKa
&3ax1a
a] aQŒ=
a=aEUa]4UaE_aQaj.a
"haQ=aE
a
1 2
a0IU6aj.aK4Ua!1a 1$ax1GUaE
a25a 6aZj.ad

a
aEaKa] aQŒ=aaa1 kakaFa#>a03a
aaU"a
aaa1a2
aŠ5Ua273a0a2=a
"a
ae2
a] $a—2
at
aZEFa,+>ajaEa‡+_aE
aTaE
a#
a‹ a' Sa01aZkFaK4Ua*I.2a
a#S"aj
aFa“ka
a]27/.a ra1aa UaE
ab3a
aT1 aaa
aa 2"a
a
1 2
a
a] $aKaxax1aE

aTa
a]_>adaE
aa 2"au2haaaFab1
V 2.a]raE_aE
aTaE
aaa3aE}6aU2
a27/.a!1
aEFad
a
a
1 2
a01au2haaZEIaFa =aT aaU!I1aKa#&aa2I5a0
.aE}6aU2
aO7ƒa2=az3
a01azaEFa*hav+a'a3a /aE
aQaZEaaU"a
aEFa

aa 2"a2=ab3aKaT(/aa#!aaa0

aJ
a
aOaE
araaU"aKaT(/a4aTI!aa€7ƒUaa27/.a
a aa 2"aa!Ua]—2
a0
aEF
aE
a]}a0
aEFaSIa3a
a0-5a
a2aQa2
a„I1a
aTaE
axax1aDEkaK1 2
a'&/Sau2h
aE=a„.aE
a&SazaK43aEFa
aT>ab1 2S4a
aEU2
a*|Sa
a] &UaE=aE_aE
a] $
abI_aK}aESIa2
a*|Saz &Ua=aja
a a25azaZKIa2
ac1 R.a€PaE
aEa4ªaaTS)
a
a S"aZK}aEFa
{ax4a0%&Fa…SUaE
aE1aaOƒaS|a
a™|$ax1a0
aEFa.SaK&Fa1 .
aOƒaa "a(a S"a]43aaEFa.Fa*3a
a—paa'(S)aKaU2&Ia
aaU"aa
&3a25a0%U
a a“=aTaE!1aKa1 .a
axax1aZEFa.3a”4=a
a a2) a=aja!5a0Uka0a01a]}aF
a S"aaa2h)a
aEUŒaEaF7.a
axaa'au(>aza0
aK1a2
a7a
a™|$ax1a3aK}aESI
ada
a
Ua
aTS)aaEU2
a'+a
a
1 4&3a3aEFaT>ap}ax1a01abI_aE_aE_aKa„.}aE=
a
&Faoa
a2aQaOƒaE
aaU"a(a,+>aE_aQaZEFaG3a2=aha/ƒ"aE_aE
aEU_a¥2ha

aA!Saadj.aYaE_aE
a2ax1a2}aEaKaaa0
.a]Fa !Pa UaE
a25a /SaTS)a0
aEF
 169

a. "a
aTaZKIa2
a•ea<eaabU"aE_aE
a&}a
ad"a=a2
a#3a#a*aaFava

aKaT>aa¥2>aZ]Faz 3aa't!aEaE

aQ_ada25aS)a0&3a01a0
aEFa01a¡`S"
aKad(aZEFaSIa3a1Œ4=ax.a#2aE
a
a
ad2k2=a!
a„.aE
a
aO1 2ha Žax1aF
ar aE-5aE
aaaZEFaSa
aXa¥2>aKaaaaK}a#a2=aha]!I1aE
a S"aa&!a
aZEF ‚g&3‚adUa
aaK}aE.3aE
a2=ahaY2S%aa&S3aEa
a
a]1 24$

aEU2
a "aEaKaEt!aUU"a#I%a1a07S%a!
a2aEaQaZEFaŠ)a !ax1a
aaU" ‚4S3‚
a2=aEU&=a•aoaEUa0RaadaZEFaU2
a
a¥2-a2=aha#&Ia
a]S(>a}Na=aE_aE

aEaKad
a¡4P5a2aa0Raada
a].>a›S|ab3a
‚4S3‚aZEFa
a'&/Sa
‚4S3‚
a
‚4S3‚aE_aE
a25a 6aa a25a0P5aa&!aZ' Saau(-Saa!+SaQ" K}a01azaK}
aKaEt!aUU"a¬)a!
a0
aEj.aE.2
a')a,32.a#"a
aTaQazaE_aQaZEj.aESj&aYU2ƒ)
a
a4S3a0
aj.a
a01a 1$a.aKaEUra 1 "aZFa0-5aEaEaT2
a1ag&3aE
ab1 4Saa¡4P5
aj.a.3a1(j=aK4Ua a„.aE
a
&aa0Ur aKa]k_a0IU
aE3a1a2
a +ax.a¡4P5a 6
aaaE4=aKa0
a!3a0IU
aE}6a1adUa
a] &UaE
a] $a0`1 25a01aKaEUraz3abI_
a¬|$aa1ax1aU2
aO7ƒa2=aTa
a]_>adaE
aQaaj&aao=aa aa 2"a]FaI6a2

aE}6a1adUa
a]k_aaad
a01aaEFa‘25aaOa
a]U&!ad&.a0IaEFaK4Ua€P+Sa¬-|a


ab3a0
aEFa. adra– aEa– aTa01aŠ4_aZFa
a*|SaE_aE
a -PaQaEUa]U&!ad&.aK43
aa 2"ax.a]43aaEFaSj
a03a
aaU"aE_aE
a]U&!azaFa,ea Ia
a aa 2"aKaT(/
a*|SaE
ada„Œ
a3aKaaaEFaO/.a
aEU2
a]!6a2=aTG3a
aT
aE
aQaa27/.a
a 
ZkFa#>a03a
aaU"ajaEaEkaK1 2
aEha &U

a
a aa 2"aE4=aKaZEFaSIa3a
a,eaEa]_a 6aEaEFaka
aaa2ŽUaƒPUa3a2=  ‰16ˆ
aZEFaka
a'&/Sa<\a2
aE!3aka]_a
a
1 a2!.a
a!Ua†

  
aaaÖ 5a_ /.aa SR)aa5a• aav{aaa¡±!_aba I_aAhaa+IU5a&S&_a5aƒ!P.aa SR)aaa

_/.aaUax_Na IU&1a
I
aaEa].a]Fa !=aK4&.a3a2
auIUa.aEka2
aK4Ua¥-UaKaE/aE
a]&S1a0
a@a .a2kaˆ
a4&.aK}ax_aE
ab3a1a4aFax1a.aEkaIa2
aK4Ua' a .a0
a@a .a2ka2j=aZ6a6ab.ab.a
 170

‰Eka2
a0Ua5-UaEa .a0
aEFaaIaz1 ra
aTaQaEaQaZ„.}aE 

a'`5ajaG3a
a
a Ia!
aE
a aa 2"a]FaI6a2
aaaKaE-a SaE
aE-5aE=a0
a!3
aKaaU"ax1aKaaQaza0
aEFad
a
a] &Ua*|SaE
a]k_aZE}6aU3aj&a0Ua/aEa1
a<2$ab
aaKaTab
a.aEFaSIa2
a2kaaK4Ua1aEFaSIa2
a]1 a raEax1aa&!ax1a1 a0

ZE}6aUFaE_aE
a 5aE
a]&S1a
a$a!1aQ"azaraZ„.aE

a
aTr3aQa
1 aKa
!Ua2aadG_a0
a0UaEFa.Fa
{ar3a¥2>aEa
1 aQa›
24 ‰17ˆ
a
aEaKaaa0
aEFaSIaaaU"a01a2
aEaKa
&3a
a] aQŒ=a2kaZEFaSIa2
a +
aE
aa&!ax1a2ka0
aEFaSIa3a4
a01aEFaE.2
aQ"a2=a'aQa.aka2
aK4UaAI.a
a#S"aj
aK4Ua
ƒSa
aQaKa0IU
aka]2
aK4Ua]1 az1 raEax1aK‚a0
aE4
aza0
aEFabI&a01aE_
a1aU &.a$/a
ad"a0
aEFaSIaaaU"aE_aE
ad"aaja
1 2
a
a]U&!a—2
a„ a.aSj

aa 2"a
a
1 aQaZ2
a]1 az1 raEax1a25a
a
aQa0
aS1aK4UaTr3a
aTaQa
_a
a
aEha01aKaJ3aEFa33a
1 a
a24aza
1 a4=aZE}6ao=a2
a(a„.aE
aT1 a2aa
a 
avaE
a&
a
a•Na2kaZE}6aU2
a0Ua$a
aaa]FaESj
a0Ua•NaE
aEU2
a$a¦_a3a0
aEFak
az1 raEax1aEa2=aa
az3aFaE!1a1az3a4Ua.aEFaSIa3a
aEaEU2
aax1a
a™|$ax1
a
_R
ad a
aa U)a2kaZEFab&`Sa2=a3aE
a]Œaaa$aZE}6aU3a1aYaEaEU2
a]1 
aza0
aEFaSIa3a
a7aja2=a2aQaEa.aEFaSIaFag&auIUaE_aE
a™|$ax1aKaT>a

aU2
ad
a01aE_aE
aQa
a
1 a.aEIa2
a0Ua#!Ua 1 +.a)aza2kaZEIa'=aES3a2
a =aEŒaFaE.
ٍ
a„.2aaFaA2)a
_aŠ\a
axa!
a2ka(aEFaE.2
a€(ha2=aEU&=a•a
a'>aQaZE}6
a0Ua]1 a raEax1a™|$a
a0
akFaG3a#I_aUaaU"a01aE_aE
a
1 a.aFa
3a
a'2?

ajaEŒaaFaSIa2
a F25aT1 2ea
aE7
aE=aza0I73aEj
aKaT>aQa¥2>ajax1aaEj

aa&!ax1a2ka0
aEFaka1a Ia01a2=aha¬)aKaa†
Ša
1 a] 2a 1 GaZEj
ax.a a¬)ax1
a4 zaEk aZ2
a$aEaax1a¥2>aza.akaEIa2
aK4Ua' aaaE
a]1 aaza0
aFa@
aJaE
a]S!FaU!UaU2
a' aaaE
a]1 a0
aEFaa2
a,ea#I_aTa01aEUaXaKa129a
1
aZEFaK4UaK

aXaa5aPS.aa+-.aaaa®P/&_
aŠS5a#&_a#
a&.a(5a S>2a_a¡±!_aba_ /.aaa/ƒS!.ab_
ٍ ٍ
&aR\aa

 171

a &%F)aFaE!
aE
aQa .az)aaaE
a].aIa2
a' a0
aESj
aK4Ua
ƒSa01aGka2}a .ˆ
aa2
au(>a .a2kaaFaFaI?_azaE!3a—j6a!1aEa0
a2
a0UaS)a)aEa#
aEax1aJ=aZF
ٍ
‰EFaaEU2
a aaE%|aXaP1a. ‰Ea2ˆaŒ

aEU2
a]1 az1 raEax1aaEaaU"ax1aE_aE
aE1aO7ƒ.aKa]S1 a]Uaaa0
aEFad
a
a
1 a01
aZ2
a a]1 =a2=

a2}ªaTa01aEaT2.aE
a'a4_a0IU6aKaT>a
aEU2
a]1 aa0
aEFaSIa04
a01a
1  ‰18ˆ

a01aŠ4_aEFabI&UaÄ.2a]!I1a„.aE
a]1 a]Ua0
aEFaka
a !.a01ajaKaa 2"aaEFaI6aF
a
1 a€7ƒUa
a]_>adaaaZK}a.2
aaa'>adaT1 ab.a01aZEFa.3a
a S)aE_aE
a0%&Fa0P1 2h
az7.a
a]ŒaE=aa
a– aE=aE
a2
a$az1 raEax1a
a]k_a
1 aZE}6aU2
aKaU2pUa=a

a2=a$aFaQ!+aT2eaj7
a*3a0
aEFa01aeP.a
aRaIaa"aZEFaSIaŒaEaEU2

aZE3a
a a =

a 
a„.}aE
a].a6aa]2a6a0
aEFaka1a Ia01aKa38a
1 a5azaKaE/aE
a6 ‰19ˆ
a
a3‚aEFa.Sa01a39a
1 a
azaQaZEFaGaYUaT27a
ad23aE
aaaEa¥2ha
aXa01aZK3aE_@
ٍ
a0
aEFa01a'>adaJ= ‚EFa.2
a'7"a0.a
aQaXaP1a.aE_a2
au(>aa2
a0.a /aE
a ªaE=
a6aaa
aaEFa
a6a0
aEFad
a
a
1 aU2
aEha01abI_aEFa 1a•ƒ"aGaz1 raEaz1 ra
a6
a<eaa "a7a2=adIaU 2"aE_aE
a]k_a
a
1 a0
aEFaSIUa0SUa01aEaQaDEFaGa
a

a0Ur a
aaaE_aE
aEU2
aŠ5Uad2k2=a&a ŽaaK}a•a
4aTS)a01aZEFa#>aS)a
aEU
aZE}6aUFa'&/S

aE
a^>aaKaaaK}a.3a
a !.a S!aEa‡+_aUU"ajaKS
aS3aKaaS!
=aa } ‰20ˆ
aK}aO/SaEa]Œaå_UadIa3aKaAS
aQ PaQaZK}aK4Ua7a2=a aa 2"a'>az2
aaaO/S
 K}aEFa3aE
a#PUa]41a 6aEaKaa


a¥2/&_abj.!
aabj"ra_&_aa®e2_a S1aaaab&_ab
ab_abab/e21aT __
ٍ 
a‘2.aba-5aaa5ax_Na#a¿_aaz _a_aa _aÖ _a`.aaj/aaJRUa›I.
aP.a¥2/&_a S.aa S&aNa Iau3a(5a
a/e2S!.aaa .aaajau3a(5a%.aa&j
 172

aa&/.a&aXaaa&aX
aENaE
a–aaEF6aU2
a=a
a
ea3aE_aE
aQa'aa=a
a]ŒaE=aK(=ažaKaˆ
aZOƒaE
a
"ha
aQa2paE3aa0Ua›I.a
aa3a!
aZ2=aO1 2ha¥2/ao
aaUj
a
‰]ĈaaaEF
aJ=aZEFa Ua
aQajaENaE
a¿a 
a _a0UaaEa03a
aEŒaE
aQaE3a1Œ4=a2ea
az _a0U
a2a0
aF6a .a2kaa2=aaaK4Uazka
a.aEa%aa ea&FaK}6aUoj6aža]Ua2k
a2=aEP1 2ha¥2/azaEFa
aEha„Œ
a3aEUa .a0
a*3a2=a .aK4Uazka
a.a
aEŒaE=aÄ(=ažaEaT
‰EFaaEjI1aEaFaE.2
a .a„Œ
a3aXa_aa3aa@aEaXaaa2
aE_
aSabjaPRU5a#&aTab
aaabjaP`S_aba`.aa
3aba SIavababI

a2)a0_a•e2S!5a .2/.aaa¥2/&a Ia2&.ab3ab.5a I_ab/eaa5abj&ab/`1
a2kaa2
ap.a2=aaa0
.aÄŒ4=a0Uaa-PUaK4UaaOƒaE
a#aE=aFa24ja .a]43aK4UaÄ24jˆ
aK4Uaa.aK(=ažaE_a4&.aza2ka2j=aZE3aFa#&a•ea0
ax.a]41a2
aá2)a2=aaa.a]Fa_a#&
ažaEaTa2a.aFa¥(S)a&Fa2kaaOƒaE
a¥2/aKaJ= a2
az%aaEe/aE
aa
‰E(=

a]FaU2
a
$2aT32)aa
a–aZkFaU(=aža
a]Œax.a'aa=a
a]ÄaEaa
aT1 aa
aJ3aEFa.Fa .a
aaU"a0/$aEaQaZK}a#$aT32)aE
a]Uaz _aaEŒa2}Ža2ŽUaKab3aEk
a
o_aaE
o_aKaEt!aE
a
U`abI_aEFa'aa
U`aOa
az _aKaE/aE
aE
o_aEaa

aa 2"aZI FaK4Ua F25ar3a3a

aEaa 2"aEjaKaOaE
aQaEFa.3a
a "aG&.a3abaE

a
a
a _a0Uad2+aEaEŒaZK1 2
a’2=a
aEŒaza0
aEFa.2
a aa0Na01a2=aa2}aEaKab1 _a 
a2a2ka2
=a€(haTax1a0
aK4Ua
1 }a
a!1aKa aa 2"a›
24aZ
az _a0UaaEFaSIa3
azaEFa_a2
a$a2aEUaQa0
a2=aaQac+a2kZEFaSIaE_a0Œa=aEaQa2}$a(4=a.aE_a2
a$
aKaT>a
aE_a2
a$a2a2ax1a0
aSj&aK4Ua03a
aKa.aEFaSIaFad2+aEa0Œ
aza›I.a22aE
aQa
ara
a.aK4Uaz1 raEa–aE.a2ka]a.aZFad2+aEaEŒaE=a0Ua]

ٍ
a/ƒ"aKaaQaa 2"a0IU
aEFad
a
a
1 aUaaU"aO/SaE
a]^_Ua'24aZEFa2eaYU2ƒ)a
a•.aE
aQaT(/aE
aa^_Ua0
aEFaSI3a
a')a01aKaaE
a£I1ar@a¢1aG1@kaZEFa


a
aŽa
aaU"aQaEUa] &Ua*|SaE
axa /aE
aEU aKa3a
1 a(a
aaS!
=aZK}
aE
aU{auIUaE
az _a0
aEFaK4Ua0ƒeab/Saa,ea
aKaaQajaKaaU"aQabI_aZj.
aEŒa2a‡+_a#"a aOƒaE
a]Ua£I1aQaaa 2"aZkFa#>aE!
a
U`aOa
aEŒaå_Ua /
 173

aU{auIUaE
az _a.aEFaQ=aE
az _a0Œa0
aFa01aeP.a
a74aau(5a
aEŒa2kaZEFa74aau(5a

ZkFa2=aa
a›
aaTa¬)aE
aQa0-5a
aE Pa2}aZE}6a}aKa#1 +.a
aa0Œa3aE

a.ax1a
aaU"a(aEUa /.a>)aj6ax1a
a]U&!aja
a
a1av1 az(aE
aa 2" ‰21ˆ
a'"a
a aa0aXa>aXa'a2aEav1 aOƒaE
ad4Rab/SaZEFa_a„&aŠ)a FaF
a1a125a !=Ua1a !=aEUa– aE!3aEFa.3a_a#&aa'"a
a'a2aEav1 a2=ahadabI_aEF
a=a
aQaEFa
a
&"aa "a
av1 aEa
a
aEUFaŠ)a
aaU"a(aZ125aK4Ua !=U
aDEFa
aKaUa(adPaa07.2a
a~ Y=a'a0
aE}6aU2
ad/a01aK&FaE_aE
aEj&au2h
a¥2>aa )a a=a01aZEFab1a )ax1ad(a0
a]FaI6aSa01aKaE-a SaE
aE-5aQaK
ٍ
a'"aE
a7Ua0
aEFaSIUa0SUa01araEaQa.aEFa-.a,+>a
ad(a01a2kaZEFa.2
a#>aEaFa )
aEaaaz1 raEaz1 raZSIa3aaK4Ua
aa
aaFa aEa¥2ha
a )a
a2
aa'&a
ax1a1aj.atka
au2haJ
a27/.a
aa 2"aKaTa¬-|a0
aEFaSIa3a_a aKaEU2
ad/a01
aEaQa™|$a
aZj.aka
aO7ƒau2haJ
a2=aT/"a¬)a
a]_>adaE
aa 2"aKa0/a¬)

a &+a0
aEFaSIa2
aa01a™|$a
a0UaZEj.aa!Ua#
ax1aXa'a &+a0
aSIa2
aK4UaIU
aE
aQaK}aES}6aU2
a4ªaE_aE
aaa Fa
a 1 2I.aaTGaJ3a1aK}aO+S!aE
a 1 2I.aaTGaJ3aXa'
ad&.a2aZK}aESIa3aEj&a )a0UaEj.a0Ua )aza0&FaK1aabI_aEFaSj
aza
"aaT"a
a4ª
aza11½10a
1 14aza109a
1 12azaEUa…3a#e5a /aE
aQˆaZK}aFaa!Uajazau2ha
a]_
aXa>a7UaKaaaZK}a
a#PUa0&32.a•a51a
1 51aza6a
1 41aza188a
1 7aza143a
1 3
 ‰K}aE.25a…3a#e5a /aE
aQaZEFa2
Na
a
1 2%a
a aa0

a0Na
aaa 1$a0IaEFa.o=aU2
aK&Fau2haJ3aj.a.o=aU2
au2haa =a
adIaE
aXa
aa
az1 raEaQa
a]U&!azaZKj.az1 raK4
a
7!Ua0aEa]1 a0Na&FaEaa
a aa 2"a]1 
aZj.aFa'rUa2=aaa0
a„Œ
aS3aEj.aESIaaK4Ua„Œ

adP_a j1aXaaaZQ_abax&-/1aXa0Sa
^a&5a#/R.a _aaaaxabax_a'GUaaåa'2_aj1a1

a!1a .a2kaaEa¥2ha
aAa4&.a¥2ha4&.aEFaka
a'rUa„Œ
a3aaŒ4= °'aˆab1 25I_
ٍ
a]25
aS1a
1 }aK4UaXaP1aEa]k_akaEŒaK4&.aXaa1Œ4=aK4Uad^=a
aQaEUa .a.aEka2
aK4U
‰
ad"a

 174

a &+a0
aEFa2ea2\aU3aE.2
a#PUaT1 a
a aa 2"a2h)a
aE1ara2=aTaQaE_a2 ‰22ˆ
aEUFaa!UaZEFaSIa3a1aFa03a2a /aE
a )a
aaa2paEj.aa!Ua07.2a_aaoa062kaXa'
aT)a„Œ
ajaE=a)azaj.a aEa¥2ha
a )aQ=aE
aaa3aE
aaQaaEa
a

aK4Uazka
aEUaXa'a &+a0
aEFa,+>a01aZEj.aE.2
ad
aza2{a21 raE
aT)aaaE=aaEj.aESj

 EFatka
a !.aKaa 2"a)a
PPa01 aEj.aESIa2
a.a]ƒ\aza2pa

ٍ ٍ â§
&PS!ah2>ax1 j1aaxa0S&/Ua S1 a2).aaax7UNabad P.aaXax_a2R^_
a4&.a2
a&}aa2=a .a2
ad&.a
&/Ua=aa
a]ă)ajŒ=aka2.aa“|aXa0
.ˆ
‰¥2ha
aESaE 

aK}a0U&Uaj6a
4ax1aE_aE
aUaXa'a &+a0
aEFaFaaa01aKaa 2"a2=aTPaz1 raEax1
a!1 aad2k2aFa!1 ara
aFa!1 a U&1aFa!1 a
a ax1a0
aEFa01a¥2>a*ƒa
aQa2p
azau2haJ3aK1 2
a#&aaK6au2haa0/aja Fa0
a0UaEj.azaE!3aE}6aUFaPSaa 1aF
a Fa2kaaEFaK4UaKaJaE
aa!UaU2
a!1aakFaTa2ƒ5a2\a.a01a0IU
aEj.aE.2
a#&aaES6
ZkaE3aFa#I%aFa#I_ak Ura.aK1 2
a“$
a
aEU2
a!1

a
aQa2paE3a
a
ha
aXa'a &+a0
aEFa.2
a 
.a
aQaY=aa 2"a0
aEFa,+>aja01 ‰23ˆ
ad
aza FaEFa1a Ia
aEU2
au2ha¬)ax1ad
a¬)ax1a
a FaEUa]4Ua]43a0
aEFa01a¥2>a*ƒ
a0UaEFaSIaFa
ha0Ua]}aFa0Ua Ia
a]43aZEFaSIaFaFa Iax1a.a
haZK1 2
au2ha
a3aK1 2
a„Œ
aFaxja Fa0
aEFa#I%a
4aU2
aŠ)a*ƒa01aEaT$aaaE
aa 2"aZ
had 
aEa /.a +ax1a
aT/"a02.a
aTaUraE
a a25ax1a0
aEFaTa2}ªaZEFa
aEUa'
a4
a„.aE
ara=aTa01aaZFa0Ua]
aFa7Ua a25aza062kaSIa2
aK4Ua F25a2ŽUaE_aE
az1 r
aKav1 aaa 2"a0
aEFaTa,ea#I_a01aZEFaj&aK4Ua )aj7
a
a7UaEUad(a0
aE}6aU3
aƒeaKaT(/a¬)aE_aE
ad"ax1a0
aEFaO/.a
aTaaax.a]43aZEFa€25aPPaa2}3
aE
aFa]eP.aE
aTaz3aa¥-UaK4UaFau2haJ
a0-5a
aE Pa¬)ax1aaFa
a€()
EFaSIa3a
aEhaOƒ


aa
aXaaa0a IŽ/1a&/UaXaaa' /_a&I+.aaaQ_aba S&IaNaaja_aTUa.aaa
a21aXaa
ٍ ٍ
2-a/&
 175

ٍ
aE
a]k_a2
a0-5a .a*3aaK}a#}aE
aaa3a2
a2aE
aaaKSUa .a0
aEFaS1a IaK4&.aXaP1ˆ
ٍ
aaEaXaZK4&.aEFa.2
a
+-Ua
aTaj6a
4aXaP1aZ„.aE
a' a2
a0-5a.aa
Z‰EFaaEjI1

ٍ
aaaat$aY2`1ab5a ja‘2/.aa a ja‘2aa ja I5aY¡±3aa5a
+!_aa
aAŠI_aa/&
abƒ!P&_a*+1aXaaa<!P_a ja I5a
&I
aaa2
a‘2a1a2
a0-5aaaE
aaa.aK aQ=a4&.a2kaJ=aK}a)ad2aaE_aEa j3a
4ˆ
aaaE
aaa2
a0-5a.a2
a0-5a .a2kaaEkaK_aK4Ua—pa„Œ
a4&.a.a_a2j=a0aEaaa .a2kaaE
‰EFa.2
a !=a
a]_aEU2
a' aXaZEa' 

§
aaaXa Ia' V aT2aa*S
abaXa'GUa&a
a#"a ¡a•7S.aaT2a&
a PSag5ax_Š5
a2-&_a0_aaa•&1aXa Iaaa®aa I_&a I_a_&a_a I
aa
aT%F)a
aaa2
a2=a
aaEFaka1a IaK4&.au2haJ3aFaE aaÄ(au2haQaJ=ˆ
a]2
a' aKa0
aEjaEFaka1a IaaEaAS
a
a'rUaEUaXa„Œ
a3a2=aQaKa1aa&1a4

a'&a4&.aE_a4&.aaK}a'&a&FaE_a&FaZ4&.aa&FaEFaAaXaZba4&.
‰EFa?=au2ha
aaaK&Faka2
a•&3aXaZK4Uaopj3a
aaa4&.aa&FaZK}

ZESIa2
aK4Uar Ua2ŽUa
aT5(S)aE
aaIaaara FaE_aE
aEU2
a0R-.a
aT(/a"aa2RU

a'"aE
aXa'a &+a0/aER)a0
aFad/aEaJ3aEFaK4Ua3a!1aT4$a S!a
‰24ˆ
aaT(/aE
a25aza0
aE3a_aaa01a2ka2h)a
av+abI_aDEj.aES1a
&Fa
a
a2
aa'/5a
a!1aza.aEj.aE.2
a'&/Sa2=aEU&=aoa
av1 aKaEU2
a0-5a
a#!aE_aEj
a
&Fa"
aEaXa'a &+ajadPa‡+aaja0Ura‡+a
7!Ua0a&Faza0IU
aEj.a*UaOaKaEU2

ٍ
aaaK1 a18a1a17a71 2P.aEFaT5a /a'a2SaaEFa =aKaž80a3aEUa0Raa2paZEj.a2.a*1 2"
ٍ
aza0
aj.a41a03a
aQa7_\aZEtkaE
a“=aEaE
aaa3aK
a'&/SaKaEU2
a0-5a
a#!
a
a]-5ad&.aE=aEUa]4UaZEj.a¡R)a6aE4=aES3aEj.aK4Ua*1 2"a "aQaEaEUraE
aXa'
a“$
a
aEU2
a’(.a
aT
2+aaaEjŒ=aE
a‡R_aE
aa 2"abSaaj
a2=aT1 }aASIa
aa 2"a
a
aOPa&aEUa]4UaEj.aESj
aT"aoa
a¤7Sa' SazaZEj.a*3aE
aT1 }aaa3a

av1 a0
aEj.aESj
aOa01a0Raa2kaZE
a*.2aT1 2ŽUaa'>aE
aaU"a2=aa
aQ"aKa$
 176

aE1aOa01a
a]U&!a2a.aK1 2
aKa$a
aTa
"_a3a27/.a
aa 2"a2^aE
a a

a2) a¥2a
a'"aE
a0RaaKaE-5aE
aT Paa2!R.a
a aa 2"aZSIa3a
aK4UaIUaE
a25aEa03aaZEj.aESIa2
aƒ\aaEj.aa!Uax1a'24azaZUa0UajaEUa]Ä2=aa]2k$aE
aa
aEFaSIaFara =a
abU"aa¡ aaa¥2>aE_aE
ad"ax1aZEFaK4Ua,+>a-+Ua2=aEa
a 
a
a?a0
aEj.aESj
abP1a2=aTaQa0RaaZ]FaE
aEhag&3aEUa] &Ua*|SaE
aQa3
aE
aQaZK}a3aKaa 2"aFax1a 6aEaKaaa0IaK4Ua*azaEFa
3a
abU"aa "ab3
aE
aaaaj.a2&`aKaa 2"aaU"a<7S!a2}a0
aj.a01aEa
ac/aKa]_aEU aKa /aJI2
aE_a2=ada2ŽazaEaj.aR|a UaE
aa 2"a„Œ
3a0
aEFaK4Ua„Œ
aaE
aaaEa
a
a¤7S
a Žax1a Fa0I73a#
a‹ aZS}6aU2
aK4Ua2}ªaEa
a=aEFa05agrSaoa3aKaE/aQaKaZE
a
"axja01aZK}a#>aK&FaKS_4a
aOP+.a0U&Ia
au2ha2}aaK}aEFa3aKaUa<7`a
aada1 a0
aK1 2
a\aja2=aEt!aQaGUaK_azG3a
a
a
aEUFaaU"aŠ)aE
av1 a Fa0
aEF
a$a
aTa/"aa2ea1aEFadra2=a Fa =a
a'"aE
a¡4P5a*.2a_a2p1aE!3aaa1a0R
DEFaSI3a
a'+aOa
a¤7SaaQ"ajaE_a&FaK

ax1a
a]1 a/3aka.Gka0UraE!3aE!3a0
aK}aESUa€R.a
aTaQad(aE4P5ad&. ‰25ˆ
aKaEUraE
aXa'a &+a)aK1 aj3aZka(6aSaŠ)a !aaG3a
abU"a(a2R\a 3
a=aEUa0aXaea2&aT2`a0
aKj.atkažoa.aK1 a<\aaj3aZKj.atkaFag2$aUFa2}ª
a„
a„6aEUa|adaZ2
a
/U&a
aQa0IaK1ap_a]1 =a2=av1 a
1aKaaE
a
5()
a™|$a
a0
aSj&aK4UaKaZ
a*|SaEa
a
av1a,+>a
aG}aUa¥2>aEaKa]1 
aE=aE
aXa'a“$
a
a
au2haQaka
a‡R+a
aa 2"au2haJ3a0
aka2
aIUaEaTaQ
a0
aEFa01azaEFa3aT4$a3aJI2aE
aQaZtka
aK4UaE_aE
aEU2
a‡R+a
av1aKa 4
a.aK}a,+>aT1a
a !a2kaZj.a
a•aEaEU2
a‡R+a
av1a„.aE
aS|aEUaXa'a &+
a
a'/5aa'"aE
aaaza0
aj.a1a2
a•aEaTaQa
a]k_a„.aE
a
/ƒ"a=aEUaXa'a &+
ٍ
aaZa2
a•ea5aK4UazaFaj
a‡R+a
av1a
aaaEUa!
aJ3a0
aj.a1a IaEUa]4UaZKjI1
a0&32.a
av1 ax1aFa!1a1av1 aaZ‹2aa{ aa0+&5aa 2P_a2\aa*S
abaaa7SI.
EFa1aKa‡R_aaa2=a62a0+R>aKa¡1926ab%1¢1aE
‚d(ab1‚aAS
a=aEUaa &+aU

aKa'aQaE aQ=a&Fa aa0aXa>a )a'a0

a4
aEUa0aXaeaz21 2}aa0
aEFa
1‚
aESaEa~– a Fa3av1 a4
aEUa FaDFaEFa„I_a
a¦_a .aj6=aEUa]4UaZEj.aEFa„I_av1 a Fa0

 177

‚DAS
aax1aaE
aAS
a
aX °
a01a125aEUa]4UaZK}

ٍ
aEUraE
aaaEFa0R)a6a3a /a5aE
aXa'a &+a0
aEFaK4Ua3aT4$a
aja
a2aQ
a*_ha
aOP+.a24ka01aDE}6aU3a_a*ƒa
a
a0/"a2aQaZ]Fatka
a*.2a1a‡R+av1aK
aEU2
a‡R+a
av1aEUa¡R)a]6aE_aEU a /aE
aaaaXa'a &+a0
aEFaSIa3a4
a01a
aZEF
aa 2"aEUa
1 2
aoa
a]U&!aDKj.aK4UaE_aE
a€7ƒUadav1a01a0
a
aK4UaE_aQa“$
a

ٍ
a_a„I_a2=aQaj.a. a2!ajaaa3a
a
S
a /a5aE
aQaj.a. aa
"aJ3azaZ_a2
a¼Ra

aZKj.aj
a2
a#>aT )a
aA+>a0S51a /.a /SaEU ~a 1 2
a'aE_aE
a‘2\aQaaj.a.3
aj6aKa]}NaE
a]k_aaazaZKtka
a‡R+a0UaKtka
a1a0UazaEFaO/.a
av1ax.a]43abI_
ٍ
aE
aT5a
~a'a0
ax.a]41aEtka2a /aE
aEU2
a2
Na
aaaEaE
a]2aj7
a"R.a3aK}ao=
aE_aE
aEU2
ad/a01a0
aEFaka a
"aAaKa')a2aZka
a*.2aa•&3a
aaa /aQ2aa 6
a1 a3aE
a
$1aT"a
2raaEŽ5aGpUaT2aE
a]2a0
aE3a
aá2!1 a Žaa#&Iax1
a /a0
aEFa.3a
a¥2Sa01aDEFaSI3a
a !.a,+>aa&Sa#"aKa#I$az3a
av1
ٍ
a'-a#"aAa@I1 a
aaa2paka
a•&3a
av1a /a'aax1a71 2P.aE
aXa'a07.2a4=aK
a5Sˆa !ada‰ž256a5Sˆa|ad 
a•&3aEUaA+>a#1Na*!a
aaa /aE
aQaZEFaK4U
a5Sˆa03ababa‰ž303a5Sˆa!Uaba‰ž279a5SˆaŠ2.a•3a‰ž275a5SˆaÄaa‰ž261
ab3aT2`a0/$ Z‰ž164a“ =ˆa &ada‰ž384aTˆaP4a‰ž181a5Sˆa71  _aba‰ž283
aa$a‰ž381ˆa$a‰ž329ˆa2R/3a K}a01azaK}aESj&a S!a
a]&aE
av1 ab/3
aE
az2\a|adaE&a01a0
aEFa2}ªaZ‰ž406ˆae2_a a‰ž466ˆab!abaaba &+a2R/3
aZ]FaORSav1 ab/3a01aKab3aK}av1a
a
4a!1aZEtkaE
a*.2aKa /ajaEa]&
ad
a
aTPP+.a
a]k_ab3aDEI3a
a&Sa2=aaa0
aS1aaK4UaYI%a4SUa
av1aG6a01a

aad(a0
.aK}atka(j=aK1 a/3aG}aaG}a0
aEkaKj
azpUa2=aTaQa2eazaFaka
a2
aFaS
az)a0Ž5a
a]2a0
akFaj
aKazpUaja
aTaQaK4UaZE3a
adUa a
aXa'a &+
a
a]2aE
a‹ a2) aDK}aSIa3aj&a&Sa#"aK.aFa
a#PUaEa0Ž5a¥2>a
aFa"
azaEFa„Œ
a!3a0Ž5a
a] 2a#
a‹ aZkFa}a0Ž5a
aaaQ2aaz2.aE!3aEFaFa!1 a.aja0Ž5
aE
a]1 ab3aaEUaE^_7aE
a]2aDEFaSIaad
a
aŸ2a Fax1aE_aE
aEU2
a "aEaK&F
a
a
1a#PUax.a aoa2eajaEUaT7-/.aaT PS/aE=aE
aaK}aŒ4=ax.a FaT1a01aE/1 N
a
aa!
a1aFa
aA2az)abFNazaK}aESŒ4=ax.abFNa2aEabFNax1a‡R_a*3aZkFa
a!
aE=a
aaabFNa2}aZK}aE.Fa0SUa
a
)a=a
abFNa2}a3aK}aE.3aFaT2^.aE!1aKa‡R_aaa'24
 178

aaa0
aEFaSIa2
a-.a™|$ax1a.a]FaE a2
aGkaEa]}NaEa
4a‡R_a0I73aaEFa.—.a.—a2=ar2h
a]!I1a0p3a2}aU!UaT2ƒ5a0
aE}6aU2
aK4Ua2ŽUa¥2>aEa
PPaQaK&FaZkaE3aFa2^.aoaS
aK
ZEFaG&
aad)a4SUaz }%a2%aaEFa1a™"Ua
aa!UaEUaXaZEF

a3aja!1aK1 ac/a
ara
aKaaa.a2
a0/_ƒa
a]&aE
av1 a2ka™|$ax1 ‰26ˆ
24
ZaEFa#I%aUa,+>a2=aa
aT4$a)aK43aK}


a _a0U$aa
_"a
I75a />aXa'aba
1a*a1 27)a
P5a®%aa
)a'"a0Ua¡ƒab
ٍ
a2Iaa®a1a'"a {az 3a 3aJaS ‰5+_a5a
_"aˆa$25a5a/a#) 5a®_a5aU.aZ7abI1

ad"a {a¡&_a*>a2I1a 5a¡eS5a®2"a_adP5a0_a
UN5aYa2{abI_ax2"a*aUa
"a2_a 7/.aS1 N
  
aI71ax_Š
a'G1a 5aI75a0«a•5a {aI75a a {aI75a•
a {az >aa0a
_aSaI75a-1

aa
a(5a'"a2).a x7UNabad P.aaXa2R\a "ax7I1aaXa'a1a
P5aÖ>a0UN5a'(a¡3aS
ٍ ٍ
I$a 7
a0
a4
aEaaaEUaKaZkaQ=aE
a4aXaea0%aT2`aK 125aEUa]4Ua0
aEFa
1aEa¡ƒˆ
aT2`aZKSazaFajI1aTa*aaz 1 !=az1 raEa*a3a
a aa0aXa>a7UaEUa–
aTax1aZa25j.aK4Uab
a’)aa*a
_aaa
a
~a`+U 125aaK1aa4aXaea0%

aa aE
~a– aEUaa a2a0
aSaEtkFa#)aKa¥+_a1a2S!a2a„.a2aaEa›1 2%.a–
a– aEj 
a‘2aEUaKaZ26aaEU2
aT7a
aAaE=aEja?a
a2Iaaa125a2j=aZ_aj6a

aaTr3a
~a– aEUaKaJ=aZ]FaSj&a,32.a#"a
a“F)a
a– aKabI_aEFa !=aA2"a

aZ14aK4UaU=az1 raa
aeaEUa~ – a2j=aZEtkaE_a›1 2%.aQ=aE
aGI%ax1aE
aU= ~a– aZ
aZEIUa04a2=aY7aaE
~a– a!U aE
~a– a0
aEaE.aaEp_aEo=ar&Ua2
aFaoj
a~ – a2j=
au2haa#!!a~ – aZ1ja2aEFaE.a2j=a
az aEFaE.a2j=a
ag
aEFaE.aEU ~a– a2j=
aE
aXaa
a‘2aEUaKaZa27)a
‰EU3aFa
"a
ˆar&UaEUa]4UaaE a'(a0
ax.a]41aEFaE.
a aa0aXa>a`+U aDE1a2
a¥/azkaEjŒ=aEkaE
a– aEUaXa0IUaK}aE.a]
a– a'
‚ D]a0Uaz aŠka2I$ax1aKa
a. 125aEU

eS1aa-1a {a03ra#7P1a aa0aXa>a7_aa

a
_"a®%ab
a0a
aa!
a=a aa0aXa>a7U 125aEUa]4UaEFa
1aEa4aXaea0%aT2`ˆ
‰Ej.aES_ažo=ar&Ua2^aE
aea2j=aaEj.aES_
 179

a /Ua'"a
&SaNa#!\aÖ2&_aa#j5aO+_aba+S!1aXaaa°Xa'a1a ada
_"a
_"a®&adab

 _ajj7%1a 75ax&1a
2.a /Ua'"aÖ2&_a S+.aaXa'a1a
_"a4j3aa®&ada
ƒ^5a¡&_aTaN
aaI1aO7aa(a&j1ab&5a2R>aO"aÖ2&_aaa¼\a#32_a¡aaa ada®12a !aara ‰0aORSˆ
07%_a0

d2$aE ‰TˆaOaXa °'aE

aXa 4
aEUa ada0
aEFa
1aEa4aX ea0&adaT2`ˆ
a]}a125aEUa a 0aXa>a`+U aDFad(SaEa*3aEFa#!\a2=aTa
aJ=aZSj
aK4Ua
aEUa4aXaea0&adaT2`aZ‰Fak Fa'GUaEaKaA)a•"_a5a0I73a/1ˆaEjI1aU=aza*3
a2.a]} 125aEU~a– aDEFa.Fad(Saja
aTa
a' E
aXa 4
aa_aÐU@az246a=
a01aK
1a
a adaEUa !aaZEFa.Fa0%aE!
aEaQa0Œa
aQa2) aFa_ Y)a„.}a 
a#>a07\aja3aEaKaa J=aZ(=aa(S=a
aTaaEFa.Fa Ra—kaza
a2a0
a
a05e
ZEFa.Fa
4%aEaa2

ag '"aSaU75a0aaa a¡Uaba />aXa'aaUa#!S\a


a®%
_"a
_"aÖN/ab
a73a&aa
_"a_
ax1a aa0aXa>aXa'aaKa0
1SaEUa4aXaea0%aT2`a0
aEFa
1aEazN/ˆ
aEj.aE.2
a 3az1 raEa„ ~a– aZj.a.FaaaE
~a– a2a3aEj.aE.2
a#!\aEab.2aF
aKa
3a
_a]Ua
"aQaza0
a
aaaEUa]4UaZK1a—j6 ‰U=ˆaE_ 2aj.aS4
aKax.a]41
ZEj. E.F


a0Ua21aŠ_a#32_abaa#!S^1 '"a(Sa2
Š1aa#7_a 1a#32_aba />aXa'a#ta
_"a®%ab
ٍ â
aOP$a¡!_aaa /Ua'"a(!\ax_Na2.aÖ2&_a #a ada
_"aZ0a#!\a'"a(a 1aa Sa "
'32_
aE!1aEa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
a125aEUa]4UaEFa
1aEa4 Xaea0%aT2`ˆ
a2
#!\az 125aEU ~a– aZFa0Ua1aEad(SabI_aEjI1a272.a3akaj6=aKa E
a™|$
aQˆ 125aEU ~a– aZE= 0Ua2.azabI_aFa1ad(SaE!3 ‰kaj6=ajˆaKaaE
a™|$aE!1a
aEUa~ – aDEFa#!\aja2=aQa.aEjI1 ‰
hˆ u2haQaTa2k 0
a4
aEUa adaZEFaK4U ‰#!\a2=
 180

Z‰K} 0-a a
a]2aK.a]}a125

S!\5a~aXa' aUa0S/5a#!^_a*3aaaS|_aaS|_ar3aNa~aXa'a
_"aj

a FaE-aEkaE
a]Fkad2$a*3a0
a125 EUa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aEFa
1aEa4Uˆ
‰
a#!\aa
a!1aEUa aa0aXa>aXa'a EUaKaZEFa*3a#!\a.aK3FarS

#!S\aaa#7"aa5a S!1a {a®_aba#!S^1a aa0aXa>aXa' a

a
_"a®%ab
a
3a#!\ aa0aXa>a7Ua0
a
aaaEUa]4Ua0
aEFa
1aEa4aXaea0% T2`ˆ
Z‰]2
a#!\aKa0
aE
aQ #7"aEj.aE.2
a#>a2kaEa„ ‰E_aE
aEU2
aa2ˆa /aE
aE_a2

aacaUaaU2$75aG.5aU21aa
aa*3aU(
a  ¡Uaba~a7_aaUa#!S\a

a
_"a®%ab
caUaa0!\5 ›IS/aaa_a0a‹2|1
ab.2aFax1aKaa aa0aXa>a7U 0
a125aEUa]4UaEFa
1aEa4aXaea0%aT2`ˆ
a Ia
aE UaraKaca
_aEja– aaEj.aE.Fa73 ]Ua Fa0I_a] aaEj.aE.4UaK
aEj.aE.2
a2} ‰Ea !ˆa2a=aKa
_a
a¥ISa– aaEj.aE.Fa2ka#^ Ea„aaEj.aES1
‰j.a.aEaKa
_a
acaK


a {acaUaa€2/_a€2/.aA2%5a5a•eaaz5a•`5a~a7_ 0_aaUa {acaUaaA2$a

a®%ab

5a•eaaz5a•`5a~ 7_a0_aU
aEa2j=aaj.aS=aU=aEab.2aKa
_a
caKa0
aEFa
1aEa4aXaea0%aT2`ˆ
a.Faj
a0aEUaKa]43aEj.aESj
a0a]}a~a– aJ=aZj.aS1ao *U3a
a aa0aXa>a7U
a aa0 Xa>a7UaEa2j=aaj.a.j
a
$kaEa2=a¢}aca
_+aKaaZEj.aES=a– aj.
Z‰j. .Faj
aEUaKa]43aEj.aESj
a0a=a0p3aQ ~a– aaj.aS1aa

2jƒ.aSa0aa Ua _a ~ Xa'aA2PUa 5a2-+_aa'&_aba
_GUa
`aNa


a
_"a®%ab
a?6a2
a—j6a2S!aKa.a.Fa0`aKa*3 125 EUa]4UaEFa
1aEa4aXaea0%aT2`ˆ
a#>akG
=a0
ax.a*3aEj.aE.2
aK4Ua
PaEa aa0aXa> Xa'a FaJ=aj.aS?_a2=
28
‰ ZEj. ES_a2
aK4U
 181

Y 1a5a
!_axS`aa 'P5acaUa
P5a !&_abaÖ2&|_a_Ua~a7_a_a'"a
_"aj

aZaa2
aja?6aEa !aEj 125 Ea„aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa
1aEa4Uˆ
aK4Ua.aKa„.}a4&. ‰2{a
ˆac 125aEUa~ – a]F Ka
_a
acaKa0
a
a‘2aEUaK
Z‰FaSIaE_a?6aEa ! 2
aoa„.}a .a/1ˆaEF

aT2`aa0P1 >a0%aT2`a
1a
aaaK} EtkaE
aaab`a3aKav1aa†
Š ‰27ˆ
a#
aEa‡+_a2}a‹ra]Ua01a0
a]FaK4Ua.aE_aE
aEU2
a01aKaZK}aA!a¥2ha
a0&ad
aE
aX 'a &+aaE
aaa3akFa1a2
a2}ªa
a].a£1 2=aaa=a„.aE
aU1 2 aEUa]4UaZKj.
Zka]FaFaKaT>a
aa]aa

aK ¯ra0
aka]Fa4
aK.a01aEUaXa'a &+a0
a]Fa.=a#"UaE
aEU2
abP1 01a
a– aE=aK ‰28ˆ
ZkFa#&S%a2=a¡2\a
1 2
a
a
3akFa#&S%a2=a].a
1 2


ab
!&_aj) ba®aaI5a®_aAaa
&"a aa0aXa>aXa'a'"a'"a 1 raba® b

aj)aba®aN5a_aAa
&" a_a_a ja2a "a_aA+>a29aa2\aa7+a _aA+>a
¡!_
aE
a
3aK 125aEUa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
a4
aEU ]4Ua0
aEFa
1aEa 1 raba0ˆ

_aaj.a
ab
!azaj.aFaFa#)aKaQa3a
1 2
a0
‰jI1aEUaKˆa Faoj
a2=ar
a1aa Ia
EU3aE_@aKa¦ aK4UaEj.aOaE
a¦ a¦_a3a0
aE
aQaEaEtkaE_aYa¦_a 
‰K}aK.ad&/_a_aEUFa#) KaQa0
a]FaSjI1a
a.aFaoj
a2=araE
a¦ aKaak

a5a
/haa¡2PR_aja2
a30
125a®_a5a
/ha aa0 Xa>aXa'a'"a'"aQ7abab
¡!_aj 2
a
125a_
axUj3aKa
3aEUaK 125aEUa a 0aXa>aXa'a0
a4
aEUa]4UaEFa
1aEaQ7abˆ
a
a].a
1 2
aKaQa.ajI1a2
axUj3aKa¯raEUaK aEFa
a¡2P5a
1 2
aKaQa.ajI1a2

Z‰EF

EFaka1a2
a•aEaO1 2ha0ƒ_aEaEU&
a
_a
a]U&!a0
aEFa01a*ƒ 
aQa
‰29ˆ
aa2kaDEk K3aFa
aTUIaE
aE)aKa
3aE
aaa.aEkaK1 2
a#>a
_aza2ka0IU

 182

ak Urau2haQa
aDkaE3aFaK4Ua0&.) 2=aha
a
aaa
aDkaEa
a
aaa.aK3aFa*1 2\aa&!
aa0aXa>aXa'a &+a0
aEFabP1a#"a01a
a] 2a 1 G DkaE3aK4UaYa"2.aKaa a2}aE

aE J"abaXa 7aKa60274a27&Ua
1a2=a852a0+R>aE
a|av1 a3akFa25 TazaEUa 
aKa]$k ›S|aE
aE&)ax1a3aEkaK1 2
aT2$7aEUa].aaaKa
3aa&!‚a0
aEFa2
a
aQaaEFa1a2
a.a
4 z2a
ad(aEUa]2!R.aU2=a
a aa 2"aa]1 aZ‚ka]Faj?
DE}6a1aE}a2"2 
aTaaaK&Fa
aZEFatkaza2
aFa +a
4a
/

a*.aK}a,+>azaK}a
a•&3aEUab{ +av1 3a0
aE3a_aja2
a !.a01a2ka2h)a
av+ ‰30ˆ
a aa0aXa>aXa'a.aFa0UaEab1aO/.a
av1aa 2ka0
aEFa3aT4$a
a2aQaj
ZEFatka
a
1av1 a01aKa !aZEj.aES}6a1aK4Ua03 
a2) a¥2aK4U
V

a0/-Ua
_"aa/-.aa'P5a#|_aa21a a®1 &_a aa0aXa>a7_ad "a'" …1 )aba•5ab
ٍ
a0aŠ|5a I1a2abat%a I.2aNa2% Ua'P5a0_ x_Na2
Š5a
-P5az
2.aZ2)aa
a/R.a _a_a I/_a'"
2% Ua&U5aabat%a I.2aNa
aE1 a0
ajI1aEUa~ – .aEa›1 2%.aE1 a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa
1aEa…1 )aba•5ˆ
aE4=a F 1aA3aEUa]4UaDFaE.2
a
01a¦_a . 125aEU~a– aZK}aE.p_a U=aKa]j
a¦_aE

aa1a—j6a#&a01aEUa]k_aJ=aZ.Fa2S4a.aE.2
a0Ua!1a . 1$ 125aEU ~a– aZK}aE aE.2
a!1aE
]Faa!UaK 125aEU ~a– a
a2
Na
aQaEa aa0aXa>a`+U aEUa]4U ZFa
a =
aEaEa= Ka*3aa2
a2=a
aQa.a]a Ia
aK4&.aKaE/aE
ab1a4&.aKa*3
Z‚]FaFa2%ax1aJaKa.a]4
a„Œ

a0
aEFa1ara2=aTaQaEUa aa0aXa>aXa'a &+aKav1 raEax1az(aE
aQ
ZE}6aUFa&}a
a]U&!aKak UraE}a07/$ad&.a3aEFaAS
ax1azaF a 2"a¥2>

a0/"a2ax1a ¥2>aEj.a0Uabt&ƒaEa
+>a

av1az2
a•&3a=a)ab{ +a0
aTa01 ‰31ˆ
a0Ia_aaa,+>a
av1 z2
a•&3a&Fa0
aES4
aK4Ua01aEa]U&!aza0
aEFa.3aFa,eaE
a
a
+>a
av1aaaK4Ua2kaZ_a2
aa&h =a2
a”U3a2=a
+>a/a&FaK4Ua0
aK}aES4
a01
Zj.a2ea2\a#I_ 'a
aEŒU3a01a.a.FabP1
 183

abI_aEFaG6aj6ax1a
UaZK}aS1a?} EaUaQa03.a
aa!Ua3aK}a!1av1ac/ ‰32ˆ
a1aa!UaK&FaEUaXa2=ahaaZK1aŒ4=ax.a¡4SUaz4 Ea Fa0
aS1aK4UaTr3a
aQad(
abaES$25 1a€|aUa Fa0
aS}6aza2kaZK1 2
a2!ak UraEa
aa Fa0
aEFaS}6 zaaEF
a(aPPaZS1aaFa!1 K&Faza0
aj.aK4Uaa
aTaa az1 raEaQaE_aE
aQa.aK3
a2.a Ra
ak Uraza0
aKt}6aU2
a¥2>aE_aE
-PaQa]U.a=a
a]U&!aOƒaE
aaU"
š
ZKIa ›ƒ_2=a2=aha#&Iaa2.ab!

aa€aK43aK}a<aEaa2-S|av1 2
a0
akFad/aK&Fa.aK1 2
a0/_ƒa
av1a Fa2k ‰33ˆ
aad4Ra,+>a
aaaaj&aYjaxja
aaaZEFaka1 2
aaaE
a2
a_aEa#+a•"aa€7
ab3a]Fa0Uad/aTazaaFa0UaEa€7aa€a
aaax.a*3aEFaK4U bI&aU2
a™|%a 
aEtUa#I_a
v1a'24aZEFa
ad
a
a1aEFa4
aTa
aEUa aa0aXa>aY=a' K
aE
aa 2"av1 a0
aEFaka4
a2=aha aEFaka4
a01aZEFaT2ea
aOP+.aabaaj6a=aEa2
azaaEFaa2
a 2.aKaY=aa 2"aEUav1a.aKaEt! x1a
ara
a2paSIa2
aK4Ua¯!adI
a]F 7a2=aEU2
a "aEa01aKa /aE
aEU2
a#.aa\a=aKaaE
av1 ZEFa0t!a
a
>
aU2
a')ada
a€(haE
aaFa0UaaE}6a1aK4Ua03a22aE
aa 2"aKa#I$az3a=aK4Ua0

aE
aaU"a(a
av1az2
a•&3a
b{ +a›S|a0
a]FaK4UaKaOaE
aTaQaKaZE}6
a'.o=a01aaE3a
a0Ua'.o=a”U3aza
aaax.a*3 E3a
a !.a0&%62ax1aEaKa]&%62
a'&/SaUa2araja
a<2$aa "ad&.aaa0IaE}6aUFaK4Ua7a2= *-/.aa2ŽUa.a!
aj
av1a,+> EaKa]1 a/3aageaj3a&$aEaEUaz2\a|adaK43aE}6aU3 

a&FaEUaT2.aaOPaEtUa3aE}6 UaKad
aja
aT/aaaGUaj.a
a2PaE_aE
aEU2
a_a

›ƒ_aaYrUaE
a' SaaQ"aKa$a
az3aOP
V 0
aEFaEaja01a2aZK}aE
a F25aE_
aaZE}6aU2
a2!R.a
aY=aa 2"a
a] &Ua*|SaE
adaa]3aEF E.aKa#&a
a]P1 2h
a
a2ŽUaK4U K}a
ŠaKa]S
ac/a3aaK}aE
aE-5a3aEUa¡4P5a2aE
au2haQa 0R
a UaE
a aa 2"aZEFa.Fa#> 
a]-5aS_ ada3aE}6aU3a1aSa03aFaKa

a} a FaEa#&ar2haU!UaQa
a27/.a
a  a 2"aZEFa ŽaaY2+Sa0IaK4Ua 3aaU"a‹ 
aUau2ha
a0RaaZEFa.Fab/SaEa2>a›S|a 2{SaEaz2eaTa3aE}6aUF
aaS!
=aa }a Ža2aOƒaE
a2ŽUaƒPUaQaZE}6aUaKa'&/Sa
a#P KaTPP+.a
aT(/
a
aE_@ OƒaE
aTaz3aE
axaEaaEFa‹S+a
aT2^.a•aaU"a
a]U&! E

 184

ZEFaT2e

a*ha0R-.a#>aE
a#=aEUa…3a#e5ax. 41a27&Ua¥2k2=a2) a2
aE_aEa34a27&Ua2=a /aE
aQˆ
a,+>a
aT1a
av1 ab/3a2ka0
aEFa
a2}ªaE 01aaEFa
av+a2=a
U`a0t!a/1a0t!
aE
a]U&!aKaE/aE
a
U`aEaaaja*.aE3a_aja2
a !.ag7. *3au2ha
aa 2"a
a01a F.aEFa03. Oaa*ha\a
4aja0-a01a
aE-5a062kaZ.FaK4Ua .a
aaU"a-|$ ‹2
a0&32.a
aQaE_aQaEFaK4Ua-P Uav+a21 raEaaEFaSj
aO/.aEa0-5agea#>a0IU6
ZEFaSIa3a
a0Ž(aKaE-5 G1 2pUa#>a
aE-aQaEFa}a3a
aK4U
 185

‫ﮦ‬F3

a4ªaE
aYI$a2=a
+>a
a
aKa]21 2+.aa]21 2P.a
a
_  a&
ac/a&FaEaT a„Œ


aS_  c/a0
aSaZj.a}a3a(6aSoaaa
aIUaEaEU2
a !.aa
aaU" (a
aQa
aaS!
=a2^a#7"a' 6ab.aEaAa2=ahaE
a'aZEj.aEp_aEUFa]1&UaT)a01aKax.a]-5
 j.akajI_aKaE-5ax1aE
a 
a}

01a.a'aZEFaS1a27)a
a'a#&a1a
a3aEFa. a“=aKa0/aE
av1 a0P
V Ea#I%a#>‚
a‡R+ Fa
aEaEUFa05a›S|a
+>a
av1 ax1aO/SaEaEt!a¬)a!
a0
aEFa0/"a2
ٍ
a>-)aab1 $aER) c/ajaEa
az $a
{a
a7Ua.aKaT(/a 6a] 2a 1 Ga2j=aEFa.F
a
a•&3aKaE_az &ax1aE
aaK_  /Sa
aQaZEFa
a¥2+UaEUa0aXaea2&aT2`
aKaaEFa
a•$aEadUaE
‚'>aE
araaU"aKad(‚aEU 62
ad(agha†a
aJ3 ¾K}atk
a
EUFaa2a7aE
a
a0
aEFaK4Ua2ea4
a01aE_a2a]41aZEFa1jaz 5
4aEaQaEU
‰ 1012½13a0+R>a¡1957a27Ua@aZ#1aZ=ˆ ‚ZEFaK4Ua¤7`a„Œ
a#_

a ,ea/ƒ"ax1aKaE-5az2-7.a21V raE

a*>a•R$a &+aJ?!3aAaESoaESoaa 01
a21 GkUa FaE_aQaZEFa}aj z 5a=a=a
aQaz2ka
av1 ab1V 2IaaEFaka”4=ax.aT>a4SU
aaaaU"aa
_ adIaE
axaaE3a_ zG3a&a
aE-5aQa„.aE
a#-R.a0
aK}aESj&
aE
aQaEFaka
a0-5a01aKaE PaJ3aZE3a1a2
azk Ea]1 G&
a
a2I5ar2haQa
aA+>
ٍ

a Faja2=aQaEFa
a>aEUa…3a#e5a Ia3aKaQaaEFaK4Uav+a
/ƒ"aK&FaEaT/"
a
aaa 2" KaE-5aQa3aEFa +ax.a#!a_>aaa¥2>av+a&FaZES}6aU2
aK4UapSRk
ZK}aEtkaoj6aO/SaE
ab%1 r=a
a0P5a

‫دو ا> ا_ت‬

aE. aE &FaTa_>aaK1 2

ag2$az2-7.a2=aE-5a#>a Fa0
aE
aQa#7"aKaE! Q
K}
 186

ad&.aTa01aEa]1 >az6aO/S EaaU"a(aZEFaSj

aO/.aEaTS)aE
a
_ a‫)ﮩ' ال‬
â
a#1 haaaZEFa'a
aŠ)a2a
aQa /aE
a 2"a0
aEFaFa a6a !aKa]U&!aE
aU
a2\a1aFaa&!azaz)aEFajI_a„Œ
ajaEUa›-a2
Na#" J3a2=aaU"aQaKaaaE
a]1 >
‰School of 2I5a*FŠaE!1a!
a UaE
a]U&!aZEFa
a !.a

PPaQaEUaQa !
‡+_a#"a!
a
a]U&!a2=a
aJ3aSIa3a1aK4Ua0_a
‰Juristˆ 0P5 E!1a!
thoughtˆ
aa¢&+ap1a3aKaaS } z +SaZFa.2
aIUa
aEUFaaU"aŠ)aE
a
azaaFa
aS)aEUa /.
a!
ax.a‹ aKa a&FaaEFaFa ! G6a01a0%&FajaKa]_>aE
aQaEFa}a…a¡
aa01aKa]_>aE
aaU"a(aEaa
aJ3aEFa1 aK4U 0-5a!1a
aja
araaU"aJ
a 1 2 )a0Ia 
a}a
a1a…3a2Ra
aKa'aT>aQa0
aEFa01a'aZF ka
a' aa
a#PS!a
a
_ aEF d/aK&Fax.a]43aDEFara
aE1a2
a1 7.a'>a01aKaaU"aja 

aEaa
aaaEFa7ab aa' adŽU 
axa&Fa2=a]_>ab3aZEFaK4UazaraaU"aTŠ_
a27/.a
aaU"azaZE3a1aEa¥2ha
aaraaU"a
aaa3 K}a =a
aEU2
ad
a2=aaU"aQaKS_ 
Ka a&FabI_aZEFa#>a
aUU"a07$a(a
a27/.a
aaaKadŽUaQa K}aSIa2
a2e
aS)a
aE1a2
a'  aaKa]_>a0&!aE
aQa1aaU"a)aEaK4Ua0
aEFa aK4UaTa01ax.a‹
DEFaFa#>aEa]4
aa*
a
a]S_  S)a01a0
aK}aES}6aU2
ad/a01a FaZEFa#>aj

aaS!
=a
I&a
"aQaDa
aEFa2) ara
a1 7.a_>a
u2haQaKaaU"a0
aEFa01a‫دوا ال‬

a/a
aE
a
1 4&3aaEFaFa "a2=a'>aE
a
1 4&3a
I&a01a0
EFa41aaO/SaE

aEa] $ a&!aE

aaS!
=a2kaAaZFa0Uaa2&Ia%a
a
1 2
a
a] $aKaQa2k K}aK4U
az1 rajaEaG}aQa5 9999 
aaa0
aK}aESIa04
a„.aE
abP1a Fa.aE3a12
adaA-Sa

a¦_azaaEFaara
aaU"a(a'
a /aE
aa 2"a0
aka2
a4ªa
a PaQa
1 2

ax.a*3a'aT>a01aZ]FaESj
a¥(S)aEaQa3aEka]Fa0Uaj x1aKaG}aQau2ha=a 1$
aKaS)aE
a
_ a
a!
a1a2
a¤Pa
a
a!
aEaKaŠ)aE
aaU" (a
aEFa3
aKaT7{aA3a
TaaaDEFara
aQazaraaU"a
a1aDEFaSIa2
a!1a
Ia
a1 DEF
a0
aESIa04
aK4Ua Fa2=a'>a4&3 bI_a.Fa "a
1 2 a
aEP7ha¬)a!
a]41a2kaj.aSIa3a1
aFaK4UaRUa/ƒ"a
a
1 4&3a]41ax.a
"aJ3aZEF SIaaE!
aKaT7{aA3a
aaa™|$a

aza0IaEFaK4UaOa
aEU2
a'&/SaOƒaE
a¡ a.Na=aTS) E=a
a™|$aS)aNa!
a.3
 187

3aKadIaZEFaŠ5UaEae2a
a
1 2
a]41a3aEFaSIa2
a'&/SaOƒaE
aF aU"aK4U
a2
aFaR/S!a0
aEF Fa(j
a01a0Sa aE_aE
aaa]FaESj
aT)ara2=az1 ra„Œ
aE=aA+>
aS)aa!
azax.a*3abI_aK1 2
¥2>aKaEU2
a#1 7.az Pa
ab&!a0a
"a&a=a=
aFa(j
a
a
1 4&3a01aZESIa2
aK4Ua'&/SaTS) E=aE_aE
a1 7.aQazaK}aG5a2=a*-
ZK}aES}6aU2
ad/aK4Ua Fa.a]Fa#a„Œ
a2kaQ=aE
a!
aE_aE
aIU EaQaZEFaeP.aPƒ

aE3a_a2
a !.a
a2k 
aQaEFa
a“=a2= aEUa Fa2ŽUaƒPUa3aO/SaE
a#!a_>aa†
Š
a¬-|aaaE=aE_aE
a…3a#e5a0
aEkaK1 2
’Ška01a FaEFaESj
a‡+ad2Sa=a
a
_ a.
ax1aKa
a-|$a=a
aaazaZj.a0Ua*aU2
aaKaE-5aS_ ax1aE=a
aT)
aT>aQZ.Fa0Ua‘2Sa#"a] 6a.aES1a2
a•$aKaE_a!
a E.25a21 2+.a2=ahaE
aa&`
ar E_aE
a™|$a!
a
_ ad2Sa0
aE
aQa2^aj.aSIaFav+a2=aaa„.aE
ar z1 raK
ZFa•UaKa P.


 %‫  ا‬+  ‫ۂ‬1C

aEaE
ab1 2ªUaEa0/_ƒaE
aQa0
a!3aK}aES_@azpUax1a2=av7 _>aE
aE-5aQa FaA
aE
aRaP5aO/SaE
a
U`aKaE!aQaZEFa0-5a
aE Pax1aE
a
U` 01aZEFaI6
ad&.ax. #!U
a1 2=aKaaE
a
IaG1 2pUa0
aK}aE.25a01a…3a#e5aEFaES1a0_ 
a "
0
aEFa01aK Ea
aaa03a
aQaaK}aFa.2
a =a=a
a "aaaKS_ 

a
aY=aa 2"aOƒaE
a -PaE= !a2\a2a1aG1 2pUa0
aEj.aES}6aK4Ua01aaaaU"aa&!‚
a
a2p&_aES5aKaT(/ad&.aE_aEj
aO/.aE aU"a !aZKabU"aaK1 2
a27/.aa2!R.
aZ‚K}aEI6a' a#I_aTaAabI_aEFa.2
aF U%Ua¥>a
a
PPa zaEFatkaa
&Fa3
‰4a27&U ¥2k2=ˆ

 0
aK}aE.j 'a01azaza /aE
aEU2
aaaT(-R.a
aaU"aRaE
a
U`a2j=
a07.2a
adG_aFaE!3aEFaSIa3 4
aaU"a(a
a "aaa„.aE
a
/ƒ"a
a03a!
a
‚
‰7a27&Ua¥2k2=ˆ ‚DEFa.Fa#> 
aaU"az $a‹aKab aAS
ax1a3aFa#>
 188

aRa2=aa
ab3aj.aK4Ua2=aA7ad&.aaazpUa
…3a#e5a
"aE.2
a2}ªaEa01aKa')a&F
aE
ad(aEUaEa2Fa >a2!.a0IaKaxa&Fa¥2>a0Ua KaaG1 2pUa¥2>a0UaaU"
a
a*7aG3aEa›R)aFa
4ax1aE
aQaEUa]4UaZEFa}a.3aUaaU"a( KaE-aoax1
a#I_aTaA‚a0
.2
aK4UaU&32.a
a0/"aT>a,+>aja$a01a
aaa2=aaaaEFa_ JU
Z‚K}aEI6a' 

aF$a0p3a
az $a
5()a0
aEFaK4Uaz $=aTa01aE aaK}a›"a¦_a3aEa1 .a
aaU"a(
aT az1 raEa >ax1a3aj.akaFa&Ua()aoax1aKaaU"adŽUa( EaEU3aFa "a
Iar2h

araaU"aJ x1aKa0Uraz3a3aj.a.2
ad
aFaxj ‚$‚aKaz $a
5()aZ}a3 x.
a
a IaUU"a,eax1a2=ab3 Ej.aE. a“=aE!1aja#!a3a3aKa
I&a !aZEFa.Fad
a


aa2I5a&S3aKa$a
aXa'a
a XaAS
a2=aaa$aJa
a0R)aj.a.FaT2e
aE.FaŠ5UaEa
a
aaU"aKa
I&a=aE-5aFa j.a.2
aE-5a2
aE_ad
aEa4S3
z  a“=aEtUa!
a1aKaOP+.a
a'a
a1aFa¥(S)aKa27/.a
aa25 !
aE
a aa 2"aZEj.

aZj.a.3aF “=a
"a2}a¥(S)a2}a!1aEaE
a$aJaKaO7ƒ.a
a
/1 2$a_>a2=aEt!
a#>a
aQa0Iaj. 0Ua#>a2=a#aE
a
"haac+a
a01a
aJaQa
az $a
5()

a2=ab1a aa¬)a
U1a2.a ) 
a$a#}aE
aQa0R)aa&!ada3aj.a&Saza03
ZEj.aESj


aaE
aaaaEj.aa&!a062ka2U25a.a_aE_a0p3a
aQaEUa]SIaF$ a}a0Ua"adŽUa01a*3
aT(/aa#! 0
aI2
a0UaT«23a01aja
aEaKaaabI_aEj.aa&!ajaa#}aa
I
a#>a&Sa
a]U&!adaK4U 0
aEj.aESU3a)aza0IU
aS1aE-5au2ha
ab1 $aER)aK

ada Ua
a$a
ab1 $aER)a2kazaZESIab K4UaG3a
ad(aaU"aE-5aE
aaaaEFaK4U
 
a
a$aQa3aES1a
a aFa
aQaaE.aJax1a
aP. a a#}a &S/aE
a]U&!

aE-5a2
a$aJa
a]k_aE
a*ƒaE=aza2kaaj.aSIa#6a0UaF$a
aaa. j.a#>
aE-5aE!1aZEj.a0Ua. E_aE
aEUaE-5a2$a
a]-5aaaa&!a.aES1a2
ag2$aEU2
a>
aaE-5azaS?}aja*3a
"ha_ EU2
a<!aK4UabI_aEj.aESIa3aE
a<!a0/1 NaE
a
"h
a!
a}a2
aba
/1 2$aG3a#PS!ax1a
aaaZEj.aEtk E_aEU2
aŠ5UaE
aaa]43aE.3aE1axj=a0p3
 189

Zj.a0UabI&au2h

aT(/a #!aKaEUraE
az $a
5()aZkFa =a()ax1a UaE
aaU"adŽUa(aK
_aQ
aE_aEU a“=a /aE
aQabI_ EFaaU"a
a
I&a=a.azaEj.aEtkFa2=aha&3aE-5a3aE

aE
a014S3aT"aaOP+.a
a
aa27/.a
aa 2" 3a}a0Ua3aza
a!1aKaT(/aa#!
aE=aE=aSRaae"a›S|aKaaQaZ.=a2"aaU"a
a
I&az aS1a0-5ax1aEa'&/S

a]-5aaS5 €2RSaaaZEFaE.FaŠ5UaKaS)a†2aE
aaazaEFaES1aE-5aaS5 3a2=ah
ad&.a„.aE
aU!I1a3a}a0UaaU" x1a
aZtkFa =a
&_a›haUU"ax1aKa
I&aE
aEUa•P&_abaKa 4aE
a7a-aZE.2
ad
aE&I+ ŽSUad&.aE
aJ3aa.FaŠ5UaKa]S_ 
a
aEU2ja
a()aQa)aza0
a1az%a
a0R)aa
aQ!+a„. E
aT $a
a
&_a›haQ
a2??
@ E
a#
a‹ aES3aj.a0Ua<\a)2a.a
ara
azaZj.aSU3a)a
a=a0R) bI_a2
a“$

aKa]j.}aE
a]k_ EFaE
aGUaE
aQaKaT >a
aQaaU"a3a0
aj.ad/aEaZK}aT2`
ZEkaK_aaadIaE
a
/1 2$ a&!aK4UaEka]FaŠ5UaE ‰Sanctionˆ ¡`aE
aQaaEk

a]4UaZEoaEk aE_aE
aEU2ja
a()aQa0Ra da0
aj.aI6aGka2=a
_aQa >ax1a*1 2"a*1 2"
aJa
2a2\ax1a
]2k$az2
a
2.aE=a2^aE
a
  a!
aa
"haa!
aEU
aE
a›aOP+.a
a]Sa27/.a
adIaE
aa 2"aKaQaZ ‰Private Legislatureˆ raaU"

aaT(/a '.o=a”U3a
aS5aE
ab/.a•7.aab/.aa0+>aS!3aa’(.a
a]-5 &3
ad(aKaT a
a'aJ.aJŒ= aka
a2=aEU&=a•aoad
a
aO7ƒ.a
a
/1 2$a'>a2=a#!
aQa
"ha
aZj.aka
aK4Uaa aEaea
az$ !
aaU"a01aZka1a„
aE
a2
aa aaU"a=a

a
a07a
ƒa01a0
aEj.aGka0UajaQ2aQŒ=abI_a.FaŠ5Ua01aEar E
aJ3aj.aK4Ua2=a
%=a

a01a
a]U&! daO/SaE
ab3aj.a
a*.2aEUa]k_aaa
aQa0
aj.a01a¥2>a03a
aQaZk baaU"
aK}aESU3aaESj&aYjaxja
a
 aa 2"azaja¤S+aaPSaaK}aja _aza0
aj.a&S
aKab1  .a
aaU"a(aaK}aK4Ua2{SaEaT1 2ŽUaaI5 (a2\aK}aESj
abFNa(a,+>
a=a2= aaa&!aZK}aK4UaE_aE1a#)a22azNa
aT%F)a1aTUaTRa.N E
a!
a1aE=
aƒ\a2%aKaaaEkaK1 2
aaja Ia3a
a
/1 2$a /aE
a4S3aaOP+.a01a0
aEj.aESj
aa&h
aK4Uaz2ƒ)a
aEaaa
a’G a
ad(a2\aK d(a1a4S3adp_aEaa*@aEa2paEFaSIaFa.
a
aQa– aEa– aEUa]U&!adaE
a€2%a(aE4=a0
aj.a0&$2
01a
a
"ha"()a™_)aQaZEF
aE 
a07a
ƒa2j=aZa2
ag2$a2=a
aQa)aƒaKaT(/aE=aa_ aaaU"a
ad(
 190

a
a
ƒa
2.aKaA2^ Ea
"haa=aaU"aFa /aE
aQaZo=a1a2"aaU"a
axaE
a2
a !.
31
ZaaU"a
a
Ia !a
aaS }aKa€2%a

a2}a0Iaj.a—j6aE EUa0Raada]43aZ}aK4Uaoj
a2=adPaaaU"a01aKa]1 >aa
4a
/
aE.FaKaQajaE-5aE
a#!aEtUaE
4aaK}aFajaT&2.aa
4a UaE
aQaKa >

aa
a /a01abI_aEFaSIaFad/aEa#P.aE
aS5a*S
a
/aa012_a2}ªa*S
a0
a!3aK}aEF
aE
aaa ]F$aa&!a0IU
a}a.FaFaKa]ÄS5aaa] a2}aEa]U1 E
a
Iajad


a¡&aQ2.a )a¥2>aK4UaEj. ESj
a0Ua&Sa
adaa&!a2=aP.aa aE
adIaa¡2aa&!
aZ}a.Fa¡P.a
aQa]j.}aE
a4UaaEFaES G3aE
aaU"aQaS5aE
a4UaE_aQaj.a&SaFa2=
a<\a01aO/SaE=aja
az$aŸa aEaŸa a!
aKaEUra= Qa2
a—j6a
a]_aax1
akaG}2= E!3a*1 raUaZEkaK_aaa
/1 2$aEaa&!aaka]ÄaaU"ax1aKa0
aF K4Ua&45
a#"aE
aE2jaEa
 1aa&!aK43a
a•&3a
aFa¡&aUaE
a
"ajaEUa2U25

aaU"a
aQaE
a2
a*.2a0&a
aS5 E
aFa0Ra×4P5aEUaQaEa0/1 NaE
aaaaEj.aESj&
Z1a2"

K}a.3aFa,ea| K.ab.aKav+aQ
aaj.aaU"a
a]SI&aa&!a"2%aE E4=a]1 >aEa  a
a]G1 2pUa3aRaP5a0
a01ax1
aE.2
a !.aaU"a
a]U&!ax.a a
a¡a#2=a !a
ara
Kaa=aE=ajaG1 2pUa2
aE!3
Š5U EUa
"haa!
a
aQaZj.a=a2"aaU"aEa !=aaeada
a]U&! #>aEF
aE.2
a2=a
aQa2
aa aU"a(a
aab&!a4&3aE
ax_&aaa0Iaj.a
aK4U ‰Enforceˆ
a
aG6a2a!
aaE
aQaa&!ad E
a]Iaaa0
aUaaU"aE_aQaEaEUa]SIaaEj.
ZEj.aESI 2
a0Ua„.aE
aa&haE
a2&eaa*"a2=

a]&!a2\a2aa]G1 2pU
/1 2$a=aab1a=aKaaG1 2pUau2haJ3aa&!a0

a01a2
a]U&!aE!1aj7
ax.a‹ a2
aE_aEaEUraE
a0a zau2haaEj.a0Ua.aE_aE
aE1aKa„.}aE


ZFa0Uaa&ha
aaa2=a¤SaaP.aab1a aE
ab3aK}aEFaK4U .aE_aE
aE1aKa„.}aE

a2
a
a]U&! Ja0p3a
a]G1 2pUaZK}aE_ aK4UajaG_a/a
a#I_aTaAa0
a01 2!.
aj.aFa =a()a3a /aE
az $a
5() ZSj
aK4Ua€25a2}3a
a UaE=a)aEaU3aFab%U
 191

a&Fax.a*3akaEFa"ax.a
"aQazaaEFa"a].a
]3ajaAazax.a a
a]SIaa&!

dŽUa&FaaKIa2
a&Saa&!a2=aP.aa aE
ab3aEp_aEU2
a0Ua =a0P5 Q2.a )aE!1a /.adŽU
aG5a2=a*- E
araaU"aKaxaFaA+>a0a &S/aE
au2haQa0
aE3aba0Ua!1a

a.aEFaK4UaU2
a =ad-.a `.aaaE
aaU"aa2&eaE
ad"aK&FaKaxaQa2kaZKp_aEUF
ZE}6aU2
a0Ua“$
a
a
aEU2jaEaad)aE E3a0Ua2jaEaEP1 2ha,+>a/"a()a01ax.a*3

‫رات‬F3 7‫ د‬8 ‫ { ﮯ‬%\C

a3aE25aaaT-. „Œ
aE=aO/SaE
aaU"a(aEUa…3a#e5ax.a16aEa8a¥2k2=a /aE
aQ
K}a#1Na*!a*.2S_a

aQazaz)aE}6aUFaa2&IaKaE7/$a2}aE
ak Ura
aQa2=aa&!ax1 aU"a3aEaa
ad( ‰1ˆ
ZEFaaU"a
a )a¥2>aza$/a1a.2$/a1aa1aFa07/$a7}Ša
k Ura

ZEFar a= 
aEU2
a#&aaE6a
a]U&!a UaE
aaaK}aE1a2
a2Pa a3aEUaa 2" ‰2ˆ

aTS)aE
araaU"aEUa )aE_aQ EFa
"ha_aEU2
a a =a2=ar aU!UaaU"a0IU6 ‰3ˆ
aza1 ka0
aEFaK4UaS)a
aEU2
ad
au2haQa
a™|$a!
aK d(aZK}aE_aE_aKa„.}aE=au2ha=
ZEF 2.aEa]2

a]U&!aEj.aE.2
aza„Œ
a3 0
aj.a01a#&ar2ha
ab1 $aER)a
V a aa0aXa>aXa' ‰4ˆ
a2=a]U!Ua2a
aa!Uax1aEa7SaE
‹GaE=abaz Pa
ad(aZEj.aE.2
aEa%aE

ZEFa.j
aza
a#&a&S3a 2I5a&S3azaEFa.2
aRUa
a2.2

a#PS!a UaE
aUaFaS_ aQaE_aQaK}aES}aES_ a#! aTaU!Ua0IU6aKaUaQ ‰5ˆ

a ZEFaK4UaS!aEa "adaQajaa 2"a)aZESIa#6aK4UabU"aadIa' 7. a2^.a#"U
ZK}aE1a E_aE
a
1 }aU!Ua "adaa•a 6aKaT(/a›S|aEUaa 2"aEa03
 192

a] aax1aj&aao=a

QaZEFaSIa„&a™|$a2}aE!3aEFaKaaraa aazaa 2" ‰6ˆ
aESIa2
a#&aOƒaE
aQaaK}aESIa„&aE .aK}6a2kaa&!ad&.aZEFaK4UaOa¬-|a

a07.2a_aFa!
azaz)aSIa2
aK4Ua*aEaaaEa
aaEFak 1a
a]U&!ad&.aOa01aZK}
ZFa0Ua]
a#e5aF !
a

a27/.a
aQaa2
a27/.a
aQa 0
aEFab&`Sa)aTa01aKaEj&aaEo=a
aa 2" ‰7ˆ
aO7ƒa2=aT1 2eaFaS_ a
aUaa2=aTaE
a
" 
aQa a0
aEFa#$ajaTa01aKaEU2

Z2

aKj.a
aK1 27/.a3 
aa 2"aEUab1 2!Ra2aE
aEUra 1 "aax_ada/5$ada0Raad ‰8ˆ
adaE
aa 2"a2=aTaEFaES_ aE
a? ZKSIa3aU3aUaK4Ua].a
a]3aKaEUraE
a‹ az
a0
akFaU2
a27/.aEaEP1 2haE!1aakFaU2
a27/.a0U &%U 
aaaE_aE
aEU2
aO7ƒa
a]_>
aEUr axaE=aaKIa2
aOƒaE
aQa#I%.a
aT-.a"()aaT)aE=a 21 P.a=a¦_
aK}aESj
a
U}Naa#P jaa&!au2ha
a]U!Ua2aZKIa2
ad
a2=aEP1 2hab1 2.a]raE_aE

ZkFaU2
a27/.a
aQaao=aa 2"a
a]U&! d&.aZEFatkaaE_aE
aFaEU2
a'&/Sa
"ha01a

a]U&!a*aa 2"aZEFa4S3adUa
aFa“$
a
|a
aEU=a
a aE
QaaEj&a
aa 2" ‰9ˆ
u2haj6aEaK1 2
a#>a a
aQaza0
aEFa.2
a•".a01aEaEP7ha¬)a!
aE
aa0
a0UaE
ZK1 2
a27/.a
aQaaKj&

akaK3a aKa3aT27/.a›S|a&$aEa.a2
a27/. 
aa 2"a)aƒa2=aha2RUa™|$a2}a2k ‰10ˆ
aE
aaa2kaEFa

aa 2"aKaT(/ab3au2haaZkaE3aFa =
_a
a&ŽUa a
|aEab3
a2\ az k2=ax1a.aFaS)a
aE_a2
aEha#&ar2hax1aaE_aaz "ax1a
™|$a2}aKa
ZE}6aUFaŠ5Ua
aE 
a /.aoaz1 raEaz1 ra
a]k_aE_aQaZkaE3aFa =a?a¤2

ٍ
ab}NaaS"haFaS
az)a™|$a
aZK}aE.Fa™"U KaT"aa#Pa.2ƒ5a a 6a1a ax1 ‰11ˆ
aE
a ŽUax1ak Ura&S3a3a a]—2
a]j
aZSIa3a
aK4U •".a
aEUFa#
aE
aQaF
aa
a 2"aZK}aESj
a
"haa#Paz1 ra
7!Ua0a
a25aKa
t}a&S3a=aK} EFa2
a2!a„.
 193

a3a—j6aK4Ua2=a] a 6a1  ax1a€7ƒUa

a]_>adaE
aQa2=aTaa27/.a
aXaAS
ajaE
ZE}6 UFaEa%a&FaE
a]U&!ad
a01a0IaSI

aE
a]k_a0
aFa.2
a') 01a
1 2
a
a]k_aO/SaE
aJ3aEFa.Fa0ƒeaza2aEaaU" ‰12ˆ
a
aa 2"a
a
1 2
a
a] $aKaxax1 E
a] $a—2
at
aZKt}6aE6aOƒaE
aQaT(/
aE_aE
aTaE
aaa3aE}6aU2
a27/.a!1ax1aFa“ka
]27/.a ra1a UaE
ab3a
aT1 aa
a#& a2I5a0
.aE}6aU2
aO7ƒa2=az3aTa
a]_>adaE
aa 2"aK4Uau2ha
V aFab1 2.a]r
aa 2"a2=ab3aKaT(/ a#!aaa0
aEFad
a
a
1 2
a01au2haaZEIaFa =aT aaU!I1aK
ZEaaU"a
aEFa



Ka]k_a0IU
aE3a1a2
a +ax.a¡4P5a 6a
a4S3a0
aj.a
a01a 1$ .aKaEUra 1 " ‰13ˆ
aE
a] $a0`1 25 01aKaEUraz3abI_aZj.a.3a1(j=aK4Ua a„.aE
a
&aa0Ur
aU2
aO7ƒa2=aTa
a]_>adaE
aQa j&aao=a
aa 2"a0IU
aE}6a1adUa
a] &U
a]k_aaad
a01aaEFaOaa‘25a
a]U&!ad&.a0IaEFaK4U €P+Sa¬-|a
a¬|$aa1ax1
ZFa
a*|SaE_aE
a -PaQaEUa]U&!adaK43aE}6 1adUa

K 1 3  ‫ت )]رﮦ‬
ِ ‫را‬F3

ax1a
aT1 2ŽUaad&.aE
a…3a#e5a0
aEFa
a“$
a=ax.a a=aEUa FaKa]2P5az2.aE
a2= 
aPƒaaara=a
a¥>aEUa FajaKa*.2.aa0!aaara
aaaZK1a2
aaa0>()a,+>
aE=azaEk a2=ab3aE3a aT>a,+>a
aT)aaaEaE
ab1 2ªUa0
.aEFaj
a‡+a
a*.2.
ZK}a P.aOaa\a#"aK.a 6aKaT1 2ŽUaaaaZK}aEFa„
aa
aE-5

a3a
aZEFaFaaaKaa 2"a3aEFaaU"aza¥2>a2aEaaU"aE

a )aKazpUa
a…3a#e5a+ً ‫او‬
aEFaR|aTa01aKa]2P5aE
a2= aZE.2
aK4Ua&$aKaaU"aE
a )azaK4UaEFaS1aT1 }aadI
aƒ\a
a2ŽUaƒPUaQa Fa2=adPaaaK}aE.2
a
2>a
aQazaKaE-5aE=a2
a#6aEk abI_
ZEkaK1 2
a,e
 194

a
aa 2"a0
a01aaEFaK4Ua#>a2.2a2=a]U!Ua2aja
aa!Ua!
a0
aK}aES4
a*3azaً,-
a
a aa0aXa>a7UazaKaQa.aEFaK4UaOa¬-|a
a]U!Ua 6aU2
a27/.a
aQaaj&
a,1 2-.a
aQa2
a#6aEk abI_aEFaK4Ua]1&UaKaT2P5aa†
ŠajaG6a01aZK}aESj&a#$aj

ZEFa P.a‹S+aja0
a† "a01a
aaaŠ4_aEFaa2
a)aEUa]4U

a3‚a0
aEFa125a01a2
a„
aKa03ax1a
ab1 $aER)aa aa0aXa>aXa'aEUa]4Uaً-
ٍ
a=a
a
a'aZEFa0/"a¥()a V /ƒ"aTa01aZ‚Ej.aE.2
aEa%aE
a]U&!aEj.aE.2
aza„Œ

a
~a`aZEFa›S|a2=ahaaEa
a
ab&!a¡2ad&.a
&ab1 $aER)aKa
U
V
a
aaa2j=aZEFa
a !.aaU"a
a )aEUa…3a#e5aE!3aEFa¥()aE
aa 2"aQa)aj
aKa2raE
aa

aEj.aE.2
a„Œ
a3aja aa0aXa>a`au2ha
ab1 $aER)a0
aEFaK4Ua,+>ajaa01
a– aKaaaj.aSa
1 }aEa¥2ha
a )a
~a`aKaab3aEj.aE.2
aEa%aE
a]U&!
a!
a'a
a
a%a UaE
aaaZj.aU2
a
ha¥2>ad
a
a]U&!aa1a Ia¥2>ad
a
~
ٍ
aFaT1 aU 2"araQ=aE
a  a0aXa>a`aT1 }a
a )aaj.a0UajaOa
aE_a
aa&!
ZKj.a. ajaKa#I$a
aSa2\aaza0IaKj.a. aK4UaKa#I$a

ax1a0
aEFa
a !.a
aTaQa)a /aE
aE1ara2=a4S3aOaE
a]U&!adaEUa…3a#e5a
V ً.‫را‬
aEUa] &UaE
a
1 2
a3akaEa4S3aFa¥2>aaU"aSIa#6aK4Ua4S3a2RUaKa2$/a Ž
a2=a] a 6a
aQaa1aS)a
a4S3aE
a2
a*|Sa
a] a 6a
a
1 2
a0
aEFa01a'aZFa

ٍ
a
1 2
a Ža
axaQaDEFa
a€25a>a2) aKa]Uaaa_a2
a'7"aE
a4S3aE
aaaE
a2
a&S
a.aEFaUaaU"a(a
a4S3aE
aaaa
aaa 2"a27/.a
aaaE
a2
a&Sa2=a0RaE4P5a2kaEU
V
a.a2=aaaDK}aESIa2
aE!
aaK}aESIa2
a‘2Sa
a2=aQaEaa
a'>az2
aaaE=a)a…3a#e5
a !a2\aaj.aFa0Ua
"ha
a_aEU2
aŠ5Ua
aaU"aQa*3a0
aEFa}a'a01a
a&SaE
a]U&!
aT(/aE
ak Ura.2$/aa-|$a=aaKa]2jkaE=aa&!aja
"aQaEj.aEI6a a S"a22
a2^aE
a273a!
aa&!ada0
aK}a01a/aE
aQaZEFaE.2
a2=a
aFaaU"az2
aaaE
aaaK
aUa
aZK}aESj&aaU"a,+>a
aQa„.aE
aa&ha=aE
a2&eaa*"aa„.aE
a'a¬)
V
a3a
aja-.a
aEUFa#>a .a4&3a
2ra "aQa
aaU"aEFaEaE
a£&_=a!
a

aara
a' SaFa0Ua]
aFa…3a#e5ax1azaz)a
a™|$ax1a!
aKaEPaE
aQaDEFaSI
 195

a)a*>a•R$a &+aJ?!3aDKSIa3aUaK4UaKaEUraE

a‹ aK1 27/.a
a¡4P5aaa0
aEFaSj

a
aaaEa#_aJ
a2) aZEFaFaaa
aaU"aQa
1 2
aaZEUa
1 2
aE!3aEFazaaU"a0
aK}aE.25
DEFaSIa2
aaEaEa2RU

a
a] &UaE
a
1 2
aU2
a' aaaKaQaaUaaU"a0
aK}aE.2
a !.a)a¥2hax1a…3a#e5aً
a)aEUa]4Ua¥2ha2abI_aZ]Fab}NaaS"haFaE!
a)aEazaz)aEFaK4Uad
a
a25aEFad

aaU"a0&!aE
a
1 2
aO/SaE
a
U`aaEFa
aja 2.aKaaU"a'>az2
a !.aE
a
1 2
aF
aJ
aKa].a]Uaaa0
akFaT2!aoaE
a2
ad/a01aK&Fa.aEFaK4Ua`.a01a2kaZEFa
ajaa

ZEFaSIa3aaO7ƒ.au2h

‫;ﮯ‬D; K  ‫ﮩد ﮯ‬,‫ا‬

aE
a4S3aE=aE
a2
a27/.a
aT1 ac/a
a aa 2"a)aEUa…3a#e5aKa20a.a16a¥2k2=a /aE
aQ
aE
a2
a'&/Sa
a014S3aT"aKaEUraQa0
aK}aES}6aUSa01azaEab3aK}aE25a“=aEU&Ua 6
V
ZKt}6aEU3aE_IUadIau2haJ
aEaa 2"

‫ﮩد‬,‫ {  ا‬%\C ‫ﮯ ) ﮟ‬5qN) ‫ا ِد ازواج ﮯ‬K-3


a I_aAhaa+IU5a&S_a5aƒ!P.aa SR)aaaa
1 a2!.a
a!Ua†aE4=aEa*azaKaE!aQ

aka
a'&/Sa<\a2
aE‚a0
aEFa$a
aaaO/SaE
aJ3aK}aES_a
agaa¿({aaa¡±!_ab
0
aK}aE.25a01aTa4=azaEFaE.2
ar\ a
av+a2=a
1 aQ ‚EF

Z‚E}6aU3aj&a0Ua/aEa1a'`5aja¡G3a
a
a Ia!
aE
aY=aa 2"‚

ٍ
K}aE.25a$a01az2P5a2a /a5aE
aQabI_
 196

az1 raEax1aa&!ax1a1 a0

aKaaU"aKaaQaza0
aEFad
a
a] &Ua*|SaE
a]k_a01‚
Z‚„.aE
a<2$ab
aaKaTab
a.aEFaSIa2
a2kaaEFaSIa2
a]1 

S5U 5‫ﮩد  ﮩ‬,‫اس ا‬

a_>a3aKa2P5aE4=aZFaQ!+a0Ua]
a`.aKa]2P5a]UaaaE=a
a…3a#e5a0
aEFa*/.
aZEFaK4Ua/aEa1aT2eara ra¼R_a
a
a
1 av+a21V raEaa
aQaEFa25aaa)aEUa]4UaT
a0
aEFa}a3a4
aEaaaZK}ab&!a25a*h|aE
aQa0
aK}aEFaSa¥>a‡R_aE
a
1 aEjI1aA
aaaK a !=aK4&.aK.a3a.aEka]Ia2
a0Ua¥-Ua .aKa0/aE
a]&S1a0
aFa0%1 UaK4&.a2k‚
ax1a.aEkaIa2
a0Ua' a0
aFa0%1 UaK4&.a2kabI_aEa6a6aaEab.ab.aEaaa_a2
auIUaE
‚ZZZZZZ4aF

a0
a0UaEFad
a
a25aU2
a0Ua1aU2
a' aEa]1 a=aaU2
auIUaEaaaU2
a !=a
a].a0
aEFa2}ª

ajaAƒ)a
aaaK}aEFa$a*h|a•&3a^-a3aja2P5ad&.a"aŠ4_aZ
a?a1ad"a=
a2RUa
aaa
a25a#>ax.a2) a2
aE_aEa'a
1 a=au2haQaZkao=aUaEaFa25a0_+
a a
a6a.aKIa2
a' a2ka0
aEFaFa—j6a2=ae2a
a4UaTa01aaEFaFa2
a*h|aKa

a.aEkaKIa2
a0Ua' a0
aK1 2
aQ!+az2ƒ)a01a2kaaK_a2
auIUaEaaaK1 2
a !=a
a].aS3ax.
â
a
aAƒ)a^>aE
a_ /.a SR)aa5aa I_aAhaa+IU5ax.a*3a0
aEFa01a'aZK1 2
aRS
a2=aFax1
aFa#)aEaESaJ
ad"aak &UaKaEŒU@aE
a
1 aQaE3a
V _a„&a0Ua/aEaa'`5
aFa0
ax.a aQaja
) aaDEFaS_j
azra
a
) aE_aE
aaa¼R_aaa
a
a
1 aDK}aESI
ara
aEIa2
a0IUaK4Ua1aEFaSIaja2
aa2aa&!ax1a0
aK1 2
aja0-5a
a2aQ

aK1 2
aEhaja01aFa /aE
aEU2
a0-5a
‚EIa2
‚a2j=aaEFa1a2
a,1 2>a‡R_a)aEUa_/.aXaE

a2RUaE=aE
a25aG6a01aEUa_/.aXa0IUaZ‚EFaSIa2
aOƒaE
a<2$ab
aaKaTab
‚a0

aRS
a2=aFax1a0Ua2
a raEax1a.aFa.=a UaE=a
"ha
a' aza2ka0
aEFa—j6a2=aE-5
Z2

S5U 7‫دو‬

‰
a$a„.aE
a]1 a raEax1a/1ˆa
a$a!1aQ"azar
V ‚a0
aK}aE.25a01azaTa2
 197

aE
aEUra 1 3aKaE_a*ƒa
a
1 aQa3aEFaƒ\adaF ‚E}6aUFaE_aE
a 5aE
a]&S1

aaE_aQaEFaka a2
Na
a¥-Ua„.aE
aS1a0IU6aKa
1 a0
aEFa01a')a
aaaZK}aEFa2
a¦_ac/

aE
a¤2$arax1aƒa0/a
aS1au2ha!
a0Ua!
aKa0/aE
aEU2
a]1 a raEax1a0_+
a Ia3a2=a•"a¬)a!
aKaa 2"a0
aE3a_aa0
a† "ax1a
aTaQa2ka0IUaE}6aUFa#$
aQa.akFa¬)aE_aE
a•"aa¥2>a IazaFaka1a2
a„.a„.aja2
Na
a•"aQaaFaka1
ٍ
aZEj.aE.2
a7aS2ra2=aEU&
a0%=a
a]1¢U_a=a¦_aE
aA2a(aZkaK adraKS7"aoa
ٍ 
‰33 _ˆ 32-+.aaaaa¡±^7_aa ISS52I.aa0
a25aKa‡R_aaa
/U&a
aQaKaa 2"
a01a0
akaE3a
a0-5a01aQ"ara]41a
aZ‚]FaS}6a}aŒaza2ka2
a0Ua7a2=a
a a
a]1¢U_a=‚
aSIa3a12
a0%=aEaQa.aFaS}6a}a
a)a2ka¢U_a0
a01aaEFaO/SaEa]1¢U_a¥2>a I
DEF

ab3a
aT1 a!1a
a aa 2"a aFa0UaKazpUax.a*3a2ŽaJ=a./"a
a"a
au2haQa#>
aa SR)aaaa
1 aZSIa„&aK4UaxjaEFaka
a2
Na
a
_a¬)aEFaE.2
aaa Ia
aK

aQ2a}a >aKa?a=a
aEUra 1 "aaKaA2a0
aEFa01a2ŽaJ=a./"a
a&S_a5aƒ!P.
ٍ
aj.a0UaFaT2ea
aEa2a
aE1aTr3atUa
aE_aE
aQaZj.au7aPƒa‹ra /.aE
a01a
PP+_a5aE_aQaZj.a/a Fa
aTr3a
a‹aQaFa)aU2
a•aEada‹a!
a
aa 2"a0IU

at
aK.aa
4a3a /E
a a3a0Iaj.aFaK4Ua'rUaE_aE
aE1aTr3a
a‹ra /.a
1
a
a]U&!aKaQaZj.aFa'rUaE_aE
aEU2
a#a
aEt!aE
aaaKj.atkazaza„.E
a]Œat

a.aESIa2
aK4Ua¥-Ua]1a .a„.aE
a]Œa S1aE
a aE 4$a2ka0
aj.atkaa03.a¥2ha
a2aQ
aK4&.a3aEaKa].aza
aaaEFaFa(j
aFaE4=azra
aEU2
a]1 a raEax1aE_a4&.
a.NaEaRaE
aaaK4&.aaK3abaEŒaE=a4&.aEŒaE
aaa0
.a_a2
auIUa„.aE
aaa]Fa !=
aa¥2>a‹ra /.a0
aSIa3aIUaK4UajaEaa
aOƒa!
a0SUa01aEaQaZE3aFa =a!Œ_
aza.aEFa1aaU"aUa
a2kaEUa
1 aQaZFa“= a0t!a
a’2=a
a]Œa S1a0I73aEFaG3aKa
_
aQaEaQ2a]G}aKa2$/aaj.aFaE4=a.aTr3a
aQa0IU
aEFaK4Ua1aTr3a
a‹ra /.
a "a
a6a2=a /.a
a]1 a0
aEFa01a¥2>azaEFaka1aaU"aUa3aKaQa#>a0Iaj.a3a‹a

Zj.a0UaE4=a3atkaap_

S5U 7N 3
 198

aK4Ua]1 az1 raEax1aKa0

aEFaSIa04
a01aa&!ax1a2k‚a0
aK}aE.25a01a…3a#e5aTa2!.
aaaU"a01aE_aE
ad"aaja
1 2
a
a]U&!a—2
a8a.aSj
aK4Ua
ƒSa
aQa0IU
aka]2

aEax1a25a
a
aQa0
aS1aK4UaTr3a
aQa
_aaaU &.a$/a
ad"a0
aEFaSI
aEFaS4
a01a*3aa&!ax1a0
aEkaK1 2
a‘2a FaO/SaE
a' Sar2ha*aQaZ‚2
a]1 az1 r
aaE
ak UrapU)a
aQa3aEFa.2
a'&/Sa
ar aQaza.aka2
a0Ua]1 az1 raEax1aza0

aFax1aEFaSIa2
a'&/SajaKaaE
aEU2
a0Ua$a
ar aQazaZEFaaEaEUa )aK
a
aEU2
a]1 a raEax1a.aE3a' aEa
aQa
"a!
aaEFaSIa2
a'&/SaKaEU2
aRS
a2=a
aQaEa25a.akaaaaU"a#PS!a
aKaaE
a25ad&.ad"a*3abI_aEFaSIa2
aja0-5
a0-5a01a
"a!
ad"a
a2=aQ"aa0
aEFa01a'aZEFaaEaEUa )a3akaE_a2
a*ar aza

azaE3a2a2}$a1aa
aJ3aDK1 2
a0UaE aaK1 2
a$a25aE aE
aQa0
aEFaraja
aEU2

aEa25aza0
a1ar a01a
ad"a2
aa' SaEaEaEFatkaa
a25a3ar a2}aD2
a0UaU{auIU
V
ar2ha01aKaaU"a0
ad/aK4Ua01aK&Fa2paEFaSIaFa.a0ƒ_^aPƒax1a2
a*ar a
aa
ZEFaFa'7PaEa*
a' S

ٍ
aG}ax1a—2
a4aEaKaaa(a
1 2
a
a]U&!a—2
a„ a0
aK}aES_aaa01a FaE_aE
a21a—j.a F.
aG}a 6a¥2>aEaKa]U&!a—2
a„ a2ka0
aEFa01a'abI_aZK}araE
aEU2
a0-5a
a!1a2
a#
a.aK1a2
a<!aEa¥()aE
aEa
a
1 2
aaK1 2
aG1 .aaU"a
a
au2haQaEaEa.Na=a2
a#
ax1aEaKa a
a]U&!a—2
a„ aDkFar3a
a
aQaEaa
a'>az2
aaaE
a…3a#e5
aeP.a
a2aQa
_aaaU &.a$/a
ad"a0
aEFaK4Ua01a2ŽUaƒPUaja
aG}aQŒ=a0Ia„

ٍ
‚Q¢1 25a'2k‚a
aQa0S7_aFag&aUU"a.aj
a]1 a raEax1aE_aE
aa&!ax1a0
aEFa.2

ajaK.aza)aZEFaG3aaU"aEaraj
a0S$a#PS!a1a<7eaa<aEa]Rha1aO/.a0Ur aE
a2}$aE
aaaEaTax1ax1GUaE
ab3aka]Fa!1aFa
aEFaza›I.aFa-.a
ab
aE_aE
ab3
aEFaO/.aG3aUa
a2}$aE
aaaEaTaabI_akaE3aFa2. aEaSak Ura
aaa.aE3aFauIUa

ZkaEFaa0U&Ua
a
3ak Ura
aaa.

S5U R3
 199

K}aE.25a…3a#e5a2j=
aEFa33a27&UaUa†a
1 a4=aEaKaaaZE}6ao=a2
a(a„.aE
a]S1 aa2a
aa 2"a
a
1 aQ‚
a•Na2kaZE}6aU2
a0Ua$a
aaa]FaESj
a0Ua•NaE
aEU2
a$a¦_a3a0
aEFaka
aEhaKaJ3
a2=aa
az3aFaE!1a1az3a4Ua.aEFaSIa3a
aEaEU2
aax1a
a™|$ax1avaE
a&
a

‚ZE}6aU3a1aYaEaEU2
a]1 az1 raEax1aE

K}a01a‡R_a#>aE
a
1 aZEFa1a—.a
a'>az2
aaaE=a)aEUa¥>a2j=a]41

 ٍ
0`5abaXa j^1aSaIUaa 1aab1Š_a›R/S!_

a2
a\a
aaaEa#`5aE=aXa0
ax.a]41aE.=aK4Ua•"a
auIUa3a¦_azaK_ad
aEa±a
Ra‚
Z‚

aE
a
1 a!
a
aa 2"a2kaDE}6aU2
a0UauIUa
a]k_aE!1a0
aEFaSIUaEa]4
ad4Ra01aKa‡R_aa
au2ha!
aKa
1 aQa-.a
aE1a2
a•aEauIUa.aEFaK4Ua
aj& ‚/aEaa'`5‚a
a‡R_
aQaa2
a0Ua F25a•NaE
auIUaXax.a*3a0
aEFaka4
a01a¥2>a.aKaQaZSIa3a
aK4Ua#)
a0Ua!
a2ka F.aZK1 2j=aE.2
a0UabI!.a
aJRUaE
a2
a]1 
aZK}a2
abaA±a
Ra¦_a2ax.a
"
a
a25ab|aEa
aQaja2j=aE3a1aja2
a#)aKa‡R_aaad4Ra
aE1a2
a•aEauIUau2ha!

a
a– aE=aza*
a0
aEFatkaa—j6a2=a 1 >a=a
a25aTa01aZ¥2ha
a
1 a1ad"a0
a0UaEFa¥2h
a
a!1a•"_a5a2kˆa0
aEFatka
a
1 }a01a
aaa.=aK4Ua*
aaEFa.=a#"aE
aE_a2
a2
a$
a]4
aOa01a
a
1 aKaQaZ2
a0UauIUaE=a0Ua•NaE
auIUazax.a*3a0
‰EFatkaja
a
1 }
auIUax.a
"aQa™|$a
a0
aaaaU"a01aaa#)aKa0/a.NaQaE
a25aza0
aEFaka1
a /.a
ab3ˆa]Œa 6aE
aSkaaax1a
a– aE=aEaE
a
_ ax1azax.a*3aE=aEU2
a0U
a2
a0Ua
{a#"aE
a’2= ‰EFa.2
aƒa
a
1 a
1 a41aKaEa
a…3a#e5ajaOa
aE1a2
a2P
aK&Far3a
araaU"a
a
1 aKaE/aQa.aK}aK4U ‚/aEaa'`5‚a2ka‡R_aE
a
1 aD
aE
a2
a "a“=a 1 Ga2=aa
a
1 aQa.aSIUaK4Ua2kaaDEFaSIUaEa¼R_aJ
aE
aQa0
aE3a1S
a3a1aE!
aOa
aEUaaU"a
a
1 aKa0/aE
a]Œa raEa /.az2Paa]1 a raEax1
DEFSI
 200

S5U ‫ﮟ‬a;

a…3a#e5a
aE_IUa Iax1aEaQaaEo=a2
a(a„.aE
a3a27&Ua
1 a
a¡!Ua†aE!3a
1 a2
aEFa125aK4Ua¡RS
aEUa]4Ua2=aE1a0_a¥2>a
aQaZEFa129a
1 a
a¡!Ua†azaEFa25a“$
aEU
 K}a01azaaK}aE1a2
a#PUa)aEUa]4Ua‡R_aE
aQa0I

aXaa5aPS.aaf+-.aaaa0P/&_
aŠS5a#&_a#
a&.a(5a S>2a_a¡±!_aba_ /.aaa/ƒS!.a
ٍ ٍ
&aR\aa

aFaE!
aE
aQa .az)aaaE
‰]1 a/1ˆa].a2
a' a0
aESj
aK4Ua
ƒSa01aGka2}a .a‚

ar2ha=a .a2kaaa—j6aO/ ‰
a2ˆa0
ao=axj3a0Ua#I_ ‰¥2ha
aax1ˆaŠ4_aFa a“F)
ٍ
Z‚EFa aaaEU2
aGkaP1aXa.aFaE.@aEaXaaj
a
a#&


a]1 a0
aEFaa2
a,ea#I_aTa01aEUa_/.aX‚a0
aK}aE.25a01a.aE4=a…3a#e5a2=aa
a‡R_aa
aEFad
a
a
1 a01‚a0
aK}aES_IUa0SUa01a2j= ‚EFaK4UaKaJaE
a]S!Faa!UaU2
a' aaaE

a a]1 =a2=aEU2
a]1 az1 raEax1aaEaaU"ax1aE_aE
aE1aO7ƒ.aKa]S1 a]Uaaaza0

aFa2}ªaTa01aEaT2.aE
a'a4_a0IU6aKaT>a
aEU2
a]1 aa0
aEFaSIa04
azaZ2


a01aŠ4_aSIaFaK4UaÄ.2a]!I1a„.aE
a]1 a]Ua0
aEFaka
a !.a01ajaKaa 2"aaEFaI6
Z‚EFa.3a
a S)aE_aE
a0%&Fa0P1 2h


a_/.aXaKaQaZ1 a#IUaEa]4
aau2haJ
aa&`aoa.aEaKa
1 aQa0
aEFaT2a
|aK&F
aSIa2
aK4Ua.ajaEF6aU2
a2ka' a=a=aaaE
a]1 a ra1aaa!Ua0
aEFa125a2ea.a01aEU
a†aFa)aEUaQa„.aE
a¤2$a
a' a3a_aE_aJ=aTr3aza
a‹ra /.aEUaQa2=aaQa
a2p
aaaKa]ŽR_a,1 2>a
a
PPa2ƒ5aQa0
aEj.aEFaSa‡R_aE
a
1 aDj.aaKa3a27&Ua
1 a
a¡!U

au2haQa¥2ha
aax1aza0
aEFa.2
a07_ƒa01a¥2>aEa2}$aE
a]1 a ra1aa_/.aXa /aE
aEU2

a
aEIa2
a0Ua' a=a=a2p1a‡R_aZa—j6aO/a
a]1 a1aa2a0
aE3aFa#a0Uab.a0&F
aE
aQa0IaE3aFa¯!aEa2aFaTr3a
a‹ra /.a0
aEFaK4Ua01aEaa
aa 2"a#>
aG}2=aEaE_a2
a¬-|a
aax1aE_aE
aO/.a3ra2}$a0
aEFa01a¥2>a#>a
aQaJI2
a
a
1 a Ia01aZFa¥2h 
aFax1aa(a_a
aQaz)aEj
aEa]1 a*aO/.aa<aa2

 201

aE
a2
aO/a
a]1 a1aa2a=aEUa2}$ax1a0I73aEFaS1aKaT>aQa¥2>a•"a
a
) 
a1jaK4Uaz 5aEaTr3a
a‹ra /.a„.aE
aJ3akFa•"a5-UaEazaKaT>aaZFa1a„


a3a_IUaK4Ua“ka01aEa+5aa*
2.a
aQaa‡R_aE
a
1 aQajaEaa
aOƒabI_aSIa3
a3a124jag&aaU"aEara
a‹ra /.aE_aE
a™|$aFax1aKaT>a
Ej
a0UaO/a0
aSI
a]1 a raEax1aE_aE
a]k_ad&.a
1 a0
aE3a_a'IUaa&`aoa.aEaKaQa0
a
aEI
aE
aa 2"abI_aEo=a2
a(aEF6a aja
a]S1 aS3a
aa 2"aZa24jag&a2=aha#PS!a
aEj

ad4Ra01a0
a4
a01a2j=aao=aa 2"a2
aaEaK4
ad4Ra2a
aE}6ao=ad4Ra
aFaa 2"aKa‡R_
a_aaa4S3aO1 2ha
aEa0

aEFaK4Ua0/_ƒaO1V 2ha
ajau2ha!
aEFa}a#IUaEaa 2"
ZE3

a2=a'ax1aja
aT2`a2aE_aEj
a2I5ar2haa
aaaa
a…3a#e5a
V FaE4=aEaEoaEk
aGka'a1378aEFa'rUa
aaaK}aEFa25ad(
aza2=aT1 ab3a
a aa 2"aZK}aES1aTa
aEU2
a\
a!
a‹ aZEFa}a3a#!!aKaE-aoax1aE
aUaz2$/a !aKaT a=aQaZK}aEI6
a !ajaKaa!
aE4=a3aSIa3a
aK4UaF U%Ua
a
_aa1aU &.a1a$/a!1
ad(aEUa=aE4=aEa2) a›-UaE
a >ajŒ=a0
aEFa03a
a2) abI_aFa a0Ua“=a
a2$/
a
aQa
aDEFaT2ea
aEUp_a]1 =a
|a2=aQa1aE
a
a‹ra /.a0
aFa0Ua =a#|.a01aj7
aK
a03a
a07\aE
a]"a2^aaa#|.a01a]}a&FaAa0
aEFaSIa3a
aaE
aQa03.a'P/a

ae2.a¤2%ˆa
aTP/.auIUara‹)a#/5a•$aa,7"ax1a
aEj
aa raEax1a3aEFaFa =aE
a*1 2"a*1 2"a0P1 2ha
aEj
a0S$a]}aE
ab3aDK}aSj&aGkaa#"a
ara
a1a*haa'( ‰b52h
aQaaE
aQa•"_a5a„.aE
a
" >a2kaDEFad2a_a2
auIUaEa0S$aa2paEFaI6aFa !
aFa2{SaEaT2{a3)au2haQa0
aK}aESj6=a Fa.aSIa3a
aK4Ua03.a
a
aEUFa =aE
a#|.
aE!1a
a2&eaE
a]U&!ada
aaDEFa4S3aO1 2ha,+>a
a
aU2
aK1 27/.a
aT1 aa 2"a2

DEFaSIa3a
abt&ƒa2=a4S3

‫رے ) ﮟ‬8 ‫ہ ﮯ‬J Kِ  ،‫ﮩد‬,‫دوا ا‬

aEFa1SaE
a2
a4S3a01a0U&UaƒaKaQaaEFa_a
a39½38a
1 a
az a†aEUa…3a#e5a /aE
aQ
‰Maximum Ga4SUa
ad23aQaa 2"a0IUaZEFaSa 1a•ƒ"aGa4SUa
a6aEUaa 2"a2=adPaQa0

 202

K}a01a‡R_aE
aa 2"aZEFa}aa2"a 1a•ƒ" ‰Only Punishmentˆ GaFax1a0IaK4U Punishmentˆ

XabaIUa7!
a&a¡ G3a&j1 1a/ƒ"5a®"!_aa€!_

aXa2=ahaE
aGaYUaT27aKaE_ aE
aT.2
aE
aE
aaaa 
a„.}aE
a]UaTa6aa2a6a‚
‚ZEa¥2ha

a2a6a0
aEFaSIa„I1a™|$a2}aKaE&3aQa.aEFa.2
aK4Ua'&/Sa‡R_a/aEaa'`5aa 2"a2k
‚Ga4SU‚aKaQaZEFa1a 
a„.}azaaEFatka
aaaGaFax1a,1 2>a‡R_aE_aE
aTa6a
DEFaSIaFa#)aEaESaJ
a-.a

‫ﮯ ) ﮟ‬5qN) ‫ @; ﮯ‬،‫ﮩد‬,‫ا ا‬N 3

aE=aKa
ab3aEFa1SaE
a2
aKaEt!aE
a
U`a
a]ŒaE!1aEUa…3a#e5a4S3aU&Ua2)
aE
a2
a#PUa6a
1 a
a€(ha†aa233a
1 a
az2Pa†azaKa0/aQaZK}aI6aFa 3aEa]2}$
ٍ
 K}a‹)a+1 2>aEa aE
a‡R_aU 2"a]UaaK}aE.25a$aK.aa#1Na*!

a0IUaZ‚kFaU(=aža
a]ŒaE=a'aa=a
a]ÄaEaa
aT1 aa‚a0
aK}aE.25a01aza‫ت‬. 0‫)ﮩ‬
aka
aK4UadrajaU(=aža)aEa
a.a'aa=aEaa
aaaK}a
a#PUaEUa]4UaT1 a3
a‚a®e2_a S1aaaab&_ab
ab_abab/e21aT __ EFaka125aKa
1 a
az2Pa†aZEF
a€(ha†aaZ‚FaS}6aU2
a=a
ea3aE_aE
a™|$aQa'aa=aK(=aža
a]ŒaE=aK
a
aaa.aK(=aža
aEŒaE_a4&.aza2ka2j=‚ab3ab.5a I_ab/eaa5aEFaka125aKa
1 a_
Z‚aK4UaT23

a2a2
a=a€(ha2kaTax1a0
aEFaK4Ua
1 }a
a!1aKaa 2"‚a0
aK}aE.25a01aza‫ت‬. 1‫دو‬
azaEFa_a2
a$a2aEUaQa0
a2=aaQac+a2kaZ‚EFaSIaE_a0Œa=aEaQa2}$a(4=a.aE_a2
a$
aKaT>a
aE_a2
a$a2a2ax1a0
aSj&aK4Ua03a
aKa.aEFaSIaFad2+aEa0Œ
ٍ
a3a2= a2ƒa 6a0
a}a0Ua')a01a7_\a
a…3a#e5a
"aE.25a$aTa01aZ‚Fad2+aEaEŒaE=a0Ua]

adIaaKaaax.a2) aEa'aaEFaka1a2"a

a–a
aEŒaKaaaK}a
a#PUa)aEUa]4UaT1
 203

a0NaE
aQaEFa0Œa
aJ3‚abj.!
aabj"ra0_a_&_aaZEFa
a–a0Œa0
aK}aEtkaE1a2=aa
a .a2ka‚a Iau3a(5a
a/e2S!.aaa .aaaaZ‚EFaá2)a
ao
aEUj
aE
‰]ˆa_aEU(=až
a I_ab/eaa5aZ‚EFaK4Ua0P`a
aKaQa.aF6aU=aža
aEŒaE= ‰EaTa2a!
ˆ
a#e5ax1aE
a 
a}aZ‚a
aaaT23a
aaa.aK(=aža
aEŒaE_a4&.aza2ka2j=‚ab3ab.5
aE
ab%1 r=a
a]aa–aKaE/aE
aEŒa‡R_a01aE
aa 2"a0
aSIazaK4Uaz $=aTa01aEa…3
ZK}aEFa2
a2}ªa€25a
aa

S5U 7‫ د‬8

a&Fa aFa.2
a2RaKa()aa 2"a1 ka0
aEFa
av+aKar UaQaEUa…3a#e5aKa#!a].aa
aEj&a
adIaE
aAS
aQaKaJ3aEFaK4Uaea
a
a2$/a !aZEFaka”4=aQ=
aESaK4
a2ŽUaE
a !"a!
aK&FaEaJ3aaFaFaj7
ad
a
a
aEU2
a#&a2=aQaaEUj&
a2
a#&a2=aQa1aFa
aaa*ƒa
a Ia!
aE
aQaEUaQaaFa2.aa 2"a01a2=aJ3aj.a0Ua7Ua
aZ]F
aK4UaKa
aQa
_ adIaae"a
a¡4P5a
ab/.a
a0+>a
a¡R)a
aZFa1SaE

aEFaS1aTr3a
a‹ra /.a3aa 2"a01a0
aEFaka a“=a0PaEa#!aaa07.2a4=a0%&FaZK}a
V Gk
a
a Fa2=aa EFaS1aT1 }a„Œ
aO/SaE
a
U`a
a]Œa1aEFa.2
a2PaGa
aE
a„.}a2=a6a1
a1 kaE_a&Faz2$/a(a
aQ2aaz6az2.aKaT(/ad&.aE
au2haQaZKa<eaa "
aE
aJ3au2haQajazaaEFaU2
aEa2aEtUa2
aE_aKa„.}aa 2"aK&Fa„Œ
a*aEFac+ad /
V
ZK}aE. aEa&Fa2= aEU&Ua 6

x; ‫ۂ‬S1;  { %\C 05-,) ‫  ﮯ‬

a.3aFad/a2
ažo=a
aQaEFa.Fag2$av+a3aEa21a¥2k2=a0IaEFaK4Ua"R.ac+av+ar Ua01
aQaEFa0-ab1 2.a Fa
aE-5aE
aaa0IU6a01aZEFa0SUa
aEaj&a6a
a…3a#e5a01a0
aEF
aESIUa2}a0
.aEkaK3aE6aE.2
a P.a2=aQa„.a„.aE
a2
a#PUaa27&Ua
aESIUax1ax1aE
aQa FaE_
ZE3a6a.Fa¥>av+a

‫رے ) ﮟ ا)  روہ‬8 ‫  ﮯ‬

 0
aK}aE.25az
 204

a FaFa.a
aaU"a(aEUa /.a>)aj6ax1a
a]U&!aja
a
a1av1 az(aE
aa 2"‚
‰21a¥2k2=ˆ ‚EFa_a„&aŠ)

aSIa2
aK4Ua !.aGk2}a01aFa
a0/_ƒa0-aja„Œ
a
a1 .a
aQaaaU"a(aEUaJ3a™|$a

a2
aE_aEa
_a 4a0
aEFa01a0/"aT>a,+>aZEFatka
aaa0/"aT>a,+>aKa2P5aQa0

aŠ)aa
aaU"a /aE
aa 2"a
a aa0aXa>a'a
aKad(aEUad&.a
a=ax.a‹
aQa Fa0
a!3aZEFaFaaaja‹ aaEFaFa a6aSUa0/1 Na
aEU2
ad/aE
a
a
av1 a
a2Fa >a2az2kaa2-S|ax1a07.2a4=aKad(a1 .aK}aEI6a2
aaaKa0 PaE
aAS

a
aaa„.aE
a0^_7aoaKa]U&!a /.a
aQaaj.a
aIUa
aQaEUaJ3aZj.aFa2}ªaK
akaFa =Uaz2ka01aESŒ4=aESŒ4=ax.a2) aE
a >a2!.aZj.a0Uaz1 raEax1aKaG}aQa.aE3
a0U}2&kaQa0
aEj.a3a }$aa#a&a¤7`aE!1aKaOaE
aEUFaaU"aŠ)aE
a
a0IU

aEa3aE
az2ka!
aE
au2haQad(aEUax.a]1 >a9a2j=aZj.a0UabI&aU24jax.a21az1 ra
a')

aZFa
a2}ªa')a01aEUaJ3aSaK4Uaja2
Na
a™|$ax1a!
aKa1 .a(a0
aSaFa_)a#I_
aE!1a0
aE3ajI1a2kabI_aK}aEFag2$aEUFa2}ªaEa >ajŒ=aUa2ara¦_aE
a')ar2haQaA
V
a2aQa
aZkaEIUa0Uaz1
V raEax1aKa„
ax1a<a
aaa.aK}aES
aKad(aEUa2=aE
a25
a_a„&aaU"aŠ)a
a
aEUa /.a>)aj6ax1a
a]U&!‚a0
aU2
aaaKa‡R_aaa
a0/"
a#"Ua#I_ax1a
a]U&!‚a0
akFa2.a,+>a4
a01aEaE
aQaDEFaU&32.a,+>a
a
PP ‚EF
Z‚EFap_aEU2
aIUaEaEUFaŠ)aE
a
a /.a‡+_


  ; ‫ ) ﮟ‬c‫د` د‬$; ‫ { ﮯ‬%\C

azaEFaE.2
av+a2=a'aQaZEFa
a
a
a7UaKab1a0
aEFa1ja'a01aEUa…3a#e5a /aE
aQ
K}aE.25

aE_aE
aEj&au2ha=a
aQaEFa
a
&"aa "a
av1 aEa
a
aEUFaŠ)a
aaU"a(‚
aQaKaZEFa
adPaa07.2a
a aa0aXa>aY=a'aKaU (a0
aE}6aU2
ad/a01aK&F
a )a¥2>aaEa )a a=a01aZEFab1a )ax1ad(a0
a]FaI6aSa01aKaE-a SaE
aE-5
ٍ
a'"aE
aXa'a &+a0
aEFaSIUa0SUa01araEaQa.aEFa-.a,+>a
ad(a01a2kaZEFaS_aEaF
a01aEaaaz1 raEaz1 raZSIa3aaK4Ua
aa
aaFa aEa¥2ha
a )a
a2
aa'/5a
 205

ax1a1aj.atka
au2haJ
a27/.a
aa 2"aKaTa¬-|a0
aEFaSIa3a_a aKaEU2
ad/
aIUaEaQa™|$a
aZj.aka
aO7ƒau2haJ
a2=aT/"a
a]_>adaE
aa 2"aKa0/a¬)

aXa'a &+a0
aEFaSIa2
aa01a™|$a
a0UaZEj.aa!Ua#
ax1aXa'a &+a0
aSIa2
aK4U
a4ªaE
aQaK}aES}6aU2
a4ªaE_aE
aaa Fa
a 1 2I.aaTGaJ3a1aK}aO+S!aE
a 1 2I.aaTGaJ3
ad&.a2aZK}aESIa3aEj&a )a0UaEj.a0Ua )aza0&FaK1aabI_aZEFaSj
aza
"aaT"a

‰21a¥2k2=ˆaZ‚K}aFaa!Uajazau2ha
a]_

ٍ
aE
a )au2haaja
aaaZZZZZaEj.a0Ua )aP1a2paEj.a21ŠUax1azaZZZZZZZZZZZaEj.aU5au2ha&Faz‚
aKS_t!aa]1 a0Na
aaaEaa
aa 2"a 1$a0IaK&Fau2haJ3aj.a.o=aU2
a2=a
adI
a¥2ha
a )a3aEj.aESIaa0UaG6a
az1 raEaQa
a]U&!azaZKj.az1 ra
4a
7!Ua0a&F
‰21a¥2k2=ˆaZ‚j.atkaa
aaaa/1 ŠaE

K}aE.25a2j=aza /aE
aEU2
a' SaE
aT1 a 6a
a aa 2"aKaOaE
a].aa

aZEFaSIa3a1aFa03a2a /aE

a )a
aaa2paEj.aa!Ua
7.2a_aoa062kaXa'a &+‚
a„Œ
ajaE=a)azaj.a aEa¥2ha
a )aQ=aE
aaa3aE
aaQaaEa
a
aEUFaa!U
a
aEUaXa'a &+a0
aEFa,+>a01aEj.aE.2
ad
aza2{a21 raE
aT)aaaE=aaEj.aESj
aT)
aaXax_a2R^_aEFatka
a !.aKaa 2"a)a
PPa01aaEj.aESIa2
a.a]ƒ\aza2pa
aK4Uazk
‚ZZZZZZa2).aaax7UNabad P.

aK}a0U&Uaj6a
4ax1aE_aE
aUaXa'a &+a0
aEFaFaaa01aKaa 2"a2=aTPaz1 raEax1‚
a!1 aad2k2aFa!1 ara
aFa!1 a U&1aFa!1 a
a ax1a0
aEFa01a¥2>a*ƒa
aQa2p
au2haJ3aK1 2
a#&aaK6au2haa0/aja Fa0
a01a0UaEj.azaE!3aE}6aUFaPSaa 1aF
a2kaaEFaK4UaKaJaE
aa!UaU2
a!1aakFaTa2ƒ5a2\a.a01a0IU
aEj.aE.2
a#&aaES6az
‰22a¥2k2=ˆaZ‚kaE3aFa#I%aFa#I_ak Ura.aK1 2
a“$
a
aEU2
a!1a F

a
aQa2paE3a
a
ha
aXa'a &+a0
aEFa.2
a 
.a
aQaY=aa 2"a0
aEFa,+>aja01
ad
aza FaEFa1a Ia
aEU2
au2ha¬)ax1ad
a¬)ax1a
a FaEUa]4Ua]43a0
aEFa01a¥2>a*ƒ
aEFaSIaFa
ha0Ua]}aFa0Ua Ia
a]43aEFaSIaFa
aFa Iax1a.a
haZK1 2
au2ha
 206

a3aK1 2
a„Œ
aFaxja Fa0
aEFa#I%a
4aU2
aŠ)a*ƒa01aEaT$aaaE
aa 2"aZ
had a0U
aEa /.a +ax1a
aT/"a02.a
aTaUraE
a a25ax1a0
aEFaTa2}ªaZEFa
aEUa'
a4
a„.aE
ara=aTa01aaZFa0Ua]
aFa7Ua a25aza062kaSIa2
aK4Ua F25a2ŽUaE_aE
az1 r
aKav1 aaa 2"a0
aEFaTa,ea#I_a01aEFaj&aK4Ua )aj7
a
a7UaEUad(a0
aE}6aU3
‰23 ¥2k2=ˆaZ‚EFa€25aPPaa2}3

‫ن‬J ‫ 
 از روﮯ‬%‫;  ا‬

at!a#>aaz1 rav+7a<)aKa].7ad&.aaa
PPaa0
aEkaK1 2
a‘2a„.aE
aAaoa F
a &+a0
aj.aK4Ua01azaj.a*ƒa2=adPaQaOP+.a
aJ3a0t!a#>aZEFa
a
4a‘2/.aEav+a21 r
a aKadIaE
ab1aaa„Œ
a1aK}aa!UazaaK4Ua1aK}a )aXaN/a aa0aXa>aXa'
aXa>aY=a'a0
aj.a01azaj.aE}6aU2
a
aG6aJ3aOP+.a0Ia
aa!
a1aEFa Ia
a )a•32

a )aaK}a
aTS)aa
a
aaaKab1aEFa
a2PaE_aE
ad
aJ
aEUa_/.aXa
a aa0
aa0aXa>aY=a'a3aK}ajaza1aK}aEFaaaKaT1 a
aa 2"a3aK}aFa¥2>a1 adIaE

aEUa…3a#e5aK43aj.aSIaFaK4UaEaT1 aaaOP+.a

aTaaaZE1a
a Faz(aE
aa 2"aEUa 
aT1 a#1Na*!a.aA3a
aaaZEFakaK4UaFa1aA3a
aTaaaEa2aKaaa0IU
aEFa
a#PU
Z
aK4UaFa03.aEa2aEUa…3a#e5a¥2ha
ab3aEFaSaE

 ٍ
aaASI_a j&/1aa j
G1 a0.1a jIaS1a j!RUabaa j5av/aNab&_aaXaba P_aZ1
‰164 a2&a' ˆa®&I+_
aQa2=aaaEFa.2
aT(.a3a'ax1aEaKa4Ua)aaaE
aaaja0I73a2=a]a
aa!aEUaX
Z
aUaa
aAS
a
aaaEFaS1a /.aa
aaaEFa.2
a0
G.aaT1 a

âš
‰44 #&_ˆa j_a'GUaaQ_ab7S_a2
Š_ax_a_GUaaZ2
aaa3a
‰AS
ˆaQaE_aE
a]k_aa2
a,1 2%.a.a0
.a¥2ha2.aEFa
a'rU ‰a 2"a/1ˆa2
Na01aEUa Fa
ZEFatka
a'rUa¥2ha

 
‰157 ¥2ˆ vt7|_a jad2+1aa
7ƒ_a j_a#+1aa2I&_aba jj1aa¥2/&_a 21aZ3
aaK1 G6aY=aE_aE
aaaEFa.2
a'(aaEa2a
aaaEFa.2
a•aa
aIUa
aaaEFaS1a I ‰7Uˆaz
 207

ZK1 G6aY=UaE_aE
aaaEFa.2
ad2


‰7a2%+_ˆajSU5a0a IjU aazŠ|5a'2_a I.aaaZ4
ZÄ3aYaEaQaaYaEaG6aJ3aa_aE_aEaaK4&.a'a„Œ
a3

â
‰64 !_ˆaXaaNagƒ_aa'abaaaZ5
ZEaaNaE
aXaE3a
a
ha
aQa0
aE_aQa2pajaK4Uaja'a
aEUa Fa

‰80 !_ˆaXagha P5a'2_a•ƒ1abaaZ6

Z
a
ha
aXaEUaQa
a
ha
a'aEUaJ3

š
‰54 _ˆa Sj.az/ƒ.aaaaZ7
ZEkaÄ=a
1 }a.aEka2
a
ha
a'a .a2ka

‰21 AGˆa®!aÖaXa'a5a I_aa

a P_aZ8
ZEFa0U&Uab1 2S4ax1aKaTNa
a'aE_a4&.

ٍ § § ٍ 
a&!.a&!1aa
`"a&a32a j!RUa5a 1aa {a ja2$aa5aY&I+1aSaa1aaxaa(5aZ9
‰65 ¡!_ˆ
a0UaaEU2
a0-5aKa0/aQaEj.ax.a*3aEka]FaK4UabaGka2}aza !"a
aAa2.aK4UaJ=
š
ax.ap.a
aKa'aE=a2=aQa2
a.a0-5a3a2j=aEFa¥(S)aaaE
aaaKaJ3aK_aa
ZK_a2
a !.a2!a2aEaaK1 2
a0UaQ!+

aaa'2_aaXa_az25at$a5a Sr.aa5a Ia2(_a_aa'2_a/haaXa/haab1Š_aj1a1aZ10


‰59 ¡!_ˆa2)ad_aaXaa.a S

a2a_aEaKa .a3a

a]k_aaaa
a'a2
a
ha
aXa2
a
haFaEaa&1a3ak_a
aa&1a .a2ka¥2ha
a'aaXa
aQaa2j=a.aE3aFagGUaKa0/a!
aaa4&.a2ka2j=aZ]F
Z2=aT2) araaXaFaESj

 208

‰31 a2&a' ˆaXa I77+1aU/7.5aXaa7+.a S

aaa#"aZ11
aEa .aXa2
a2=a2a.aFaESj
a
7+aEaXa .a2ka0
aa04
aEaa ‰ aa0aXa>a7Uaˆ
ZkaEj
a
7+

a&Fa2=aha/ƒ"a#I_a
aPPa
aY=a' Kad(ab1a.aE3ao=a2
a(a2ka
aT1 azkaa
a† &Ua=aEUa )a
ab3aK}aa!UaE!1aza2paK}aFaa!UaK}aK4Ua.  )aza07$a(aZEFa.3a aE
azaZK}aE EaEƒaE
aaa0IaE aK4UaQ=a&Fa
az2adIaE
a )aZEFaja2
a r
aK1aaK&Fa2
ažo=azaJa]F 'rUa2=aaa3aT1 a
aAS
a
a )a0
aEtkaE
aK4Ua2PaE_aQac+
ZK1 2
a,1 2%. 
aAaS
aza0
aEFa01a -Pa
a2P.aE
aaa0I

a /.a
aUaa
aXaAS
aK&FaaaK1 2
330
G.a
a2$/aa25a&FaEa
a
a2ax1

EUa_/.aXaj ‰Legislature Powersˆ TS)a/1 2%.a
aaa0
aEFa.2
a,1 2-. 3a27&Ua
1 aZK1
a_aEU2
a + x.a,1 2%.a
adIaU 2"a¥2>a
aTS)aE
aaa "a
aKaQaaK}aE
ac1 R.
aYajaEaG6aJ3aa_aE_aE K1aza„Œ
a3a0
aEFaS1a Ia01a€(haa4a27&Ua
1 aZEFaK4U
aT1 aza„Œ
a3a0
aFaSIUa0SUa01aEaJ3aEF K4Ua!1a "a
ajaKaQaZÄ3aYaEaQaK1
a0U&UaE_a&Fa
a#&aE
aaaa2
aaT2a
aQa8a27&Ua
1 Z_a
aa¥2>aK1aKa#I$a
aU 2"
aEaa 2"aza a
a#&aa'"aJ3aE=a0
aEFatkap_aK4Ua¤2$a01aja2=adP QaZEFaS1a2"
ٍ
a&FaEa
 
aOa/a
aaaPƒaJI2aE
aQa0Iaj&a0U&UaE_aE=a
aa¥2>aK1
ٍ
a
a/ƒ"aja]41aaK}aS1a I 
a
ha
aaaK&Fa7aa6a5a27&UaT1 aZEFaka1a2
a“=aE
azaKa#I$a
aU 2"aT1 a3aEFax.a a
adIaa ¥2>a
ha01a0
aEFaK4Ua¥2ha
a2aQaz$
a
aJ3aaU2
ag3aE_aE
aE-5a¥2ha
aJ3aEFa.a…3a!1 x1a
aaa9a27&Ua
1 aZK1aK&F
a…3a!
aa
_ a!
a
aUa3aEFa
aza01aZEFaa&1a¤2$aUaEa'a0I K4UaFa2}Ža0-5
aEa
a
2a_a2ad&.aE
a]U&!a
a
a
aaa10a27&Ua
1 aZEFaK4Ua#>aj 


a0&3aE
a
Ia
aQa$ #}aE
aQaraE
aQa
1   >aKab3a2a_aZEFaS1a2
a_
V
a
ha
aXaaK}aE. a2=a27&Ua2!.aE ‡+_aE
a
haK}a#$a*adIaE
a0_ a b&ŽS
a2a_a0
aEFa01a
a
a'a2=adPaQaaZEFadPa
a' aaE
a]UaaaZEFa2=a27&UaE4=
aE-5 KaQaFa =a3agGUa2}a0IaSIaFaK4UaEa'a2paEFaSIaFagGUa
]U&!a.aE
aZEFaka1a2"aa&1ajaU2
!.a
ab%1 r=aQaZkaE3a
a¥2ha
a'aE
aQaaXag3aE_aE

a
aXa
1 a2) a2j=aZEFa.Fa2}ªa¥>aEa2)ad_ Xaa.a S
aaa‡R_a2) aE
a
1 a0
a!3
 209

aXa a0
aEFa01azaaEFa.Sa0SaFax1a
aEUFa#>a
7+a
aQ aeP.aFax1a
a
7+
Z2
ag7.a
'aE

a
aQa
aZEFa.2
a“=a„.aE

ea.aa 2"aE!3a
a#>a
a'aKad(ab1aEFa01
aaaKa21a27&Ua¥2k2=aEUa]4Ua3aEkaK25aU{2ŽU 2=aEaQa=a…3a#e5a /aE
aEU25a0Ž(

a
a
aY=a'aEUa]4Ua0
a. aK4Ua2ŽUa¥>a01 2
aa„
a#P&_a
a]21 -. ]Ua
aDEFa

DEF 1p_a›S|a2=ahaa0Ia
a
4aEa
a#>a
a`a0&|.

‫ود ﮨﮯ؟‬K2) `3 ‫ن‬J ‫  و ف‬

ٍ
az1 raEaQa
a]U&!‚a aa0aXa>a 1 2
a'a0
aEFa,+> #I_aŽR_a$a01a
a…3a#e5
a EFa.Fa =a01a'a2p ‚Zj.atkaa
aaaa/1 ŠaEa¥2ha
a )a3aEj.aESI a0UaG6a

aQa1aEFa‹aKaa 2" 3aj.a. aaFa¥2>a1 a2= ~a`ax1GUaE

ad2S+a] a0
aEFa Faoa'a01
a !.a#"a
+>a
aQa.aEFaTa4= 2kaZKj.aSaT1 }aEa0/1 NaE
aa
a– ajaz(aE

a0IaZ. aK4Uaa
aaaE
aT1 a
aXaAS
a2=a7U 0
aEFaka4
aK4Ua01aK4
aKaa 2"aZEFaK4U
aSaT1 }aEa¥2ha
a )a
a7Uajaz(aE
aAS
aT1 a0
aEFa.Fa
{ 01aEaQaJI2aE
aQ
aza0IU
aEF K4Uaz6aaE
aEUaaU"aŠ)aja
a
a„.aE
aa 2"a.aEFaTa2a2k aK}
ZEFaFa'rUaa 2"aEa¥2ha
aJ3aEFaEa¥2ha
a )aaj

‫ﮯ؟‬R3 ‫ ﮯ > ﮯ زاد‬7‫  @ر ﷺ ا ﮯ  _ت   و‬

a‚a aa0aXa>aXa'a0

aEFa‹S+a
aU{2ŽUa„.aE
T $a$a01a
a¥>a#e5a2j=
T)aaaaEj.aESj
aT)a„Œ
ajaE=a)aj.a aEa¥2ha
a )aQ=aE
aa 3aE
aaQ
a aa 2"aZEFaSIa2
a
aQa#Pa0UaaEFaSj
a
PƒaEaa 2"a0UaTa01 ‚Ej.aE.2
ad
a2{a21 raE

aaEj.aEtkaE
a a2= ~a`ac25a3 Ea
a
aEUFa'a0
aEFa.2
a
2>a
a2aQaa
ad
aOƒaE
aT%F)aaT)a.NaE=a– aKaFadU 
aaaKj.atka
a2aE
a–aT )a3
_a1aaa•7.aaaZEj.a =aE
a&}a
aa– a0IaEj.aEtkaEt1a—j6 K4Uar aE_aE
aEU2


abaOƒ1aa\a I7>a#e ‰ 203 a¥2ˆaaba_a1aag7.a&Ua#" ‰ 50  d/Uˆ
 
a )a
a™|$ax1a0
aSIaaaK4Ua01au2ha!
aza. #PaFaZ‰ 4a3a2 a _ˆa1aaaaaaj_
 210

aOƒaE
a a.NaaTUaaT%F)a=ad
a
a
_aEa2j=aaE3 
a2Paja'aEa¥2ha

aKaE"( !
a
a™|$a!
a2kaja
Ia_&/ax1aZE3a1a—j6ajar aE_aE
aE1 dU
a=a)aKaE1adUa1@a
2 =aEaza.aEFa.2
a2Pa2Ra=aKaxa!
a1a2Uka1aE2!
aZS1a—j6aK4Uar aE_aE
aEU2
ad
aaE_a2=aa
aT) .NaE=aaE_aa!_=a
aEae2

aQaa!_=a
a
a
Ia„.aE
aS|a
aQa /aE
E1a*-a
a
V 0Naoa.
aE
aT1 }aa!_= 
2ad
a
aza0
aEFa.3aj
aU2pUa
|a
aQaZEFa.3a
a =a
aT1 }
a.3ajI1a01aEazpUa24kajaKaaaK} E.3a—j6a2=a 1 >a
aQaT(/a3aZE=aEU2
a0Ua¥()
a3aK.3aaK4UaT1 }aFa¥2>a
aQaZ<\a1aEFa}a2
'&/Saxja
a 1 >a=aza0
aEF
aEa0Ia]FaE_aE
aEUaEaEFaka1a2Raza¥2ha
ad"aJ3a1aE_ E
aEU2
a“=aKax7=
aE
a

IaTa
aza2kaZ]FaE_aE
a&}a=a
aQa3aK}a.3aajaT1 } 0R)
ٍ
aa'"aE
aQaUaZEFa.3 _a(aJ=aEa1aEFa.3a
au(>a5a
aQa.aa2
a¥()aE
a%
aE
a'/5aa'"aE
aQaaEFa}a2
ak &U za
aJ3aEFa.24jaa0Na
a
IaQaE_aE
a'/5
ٍ
a01a
ara
a1aEFa#>aŽa
a
Ia_aEU2
a2Pa
aQaE 0
aEFa.3aj&a41araO/S
a
I Qa(jaa2a
ax.ak Ura£1 2=a
aQa0
aEFa01a aZ.2
aK4Ua !=U 
aQa
Ia0

a0
aE3a
a a
ahS EaQaEaFa )a
aAaZEFaz &Uaza
aJ3aEFa.Far Ua2{a2=aUa

aEa¥2ha=aEaEFaS1aTa
aEUaa&1a2= Qa
a2jaUaEFa.2
a2Pa'a=a
a™|$ax1az
a*a01aaEFaS1a Ia 
Saaa
ag7.aE
aQaa
ha26aaa6aE 
aQaEFa.24ja a
aEU&U
T )a
a
_aEF6au2haJ3aOƒaE
aT)a.NaE=a0
aEFaS1a—j6aEa /aE
aEU2
„Œ

DadU

‫ ں ﮯ ^ ﮨﮯ  ;ﮩ ﮟ؟‬S5U    ‫@ر ﷺ‬

aEj.aESIa2
]ƒ\aza2pa
aK4Uazka
aEUaXa'a &+a0
aEFa,+>a01‚ aK}aE.25 …3a#e5
a.Fad/aK&Fa.aE3a
a•7S. 
aa 2"a2kaO/SaE
aQ ‚ZEFatka
a !.aKaa 2"a)a
PPa01a

a'RUa†ax1aZEFa25a047.a2=aƒ\a
a aa0aX >a7Ua2=a•"a”U=a¥2>aEUa_/.aXa0
aEF
1a
1 a 1 2+.a†aEj.6aKa37a
1 aAGa†a2!.aKa43a
1 a0.a†a2 Ka68 – 67a
1
a2=aƒ\a!
a]41 1$a0
aEFaSIa3a
aa&ka]43adPa?j6aKa10 – 1a
1 aJ7a†aK1 ŒU=aK
aaE
a•"a„6a1a”U=aaaKaT7U UraE
a'a23a=aZEFa84a
1 a0.a†azaZEFatka
a047.
aEFa.Fa
{aTa3aEaQaZ
au(>a
aQa0UaEF 1 a2
Na
aƒ\a!
a
a~a`a0UaKa aa 2"
 211


aEFaES1adUaT7Uac25aKaU2pUa
a_/.aXa
az2a~a` KaEUra=aQa0
aEFa01az

a
]k_a k &Ua<\a
aQaK4
ara† &Ua
aQa0
aEFa}aSj
azpUa2=aTaQa_/. XaK}
ٍ
a2
aYa5a2=aQaEFatkaFaY6a Na3aEa~a`a2=a•"a„6a1a”U=aaaaE=aEU2
a0Ua&}a<\
au2haaja
aQa.a.3aFaEa– aƒ\aa
a E
a•"a 6aaa2kaZEFatkaa2
au(>a
aQ

a&Fa2=a&}a
a~a`aG6a01aŠ4_aZEFatkaa2
a
a]ƒ\ aau2haJ3a.3aa2
au(>
a04
a„.aE
abP1aAa FaZEFa_aE1a2
a¤7`az1 raa
aQaEa
aE1 2
a
-)aa&h
a
aQaaEF Y=a#I_aEa’G^_aaƒ)a0U
a=a
ak Ura0U27&^=a0_a23a
a~a`a0
aK} ESI

ZEFa#> ‰Approvalˆ ea
a_/.aX

‫ﮩم‬+) 1 1  ‫ع رل‬3‫ا‬

aE!1 aja F‚a0

aK}aES_aK /aQa…3a#e5a
aQaEFaka1aKaa 2"a Ia3a
ag7.aE
a~a`
ag7.ax1GUaE
aa ‚ZEj.a~a`aE!3aKaPSaa 1 ad2k2aFaE!1 aara
aa U&1aF
a~a`au2haJ3aK1 2
a#&aaK6au2haaja Fa0
aEFa#&a'"U a2ƒ5a2\‚ad4Ra01a

E
aQaZkaE3aFaa23ak Ura.aE3a_a2kad4Ra01a0
aK}aE.25az ‚ZEj. E.2
a#&aaES6
aE
ag7.aZEFak _aE_aKar Ua+ƒaFa
4a
aEt!aaoaE.a0
aEkaK1 2
a‘2a FaO/S
aa€()aT1 2ŽUaa'>a " /a2I5ar2ha0IaK}aK4UaE
aEUFaUa FaKaTR>ac+a/
ٍ
a~a`a]43a0
a01az1 raEa*aaEFa#$aKaQ rajaU2
2=aKa2
aaT2aaT(/
a
a– aKa#&aQau2ha
a2k$a]}aFa1SaE
a2
a#&a2=a I !
aE
ab1aEa
a
aSaEU
aES4=a– aQ7_a
a’2)a’2.aJ3a0
aEFaK4UaGk2}a*ƒa01a
aQaZEFa2eaE_ &FaU2
a2=
a'&/S – a]1 a
a !"aJ3aKj
a FaFaEj.aE.j
a– aEUj
aE
au2haJ3aK4=a FaF Ej.
a0Ua'&/SajS}a
a F aE
aaaEj.aE.2
a3a– aEa0+ab3a1aKj?a Fa2=aK4UaEj.aE.25
a a aNa
ax.a‹ aKa
a2paE3aFaa23 k Urax$aEa.aE3a_a2kad4Ra01a
ag7.aZK1 2

a01aEUa]U&!ad&.aEa Sa*ƒa
aQaZFa#"a
aA3aE
ag7.aK /aQa3aEFaGkaK4Ua!1
a,1 2%. 3a
adIaa'>aE
ab1aa2I5ar Ua(aEa#&aa'"aE=aEUa~a`a0
EFaj&
ZK1 2
a2=a
a– a FaKaQaEFa25

aE
a<!aau2$aE4=aEaQaEUa…3a#e5a2=aJ3aEt_aE_a
aEt!aE
a‹r  /.aa2=ahaE
a'
a /.a0
EFa.Fa2}ªa2I5ar Ua01a2=aha/ƒ"aEa#/5aa'"aE
a~a`aKaQaZEFa
a') 4ªa„.
 212

a "a
a
PPa3rax1
V aaFaT2ea
aEU2
a a =a2=aJ3aEFaK4Ua2a
a#>a5a‹r

a
ag7.aE
a~a`aŠ4_aZE3a
araaU" 2
a„
aKazpUa2=ahaE
a/aE!3aEFaK4UaAƒ
a~a`a2=aT1 }a
aa 2"aKaE!aQa2j=aZFaja2I5ar2h &FaKaEt!aQa41a0
aEFa01a0eP.
aU2
a
a Fa2=a
aJ3aEFau2$ab1 2.a,+>a
aT1 }aaazaka
a#& u2haJ3aKa
Ia=
aZEj.aA2)az1 ra43 aEaTaz3a&FaTa$/aE
a]k_aKa0Ur E
a~– aZE}6
ٍ
aJ
a0
aj6=aK4U Ea!
aEUa– aZp_aK4Ua =a2=a‹ra /.aEaz3aaaja.$aj7
aEUa– 2p
a
aa4=a=aE4=a0
a4
aK4UaE !
aEUa– aZFaES}6aU2
auIUa2a .aE}aE
a’2=a
aEŒa S1
a6aOƒaE
ae2a=a™|$ax1a0
aj.aG3a2=ahaEj
#I_aTa01aKa
Ia
a– aZ2
ae
a0I73a
"aQa¥2>a.aEFaFaj7
a2kaKaEUraE
a~– a
)  Z2
a]1$aEF6aS3ax.
aUF K4Ua01ad
a&Fa.aK}a•7SaE
aY=a'a Fa2kaAaZEFa
aK4Ua¥-Uaa E
a]1 aEUa!

ٍ
a'aJ3a0
aE}6ajI1aj 01araK&Fa0IaK3a„?aEU2
a4S3a)a2
aE_aKS1 ab.aa0
aE}6
Zj.a14=a03a&au2haJ
aEaaj.aj& 
a%a
aaaEUaQaKj.aFa'rUaKS1 a01a2=

‫؟‬R3 ‫ ف ا ﮯ ز);ﮯ ﮯ > ﮯ‬D ‫  @ر ﷺ  رﮨ‬

azaEFaSIa3a1jaEa2

aa'/5aa'"aE
~a` z 5a3az1 raEaz1 ra0
aEFa$a
a…3a#e5
aJ
a27/.a
aa 2"aKaTa¬-|a0
aEFaSIa3a_a aKaEU2
ad/ 01‚aEaaa0
aEFa01a¥2>
a$ 01 ‚Zj.aka
aO7ƒau2haJ
a
a]_>adaE
aa 2"aKa0/a¬)ax1a1aj. tka
au2h
aE_aE
a0%&FaaE_aE
2jaUa&}a
~a`ax1GUaE
a¥>a0
aEFaS1a2{.a01a
aE_aEo=
a0
aK}aES1aja‡R_a01aE
aaa2{.a41aZj. E_aE
a?aQ-|ax1a
aEUraE=a0Iaj.aK4U
2
aK4Ua F25a2ŽUaE_aE
az1 raEa /.a +ax1a
aT/"a02. 
aTaUraE
a a25ax1‚
‚ZSI

aK4Ua.av+a#-Ra2=aQaE_aQ EFa
aK4Ua,eau2ha=a2ŽUaƒPUaE=aEUa]4Ua0IU6a2=aEt!aQ
ٍ
a FaU2
a‘2aT&
a 6aKaaE
aQaK}aEF a‡R_a01aE
aaa2{.a3a(&abI_aSIa3a

ZK}aESj&a2e

E
aEU2
aAƒ)a
ad"a¬)ax1aKaEUra¬)ax1a)azau2haJ3a0
aEFa }$a2=aTaQ aa 2"
a'a 6a UaE
a2$/ x1aja'aaEUa
aQau2haaEFa
1 }a&aa2p&_ax1a3
 213

aE
aa 2"au2haJ3aZEFa&}aa}ax.a  E_aE
a]U!Uad&.a3aE
aE1adUa
_
V ac25ax.
V
EFaka125a01aO/S

‰19 ad/Uˆaåabaa0a
ŠUaa 2P_aŠa_ aa
01aja
aJ3aJ3aa
a .a]2
a07SaEa0/1 NaE
aQaKa0
a.aEFaka
a¥2ha2aa 2"a01a
ZEŒ4=

0
EFaka125a01ajaO/SaE
a'aE_aEUaE
aa 2"au2haaxj

ٍ
‰ 58 a¥2ˆ /&3a I_aXa'aUaQ_aj1a1a#"
Z]Fa'a
aXa¥2ha
a*a .aK °U!Uaa0
aa04
‰ &+ ˆ

ٍ ٍ 
‰28 7ˆ 21ŠUaaa2%aQ_a®5
a xa
Z2
aaEU2
a07SaaE1aT%a¥2ha
a]U!Uad&.a2p 
a .aEUa FajaK4U ‰ &+aˆa

‰41 AGˆab7_a .)aaXa'abI_a I_3aba aa &+ a

a
ZK}a .) E
a]7UaaK}a'aE
aXaza2paK}aK4Ua–aE
a!
aEaKa]2a4&. &+

aaS"a2kaZEFaK4Ua€25a
aKa&} 
a aa0aXa>aXa'a &+aaa 2"aEa‡+_aQ
a! 610a'GUa
aa 2"a0
aSU3aK4Uaa
a2) aZK}a]Ua.aK}a2p&_ a&a2kaK}a]Ua.aK}a +
aQa0
EFaFaj6aTa01aEaJ
a2) aZkaFa S)a0!a
aQaKa! 632 aj.aF g2$aK
atkaaT1 }aK Qa2
a„
aEa
aTaE
a4UaaEj.aA2a#}aE
aEUraQa*h|aE
aa 2"
a
a&}aE_aE
a]U!Uad&.a E_aE
a0%&Fa
aT1 }aaa Fa2=aaJ
a2j=a0
aEFa01a'aZK}
a
a a25ax1a0
aEFaja
a'aQaA3aFa0/ EFa
a'aQaA3a3aDK}aESUa0&%62
ad&.a02.a
aQaj.aFa2!ax.a]_a!&$a22a¥a2>aKa!a > K1 .a3ak Ura0U27&^=
a0
aEF K4Ua•"a
a#-R.aQa]41aZEFaSIabaE!
a0/1 Na
a&}aE_aE
a]U!Uad&. a]Ur
a&}a2p&_a  au2haJ
aJ
a3aE
aEUFa +aEaaIaaaraE/1 Na]Ua01aE
a
1 }
azaK}a#"aE
a
1 aa2p&_a
aa 2"a¦_ 3a0
aK}aES}6aU2
ad/a01a¥2>a]41a FaZK}aE.2
a F25
ada&}a
ax1aEa#_aJ
a2) aDK}aE.2
a2=aaJ
a€25aa E
a'aE
a )aaAS
a
a )
 214

D¬-|aa +a&}a
2aaEF

‫ع    وہ‬3‫ ﮯ ا‬cK'‫ﮯ را‬+5

aaE=a2k EUab1 $aER)a0

aK}aE.ja'a01a…3a#e5aKa24a¥2k2=a /aE
av+a_> Q
K}aE.25az O/SaE
aQaZEFa
a03a
aQa.aEFaja
ag7.a
a
aKa
I

aaazaEFa0R)a6a3a /aE
aXa' &+a0
aFad/a01aEaJ3aEFaK4Ua!1aT4$a27S/a
‚
aE
a25aza0
aE3a_ajaaa01a2h)a
av+a2kabI_aEj.aES1
&Fa
a
a2
aa'/5a'"aE

'&/Sa
av1 a2=aEU&=a•aoaKaEU2
a0-5a
a#!aE_aEj
a
&Fa" aT(/
ajadPa‡+aaj 0Ura‡+a
7!Ua0a&Faza0IU
aEj.a*UaOaKaEU2
a!1aza.aEj.aE.2

‚ZEj.a2.a*1 2"aEaXa'a &+

abI&aUFa27S/az1 raEaz1 raT4$a3aO/SaE

a0/"a!
aE
a0S$GkaUr 0
aK}aE.2
a‘2a F
a
a'
a„.aE
aS|ab1 $aE5()a]6a0
aEFa3a
a2aQaT4$a27S/aFa. EF
aEaTaE
aEUraE
~`aTaE
aEUraE
aaa0
aj.aK4Ua01a03a
aQaaEj.aE.2
a =
aJ3aj.a
a•32a a
aaU"a( x1GUaE
aaa /aE
aa 2"a0
aj.a03a
aQa0IaEj.a0%
ٍ
aa Fa'"a,1 2>aE=aE
aaaKaAaQaZEj.aESj&a0U ra/ƒ"a
a– aE=aza
aEU2
ar.aE
aEa2Fa >a2a0
aEFa01aT7{aoaEa*a
aQaGUaZK}aEI6a2
a#PUa2= 118a.a13aT+R>aE
aAS

aZEFa}a2
aax!a41a
ab1 $aER)a2.S_aa2Œ1 2?_a4P5a
a >a2}ax.a >aK1 6 Q
a5ajax1aEaKaaaK} EFa2
a“=aK1 2ŽUa3a
ar.aEa
aE
aaa¦_ac/aKa0Uraz3
ٍ ٍ
aE=a>a1aEFa
ar.aEa
a(&aj7
EUa $aR)a!
a0
aEFaK4Ua2ŽUa
aTaQa
PP+_
a192aT+R>aE
aAS
aa Faja
PPa
a2ŽUac/aEaKaa ZEFaj&ara
ar.aE!1a
a–
ZK} EI6a2
a2}ªa2=a196a.

  ‫ع‬3‫ اور ا‬PK A56  ‫ہ‬+  8‫ا)م ا‬

EFa$a
aaaZK}aE.25aSaEax!aE
a0Raad …3a#e5a /aE
aQ
 215

a
a#!aaaK1  18a1a17a71 2P.aFa /a'a70a'PSUa
ab3aaEFa =aKaž80a3EUa0R a2p‚
ٍ
aE
aXa'aza0
aj.a01a03a
aQ 7_\aZEtkaE
a“=aEaE
aaa3aK
a'&/SaKaEU2
a0-5
aASIa
aa 2"aa
a]-5ad&.aEUa]4UaZEj.aR) 6aE4=a "aJ3aEj.a0Ua*1 2"a "aQaEa0Ur
aE
aT1 }aaa3a
a“$
a
aEU2
a’(.a
aT
2+aaaEjŒ=aE
a‡R_aE
a 2"abSaaj
a2=aT1 }

aQ"aKa$a
aOPa&aEUa]4UaZEj.aESj
aT"aoa
a¤7Saa' S zaZEj.a*3
aa 2"a2^aE
a a
av1  0
aEj.aESj
aOa01a0Raa2kaZE
a*.2aT1 2ŽUaa'>aE
aaU"a2=a
a3a
aK4UaIUaEaE1aOa01a
a]U&! 2a.aK1 2
aKa$a
aTa
"_a3a27/.a

‚ZSI

J
ad/a0UaEUaa )abaO/SaE
a0RaadaZEFa7a2=aTe2RaaT1 <\a2.ad&.a$a01
az1 raEa17ax1GU E
aaa0
aEj.a %Sa "aQa0RaaKaEU2
a'7"av1 ‚a0
aa„I_aTa01a2=a 
a17a¥2>a
a0Raada0
aF 4%au2haQaKa]k_aES6aES6aTa01 ‚ZKj.a0Ua,+>aK1 
a¥()ax1a#I_a01a0IUaK}
V E
aŠ)a#!aEa]1  17a¥2>aEUa]4Ua0
a01a1aj.a a
a]1 
z $a•$a{aAS
az2
a*.2a
a›1aada2k$aoaEa*aE
a0Ra da‹ aZEFa0U!5a0/"
aE
adaz(aE
QaZK}a
a•&3av1aG}ax1az2
a
1a
aSaE=aEUa]4UaKaJ3aEFa3
a0Raaba&aG7>aE
adaEU _ã_a1 rabab!adaa &+ada]2k$aUaa2
aaa&aT2Iax.a]1 >at
a#!!a2j=aZEj.aE
a*.2 E&aE
av1aza2
a
1a
aaajaEU
a0|!Ua•3ax1 
a U!a15aEaKaaaZEFaE.2
a•&3aEadUaE
a‚ 340Raa !‚a
aT1 2a

aÖ2aE!3a
a*.2aEadUaE
‚ Žada U!a•3‚aEUar|_a&+aba &+aÖ`P_ae"
aada0
aK}a•h"aKa 12.a
aaQaKS
01aZEFa
a•$aKa] 3aaEUa a a¥/&_
aZK}aE_IUa#!a4P5aE
a2
a' SaEa]1 a17a¥2>aEUa]4Ua1 Ej.aESU3aK1 a17a¥2>a0R
a
aa ZEFaSŒ4=ax.aG}a6 ‰K}a_aT1aEUa]4UaEab3ˆa /.a
a]SaE
ad Kav1 a 
az Pabaab}$abaƒ" aKa]_aEU2
a•&3a U!a
aaaZEFaka
aKav1 a‡Ra2
a&$
a+hada¥2>a2kaEaKa]S
a27S/a
RaP5a™|$a
aZK}a#$av1 aE&aUaE!3
aEa.aE_a„I1a
aF ‚¤!7&_‚a
a!)2ada ‚a 2P_adI ‚
a¬-3a2Ia‚{aU/au2$‚a

a0P5 =a2=aa 2"aaQ"a¥2>a2

aFarUaEaEav1 aEUa0Raada0
aFaOa0U j7
a&45a<\a01
Zj.aj
aa

 216

a
aaaKa‡R_aaa)aEUa]4UaEaj.ax!a3 
a0RaadaKa0/aE
aSaEav1 a2j=
EF

SaK4UaKaQa*3aaZ]FaS_adj.a
aaKa.aEFa.3a#aKaAS
a
a ) Ia
a*3aEj‚
a¥2/aEaEƒaE
a]k_ 0P{a]}aE
a]k_a0P{a3a]FaS_a
a{ a,+>aaaE
a– aa
a
aXa'a.
aaa/1ˆa'"aE
a'aA+>aKa.aKaX 'a
a0UaEFaSa IaKaXaAS
‰0Uˆa01a*3a2j=aZK}
a]Fa.2
a'7"a]FaS}6a'"a
a+>aJ3aKaT>a
a¥(S)aE
aaa]Fa.2
a2=a
‰ag&3aE

a2 EFaZS_aK4Ua'"a
a!
a2
a3a2}aEa'"aE
a*aaa2paZ]FaS1a—j6a]F S}6a
aJ3a
a– 368 0+R>a 13a 3a*ƒ|_a ^a1 .ˆ ‚ZEFajaEjaEFaK4UaOa
a4S3au2haJ3a.a¦_
Z‰20a¬a7}Š_ab> a0Raada*"a79a¬aa‹aI&_aO5&_a Žada*"

aEUa]4Ua2=aQaZK}aES1a,32.a2=a™Ua
aQ"aza0
aka1p_ dG_a01a2=aaa07.2ax1aEaE
a0Raad
125

a™Ua(jaK}aES1a,32.a2= ™Ua
aQ"a Fa0
a4
aEUaJ3a
a2S5a2=a Faa4
a j3aEUa™|$aQa |‚
‰ 61a¬aa‹aU2/%_ aG&_aAS
ˆ ‚DEFaS}a
3a
a
aQ"aja /aE

aKaA3aK}aESj
ad Pa2=av1 a
aQ"a– aEF aEUaKa0
ajI_a
ada07.2ax1aEUa-a0R)
jI_aEUa]4U

a2j=a]Fa.2
#&a2=aXaAS
aE4=aEa*aKaZEFaK4Ua,+>azaEFaŒ4=a
a– aTa3ab&_ 2
a2j=a2=a]-5aE
a 4aXaeaaaa& a2&aa2Iaa2j=a2=a
a
a aa0aXa>aXa'
aa‹aU2/%_aaG&_aAS
ˆ ‚Z]Fa.2
aQ"a.aFa¥(S)aKa0+> *3a0S7_a2=a]-5aE
a0+>a"
‰62a¬

0
aEFajI_ax.a]41a.aEUadGaba0(
 217

aE3a#a2kajav1 a›/ea0
aj.a01a*FŠa
a0Raa0
aK}aORSa2=aTaQ 0RaaA+>ad&.
V ‚
( 21a¬a7}Š_ab!+> a0Raada*"ˆ ‚Z35E3a1a—j6a
aEaaQ"aKaEPaE
aQ .

‫د ;ہ ;ﮯ ﮯ وﮦ‬D,6‫  ا‬P‫د` اد‬$; ‫ { ﮯ‬%\C

a#"Uav1ax1GUaE
aa 2=aa
b3aK}aE.2
aaaz3aza…3a#e5aKa25a¥2k2=a /aE
aQ
K}a#1Na*!aTIUaE
av+a
aaaKa0!aQ
V ZK}aK4Uaja aa
a)aEaaK}aja&S

a V 3ax1a
a]1 a/3ak .Gka0UraE!3aE!3a0
aK}aESUa€R.a
aTaQad(aE4P5ad&. aZ1
â
aKaEUraE
aXa'a &+a)aK1 aj3aZk (6aSaŠ)a !aaG3ax1a
abU"a(a2R\
aKa
5()a=aEUa2&aT2`a0
aKj.atkažoa.aK1 a<\aaj3 ZKj.atkaFag2$aUFa2}ª
aG} 9a¥2> EaKa]1 a„
a6aEUa|adaZ1a2
ax.a•aEa0IaK1ap_a]1 =a2= v1 a
1
‚Z
a*|SaEa
a
av1a,+>a

au2h Qaka
a‡R+a
aa 2"au2haJ3a0
aka2
aIUaEaTaQa™|$a
a0
aSj& K4UaK aZ2
aJI2aE
aQaZtk 
aK4UaE_aE
aEU2
a‡R+a
av1aKa 4aE=aE
aXa'a“$
a
a

aj.a1a2
a•aEaTaQa
a]k_ „.aE
a
/ƒ"a=aEUaXa'a &+a0
a01azaEFa3aT4$a3
aFaj
a2
a‡R+a
av1aaaEUa!
aJ3a0
aj.a1a IaEU ]4UaZK_a„I_a
a'/5aa'"aE
aaaza0

ٍ
1av1 aaa36‹2aa{ aa0+&5aa 2P_a2\aa*S
ab aa7SI.aaZ 2
a•ea5aK4Uaz
aK !a1936ab%1¢1aE
a‚d(ab1‚aAS
a=aEUaa37a &+aUa0&32.a
av1 ax1aFa!1
a0
aKa'aQaE aQ= &Fa )a'a4
aEUaz21
V 2}aa0
aEFa
1aZEFa1aKa‡R_aaa2=a62a0+R>
aZK}aESaEa– a Fa3av1 a4
aEUa F ZFaEFa„I_a
a¦_a .aj6=aEUa]4UaZEj.aEFa„I_av1 a F
°‚AS
aax1 aE
aAS
a
aX °
a01a125aEUa]4U

ٍ
aE
aaaEFa0R)a6a3a /a5aE
aX 'a &+a0
aEFaK4U 3aT4$a
aja
a2aQ Z3
a!1ax1a01aDE}6aU3a_a*ƒa
a
a0/"a2aQaZ]F
V tka
a*.2a1a‡R+av1aKaEUr
aE_ EU a /aE
aaaaXa'a &+a0
aEFaSIa3a4
a01a
aZEFa*_ha
aTPP+. 24ka3aEFa0/
a0UaE_aE
a€7ƒUad v1a01a0
a
aK4UaE_aQa“$
a
a
aEU2
a‡R+a
av1aEUaR)a]6
 218

‚DKj.

ٍ
a3a
a
S
a /a5aE
aQaj.a. aa
"aJ3az Z_a2
a¼Raa 2"aEUa
1 2
aoa
a]U&!‚aZ4
aA+>a0S51a /.a /SaEUa 1 2
a'aE_aE
a‘2\aQaaj.a.3a_a„I_ 2=aQaj.a. a2!ajaa
aZKtka
a‡R+ 0UaKtka
a1a0UazaEFaO/.a
av1ax.a]43abI_aZKj.aj
a2
a#>aT ) 

ٍ
aZEtka2a /aE
aEU2
a2
Na
aaaE E
a]2aj7
a"R.a3aK}ao=aj6aKa]}NaE
a]k_aaaz
‚Zka
a*.2aa•&3a
aa /aQ2aa 6aE
aT5a
a'a0
ax.a]41

ٍ
aka
a•&3a
av1a /a'aax1a71 2P.aE
aXa' 07.2a4=aKa /a0
aEFa.3a
a¥2Sa01 aZ5
a|ad a
a•&3aEUaA+>a#1Na*!a
aaa /aE
aQaZEFaK4Ua'-a#" Aa@I1 a
aaa2p
a!_aba‰ž279a5Sˆa38Š2.a•3 ‰ž275a5SˆaÄaa‰ž261a5Sˆa !ada‰ž 2565Sˆ
a ‰ž284a“ =ˆaP4a‰ž 1815Sˆa4071  _aba‰ž283a5Sˆa3903a ba‰ž303a5Sˆ
a—j6aE_aQa FaE!3aEFa
a2
Na
ab{ +a0/$ /aE
aQaEUa…3a#e5aZ‰ž164a“ =ˆa &ad
ZEFad
a
a&a0/$ 4
a„Œ
aO/SaE
aQa0
aK}aES1

aaK4UaYI%a4SUa
av1aG6a01a
aZ]F ORSav1 ab/3a01aKab3aK}av1a
a
4 ‚aZ6
‚DEI3 
a&Sa2=aaa0
aS1

a/3aG}aaG}a0
aEkaKj
azpU 2=aTaQa2eazaFaka
a2ad
a
aTPP+.a
a]k_ab3 ‚aZ7
‚ZE3a
adU a
aXa' &+aad(a0
a.aK}atka(j=aK1 

aEa0Ž5a¥2>a
aFa"aFaS
az)a0Ž5a
a]2a0
ak Faj
aKazpUaja
aTaQaK4U ‚aZ8
!3aEFaFa!1 a.aja0Ž5a
a]2aE
a‹ a2) aDK}aSIa3aj&a&Sa#" K.aFa
a#PU
aEU2
a "aEa01 K&FazaEFa„Œ
a!3a0Ž5a
a]2a#
a‹ aZkaFa}a0Ž5a
aaaE4=aQ2a13
aEUFaPPaa,+>aE
aaa
aK} Œ4=ax.a FaT1a3a0
aEFaSIaad
a
aŸ2a Fax1aE_E

‚DEFaSIa3a
a&Sa2=

aaT PS/ E=aE

aaaK}aŒ4=ax.a FaT1a01aEa0/1 NaE
a]1 ab3aaEUaE^_7 E
a]2 aZ9
ax.abFNa2aEabFNax1 ‡R_a*3aZkaFa
a!a
a
1a#PUax.a aoa2eajaEUaT7-/.
 219

abFNa2}a3aK}aE.3aFaT2^.aE!1aKa‡R_aa 'a24a
aa!
a1aFa
aA2az)abFNazaZK}aESŒ4=
aEa]}NaEa
4a‡R_a0
a*3aaEFa.—.a.—a2=ar2haE=a
aaabFNa2} ZK}aE.Fa0SUa
a
)a=a

‚Zk E3aFa2^.aoaS
aKaaa0
aEFaSIa2
a-.a™|$ax1a.a]FaE 2
aGk

K 1 3  ‫و ِﮦ )]رﮦ‬

a
aaa FaAaZK}aEt1a2
a#PUa„.aE
a*.2.a=a
aaaK ‡R_aE=aE
a…3a#e5aEUa FaTIUa9a01
a
 
a
aaEU2
a0Ua&Sa2=av1a
aaaaK}a,+>ax.a]4
a01a0
aEkaKjI1 2
aE_azG3a&
ZEFaSIa3a1a#_ax.a aJ
aE_aE
aEUa0U

‫  ﮨ ﮟ؟‬8 ])  ‫;ن‬J )‫

ﮟ ا‬K ‫ﭨ‬R  

ax1aE
a]1 a/3a0
aEFa•"a¥()a#I_aTa01aZ˜_ 
aTaax1a27&Ua0SIUaE
aaaE4=aEa*
d(aE4P5aZK}aE.2
a !.a€R.ad(aE4P5ad&.aU3aFa#)aKaŠ)aE
aU"a(a
a2R\a 3
a2kaEUa!
aE KaaabI_aKtkaojkaEaT2
aK1 a/3a0
aK}aE.2
a !.ax$aEa.a
aTaQ
a _a27S/a1a¿ +a1a0P5aFax1aE!1 .aKtkabajaŠ)a
aaU"a(aK1 a01a0
aFa
a !.a01
aEa
"aaKFag2$aUFa2}ªav1a/3aEa
"aJ3a0
EFa01a0/"aZE3a1SaK&FadUa
ab1
abU" (a0_Ua ka01a0
aK1a2
ar
2a2=aTaQaK%$
ad&.a=aEUa4P5a b1 4Sa&aab{ +
aEab3aEFaFa¥2>a2=aTPP+. 
av1aaara2.az1 ra
a]%$
aaaZE=aEU2
a0UaNRUaKa].aE

a0
aK}aEFaE
6a
|aKaE/aQajae" E
a]S_ a(aaj.a.Fa
{a2$a V Ia

aaj6a=a
a'"aQa0IaK1a2
a0Ua0-5a
aE PaU1a1a 35 !
aza2
ab ‚Xa'a'"‚ac+
a2
a
{ Oa=aKaE/aE
a a
a1aFaSIa=aGa1aSj6adGa
aEaa
J3aK1 2
ab
a#e5a&FaKaE/ E
a¥-Ua
_ aa&
aE
ad(ar\ aZFaSIaFad2+aEaQa1aFaSI
V
a2ea0
aj.abI&aE!
a01aE_aE
aa 2) aZEj.aESIaFa0Ua.a¤S+a
a„Œ
aEaP5aE
aaaa…3
au2haJ
a2) abP1 25aE
aT PaaDES_@a2
aE-5aE
a2
!.a IaUU"a
aG6a!
a2^aE
aTPP+.
a2=a
1aI=aŒ
a!
a2^aEŒ4=a 4aT7{a
a IaUU"ax1a0
aEj.aESI 2
a
$2a01aEa'a¢j
a/3aK Š)aE
abU"a(a0
aEFa,+>aTa01a0Ua
PPaE_aQaDE3aFa0-5a¥() E
aa
aU ‚€R.‚a
aEU3aFa#) E
aaaEUad(aE4P5a0
aEFa
aTa41a0UaaK}aFa#)aK1 
ZEF
 220

‫ ﮟ؟‬R3 n> ‫
ﮟ @ر ﷺ ﮯ ز);ﮯ ﮨ ) ﮟ رواج ;ﮯ‬K ‫ﭨ‬R  

a0aXa>aXa'a)aK1  j3a0

aEFaaE_@aKa&45a<\a
|aja$a01a
a…3a#e5
aKaEUraE
a
}3a0
aEFa01a
PPa
aQa#> ZKj.atkaFag2$aUFa2}ªaKaEUraE
a a
aZj.a1a2
aIUaEUa]_a
o_a2paj.aS}6aU2
a$aEa
o_a
E7"ax1aE
a01 aT5`a™|$ax1
V

o_aEUaQa2
a3aaŒ4=aKaE7"aQaEFaE4=a0ax1a™|$aFaKaEUrag2$ /aE
aT2F
aa
a
aE7"aQa
„aaEFa14=a0a01aEjaEUa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
a4
aEa]_
aEU ~`aZag(ha
aE/aQa
a~` „.aE
a$)aa_a.aEaEUa]_aE7"aZEFa1
a2kaaa2
a#S"a.aÄ=az UraEa2kaÄ3a0
a1a Ia
a ax1 2j= ‚ZEUa )ab&$aQa4
a j3‚a0
a125
aZEFaI6a2 zaaEFa
aEUaÐUa
ad2a0
ajI1a.aŒ4=a]}a™|$azaZ_@a(3a’a
aQ .aÄ=az2
ajaKa /aa125ad a(aEUa~`a /aE
aQaZtka_@a(3a’a
aQaOƒaE
a Ia0ŒU6
aE_aE
aEU3aKa 43azaE4
aTaj3a2
aE_adU 2a™|$a3a0
aEFaE.25aa(a01a– a 
Saa
a2
aojkav1  j3ax.a'a40a30a71 2P.a0
aFa01a0SUa
a
ahSa 1 $aQaaZ41E3aFa.
Z1 aK4Ua“=a0/"a
a
aEU(j=

‫  ؟‬v ) ‫ ;ﮯ 
ت روا ﮯ  ں‬D6 ‫@ت‬


a.aK1 aj3aESŒ4=aESŒ4=ax.aEUr E
a2&aT2`a0
aEFaT7{a(aV ax1aja$a01a
aa
aE
aQa2kaZo=a1aYa#I_aEa0Iao=a1ap_a =a2= v1 a
1a
a2&aT2`a0
aKj.atkažo
a
av1  •eaKaEUraQa•"_a5aZE3a1a0_a
aQad2
az2a.aFa3a a|1
V . 
aE_aE
aa
a
a
1aT2
aEa03aJ3 2&aT2`aZEFa_)a#I_aEa2
NaE
aQa1 .aZj.aFaK4Ua&Ua0S5a

aa 2"aKaA2ax.a
"aQaaE
aEƒ) 2-S|aE
ara3a0
aj.a01a#>azaEj.aE.2
a0Ua !=
a2) aE
a07haTa
a aa0aXa>a7Ua0- 2S%a
aA2aZj.aFa0Ua
$ada
a 
aFa0Uajag2$au2ha=ajadŽSUa
a /.a
aA2aak $adaaj. 1 aKpUa21 raE
ad(aKaE-
aZj.akaFa F2 Fad
a01aEaEUFa&UaE
a .aS5aKaP1 >a
5()a2j=aaT5a
a~` 0
aj.
a•"a
aEU2
ad
aE_aE
a /.a
da„.aE
aa&ha
a]U&!aKaJ3aj.aza 4a
a2&aT2`
a
a0Uad
a
a!1aaE3a1a2
aQ$aEa aE
aa 2" 
ad"aaE4=a0
aj.a2ea01a
"aQaZ(
a~a`a3a0+>ab1a2kaZFa0%1 Ua
aEU3aFa<a<)aG6a2a
a„. E
aa 2"aEaJ3aE3
a
| .aE.3aE.2
aaajav1a
a~a`a„.a„.aEj.aEFaŒ4=aa 2"a
a]k_aE ¥2ha

 221

aQaZS_a2
a1aE
a2
¢¢ka„.aE
a7Uav1a
aU 2"aT1 a /.aoax1a
a]1  a0
aj.az2ƒ)
ax1aEUa2&aT2`a0
aK}aES4
a2rab z2aZEFa125aaa)a2=a•"ax1aEUa2&aT2`a
a
+-
aEa0+>aO/SaE
aQaZK3a_a2
a a "aKSa
a a 0aXa>aXa'a0
a
aza07.2
ax1aEFaE.2
ag2$aEa2&aT2`a2paE}6aU2
a2ead
a01a0
aaEaEU *aZ_az%aEUa]4U
a2
a&} 
a– aza¥2ha
aQaFa2)aKaG6aJ3a0
aEFaE.2
aaEaXaaEFaESIj3ax. E4
aEja2paj.aSj
aza
aEUjI_ KSaK‚a0
a125aEUa]4Uarax1a /aE
aE4ax1a
a2) aZ

aŠ4_aZj?a—j6a
aXaAS
aaKjI_aKS
a2aEUaJ3 EFaI6aGkad"ax1aE4=aEa .a0
a1 a')
0_+a151a¬a2_a*1  .ˆ ‚Zka]2
a0Ua#$aGk2}aG6a2a„.aE
aX AS
aKa !"a
a )
Z‰P47_a#) &_

‫;ہ‬NC‫
ں  ا‬K ‚_ ‚  7‫ر‬G8 ‫ا)م‬

a]1  „
a„6aEUa|ad‚a0
aEFa01azaEFa.2
a =a&45a<\a
|a3aTaax1 
a…3a#e5
a0
aEFaS_a2{. 01a™|$ax1aEaQ ‚Z
a*|SaEa
a
av1a,+>a
aG}a9a¥2>aEaK
ad"aK1 aj3aG}a91a„
a5a"a K_aEUa|ada3aKj.a,+>a.aG}a9azaJaEaKa„
a„6
ax1aKau(ƒ>a
ab{ +a#>aZEFa›S|a
4aEaQ
PPa#>a0IUaKj.aFaj=aK
ٍ
a] a›S|aQŒ=a1aJaQa(a0/"ax1azaaEFav1 ax1aza. Fa#PUaEa a!a2ka0/"
aESŒ4= ESŒ4=ax.a0UraE
a|adaZK}aES4
aK1 aQŒ=a1aJaQaEaza.aE a2
Fa#PUaE
aEa] a›S|aF
4aaT2Ia
a0/"ax1ax1aE
ak Ura
a– aa$ax1ax1aE
a~a`
0P1 2ha
a|adaZKj.atka2
aS)a#I$a
a]1 a„
at
aK1 a 6au2haQ aEj.aE.2
a
1
a0
a0Ua
+>a
a  /1ˆa
+>a<2$a=azaK4Uaj.aŒ4=aK4Ua0/"a
aEa] aS3a0
aj.a01
V
az1 raEa*aza
a] ab3 1a aJ3aEaKaaaaEj.aESŒU3aOƒaE
‰
+>a
a0/"a#>

aEUa]4UaK1 a3a0
a
aK4Uaa01aj7
aEU ]4Ua2paEj.aES_a2
aA|SUa
aaaEj.aESj&a27S/
a=aEUaK‚a0
aEFa01a'"a=a
aaaaZ42K}a,+>a2\aT1ad&.a" aK}a,+>aFaJaK}a
a*|S
a.aK}aa—j6aK1 a,+>aa
4a2paFa0Ua,+>a3aEF 
aK4Ua#)av1 a!1a
aKaAS

‰7a¬a2a‹aI7!_aTP7ha74a¬a1a‹a_a*1Š4.a9 – 8a¬a2a‹a ^a1 . ‰ZE3aFa0Ua#1 haAS

a0

a2azaK} a—j6aK1 a,+>a3aEUaK‚a0

aK}aE.2
aja,1 2-.a
aQaza2=a•"aax1 0I
a®&a¤2$ˆ ‚ZK}a1aK1  ,+>a„
ax1aEj‚a0
a01a ‚ZK}az1 raEa]1 az2
a*|S
a3aKaAS
a=aEUaK‚aEFa'"a
aaaZEFa4
jaEUa !adaTa41a*1 2"a*1 2" ‰ 49a¬a0!&|_
 222

azaEFa_aEUaKa
1a3a0
a4
aK4Uaj7
aEUaKa01a2pa]FaS4
u+>aKa
aaaK}a
a•&3aKS1
‰ 91a¬a2Ž_a03.ˆ‚ ZEFa›/e

‫ ﮟ؟‬qj ‫  ں‬7‫ﮍ‬Rj  ‫

ﮟ‬K ‫ﭨ‬R

a0
aEFa1 raoa2=aTaQaaKtkaojkaK1 aG}aaG}a0
aEFaa
&Faoa
aTaQ EUa…3a#e5
a„.a
a]_aEU2
aOP+. 0
aK}aE.2
a‘2a FabI_aZK1 2
a\a„.aE
a
>-)a2=aQaE_aEU2
aOP+.
aE
aaaDKtka]
aojka2) aKaEUraQaK1  G}aaG}a01a0
aE}6aU2
a\aja2=a'aQa„.
m m
aE
a2
aA!aTa<\ax1a¥2ha
a– aaj.a
a#/5aa'"a
a` 0
aj.a.a41a03a
aEU3aojk
a !
aE=aE_aE
a™|$a!
aa.Fa0Ua
aza2kaZEj.aES}6aUjaz 5a
a0U 
a¦_aEj3
a
aEU2
a›-.aTax1a0
j.ao=a
a
a!
a.a.Faz 5aEa]!I1aUa0UaaUav1 aKaOaE

a
a
a UaJ3aZFaSj
a
&"aa "aKara3 EFa.a.a UaFara#/3ax1aKaUaZ.ja›I.
az2ka
a
a]ra#/3a
"a!
a0
a˜
a‘25a2kaAaDkaEa/3 O&aa
a2) aEaFa0Ua
&"
aaE
aaS!
= 0
akaFa,+>aU2
a' Sa01a
a!
a2=aQa
a.aE_@aa Ua/3a]G} E
aaS!
=
a
aFa
a!U2
aQaEa2aK k3a
a]Ua/3a0IU
a˜F6a1axj=a2
aja
a]U
ٍ
aaE3aoI=a
a]ra#/3aE!1a0
akaE3a_aKa2I5 Qa5a a“1 Ua2)a2}a
axaDEFaK4Ua7S
a&Ua0S5a
av1aj3aKad(ar\ a2{a41axjaZE3a_aŒ Ea2ƒ)aQa
a!U2
a
ax
a
av1 a,e x1ax1aEUa]4UaaEFaoj
a„a5azaZj.a_aEUa]k_a“1 Ua2)aE
ad( EaEUF
av1aE
a2
aOP+.a
av1  j3ax1ax1a1a2
a
7{aKa]S
a
a'3adUa
aQa2
a(6a0S=
a2
a "a'>a
|aoaE_aE
aEŒU3 Paa
+>a
av1aEt1a2
a43*.2aE&aE
a0e
aj3a
aja
"a!
aaKIa2
arSaKa]1  /3aa,+>a0
a1aa#"aQa
a]k_aE

a0
aj.a41ajaKaEUraQa2I5ar2ha
a
ab1 2Ia0S7_aZEIa=a0UazaK Š)aE
aaU"a(av1 

a1axj=a2
aj 
av1ad&.aŠ4_aEFakaFa07S%av1 a†2)NaaEaEU3a#j=aE
av1 <\
ao=a2{ab
az7.a "aJ
a2=aaU"a(aE E1a2
a<"a
a'a
a0
aj.a0Uaz2=a
aQaK4UaZE}6
ZkaE3aza2
aFa! u2ha2aJ
aT>a
ad(a)aak

‫ دﮟ‬8 5U c 3  _K,‫ا‬

a2=a]. b.a-+Uaa
a' SaE
aaaKaTIUaaaZK}aES_a
a4aa3a2a27&UaTIU E
a…3a#e5a FaA
 223

aEUa aa0aXa> Xa'a0

a01ax1aZK}a›S|a
4aEa
PPa#>a1a<\a)aEa3aEF
m
aE
ab1 $aER)a /aE
a– aaKaEUr E
a~`a0
a01a2aZj.a1a2
a•aEaEjI_a
av1
a
aK4Uad&S}a
a
aEU2
a‡R+aE
av1a2paka
ad&S} .a
aEU2
a‡R+a
aa 2"ajaKaEUr
ٍ
aE
!
a"R.aj7
aj7
azaKj.ao=aj6aKa]}NaE
ab/.aa0+>av1a0
01a2!.aZk
a
a /aQ2aa 6aE
T5a
a~a`ad
a
aEU2
a•&3a
aT1aaaaEj.aE.2
a1a2
a2
NaIUaE
a0
aK}aE.2
a&}a&Fa¥2ha
aESUaQ Kar Ua0_a…3a#e5a2=a]a0/"a¥()ab.aaaZk
aE_aE
a2jaUaKj.aSj
a
aS"ax1ac+aza#>a0
ka
aE_aQaÄ.2a01a„.aE
av1
Zj.a0UaFaAƒaEa2aUaaU"aŠ) 
aaE_aE
a0%&Fa

aEFatkaj
aa
aESUaQa2=ab3aKa].a].aaa0
aEkaK_ zG3a
aTaQa FaKa#1Naƒ
ZEF ,+>ax.a]4
a)aEaEFaka
a  2aEaaa3a0SUaza)aaEFa "aJ
2}3a
a
" >

‫ اور اس ﮯ وﮦ‬-;D) ‫ا‬K,8‫  ا‬PK 8,

av1a¥2>aKaaaEFa1a0_aEUa›-a#e5a
a]1 aab3a
a aa0 Xa>aXa'
aKav1 ax1 EaKaaa0IaEFaka
aK4Ua•aEaEU2
a
1aUra
aaaEFaka
a•aE EjI_
aK4Ua‹2a
aKaQa2
aaaUr K.a2‚a‹2aaa{ aEFa125aEUa~a`a,1 2>a‡R_a.
‚ZEF

aaK3aE_@a2
aŠ)a…SUaEaaa2
aE_a
a]1 aaaa¥2>a0
aEF <\aFaEa2aTa01a#>abI_
a2e U3aKaAaQa3aTa4=aZE3a1a2
ar Ua2ŽUa
aT/"a0P/Sa2ad&. E
aE!aQ
ažo=aaad"a=a
aA2
"aQaK}aEFa¿/7aKaEUraJ3a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa01azaEF
a
aN(a¯a'a
aE7"a0S51a"2.aE!3 “1 2"aZj.a.(6aEaaraaEŽ5aT(/aE=aaj.
aN(aKa-UaE
a01 aZEj.aESU3ao=ajI_a a17a¥2> KaQa0
aj.a01aOƒaE
a
1ax1
aa]1¢} a]j3aZj.a =UaŠ\
aE_aE
a
S
aZj.a. a0Uao=ajI_a
a] az1 r Ea11a'PaE
aF
ab_aEaE
a– a.aEF ¿/7a~`a*3aKaTaaaZKj.a.3ajI_aK1 21 2+.a2=a]S=aE
aj

aEjI_aZE=aEUFa0Ua’G a
aG6a2a!
KaQa0
aK1 2
a‡R+au2haQa
a aa 2"a0
aj.a01ad

aK}aEFa„I_aT1 aa‡R_aE
aa¦_a3a0
aj.az2ƒ)a
~a– E_aQaEj.a aE6aEka0IU6aE_
aEIa”a0UaEa’G aa 2"a.aEkaKjI_ajaK1 G6a2aEa0_aE
a– a2
ab EaFa– a2ka¦_aF
 224

aa Sa2=a QaZ'av1 a1aEFaU 2"a
1 aG6ax1a0

akaE3ao=ax$a
ara
a.akFa0Ua’G Zk
Zj.a1a25a•aEaEjI_av1aEUa~a`aK

‫م ازت‬6  PK 8,

aaaaA+>aEU~a– a /aT a—j.aE

aEŒ4= 07ha01 aZFaK4Ua"ax.a21az1 ra
_a01a2p
aFajI_ao=a /.a>)aj6ax1a*3aa125ad&S}a)a
aEU_ /.a
aEo=aEjI_a
a]ŒaE

K}a01aT1a /SaKaE!aQaZaaTr3aEUa– a

aEjI_av1 .atk

a„I_azaj.aS „Œ
a3aEa aa0aXa>aXa'aKa0
aK}aES4
a¬aba2&abaXa 7 ‰ 1 ˆ
aaK}aES_aKa
_a
aeaj7
aK}aa!U x1aXa'a4
aa
a•aEaQaEjaEUa]k_aZj.aS_
aEa~`ax.a*3a0
a
a0-5aEUaKa2=aQaDFaES_@a„I_ „Œ
a*a .aZKa
_a
a*`\aj7

a¥2ha
a0aE=aEUa– a.aj6=aEUaKaEa~`a*3a2j=aZka]jI_a0UaT 
a
a– a]_a0Ua„6=
a„.}aE
J3a !"a
a )aQajI_ ‚aZOaa0a‹2|1aaz a!RUaŠ_5a*S
 a125aEF E.2
az$
a5aP4a
aa & !aÄaˆ ‚ZSIUaK4Ua„Œ
aaE
aOaEa0aQaEFaa3a2aK
Z‰#) &_

a1a2pa]FaSaK.aa
4aEa– aK‚a

a‘2aEUa™|$ax1 EaKa-UaK}aES4
az21 2}a ‰ 2 ˆ
a„.} 2j=a ‚_a aEa„.}aE=‚aZ<|_a_az aaaax&ab/Sa125aEUa~`‚ ZSIa„
aK4U
‰Š2.ˆaZ2
a_a„I_a0
a1SaEaz$aE

a ‰*>ax1aE
ab&1ˆaKa /aZ1a07ƒ)ax1aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEF
1a
az21 2}a ‰ 3 ˆ
a2
a„I_a
az$ ‚aZz$aaa7S
a125aEUa~a`aZEt1ajI_aEaE_a2a0
a
a‘2aEU z$
a]1aKa
1a2ax1a
az21 2} aT2`a3aEFa#-R.a
a0/"aaZ‰Š2.a &a|ˆ ‚Za
a0/aE
a#S"aadIaE
a0Iad2aKaJ3a1 07ƒ)ax1aEUa~`a /aE
a0Ia,S5a0
aEFaFaa
aEjadIa01a0
a
a‘2a2
a„aEU ‰z$aˆa™|$ax1aEaKab&1 #}aZE25aaabU"a 6aK
m
‰|ˆaZK3aEt1aa2
a„I_adIa01aEa125 EUa– aZK1ajI_

a2& baXa 7a2paj.aSj

a0U ‰1ˆaK1 az1 raEa„a
aKa0+>a0
aEF aa
az21 2}a ‰ 4 ˆ
 225


aÄaaŠ2.a !a|ˆ Zj.aSjI_a0UaKaaEj.aES_a„I_aza0
aE_aQaK}aS!aEaQa¬ab
Z‰!Ua

a0
akaj6=aEa– aja27a22a07.2ax1aaj6=aEUa]k_a›S| Ea0aXaeaaT2` ‰ 5 ˆ
aEUa]4UaDF 1aEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua
aFa– a2=aha¬)a3aEFaja a!1a
aQ= E
a– a1
a„I_a2
abaEa~a`aEUaK 3aK}adIa 6a01aaEFaXaAS
a¥2>aQ=a2aK4Ua0
a1aA3

aac/aFaE!1aa01 ad2aaT21 G/.aaU"aaÖ
r KaQaZj
a2
a'IUaEUa– a21 2+.aza2j=aZEj.aE_
a›S|aT1a /Sa
aa&`aQaEUa!Uaa &a !a|ˆaEj.adI 6aO/SaE
aT(/
Z‰K}a
a#PUa„.aE
] 

a2=a•"a /Sa
"aESja¥2ha
a]"(a›S| 
adIaE=aEUa aa0aXa>a7Uaz(aE
aQ

a ƒ"aa!UaÄaa
ab3aEj.aEt1a2
ajI_adIaE
a¿2aaÖ
r abU"aU1aa 35
ajI1aKa]S
az2\adGab +&_aa›1aa‹2|_aAS
a 7aa'aAS
a /abaTP7h
ZEFaSIa3

K 3 ‫&ہ‬58 ‫ا‬$C‫ ا‬D‫; روا ;ﮯ  ﮨ‬8‫  ز‬P‫اد‬

ad
aE=aEaQ2a]G}aA2a#}aK} EI6a2
aaaE4=a Fa0
a!3abI_aZ
av1 a
S
a0/aEFa.a01
aa SaE
ad(a
aaaTa41aaEj.aaE
aEU(6 Ead(
aUraa
1aa¼RaEaE
a
S

a0IU
atkaj&a2ea
S
a.aE_aE
aEU2
a‡R+a
aa 2"aKaTaa ZFax.a]2ajaK

aU2
a‡R+aj. 25a2PaEUa_/.aXa3a„.aE
a*.2.aaxja
a].aaT1 a¼R_a¼R_ 
aQ
a¬-|aKaQa0IU
tka
aK4UaQ!+aT2ea
aQaKa0/aE
av1 abI_aj.aAƒ

aaT&/.aadIaaa¥2>a-Pa0Ia-. 0Uaj.aa0Ua
aEUFaaE
a*.2.a¬)a
aaaa‡R_
a
a
1aa#PUaUraKaAaQaZKj.aaEa~a`a
a0+>a3 j.aUŒ4=aaj
a1a
aT1 }
EUa aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa.Fa
{aTa01aEav1aT2Ia0Iaj.a0U FaTr3aj
ac+
]Fa0Ž( v1a 6a2=ahaE
a'aZj.a25a 
.a
aQaT2Iaaaa
a]k_

aE.2
a#PUa$a01a
a~a`a 4aXaea _ aa /ƒaba273a/!abaXa 7a
{aba 1 r ‰ 1 ˆ
aZ0PRaJ_a0P5a#aAaa0P5aaba_a0P5a#aA25a0^71aSa0ŽR+ 1 aa•&a«2aXa2`U aK}
 226

a0
aEFa.F !1aj7
aZEŒ4=ax.a]2aaEaTa
aEa Fa3aEj
ad2)aa’)a
a™|$ QaX‚
a.Fa!1aj7
aaFa0P5 z1 raEaQa3aEFaS1aŒ4=a
a™|$aE!1a!
aTa
a„&a™|$ax1
a03aba &aŠ2.aÄaˆ ‚ZEF.3aba EUŒ4=a0P5a2pa.FaK4Ua0P5a)a™|$ax1a0
aEF
Z‰


a2e 3‚aZ0aaaabaå71aaa!a %_a
^_aå7_a125aEUa~a`a0
aK}aES4
z2I ‰ 2 ˆ
aQa3aaŒ4=ax.  aE!1a!
aza0
aEFaSIaFaZK}aK4Ua2ea3aaŒ4=ax.a]k_aaazaEF
Z‰ !aa|ˆ ‚ZFaSj
a&az1 raE

a Ea]U
aE=aEUaKaE!3a1a07ƒ)aEUa~a`aaa2aE
a0Ia,S5a0
aK}aES4
a,1 2$  ‰ 3 ˆ
a125aEUa~a`aE
a2
S)a07ƒ)aZEFaFa1&aKa]jIU a2aAa•"azaaEFaj
a1aA)aaEF
Z‰|ˆ ‚ZK}aK4Ua2ea3 K1aŒ4=ax.a]k_aaazaK}a2ea3‚ Z*^_a %_aå7_

a]Ua_ 2= a3aj.a25aTaFa*1 2"a*1 2"aEUa– aE

2
a S)a21 2P.aja2=a•"aE
ag_a®Z ‰ 4 ˆ
‰|ˆ ‚ZEF Fa'PaKa]1 

aEUaQa.aFa2eaKa
 )a
a a 0aXa>a7UaEab1 2+a*3a 5a
aJP_a 7a ‰ 5 ˆ
a FaZK}a#aR
aaaE
a– aa&FaaK}  $aE
araa
4a Fa0
a
a‘2a
"aES6

a3aJ=a Fa3aK1aT1 }a!1a„Œ
aK&Fa– aŠ4_aZK}aESIaFa
 )a2eaFaKa]4ad2a¥2>
dIa 6aE
ab1a
aaaKaA3aEUa~a`aZ]FaO+S!aE
a
3aaKSa
a]k_ E
ad"a=a2

Z‰ !aa|ˆ ‚ZaSa
a]k_ E
a]}aa_a2
a1a
a].aa‚a
abaz27)aazŽRa125aaES

aES}6aU2
a0UaG5a0>a
av1 a
1a~a`a0
aK}a.2
a2}ªa41 K1 
.a
aaaaT1 }a01a

adaaKj= zaKa]k_a0
aEj.aES}6a0Ua01aaEj.aESj&adIaS"a
adIaE=a– 0
a01a1aDEj.
DEp_aEU3a
a€7ƒUa
aaa2=aT

K 6‫ و‬G  ‫ روا ;ﮯ‬PK ‫ﭨ‬R

aE.25a 
.aE_aE
a
$a 2%Ua
av1  =a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFaK4UaFa.a¥2>aTa
 227

a 
.a
|aja
ar2SaEa’G a
a j3aKaaa
ªRa
aaaEUa– a„.aE
aQa0IaEj.
]Fa0Ž(av1 6aKaE!aQaZEFa25

aEUa~a`a0
aK}aES4
a jaXaeaJUaT2` a2raT2`az21 2}aa¬aba2&abaXa 7
ٍ ٍ â
a¥2ha2aTaj3a -"a2
aE_adUa2a™|$a3 ‚Z_abaz /Pa7S5a &/SaaAŠ
aba125
‰Š2.aa|ˆ ‚ZE_aaK 43a0UIja=aza2
aA!

ٍ â
az /"a7S5a &/SaaAŠ
ab  a‹2aaa{  a125 EUa~a`a0
aK}aE.2
aaa )a /a
A!aTaj3a2
a„3aa3a¥2ha2a3a2paK4Ua‹2a
aKaaa2
a
1 K.a2‚aZ_ab
‰ !ˆ ‚ZkaEaKa 43aUIja=azaka2

aba S&aaaav1 +_aP. a125aEUa~a`a0

aK}aES4
aXa 7aba23a /!abaQ7ab
a0Ua a01aK4&.a0
ax. *3a2
a0UaaaTa
aEa¥2ha2‚aZ_abaz /Pa7S5a &/SaaAŠ

‚ZkaEaKa 43aUIja=azaka2
A!aTaj3a¥2ha2a3a0IU
aEFa4
azaKa0
aF
‰03abaŠ2.ˆ

â â
aE_adUa2 ‚Z_a…5aaAŠ
aba0U5aaŠI.aa125a$aEUa~a`a0
aK}aE.25 aT2`
‰|ˆ ‚ZkaFa#)aK ¦ azakaE_a j3a2
aE_adUa2a™|$a3a0IU
a_a0Ua j3a2

aZ_abaz /Pa7S5a#"a _aa#P1aba'P1a a 0aXa>a7_a
/&aK}aES4

a0&aT2`
a=aza4
aK4UaEUaKa3aE4
aTaza2
aE_adUa2a™|$a3a0
aEFa E.25a01a
a~a`aEUaK‚
‰|ˆ ‚ZE_aaKa 43 UIj

a2kaDj.a0Ua
&Fa
aKab1a
aT$aE
a~a` 0
aEFa.2
a2}ªa41a a
|a
aaa01a

a.a.Fa0Uaz2ƒ)a
aEUFa2{SaE
ab1adIaEaQaa.Fa0UaKab1
aUU"a
a
a
a
a~–
a]F$ D.3a
aEaEU2
a
1av1 aj3a
a]k_a2
aaa a
a 43a0
aj.ao= T2ea

a2kaZEFa.o=a2{a
a2=ab1a2) EaaaZK}a.3aFaA!aK.a<\aa
4aKa]|1 .a¥2ha
a]!a
a
a a0
aFa]
aGa01a
aE1a2
a!a
1 .a
a– a.aEFa
a41aja
a
a
a~a`
 228

DE3a1a2
a 43a#>

% >‫ د‬V ‫ ﮨ;ﮯ‬z ‫  رل ﮯ‬

a¥>a¥>a
a'aE
aQaaXaKaEt!ax1a*3a0
aEFa01aTaoaEa* KaE!aQ
a.3az "a
aFaT2ea
aE_IUa…SUaEa]G6aO/Sa2\aKaaE
aQa.a]Fa3 T+1 2-.

a/1 2%.aaK}aEt1ajaTS) E
aXaAS
a,1 2%.a
a'aE=aKa‡R_a¥>aEUa_/.aXaZEF
a FaE4=aEaQaK43a7a
1 a
a2%a†aa157a
1 
a¥2a†a44a
1 a
a#+Ua†aZjaTS)
aaaE=a¥>a¥>ajaEUa aa0aXa>a7Ua2j=aK}a,ea#I_aK E/aQaK}aEI6a2
a'PU
EFa
aaa
TS)


aba2a0.1a0SI1 aatISa
abR_aa125 EUa aa0aXa>aXa'a0
aK}aES4
a•5a
!
aEaKa .a]Ä=a0UaGka2}aK‚aZz/SaXaAS
a5aU 3aaaa'P5
jUaa0aT2a&a2
aKaz)aEŒ4=a I 
aEaKadIa2a
aQaaFaj?aEp_a0I.a2=a !a=aza0
a
a™|$
a„Œ
a3aSU3aK4UaKa0
aE4
a2
abaza Fa1a Ia
aEU2
aE
ad
a!
a1aFa
a•aEaG6a!
aEU
#a5aP4a03abaÄaaŠ2.a/5$a &ˆ ‚ZEkaK1 2
2=a
aQaEkaK=aKaXaAS
a F
Z‰Ö7_

aa/7$a#3ax$1 a0/a0aaa 2P_
.aUaa125aEUa~a` 0

aEFa
1a
aA2I1 /abad P

ad2aaaaz2+5ad2aba05a . 3a az5a'(aba05 . 3a&5aa 2P_aŠja Ia'P1a0I1 a
a1aa 2"aEj Fa27)‚ ‚ZZZZZag7!_abaAUaNa#
aaaa&+_a I_a#+1aaaX d2a&
aXa'
a2=a !a=a™|$a2ja£=a
a0
Fa0Ua!1a27)aZjaG6aax1aFa!1 a„.aE
aQaaEFak
a„Œ
a3aaj&a'(aEaÄ=a'(aKaQa„Œ
a3a2
2=a
aa 2"a .aJa0
aEp_aE4
a01aFaj?
aEFad2aFa!1 azaa2"ad2a'a
aXa„Œ
a3a#>a0IUaZj& d2aEaÄ=ad2aKaQ
az Uaa]Œ

a0UaaEFaK4Ua'(a kaS_=aE_a4&.aFa27)aZFa
ad2a
aX E!3
Z‰
aa03abaÄ ˆ 44EFa'(
 229

a125aKaQaaEFaoj
aE1a07ƒ)a aa0 Xa>a7Ua0
aEFa
1a
a01 aba‘2
ٍ 
a
jUa
Ž aT2a "aXaU aaa 2P_a5aaat$ad2+1a _a0_aa bŽ1a0SI1 aatISa
a*!+1
aa ¡!UaA2ea aNaa*SI_a#aT a) .aaa I_a#+1a _aXaa a2
aaa 2P_a#&_ajU ¡$ab
aj?aEj&a01aEp_a0I.a2=a !a= ™|$a
aEaKa .a
‚aZ jaŠ_a
ƒaNa a&{a#

a
a )aFa27)aDK}atkaa2
aaaKaa 2"a3aE
a]G6aa Ea
aK4Uad2aG6a
aEUaXa0
aEF
a
aF a 2"ajazaEFa
a•aEa]
ab3aaK}a
aKS+-Ua3aaEFa1a Ia
a]. b3aEUaKa !"
aTr3aKa]2jkaE
aAS
#}a0
aEFa
aK4Ua'(a01aGk2}aE_a4&.aEUaXaZz1 ra„Œ
a0IaK}au2h
45
‚Z]FaEI6a2
aaT73aE=aza0I73aÄ3aj
a#j= E
aaa1a?=aa
a].a
aaa1aÄ3aJjka2^aE

Z‰Äaˆ

a0aEa
a2a™|$a3‚a J5aSaba*\ab&5a125aEUa~a`a0

aK}aES4
aJUaT2`
Z‰ ! a|ˆ ‚ZK4UaO/.a
aEa„a
aQa2j=

a0IU6aK1 a0
aEFa.3azaar 
aKa' SaQa2) a /aE
aT$a¥>a¥>aaaE
a'aaX
ZKj. 0UaE_aE
a€7ƒUadazaE_aQaKtkaK4UajI_

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬3‫ ﮨ ﮨ‬$  ‫ ﮨ‬R&> ‫د ف‬D,6‫ ا‬%8J  

aajI_ x1GUaE
aaa0
aEFa.FaQ!+a!1aZK}aES1a
&Faoa
aEt!aE
aEjI_a a…3a#e5
a&Sa#"aE_aQaa 2"a0
aEFa2= ')aQa-+Uaoa
a' SaE
aaaZK}aK4Ua/a Fa1 kaU2
a‡R+
a 4aa
_a 4aza0
aK}aK4UaSaa&Sa#"aE_ Qav1aaka_ajI_aza0
aEFaS
ZKtk jI_aK4UaKa
5()

aQa0
aj.a01azaj.aka_ajI_ Ea03aJ3a
aa 2"a0
aE}6a_a„&a01a.aTa4=aKaE!aQ
aa*.2.a
a]S1 a
aQaK4UaFa*.2.a
a‡R_aE
QaZEj.aXa*U3aba]UaU/aa‡R_aE

aaZj.a0UaG3aja_ a„.aE
a‡R_a2a
a‡R_aE
aQaZj.aEa¥2h 
a )aja*.2.a
a].
aKa0PaE
QaZK1 2
aT(.a
aQa„.aE
a*.2.aaKa‡R_aFaaa¦_a0
aj.aFa'rUaE_ Qaz
a‡R_aE
aQaj.aŽR_a3a j.aja&a0Iaj.a0UaŽR_ac+azaZj.a›S|a#I_a
Ua
a

a2j=aZj.a
aaKaara=a
aQaEUa~a`a0I Ej.aEFaK4Ua'rUaa/1 Šau2ha
a‡R_aE
aa 2"
 230

ٍ
a`a0
a01a(aj.a
aaaKa‡R_aE=aEUa]2-a FaE
a~a` E!3aj.a!1a0-aoax1a
aQ
a~a`aZ
a#&a]1aEUa~a`a2=a•"a](5aaja!1ak Ura
a~a`aEj. E!1a€()aE
a~
aK1 2
a#PUa¼R ¼R_aK4UaE_aEa0
aj.a0Ua =a01ajaKaaE
aEU2
a#PUaK1 21 2P.a '"aE

ad4Raa/a2
abaTax1aEa– a0
Ej.aja"a2=aQazaaj.aG3a01aE_aE
ab/aara#}a0I
a
a /.aQa0Iaj.a0Ua-PaT(.a
a‡R_aE
a~a` ZK1a2
aaaKa‡R_aE=aEa2^aE_ 
ajaU2
a‡R+a*.2.a01au2ha
a].aa]S1 a
aa 2"aKav1aZF aEUa– a3aj.a-Pa2=
aj.a5
a#I_ 01aKaE/aE
av1a2=aaQaZ /aE
aQa](5aaFaE4=av1 a](5a0
aj. 0Ua2e
aza
a
S
aKaE/aE
aa ZKŒ4=ax.a]k_aK4Ua„.aE
a
U1aaKj
a1aK4Ua¦_a0

Zj. KaE/aE
aa 2"a3aj.a0Ua
&F

aFajI_a
aQaE_aE
aEUF
aa aE
aG6a!
a0
aEFa01aE}6a_a„&aA)aE!3aTa2
ٍ
aJ3aEFaUFa#"aE
aE2ja
a¬|$aaa1 ™|$aQaa#>a
a&SaZEFaK4Ua2ea/ƒ"aUF

a_/.aXa
aa 2"a)aZASIa2\a1aFaASIazaz)aEŒ4= x.a]2aTa
aEa0/1 NaE
ab3a1aE

aT Qa-+Ua=aEUaXaZ1Œ4=ax.a] a

aQaEaara
a7Ua0IajaK4Ua2
jI_aEaa& aEU
aXa>a7UaZEkaK_aaad(
&Faja
aa 2"a2=a&SaE
a7UazaEkaKUaŒa
a7Ua¦_a3a0
a
a2=
aKa]"(a›S|a0+>a3aE
a~– aZ
aFaUr 
a
$aaå7.aS3a
aa 2"ajaEUa aa0
aEj.aQa.aK.aaT1 aFajI_aZEj.aE.3aE_a0UaFajI_aK. 
aa 2"azaEj.aE.2
aå7.a2
a3
aaå7. a"aZEj.aE.2
a1a'@a2
ajI_aEaaa7.
aK4Ua– a UaE
aJ3aKj.aS} o=aK
a3a0
aEj.aE.2
a !.aT 01a2=a&SaE
a+>ax1aQaE_aEUaa&1aaj.a.FaEaara
$
ZEFa Ia
aFa~a`azaEFa}aaza„Œ

a0
ax.a*3a.F K4Ua&Sa#"aj7
a)aEaG6aFajI_a0
aEFa01aKaE!aQa0SIUa F 2!.
aaEaK&Fa2kaG6a
aFajI_ c+aZ2
a0UaO{.a
aQaT4$a
a]U!Ua&Sa#"aaz Ur
a }$aE!1a1aEFa21 2+.a
aa01a0
aESa0Ua)aaEjI_ 1a]FaESUŒ4=a0Ua<)a
aE_aEjI_a#>a F
a.aEFatka
aA!a¥2ha
aJ3aEFa
a™|$aa21 2+.a01a0
aK1 2
aO1 -.a
a2 Qa3a]Fa0Ua3
aEFa
PP _>a!1ax1a01aZSIaFaK4Uaja
aªa/a
aP1a21 2+.azac+aE_ &F
aE.25a#&a2=aQaKa
_  =a)a…3a#e5aaEFa.2
a !.ajaT4$aaU"a
aEUraz3aE!3
aza0
aEFa41aa
aQa
aK}aESj
a FabP1 3a2=aEUFa‡R+aE
a aa 2"a0
aEFa01a'aAaZK}
aK4
aKaUa‹ aEj.aE2
a(aEUa~a`a3aER+>aEFaEjI_aE
„.}aE
aab7.
aZj.akajI_
 231

EUa~a`a3aK}aER+>aFa01a0
a.2
aO1 -.a01aa
a‹ aja.aE.Fa3aza2k ZK}aK4Ua3
aFaT1aUraEj. E.2
a_a„I_a„.aE
aa'GUa
aa 2"aQa~a`a0
ajaTa01a)aZEj.aEjI_
abP1a&Fa2=aEUFa‡R+aE
aa 2"aJ=aZj. 0Ua0/1 Na2a
a
aEU3aE
aQa0UaEFaFad/aE
aaESa
aQa#!!aEa]U!Uaz Uraa!Uaz Ura0
aEFa01a0IaEFaK4UaUFaFajI_a
aQa03a#>a


aG6 !
a0
aE}6a1a'IUaEabFNa')a<\a01aŠ4_aZK}aEFa aE6aE.Œ4=aEax. ]U!Uaz UraEk
ZEFaUFaFajI_a
aaJa#7a a
aEUFa‡R+aE

aXa¡%U KaEU2
a !.a01aK4Ua.aK25a\aT2`aE_aE6au2ha
aaaa…3a#e5 2ka2=aaa
aEFaSj
a
"a=a
aE aza.aEŒ4=aG6a
aEa•Na27S/a2ka0
akaE a“=a0Ua
&ra

ZFatka0UajI_azaz)
‰

‫ رﮨ ﮟ؟‬7‫ل ) ﮟ ﮍ‬D ‫'ہ‬j `3 ‫س‬8  ‫ ڈه‬P‫  اد‬

aaaza0IaKtka
a‡R+a0UaKtk 
a1a0Uav1‚a0
a$a01a
a…3a#e5aKa2) aE
a4a27&Ua0SIUa2j=
ٍ
aaa0
ax.a]41aZEtka2aE
a2
a2
Na
aaaEaE
a]2aj7
"R.a3aK}ao=aj6aKa]}NaE
a]k_
a01a
PPa0IaEFa¥()aE
a0/"a¥2>a0Ua01 ‚Zka
a*.2aa•&3a
aaa / Q2aat
aE
aT5a

a
4a
T Pa
a]U&!aE
aa Sa„.aE
a~– aa
a
-|$a
a aa0aXa> 7U
a
a'aT>a,+>a2
'@ara2=aFa#Pa=ac+a™|$ax1a2ŽUa•ƒ"aEaT/"aZEFazr Ua2PaF
a*1Š4.aa€()a
a]k_aE
aA2aEUa
-|$ a%_a ŽaJ3a0
aSIa2
aK4Uaa01aj7
aza.a2
a-.
aE
aQaa].a
aQaj.a1aŒ4=ax.adPab1 2.a a2
a'IU Ea]S!=a4SUa
a'&aa Pa
a0Ua“$
a
aEj
a1aTa
a
aQaEUa]4Ua0
aEj.aESj&aTRS_a#"Ua "aQ ¦_aFa
a]

ٍ
aQaEUa]!Ua_aEU 
a /a0Ua
a626a
aQaj7
a2
ažoaEaEU3a a2
Na"R.aEaE
a]2a0U 

aEax.a¢_a_&/ax1aZESj6= TaE
aQaj7
aEa]_aEjI1aE
aQa0
aa
&Fa
a

aaEFaSj
a1aTax1ax1a
a]."(a= EaQaza.aEFa.3aFa*-Ua
7+>a¥2$a
a!
aJ3
aE
aQa2
a3a3a¦_aE
a]!Ua_aEU atUa /aE
aEU2aE
aQa EFa.2
a2
Na
aQaEaE
a]2
a0aXa>aXa'aEUa*>a•R$a &+aJ?!3a2) aZK}aE.2
a
51 aTaE
QaEa]_aE
E.a¦_aE
aEUra#-SaEa~ – aa2-a FaE
a~ – a
a~a`a0
aEFa_a„&a
a
a
DEj.aESj&a0UaO+S!aja
aTRS_
 232

aE!1ax1aE_aE
ad2
a0+>a aa0aXa>aXa' ZE25a0Ž(a0/"aT>a#>aNaA
V
– aZEj.aE.2
a#>aO7a
apS!$aa*1Š4.aa€()aaT7aa Pa
" 2}azaEaJ3aEj.a%=
a
aaaZEj.aESjI }au2ha
a]U!UazG
=aza2
a„I1a
a4=ax1ax1aa¯ax1ax1aE
ak Ur 
a~
a2}aE_aE
aaaZEFa1aa„Œ

aK&FaEU ~ – aaEj.a
a FaE4=aEa
/a
~a– a0
aj.ad/
ajaE.o_azaKaT"a
aFa~– aZ– aj e"aaEj.aFa– ajaSRaKaEt!aE_aEU a“=
a]4
a2)ÔaaEj.aE6aEa]4
a FaKa2=a
aT"aQa0
j.a02.a
aaaZEj.aE.2
aja,>aaEj.

~a– adGS_azaEj.aES}a*1 2"a3aEj.aESj
a1a
aTax1ax1a
~a– aza2= aQaZEFa2
a”4=
a2
a„6=aEa]2 za.a.Fa}a2ea2\aEaJa
a– a
"a!
aK43aEj.aESj?aKa]S7+>
a„.aE
a– a3a
aT"aE=a¦_aE_ EU aEaaaZ4
a
aa
a
aEU ~a– a‹ a0
aEj.aE.2
ad/
a2eaK43aZj.aSIUa0UaEa'a1a
aaa2ja2&a Ej.aESj&ak Ura#>a=aEj.aE.3aFa2!
V
a 1 2
aaj.a. a2
a#aEa– a3aEj.aE.3aFaEj?
a2kaE
a™|$aQa2}azaj. .Fa0Ua*-Ua•"a
aEUF
aK •&aoa!
a1aj.ajI1aj7
aEaa
a– aEUa]43aZEj.aESj6=aEaQaTax1ax1a2
1 2

aaa
a¥2$aQ E=aa01 2|5aaEj.aES_ja0Ua
a•"aQa3aES3azaj.a_aba21 2P.a
a~ – a¥2>
a21 2P.a
a– aa
a&FaaEFajI1 
a aa0aXa>aXa'a &+aEUa]jIU a&Fa0
aEj.aE.2

aj.aG6a
a2ka FaEa*aKaUa.aE_aE
aaaKF  =aK!Ua3a /aE
a~a`a2j=aZK}aEI6ab
aEaž a2
aja
a]U2S$aE
aA2aEUaG/aE
aT"a
aJ3aj.aT2 
a Ža'aQaza.

7+>a
a~ – aEUaJ3aEj.aESŒ4=aQ=aE
a™|$aE!1ax1ax1azaZj.a1aa2U25 
ax.ab
aEtkaE6aESjaEaU 0+>a]3a]3aaj.aa21 2P.a
a
a– a1aj.ajI1aj7
a
a– a1aj.a=

a
aaaEa0+>aO/SaE
aY=aT2a3a_a—ŒUa  azaEUaz2kaE
ab/.a0
aSakaSoa€S$a01
Zj.aSIa#

PK ‫ہ  روا‬82

a
av1 a‹ aZEFaFaFa!1a•"_a5a0
aEF S1aFka1 .aakaFaFa2ea!1a0
aEFaS1aFka#P
ٍ
aFav1a
aaa¥2>aEUab/.aZEFaka
a#>aEa0+>aG} Qa71 2P.azaEFa3aKaUa a3
a~a`aEUaJ
a0
aEFa1aSaja01aaK}aEt1a2
aaajaTaE
a]+>a* aa0IaK}a_aK4U
aa2eaK
 )a
a– a2=a•"ab
ab
aaEFajI1a
a– a]4
aa*
a1aEFa=a
7+>aS


a@aaaK}ao=ab5aKabFN E
a]U&!aE
aa Sav1a0
aK}aE.25a01a.a…3a#e5aZEF
 233

a“=a0%PUa3aEa&Fa1 .abI_aZIUa2

aj
K4UaEUa]2-a FaE
aaaa|ada /a >
aaaK}a
aaaT1az1 raEa*aEUaT2`ab3aEaKa0+>aZEF JI2a#I_aE
aQazaaEFa.2

Fa0Ž(a
245a
aT1 2 E
aaaa

5374av1a /.aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ž 57 5SaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaz21 2}a

a
a 7&"a
av1a
aaaEUa]2k$aT2IaE
aa aj.aja_aE
a800a /.a
a]2k$aE
aaˆ
‰Zj.
1170ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaž 46a5SZZZZZZZZ  )a /a
1540ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaž 74a5SZZZZZZZZZ Xa 7aba23
1286ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaž 93 5SZZZZZZZZZZax_abaJU
2210ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ž 59a05Sa0P1 >a0%ab&_ad
1660ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ž 68a5SZZZZZZZZaQ7abaXa 7
1630 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža70a5SZZZZZZZZZZ2&abaXa 7
700 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ž 63a5SZZa¬aba2&abaXa 7
848aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža32a5SZZZZZZZa/!abaXa 7

aE
a2
ab5aKa]aE=a
aTaE
a aa0aXa> 7Uad2
a0+>a0
aEFaT7{a
aTaa01a

DEtkaE_ EaUa„.aE=a4U1

‰‫ر‬3 %N5N)  PK A56 `3 ‫ ﮯ دور‬7‫ر‬G8 ‫ہ ﮯ ا)م‬82 ‫دور‬

x.a]!Ua
a /aa
a#>a a
aY=aT2aEad2
a0+>aEUa]43a˜jI1a
b/.aaa /aE
aQ
aG
2a 6aK /abaTP7ha¥2>a0
aEFaSIa3a
aEaQazr Ua
a /.a
aaaZ
a#PSa
aQ
K}a#1Na*!azaK}aESa
_aE
ab/.ab3aE
a]24$

484aZZZZZZZZZZZ 01 
131 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZa0I
413aZZZZZZZZZZZZa05

164aZZZZZZZZZZZZ z2-
 234

a2
ažoaEa*a
aEUŒ4=aEk aaEU2
a‡R+ EU2
a#>a
a aE
av1 aEUab/.a2
ab3aEaKaa
K}a01azaEFa
ad

T5aZZZZZZZa“ =aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ dU

ža93aZZZZZZZZaža14aZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ *!&_aba /
ža110aZZZZZZZZaža21aZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 2-ab!
ža110aZZZZZZZZaža33aZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ b1 2ab
ža94aZZZZZZZZaža22aZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 2rabaz2
Z‰jI_aAS
a4= 2=a'aT2aEUa]4Uˆ

ža94ZZZZZZZZ ža38aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ‰b1 /_ab1 rˆab!aba

ž 104ZZZZZZZZaža21aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa }
ža106aZZZZZZZZaža37aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa2Iaaba &+aba "
ža78aZZZZZZZZaža37aZZ ‰EFa2Pae"aKaEUraE
a2&aT2`ˆ ,1 2$
ža63aZZZZZZZZaža37aZZZZ ‰E a01 aKa0UraE
a2I T2`ˆa€2!
ža75aZZZZZZZZaža37aZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 1 G1aba
ža112aZZZZZZZZZaža37aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ '+I
ža103aZZZZZZZZZZaža37aZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ zaba¡3
ža131aZZZZZZZZZZZaža40aZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 07abad&F
aF •$aaEFa3aja‹ aEadUaE
a07abad&FaR+>a3a
a*.2a0&ax1a
v1aEUa]4Uˆ
Z‰EFaI6

ža106aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa2&abaXa 7aba _


ža117aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa2&abaXa 7a_a•5U
ža95aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža45aZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 273aba /
ža148aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža61aZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa“&aa&
ža131aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža66aZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa.S+S!&_aA1
 235

ža130aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža54aZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa I&_aba &+

ža124aZZZZZZZZZZZZ ža58aZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa2}raA4$ab
‰—j6az2)Na21 2+.aoa
4a
av1 aEUa]4Uˆ

ža107aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža34aZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa!1 baa&

ža105aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža22aZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaQ7 ba_a02I
ža115aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža27aZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ uaabaƒ
ža117aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža61aZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 0abazS"
ža104aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža17aZZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 7/%_a2
ža62aZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 0&P
‰ZK4UaEaEa~a`a2paEj.aa3aKa0UraE
a aa0aXa>aX 'a01ˆ

ža96aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža46aZZZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa/|_ }2
ža128aZZZZZZZZZZZZaža53aZZZZZaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa*7 aba 1 r

aE
a0+> EUa]k_aaa0
aEFa.3aFad/aFaEaE_@azpUax1a2=aT5aa“ =a1 . 
aT2`aa
a
aT+>a Ka]2jkaE
a0+>aEUa]43aEj.aza2S%aEaKaaaZEFajI1a0-aoa
4a
a 4
aaaZEFaFa2!aKa
 )a
a+> !
a0Ua!
a2&a
ab3aEj.azac/aaEFa=a’2=aKa]k
aXa>a7Ua2
a#aEa0+>aT2IaEUa™|$ax1 x1aEaKaaa0
aEFaS6a0S=aEaEo=aTaE

aŒ4=a 4a
R"a•aO/SaE

a]-5aaT$aE
a~ – a K}aE
ad/aTaE
a aa0
a
0IS".aZEFaŒ4=a
a]!Ua
a /aEa]k_a4Uaz2)Naoa
4a
av1 a
1 Ea03aaZEF
a3a
aK4Uax.a-. 
aTaQaEj.aO5aa&!ad&.aE
a2Fa >a4=a0
aE_a2
a0Ua‘25a01a™|$
akaFa1j?a2=a]jIU a2aK4UaEUa
a=aj 2j=aaka]Fa_aojkaK1 aEj?a2jkaEUa]k_aaa0
aSI
ZkaFa
a&$ Ka&a2
aE=a
aaa

aEUad&.aKa /.a
a}G}a3aEFa. aE &Faz2kaza
ab/.a•7.aab/.a2\>a /aE
aQ
ax1aE
a2
a2RaE
aaaaK_av1aEab/.a2=aEU&=aoa
4aEUa]k_ aaZj.aFa(j=aKad(
K}a01aKS-|$a]1&Ua 6a
aaa
a•&3a a
a]2k$aE
aaaa0+>aE
aE"( x1
 236

T5aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa“ =aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZadU
ža148 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaža80 ZZZZZZZZZZZZ ‰€-_a2R/3ˆaaba &+ ba2R/3
ža150aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaža80 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ‰ Ž dˆaa&/_a0Ra
ža160aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaža83 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ‹+_aba07/$
ža165aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaža93 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ /abav_
ža136 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaDDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ‰x_ daNSˆaE2_a0/
ža156aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaDDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 02aba /
ža126aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaDDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ d
aba2/!

ža161aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZaža97 ZZZZZZZZZZZa2Iaab &+aba "abab&2_a 7
ža179aZZZZZZZZZZZaž 98aZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZa 1 raba&

PK c -) ‫ ﮯ‬7z‫ ﮨ‬7K ‫دوے‬

aEUraQaZFag2$a„.aE
ak "ad
a
aEU2
*.2aaEjI_aE&aE
av1 aKaJ3aj.aa41
K}a#1Na*!azaE
a*.2 E&aE
av1aEUa]k_ab3aK

0U
T5 “ = dU

a#a_a_a2=aaa4P5ax1ax1aEUa]4U ž160 ,7>aba•

E
a*.2

ZZZa`1aZZZ ž156 02aba /


a
aTG\aE
a aa0aXa>aaEUa]4U ž141 07Paba

a*.2a1 .

a•&3a
a{ aav1aO/SaE
a2$adIaEUa]4U ž179 ž93 x_ad


---a`1a--- ž180 ž80 …1 23ab

---a`1a--- ž186 ž88 rad

---a`1a--- ž161 ž97 {aaR

 237

---a`1a--- ž176 1aba0&aba&

---a`1a--- ž183 ž113 ›1aad

½½½a`1a½½½ ž189 ž131 &+ad

aY=aT2a
a aa0aXa>a7UaEUa]4U ž151 €+aba &+
Z
a*.2

ab/.aa0+>aa aa0aXa>a7UaEUa]4U ž220 ž168 /ab

E
a•&3aTaE


a•&3a_a_aT1a
a+>ax1ax1aEUa]4U ž213 !7/_aabaXa 7
ZK

---a`1a--- ž218 2-7_a 2!aba !

---a`1a--- ž212 aba 

---a`1a--- ž218 2|_a&aba /U

---a`1a--- ž241 ž164 #7aba &ad

---a`1a--- ž230 ž161 01 Faba€+

---a`1a--- ž231 ž156 07$aabaa&

æ
aT1 2a0Uk 3a
a0+>aaAa4P5aEUa]4U ž235 ž159 07$aaba2I
ZK
a•&3av1aEa‡+_aE
a]U

aba2Ia #7aba &ada /aba€+aba &+a &+ada›1aada_ad EaKaa


a0-ax1a
ar^&_aAS
a
a07Pab aGUaZK}aI6aFa•$aaK}a3ax.a‹ aKS
a
a07$a
a0IaK}aFaK4Ua•eaKa
PPajazaKSaK4U ‹ aKS
a
aT2`ab3aaEFaI6aFa•$aj
aZEFa_a2
a#$aKa]S
a=aEUa]_aEU a /aE
aaaaEUa]2-a FaE
aa a !aa|aa=aIU
ZEtkaE6aE.FarUaEaEaaa¦_aE_ Q
 238

æ
aaaE
a…3 #e5a™|$a
a /aE
aEjI1a
a1 .a#!!aQa
av1 a ax.aaE
a|ad
aE
a]k_aaaza0IaKtka
‡R+a0UaKtka
a1a0Uav1‚a0
aEFaSIaaara
a2) a
aT$
ٍ
aT5a
aaa0
ax.a]41aEtka2aE
a2
a2
Na
aaaE E
a]2aj7
a"R.a3aK}ao=aj6aKa]}N
ٍ
aax1a71 2P.aE
aXa'a07.2a4=aKa /‚a0
a01a ‚Zka
a*.2a •&3a
aaa /aQ2aa 6aE

aE_aE
aEU2
a‘2 01a Fa2=a•"aQ ‚ZEFaK4Ua‡R+aAa@I1 a
aaa2paka
a•&3a
av1a / Q2
aEaQaKaEU2
a')a4ªa2=a#! &a
a]3aE
a
_ a01=a a!3a 
a}a0
aK}a7
ZE}6 UFa27)aa¤S+az1 r

1 1  ‫ف‬,‫ ) ﮟ ا‬P‫اد‬

ax1a
aEUF ‚&Sa#"U‚a ‚YI%a4SU‚aE
av1aKa %$ SIUaE=aEUa…3a#e5a2
a#6aEk

aEFa !1ax1a01 ‚Z]FaORSav1 ab/3a01aKab3aK}av1a
a
4‚a0
aEFa25 aa01a03
a*S
a„.aE
a#-R.a2kabI_ ZEFaSIa3a
a.a2
a'@azpUax1a2=av1a›S|a 6a2=aha22a3
aZEFa
a
4a¥(S)aaz1 ra
4a€R.aaaE
aa0
aEFa.Fad/a.aE3a
a0/_ƒa#PSa
av1 
a
Ua!
aEaKa]SUa6a#1Na*!aT5(S)a2.az1 ra.aE3a_azG3 
aaaEFa¥(S)aKab3a2j=
K}aE.3 E=aE

aU/aaaE
aaaaEFa
aaaK ‡R_a›S|a
a0/"a1aTaFax1aEUa]1 a›S|a0
a01a2‫ا‬
ZK}aE
a#PUaG3a›S|aE
a21 2P.a1a0/"aFax1aEU ]1 a›S|a1a EFaK4Ua¥(S)a
aK

ZEFa125aaaKa‡R_a›S|a
aa&`ax1aEU ~a`a)a0
a01a‫دوے‬

ZEFa125a#&aEa]P1 2ha›S|a2=a•"a›S| EU ~`a)a0

a01 ‫ے‬

ZEFa1a2
a¯!a
a4=aEUaQaa
a /av1 a2aaEFa
E4=av1 ax1a0
a01a‫ﮯ‬5

a /.a
aaEFa. a“=a#I%a/"aKaEU2
a•5a¥(S)a&Fa
av1ab3a2
a—j6a
ad!" 6aa
a01aU3a1=a
a2) QaKaT1a 6a
aZEFa
a
4ajaEa >a5ax1aKav1 a†2)Na=
a#"Uax1a!
aT1aDEFa&Sa#"U aYI%av1 a†2)Na=a0
aEFa5
aE_aE
aE1a2
a0-5
 239

a
1a2}aZE adraU3aFa46<"a
a#
aEaEU3aFa<"
V E
aG3a!
aE
aJ3aEFaK4UadUa
a#
aV !P.
aa6 aK4Uaax1a2=aaQaZEFa. a„.aE
a a0Uk 3a=aaEF Sj
a
a2Rax1a=
ajaT1 3a3a2=a P.a&aZSIa aK4Uadra¤Pa
aT1a0PajaEaEU3aFa<"aE
]S1
ZkaFaFaUaK4UaK1 2.a=

aE
a P.a=a¿ +ax1a
a a
a
1a!
a0
aEFa01aT>aax1 
a¥(S)aaaE
ab{ +
aJ3 EFa¥(S)a
aOP+.aaEa01aZEFaS1a2"aG&
aEa¿ +a2aaEFaSj&
aEa7S
a¥(S)a2=aEU2
a'7"a0U aEU2
a'7"a
aT4$a!
aKa]S_ a
aZK4Ua03a
a
aEUFaa%1 2=aE
D.FaK4Uaj7

‫د ﮨ ﮟ؟‬D,6‫ ا‬%8J; ‫  ﮨ روات‬%1; ‫ہ ﮯ‬xC  

a"a„Œ
a!3a0Ž5a
a]2aE
a‹ a‚0
aK} ES4
azaZEFa_a
a]SIUaa2) aE
a…3a#e5aK&FaA
aE3a_aaa"aFaS
az)aEa F.aZkaFa"aFa. ja0Ž5a
a]2aE
a2Fa >a4=aEF
abFNax1‚a0
aEFa$a
aaa2j=aD‚K}aSIa3aj&a&Sa#"aK.aFa
#PUaEa0ƒ5a¥2>a

aT7-/.a T)aE=aE
abFNa2}aaEFa.3aFa„Œ
aEa„Œ
aTaESŒ4=aESŒ4=ax.abFNa2 E
a#"aE
aSaa&Sa
av1az 2=aa
ab3aK}aK43a 1 Gaa01 ‚ZK}aE.3aE6aE.—.aE.—a
aQ
ZESj&aK4U

a0
aEFaI6aFa
{aTa01aEaE2.aZEFa¥()aE
a }%aaE2.azaEFaO/. 
aTa4=ax.a]43
aZEFa.3aF G&
azaEFaS_ad
a
EaJ3aaEFa.2
a"2.azaEFaS_ad
az1 raEaT"aJ3a= 
a#}aZEFa,+>ajaK aE
a0Ž5aEFa,+>aKaE/aE
a]."aU!Uad&.au2haJ3aTa01
aE
aEU(6aEaEŽ5aa1aEaE
a21 2+. d
a=aEaQ2a]G}aE4=aEa aa0aXa>a7UaA2
aaA!a
a=a=aZj.a.Fa0Uao=ajI_a
aaEj.aE.2
ab1 b_a
aE= a]j
a23.aE
aaaZEj.a2k)
a]S$aU) a*!UaKak Ura7"a
aaaZEj.aESj
a2=aaraYUazaA!a-R.a
a]I}k ]!
a2a /aE
a#!Uax1aE
1aUraaS}a‡R+aKaEŽ5aja„Œ
a*azaZj.a
&Faoa

a
a21 2+.aTa41a
aaaZj.aFajI_a2=a*"au_a0I K4Ua2=aŠ\
aja2Œ1 2?_aa
aaaZj.aSŒ4=ax.a#!U
ٍ
aS_ aFaES_ aES_ aK.a"a0
aE_aQaZFa3ax.a >ax1a71 2P. ja /aE
aEU3aFa‹
a2=aQaK4UaZEj. E.2
a !=az1 raU2
a&Sa2=aEŽ5aE=aEaE
aEU2
a&Sa2=a21 2+.a
aŠ\
zaZK}
 240

a2jkaEaE
aEUSaUrazaaE3aj6= Ta
aEaJ3aj.a.3a2ka™|$azaEazpUa
aaaaj.a2|5
aEUa2
ažo=a21 2+.aaEj.aE.2
a1a3aE
aEjI_azax.ar T ax1aZaA3a
aQa2
aaAS
aE
V
a&Sa2=a aE
a ax1GUaE
aaa0IaEj.aESj&aTGava¥2>a0UaUaE araYUaEaE

Zj.a.Fa "aEaEP1 2h aj

aE}aE.2
a&Sa2=a
S
aEa]1 >aZEFa"aK ]2aE
a‹ a
R
a01a
aEŽ5a0
aK4Ua03a

a
a]2a 1 "a
$1a
aaa0
aEFaK4UabI&a01ajau2ha!
aAav E
aE_a
ad
aEaEŽ5a
aa¦_ažo= aa0
aEFaSIa3a
az }%a
a2aQaja‹ aKa*a]2a2\aa]2abI_ E3aza
aT2IaKa]23.az U)UaZK} ESj
a
$1az1 ra
7!Ua0a
a]U!UaaaEjI_aEo=a aE U
a„.aE
a#-R.a=ab1ab_a
aE= a}G}a=a„. E
a]I}kaEa
4aK43aK}aE.3aEjI1aE!1a¦_
aTaQa01aZEFaS1a'@aKaT2a
a a0Ž5aT"a
ab3aK}a3aE!1
V E Ua&$aEaZEFaS}a1
a3aSIaz K4Ua"a
_aza
aEŽ5aE
ad"ax1a /aE
aE_a2
a&Sa2=a21 2+.a0
aEFaT7{ /ƒ"a

Zj.a
aQaKaaE
ak U)U

56 %‫ظ رﮨ ﮯ  ا‬+2) ‫ ﮯ‬P‫اد‬

a
a a 0aXa>a7Ua2=aha¬)aE_aE
a0+>a0
aEFa01a4=a2aZEFa4=ax1a
E/aQa01
aK43aEj.ajaT
2+ 1 Ga„Œ
aE
aEU2
aaa,+>a,+>aK4UaaEj
a1axjaxja
av1
ZSIa3a
aK4Uar Ua2ŽU

a
a~– a2=a]_aE
aaaZEj.aESj&aa!UaoaEa*a
aUaa7Ua
a ) 
a– aEa'aEŒaza+ً ‫او‬
a•"aU!U da
a
aTaaT/"aE
a– aaTa
a– aE_aE
aaaZj.a2{a24kao 
a
-|$
aEUa]4Ua3a0+&_ax1ax1a.aE_ E
aaaZES1a2
E_aE
aEŽ5a_&/aE=a
aaaza0
aj.a0Ua!3
aoaEa*a=aza
a1a
aQaaj.a0+&_aS&" z1 raEa*a
ak Ura
aaaGkaKa
/a
a~–
ZEj. ESj&a012

a2
a#>a azaEa#&ax1 x1aE
ak Ura
a– aapSRkax1ax1a21 2P.ax1ax1a
a– azaً,-
aa#}3a
|aE4=aEaQa Fa0
aEj.aESU3a) zaZj.aFa0Ua#>aj7
aE4=aEaQaK4Ua3aEj.aEF
a}ajIa3au2ha
aa!UaAŠ4aaEFa}aa a,+>a
a FaA a!Uab1 2.azG
=a01aaEj.az2&k
 241

aK k Ura=aK4Ua0IU
aEj.aESjI1a
a#/5a2}aaESaTa2}a„.aE
a03.a= zaE_aQaZEF
ٍ
aQa0
aEFa2}ªaZj.aU2
ad
aK &}a
aaaj.aU.a#PUa
aaj.aU2
a
=a“PUa
aa(&
aSIaFaK4UapUa#4a.azaKaEj
a1aEaEF SaaSjI1a„Œ
a3a a„.aE
aQ!aa/$
ZEFaSIaFaKaEj
a1aK.aFajI1aaaKar !
a1aEa!
azaS3

a
aaajaE EU2
a07SaaaE
a aa0aXa>a7UaaEj.aESU3a01ajaEaa
aa 2" z  ً -
aFa 43a aGa
aJ3aEFazk oa
4aU2
a2S5a2=a7UaE
a )a0
aj.aQ!a
aTaQa„.aE
aT $
ad2
a0+>aZEj.a¤S+a
|aKaEU2
aa Ta
aE
a2
aA!a¥2ha
a~a`aza2=aaQaZk
aE_IUad
a
a=a1aEa‘2\a.Na!
a=aEUa+>a!
0
aSaK4Ua!1aja'ax1a
aK

aaEFa= 2aT5(S)a*3aaaE
aaa0
aSaFa1jaz 5aG3Uaj7
EadUaE
a~`aE_aE

a2a2
aojk v1 a
ajaEUa™|$ax1a!
aEaKabP1 25aja
"aQaKtkaFax.a]o_aG1 2U)
a2paK
a›-.a2ea. EUa]k_aQ2.a )UaE
a /aK1 a
a !"aQaZ
aK4Ua'&/Sa¥()aE

ZEFa =Ua'a
aQaKaT/"aE
a0+>

aE
~`a
a]_aEU aE
a /a0
aEj.aE.2
aQ!+aa0Naoa
4a
aTaQa2= aE= zaً.‫را‬
a1a0^_7a
a !" !
aKaQaaKŒ4=aKaT>a,+>a#I_aT&/.aaT1 }a
a– aaT
aK4Uad23a_&/a
a1a2
a2^.aEa¥2h =aKaQaaj.ab1a01ax1GUaE
aaa0IU
aK1 2
a0Ua’G
a0
aK}aESaT/"aT2IaE
a !"aQaKaTaE
a0+> Ea03aaZj.a
U)a Žax1a0I
j.a.Fa0$ )aja22azNa]43aj.a.3a—aUa
a246aE
aaaEj.aE.3aÐU
zaEFaE.2
aaav1 
aE
aaaaEa0
.aEj.aES1a04
a‚'"a&
aĂaE
a2
a#PUaTa]}a]Faa„Œ
a‡R_aE
~a`a 1$a0

ZE_a„&a0Ua‡R_aE
a~a` 0/a
a‡R_
²

aZEj.aES} E.2
abP.a
a¤SaKaEU2
a
1av1a
a]+>ada2=aha¬)a0+>a2
  ً"
a
a
a~a`aEaa T"ac/aaEj.aES
a„.aE
aT $aEaE.2a47pUa#4aKaE/aQ
aaZEFaaTa01ajaEUa]2 0
aE3aFaa&ha01a0
a.aEj.aE.2
a*haT4$a2
aba$
ٍ
a0%aT2`a07.2ax1a(aZEFa_ajaa+S 
aEŽ5aE
a2ax1aEUa]+>aE_aE
aa&h
š
ab&_adaKa…a'a2aZŒ4=av1 ax1aEa¬aba2& baXa 7aT2`a2=a•"aE
a…a

KaaaE
aXa 7aT2`a07.2a]UaZja aQ=aE
aaaE_aE
aEU2
a
51  
av1 aa2j=aEU
 242

aa|ˆaZ‚EFa1 xjaTa
aXa 7a/"‚ 125aEUa0%aT2`a2=aQaZj.a0Uaja€25a
a¥2ax1
‰ !

a0Ua
aFaT1aUrac+a
a
aJ3aj. za0-aoa
4a
aT&/.aaT1 }a
~a`  ً‫د‬
aa
%/a
aaaKa]2jkaE
aaaKa]k Ura-|$ 
aaaKa2$/aE
a0+>a0Iaj.
aE. a2ŽUaE.2j=aES6a
a]k_a¥2ha2}a’PUaa{ aE
aJ3aj.aFap_a0ja= 
aQaKa
_ aa
I
a
a2=a 
aT7-/.aaT)a.NaE=a1aƒ\a
aEŽ5a™|$a
aO/SaE
aG6ax1a!1 ZEj.
aza.aEFaja av1 a_2Ua
a2k 0
aEFa03a41aZj.aSIa]4
a#6aza.aja.2
a“=a2
aaTa_2U
aEUaa!
aTa01aaE
aa¬)aQa0
aEFaa2
aF U%U 
aQaEUab{ +aaEFatka_aaŒ4=a_
ZSaK4Ua2ŽUa
a
a  a#&a2= Qa1aEFa
aK4Uaa

‫ت‬u `‫  ا‬2  P‫اد‬

aK}aESU3 ara2a3aK}aESIa„&a¦_aFaE!3aEFajaaTa Fa
14Uax1az(aE

a* a
aEazpUa24ka0IaEFa_a2
K4Ua0/_ƒa
av1a€2RSaj7
aj7
a2=aha22ac+aEUa]43a
ٍ
aEaaaZEFao=a2) a.a'ara
‰ !a1a|a(ˆ AS
aFax1a
ara
a1a
a]S
a=a=a
av1 
a¬-|ax1a=a
a– aaara¬)ax1a=a
a aaaXa>aXa' 0
aEFaK4Uaz $=aTa01
a– au2ha
aa 2" ZEFa. a2ŽUa„.aE
apUax1aa
U!I1a#I_aKav1a,+>ad&.a3aEFaa r U
V
a– aKaQaZSIa2
aK4Ua™|$a2a
#PUa
aQa0
aEFaSj
a
12RUa!1a=a#?aa2Œ1 2?_a

aZEFaS1aj
aFaSIj3adPaa*-a a
~a– KaQZEFa.FaQ!+aFaS_a
-|$a

a™|$a2a
aaE
aXa'a &+aK.a01a0
aEFaSp_aE1aFk 01a'a
a aEFaESo=a
aQ
a„& u2haj6a
aaar2haaara

V ~a`a2
ažo=a
av1aEaT2
aEUa]k_ab3aZSI K4Ua04

a1aEFa,+>av1 a01 0
aK}aESIa04
a01a2
ažo=a
abSac+a2^aEjI1a
a a
av1 azaEFa_

aSaEFaK4Uaara
a aa0aXa> Xa'a01a0
aEFaS1aSaFaara
agea0IU
age
a]43a0IU
aEFa.3aFaQ!+a¥>a€25a
a/&_a
1 a¼R_a
1aKax.av1a,+>a0

=aTa01aaEj
a
R"aEa#?aE
a~– a]}aEFa
aaaKa‡R_aE= 
aTaE
a`aEUa
aKav1a
>-) 2RUa01aZEFa€25aKaarabI_aEFa
aFa~a`a.aaaa')a01a0
aEFaS_
a]}NaEa
4aa.Fa
a#PUaEa]P1 2h <\a
aaaEUa]Ž5aG&
aEa
4a2kaSIa3a=a0Uaj7

aEFa.&aKa#PaTa01a
aZ.Fa—2a—.aOƒaE
aT7-/. aT)aE=aE=a
aaaEUa25
a

 243

DK}aESIa2
a =a#?a2RUax1aa2Œ1 2?_aUax1ax1 2
a#abFNaEa
4a0

aT4h 0
aEFa. a2ŽUa.aEjI1a2
ažoaEk aEaQaZEFaK4UaFax.a a
aAaaara¥2> 0/a01a
aEa€()aaa&1aa]7/$ d&.aE
ak Urax.aT(/a"abaa3aa,>a2
aE_aEaQ7_aa !3
adŽUa!1ax1av1a,+>aKa#!aPS a2I5ad&.ax.aT2) a'aa
"aT(a2
aE_
a=a=aKaG3ad&.aE
aJ3aaEFaSj
a‹GaFax1a=ax. 2) aEa'a3aK}a.2
a“=a#&aa2I5
ٍ
aEF SIabaEa2I5aFax1aradŽUaU a#&Ia.aadŽUaUa Faa¤2a!1 ZEFa<aPƒ
aK4UaFav1age EaJ3aEFa0/1 Na Faax1a01aZESIaaK4UaEa2
a#abFNa›S|aEa
4
a
au2haQa aaEj
aT2- x1aE4=aEaEjI1a
a aZK}a.3aUŒ4=ax.av1aYI%
aEUa aa 2"aav1a,+>a0
aEFaS_a2
Q!+a¥>aTa01a2
a„I1a
aFaa&`aE
av1 a!

a0IU
aSj?aK4Uaxjau2ha!
aa&`a01a UaE
aQaEFa1aT dŽUaa2I5adŽUa3a
ad(a2
a#
ZEFa. a2ŽUa›S|aEa‹GaE
adŽUa= ‹Ga
aQ

‫ا\ت‬,6‫ { ﮯ ا‬%\C  P‫ اد‬K 

a,+>a
ab3aK}a3ajaK1 a!1aKa]&aE
v1a0
aK}aE.25a…3a#e5a2
a#6aEk

a#PUaEaE&32.aG1 2pUaQaE
aÖI%aK1 a13aza2=ahaE
a' E_aE
aQaZEFa#I%a
|aU
Ka!a1938aEa0SI
aEFa
aEUa#1aaa 1a*>a 1 2I_a#`5a_a‹+_ 3aK}aE.25
a‘2a„Œ
KaaE
aTe2SaE
a*>a…3ad2S+a2=av1aaa Fa0
aE
aQa#7"aZEFaFa•$

a’5a!1aEUa 32SaK E&32.aQaE
aÖI%a0
aEFa.o=a4
aTa01a„.aE
aQ!5aoaK&FaK1 2

aaK}aS1aT7{a
a
R"Ua
aajaEaara2aK4UaEaFav1 a a3aK}a
a]ƒ\
at!a
aQa062kaZK}aa2
a#PUaK.7a
Qa
&a]ƒ\ad&.aaaEUa…3a#e5aEaS&!"
a2
Na
aE/aQaE_aE
aEUa03.a¥2ha
aTaQa¥2>a]41 FabI_aEFaK4UaO/.a
aEav+21 r
aKaE-5aE
a0_a
_ a
aQaZEFa
1 a !aoaEa*a
aUa
" QaaS!
=a0
aK}aE.2

a0Ia22 .aEab5aa aE

av1 a2j=aaE3a
av+aQaa "aQa2=a
aUU" 
av1 
a&FaakaE_@a2{a
a2=a a#} E
aUa2) aG6a01aZE3a1Œ4=a 4aT7{a(j
a(j
a
a
R"a™"U
a a]Fa0Ž(a2P5aaE
av1 aFa4=a2=ahaE
a' Dka2
a05ea
aKa"aE
a]S_ 

aQa0IUaEFaka
‚EFaSIaFa
aaTa*az1 raEaQa ‚a0&32. 
a7abI1a _a U$
 244

ao=a2_a 7/Ua1 N EUa 32Sa

a2_a 7/.a1 N ‚Zj.a0Ua*aTaEaa
a
aa‚ aEFa01a0&32.a,+>
a01a¥2>a0IU ‚Dka2
aT7a
Aa2a.a
a
a„aa—j6‚a1a2
a]1a0&32.a
aQa
a a
a22ka2a3aEFa
aƒ\azaEUa 32SaK Eo=a
aT7a#>a0IaEFaK4Ua#&4aFa0&32.
a*h|a0
aEFa}aSaT7a€aaEFa2
Ša0^>a 7/.aZSIa2
aK4U ja aaEj
a
R"aE
Ej‚a0
aEFa01a
a2P5aQa0&32.a,+>aZ 7/.a0
a0Ua.3a4
ab1 7/.aE
a2
aAƒ)a
TaZEFaT
aa01a a*> a
a2) a2
a„I1a
a]ƒ\a
au2haQ ‚]2
aT7a
aAaE=aKa0
a.aa—j6
aE
aE1aEa0U2}a2=ab5a!
aS3 K}aESj
aYa.a
ara
aKa aE
av1 a…3a#e5a0
aka2

ZEFa21 GkUaE_

‫  ں ﮨ ﮟ؟‬c )@) ‫ں‬6 ‫ ) ﮟ‬P‫ اد‬W-8

aE.2
a#PUaK1 aya2p1a /aEI1a…3 #e5aKa26a¥2k2=aZK}aE.2
ag3a¥2ha
av+a#>a FaA
aZEFa‘2Sa
aK4Ua2=aa&`aE
av1 aJ
a0
aEFa1S K4Ua01aEUa]4Ua0p3 !
aaK}aEtkaE6
= ‚U1 2‚a3aKav1aaa0
aK}aE.25a4ªa
a')aQa„.aE
a-S) zaKa27a¥2ka2=a0S7_
ٍ
a0
aEFa01a')a
aaa7_\ Zka]FaŒav1a01a/"a0
aESIa2
aK4Uaa01aza2=aa
aQaEFa.3
aj
a!1aaaE
a]2k$aE
aaaaT24ƒa‹r 2j=aaaaE
ab.)aa aa0aXa>a7U
ٍ ٍ
aEU2
ad(
a25a25a2=av1az2
a“=a
a…3a#e5aKaE!aQaZEF SIaFaE!
a2) apSRkaj

ad&/_ A+> ‚0S51a /.‚aE

aEUraz3a0IU
aK}a2ea1a2
aaaK.a_> 6aE4=aE
ZK} ESj_a2=av1a
au2haQaEaEa03a
aEj&a0Ua
a].a4U

aa
2.aa /.a2ea
QaO/SaE
ab3aK}aE!1aE$ka 6aE
ak Ura)a
aa!Ua0
a01a‫اول‬

aE
aaax.aK"a0S51a"2.aaEa03aaaEF }a.Fa•Ua2
aQ!a3aEa
ad2$aKaE1aT1 }

aQa0
aEFaa!a01a
a4_a
/1 2$aZK}aFa›"UaEax.a]_>a S E
a
5ŽUaaT4haKa
aEa]ƒ\ K&Fa2
aSa<eaa "aO/SaE
aaaaK1aT1 }a
a FajaKaaE
a]$k aaEU
a
ak Ura7/$a¬)aQaK" 
aaa0IU
aK}aE.2
a "a
aG6aQa¦_a2I5a*>aE
a]"a2\aZ1Œ
a2
a "Ua
a /.aQa‹ aEtka#aEƒea01aEj? 2jka
ab3aa&!a2paZK}ad2+aEa
2.aa /.
a
aA2^a#}a3aK}aE.3aFax1 2$aja¦_azaKa4ªaE
a "U aa0
aEFa0Rƒ_a*aaK}aEF
ZK}a#"aE
aEU2
a…aKaQ ax. ‰Sex EÇucationˆ Ka P.
 245


a
aja
 )a01a0NaE
aaj.a125aaE_aE
a /.a&F
aY=a7UaJ3 EUa_/.aXa0
a01a‫دوم‬
a]ƒe  SaKa0/aQaA2a#}aZaK&Faja
2.aa /.a
ak Ura7/$a¬)aQa0
j.
aSaT4haja
a]. aja
a]2aE
aaa
aaaEUa aa0aXa>a7UaZEj.a›"UaEax.
aT24ƒa‹ra=a0IaEj&aEaara¥2> 0Ua#!a2aFaE!1aGUa#!aE
az2\a#!\a
a~`a0
aKSa
a]k_adaaK1 2
aAPUaEa
a]$kaaaE
k UrapU)a
a– a0
aaTr3aja

ZEj.aE.25 #&a2=a]ƒeab
a)


aƒa03a
a]aE_aE
aba
aT24ƒ ‹ra
~a`a2h)a
aT2eaaEUa_/.aXa0
a01a‫م‬
a2
a#>a&}aO/SaE
a]$kaaaE
ak Ura2
aFa2e Ka
 )a
aaaa&!a0
a.aj.a125
a0Uaz2ƒ)a
ar Ua#)a
a0Š3aY=UaE
a !"a!
aEFaE.2
apSRka2=a#! aaKab7U3aaKI
aK. 3a0
aSab4Ua
aTaQaja2ŽUax1a
aKaz2)Na=aE
av1 a0
aEFa03 41aZEF
aj6=aj7
ajaEaT&p 
a]+>a2a1ab1 $aER)azaK}atkaj6=aEab&_aT4
ZF 
apSRka
a
UaQaEa]2aEUa]4Uaa]Fatk


a„&az 1 !=Uaaz2Ia1ad2 
]G6ab3aEa2{aE
a-Uaa41a1aEaa&kaE=a¦_a0
a01a‫
ﮩرم‬
aE
ar3a IaZK}aG3azaKa
/1 2$a0
aj.a.FaK4Uaa&h 
aaa2
aba01a¥2>aO/SaE
aaaEj.aEj?
a
a&haE=azaE_aQaFa0Ua_)aEa
F2
a01a 1$a0
aj.a.3aza"ax$a01aK ]_aE
aaa3
a0
aEj.aES_aa3 01aza*3aZj.a
a#&ar2ha=a
~a`a0
aEj.aESj&a2eaU2
ad/a01a2h)
a
~a`aza0IU
aj.a.3 #IUa')a
a
F2
aEa]_aE
aaa*.aEFa
a#&a](5a)aEU ~a`
aFa2kaEa
FP{a1=a1az2IazaFa
aEUa– ad
3a0
aj.abP1a
aaaaEj.aESj&aa!Ua_ax1
aE!1ac/aE
ak UrapU)a
~a`a
aT24ƒa‹ra2=aa
aJ3aEF 03a Fax1a01aZSIaFaK4U
ZE}6 U2
aaa
aaa0UaK}aSIa2
aaa0Uab.)a2a3ao=aU2
aa
aT(/

a FaoaE
aT7Ua
aaaa
&Ž 
a aa0aXa>a &+a
PPa0-a01a
av1a0
a01a67 )
a1 .a=aaj.aSIa2
a
&Fa01aa
aKaUa E
aXa'a &+aZEFaOaE
aEU2
a&$aKa }$
a=aa„
a2=ada2Ža
a– aE=aE+&_a2}aE
araa*$ax.a'a23aEF 
a
&Fa01aEUaJ
aKaU!U
a'a
k Ura
a2jka2a0
aaaTr3a
ax.a]1 a=aaaax7=aja
ak Ur £1 2=
ZaSa¥>a¥>a
a]k_aj
 246

‫ﮦ‬$ 5 F+3  ‫ا\ت‬,6‫ا‬

ٍ ٍ
ZK} 
a“=aEUa…3a#e5a3aE25a0Ž(a
av1aaa25a25a2
a„
 KazpUa
aaa

a#I_aEa
U7}a062ka aa0 Xa>a7Ua0

aK}aS}6aUSa01a#>a0%aT2`aKa89 0‫)ﮩ‬
aQabI_aEFa.FaEaa=a
a2}$a2}aE
aUa3aEj.aESj
 O/.aa<aFaEa]1 a=aaEj.a

aT"a! ja /aE
aEU3a£_a„.aE
aaKa2S!a0
aj.aO/.a24ka!1a
a– aEa_/. Xa„.aE

a1 ka0
aEj.aE.3a„au2haQa2
—j6a“aa›ƒ_a
aUa– aaj.a.3a a*_\a€$a
aT7a2=a– ax1I1
a
a aa0aXa>a7Ua0
aEFa01a'aZEF K4Ua!Œ_aEaG6a!
aaE
ak a
a )a
a–
aE
a– a.a. a0UaKa$a01a2kaaDj.aSIaSaa
aaaE
a0} 
a– a0$kaR|a01a
a07haT
aa
z2}Ža
a
%)aa
7+a
a )aKa¼aJaDSU3aE!
aUa
R
a,+>a
aXV ¬()
aKa4.a$k 0
aFad/a*3aEFaSj
a
"aa.a'a
a
%)aa
7+a24kaaŒaZ.2
aK4U
ZEFa.Fa
ak UraUa
a
V

ax.a*3aEFaK4UaG6aE_aEU—.aea)aEa0a0
aEFa01a-Pa
aEUS #>aKa89 1‫دو‬
aEj.aESj& ea™"Ua
aFaEa)a¦_a2=ahad
V aZE3aFa0Ua‹)a
ha
aEaTŠ3 7\a0

a
a0%aT2`aZEFa.3a a2ea€25aK T4ha
ara
a.aEFaK4UaSaea2kaQa0
aj.a01a')a
aaa
a0t!a01aZEFao=ar&Ua2^aE
aea /aE
aQa)aEUa~a` 0
ao=aUSa01aE_aE
aEU2
aax$a
aa

aEUFad/a01a.a
aaaFao=ar&UaK43a2paFaSj
a0Ua
&Fa
aEF6 E_aE
a]k_a2
ZE.FaK4U Ka
_aJ
aaK}aE.Fa#"aE
aEo=ar&UazaKa
_aJ
a0
aEFaT2ea'24

aA)a
au2haaTax1a2k 0
aEFa.3a a“=a0PaEaEt!aQa
aa.)ax1aKa89 1
a. a“=a
a
4a
a].a0IU6aT>a01aZ2
a
za.aK}aE.2
ajI1a2aå_a2=ahada!3aEjI1
a01aEUa~`aa_a„6=a0t!a2
a3aEUaa.)aaaZKj.a›"UaE Ia2$aE
aQaK.aE_aQaEF
a /.a2eax1a
a].ad&.a0Ia
aaa¥2>a0UaE}6aU2
a#!\au2haFa2aj 
aTa2
aS
a0UaEa!
a#! E
ak Ura=aK.a0
aEFaS}6a01aza1 ka.aEFa‘2Sa
a!
a2ka2=aQaZ
aKaQa.aoI 2a
av1 a}aZK} .2
aE aKa„&a=a„Œ
a3aFa)aaE
ad2$aaKj6=
azau2haajaEaTa0
aEFa25aaa
PPa& 01aEUa~a`a2=a*/.a4ªaE
aa.)ax1
aJ3aEaKa]UaaEFa.Fa =aEaEaE
a]UaaaaZEFa.FaE 2au2haJ3aEFa.Fa‹)
 247

a| T(-R.a3a
av1 aQaZK}a.Fa]1&Uaz1 ra
>-)a
aaKaEŒaEFaS}a*_\ 0RƒUa

K}a01a‡R_aE
~a`aKa
1ax1aZEjI1a2
a(a
aaaK}a aKaAa›S|aE
a !a


a __a07$aa#32_aa¡&aNaa0_)a __a07$ #32_a a¡a(aNaDx_Na#7"abaa07%_aaI1a#a
Z0&
*_\a2=aERƒUaE
a2a0RƒUa
aTa*3aDEFa.FaEa03aa!
aaE
aQa
4% 
aa
a‚
Z‚EFa.3a2=a'a0Œ .aEFaS}a*_\a2=aERƒUaE
aQa0RƒUa
a2a*3aaEFa.3a2=a'jUa.aEFaS}

a'GUa
a2a2kaKa
/a0
aK}aE4=a/ 01a
av1aaaEaT2$a1a
_43aEUav1 ab1 2I
2$aa(43a]41a0
aK}aa2a2=a
_a
axaQa FaZ2=a]a0UaEFa.3 2=a–a0Œa.aFaE4=aEaT

a2
aFa2{SaEaQa2^ E
aOP+.ax.a¦_a0S51a /.aaaK}aEFa2
ar\a&a
a !"aQa0U(
ZK}aG1 27_ Ea].abP1a#"Uav1a0
aK}aEFao=aKa&45a<\aQ

a)aEUa~`aaK}aESIa2
#!\a„.ax1ab3ra0
aEFa1Sa01aEUa0%aT2`aKa89 5

aa]1 a]}aE
ab3aj.a a“=a
a]k_aa #>aT2ea
aEU2
ad/aE
aEt!aQaZEFa
a!1
ap.a
a
"a0
aj.a. a“=a0PaEa'aT>aQa}a
aaa
" E
a25aZEj.a =aE
ar&Ua*a2}$
aUSa01a
aaaKa
_a!1aZj.a.3a j6a
&3a
ax1aEaEU2
a#!\a2p1 /aEI1avaE

aZEFaK4Uaj
7"a
aKaQa0IaEFaG3a¥2>a0Ua_a2
a#!\a„.ax1a
a]Ua0
a.aj. 2e
aaEj.aK4UaEU)a#!\aE_a$ 
aa
"aQaKaE1 a0
aE}6a_aa3aja01aKaE!aQ
a.2
a13a !aKa]r&Ua
a%aa,7>ajaK.aaj.a.2
aFa
"a'aKaEUraQar&Ua
a25
ZEF K4UaOaE
aEUaG6a
aKav1 aQa0
aE3a1SaK&Fa2
a„
aK zpUa
a].aaaZKj.

aJ
aEFa.Fa*3 Ka
_aJ
a#!\aEaA)a0
aEFa1SaEUa0%aT2`aKa89 ‫ﮟ‬:,)
a*3a*
a#!\aKa
_a
a a0
aEF 1Sa01aEUa]4UaKa89 ‫ﭩ‬5
aaZ.FaK4Ua*3aKa
_
aFad/a0Ua01aEax.a*3aSIa„&aK4Uau2ha=ax.
"aQa a
a]1 a]UaaaZEFa.3aF
ac/aZj.akaFa =a¥(S)ax1aaaE
ab/.aad2
a0+>a
" QaKa0/aE
a#!\aA3a0

‹)aza*3aEFa.Fa*3a
"aQa¥2>a#!\a0
aEj.a(S7aKa&45a<\aQa2k$aE
aaa0+>
aE_aE
a
_a
A)a¥2>a Ia01a0
ao=aUSa01a
a0%aT2`aE_aE
aEU2
a•5a
a&45a<\aQaZF
 248

a2=aEP1 2haa#&a=a

a aa0 Xa>a7UaaEFa.3aFa#!\a*3a')a2aKa aEF
V
aza‹2)a¥2>a™|$a3a0IU
ZEFaSj
a
&FaoaE_ E
a]_aEo=ar&Ua0/a01a0
aEFa2}ªaZj.
a>a7UaZj.aSIa2
aƒ\a
aEo=ar&Ua /aE
aza‹2)a(aT2$7az
V .Fa#"a
aEUFa*3a#!\a2=
ZFa0-5a/ƒ"a
aEt!aQaEaFaEUSa#&a=a
a a 0aX

a
_a
acaa
3a0
aEFa2eaU3a01aE_aE
aEj&a
a11 ‫اور‬10 ،9 ، 8،7 <=, 8‫د‬9‫ا‬
abI_aZka
a“= jaKa01 &+a
/1 2$aaj.ajaKa]S/1 2$a 1 "a-.a
aEUFaY=UaE
aa!U K
a0
aj.a1aoa.aEa' Sa a
a-.aQ EUa a0^_7a
a]7}a!aa]141aKa]S/1 2$a 1 "
ٍ
aE1 a>-)aaE
araEa2{aE
aaaaEj.aEp_aEj&aY=U 
aFa3aE
aa!UaKa
_aQaz
ٍ
1 kaKa2$/aQa.a
aTa0`a>-)aZj.aka”4=a
a0^_7a a-.a01aj
V Ka] $aE


aAaK}a
a#PU v1 a01aEUa…3a#e5aEaJ3aKaÖI%aAS
aa0ŒU6aZj.a.3aFa0/hPa=
a„.aE
aQaa=aUj
a„.aE
Qa41a.aj.a. aca
aTa*3‚a0
aEFa01av1 a4=a
ac+_
aT2$7a#/5a¥2>aKa
_aQa0
a1Sa
a]k_aEUa a 0aXa>a7UaZEj.aES1a—j6a4a}
ax1a3aE
aQabI_ ‚ZEFa.FaKa
_ada!3aE}6a}au2ha T2$/aa"aEFaG3U
aK
_a
acaa
3a0
aEFaESj&a01a¦_aaEFa"aT7-/.a 1 "aKa]k_ x.aT 
ara
ajazaE3a_a
aG6 J3a„.}a
aQaKa
_aQaaEFaFaS}a.a ka„Œ
a0Ua„Œ
a3a
aa!U
a~`a0
ao=aUSa01a
a0%aT2`aE_aE
aEU 2=a' Sa
aT-.aaaZEFa.3aFa2ea.az2Ia

aZr&U3a0Uaa2S!a0Uaj.a.Fa kaU=a0Uax1GUaE
a~– aZEj.aE.25 K4UaAS3a
aKa
_aQa)
a
a !"a2}a" SIa2
aK4Ua#/5ax1a¥2>a2}$a
aQa„.aE
aa0`a0
a1SaFaEUa]4U ja01aGU
a—.a0UaEUaT24ƒa‹ra2a 0%aT2`a2
aSa#/5a=a
a~a`a
aT7-/.aaaZEFaG3a¤(S)
aEFaSIa3a
azr Ua
aaaj.aSIa a“=a0PaEa]p. b3aKaT2$/a1 2jka=aK&Fa‹ a.a.Fa1
a!1 aa
a7Ua(ja0
aK}aEFaáa01aEj?aAa FaEaE
aEU2
aa01 2I$a
]!+aaaE=abI_
°2
aaaK.

‫اض‬,6‫
ں  ا‬K K$) ‫دو‬

0
aEFa125aEUa aa0aXa>a7UaKab3aK}aE.25a#PUaK1 aa…3a#e5 Ka28a¥2k2=a2j=
aKaQaajI1 
a¯raEUa~– aaEj.ab
!aa2P5a $a2
aE
aQaajI1a
a
3aEUa~–
 249

aEU2
abP1a01a
a– aE=aK‚a0
aK} E.25a')a01a¥2>a0UazaO/SaE
av1aaaZj.a
a].aT2

aUraEa2=aE-aE4=aE
av1aaaza0I ‚Zka]Fa4
aK. 01aEUaXa'a &+a0
a]Fa.=a#"UaE

‚ZEFaka1a2
a•aEaEU2
a#>a
_a
a]U&!a0
aEFa01a
a*ƒa
Q‚a0
aK}aE.2
aj

aEFa.FaO &45a<\aFa.aE3aGkaEa2ŽUa

a aj7
a2=aha22a2kav1 a
a
au2h Q
aQaEazpUa
ab3aaEFa
0/_ƒa•a
av1aEUa]k_ab3abI_aZEFa
aEUa…3a#e5a2
Na
aJ3
ac+aT }%a01aE=aEUa~a`a0
aEFaK4U z $=aTa01aEaaaK}aGkav1a2S%a
a
U
~– aZK}aE25aaaE_aE
au(>a
a]F2kaU!Ua›S| 0IaK}aE
aK4Uaaa2h)a
a0/"aa
a0IaK}aE.FaO+S!az1 raE
a 43a¦_a a
_a
7!Ua0a
a] a*1 2\ 0
a1SaK4Ua41a¥2>aEU
aaK}a.2
A2)a#7PS!a
aaaKaT2) a3aK}a]2a
aza
aaa0
aEFa1Saja01a
] a
_
~a– au2haaZK}a'+$)aj KaT2) au2ha
aUazaEaJ3aE}6aU2
aS)a#&ar2ha
aK4U
aKa2ƒ)aE
a 43aK4UaAaEaa
aE
aaa0
EFa1Saja01a
a].aKaT$a›S|aE=aEU
aZK}aSIaFaO+S!a
a
3azaE
a2
aS)a](jaaa
aaE}6 ŒaK4UaEab3aK}aE.2
a(S7
0
aEFaT2ea
aK4UaFa0Ua
>25a
aEU2
a0/_ƒa
aTP/Sad&.aE
aEt!ax1 
aA+>ab3
ZK25aEa4ªaE
a2
a&Sa2=aT/aG3

‫اض‬,6‫  ا‬PK ‫ا` اور‬

K}aE.25a…3a#e5aKa29a¥2k2=a /aE
aQ

a2=a852a0+R> E
a|av1 a3akaFa25aTazaEUaXa'a &+a0
aEFabP1a#"a01a
] 2a 1 G‚
aK1 2
aT2$7aEa]. aaKa
3aa&!a0
aEFa2EaJ"abaXa 7aKa602Ý74a27&Ua
1
‚Zka]Faj?aKa]$ka›S|aE
aE&)ax1a3aEk

a07$a2) aZEF ka1a0_a

a852a0+R>aE
aJ3aEFaAS
aaa
a2) ‚|av1 ‚a01a0
aEj.aa2 F
aEaZEFa
a•$aEUaGa¢1a &+ b1axa3aFa0&32.aa
a|7_a 1 2.a2aEaQa 1$a0
aGk
a a…3a#e5a0
a˜
a0Ž(a
a SaQaNaAaZEFa
 0_a/"a0
aFad/a.ajI1a2
a'IU
a
aE&32.a<a<\aE!1ax1a0_aaK}aEFa25aEa4ªa0U2}aK E-5aS_ ax1a2=av1 
a#>a0
01a Sa 1 Ga2=aQa2j=aEFaka
aK4Ua2}ªaKaAS
ax.adUa
a 32SaE
aJ3aK} EFa
 250

aK4UaQ!+ax.a01a K}aEFa25a "aEa2

ažo=a‡R_aE
aE&32.aEaE
aEo=a‡R_aE
av1 
EFa01a0&32.a,+>a
aaa‡R_a#>aE
av1 aZEFaƒ\a
aKaE&32.a0
aE.25

ٍ
a jaaa5ƒ1Zb1 2)Ô a21aa#aja®1 ra#
a5 a(aaSaje2a®5aÖ_ã_aba®&)a®_a5aa
48
a&_
aKaE$ka2}aE
aQaZEFa#a60a‘2a
aQaEFaFa Ea.aEj
j
a3aEFa0&)ax1aKa
3
ٍ ٍ
a2} S"5aS"a/1ˆaZEkaK1 2
a
%ka2=aaabaZESIa„I1aK4Ua
a]_ E}aKa]$ka2aE_aE}
‰ZEkaK}aE.3aQ=aE
a]_ E$kax1

a…3a#e5aaEFa1a2
‚EkaK1 2
aT2$7aEaa‚aEU 32Sa0&32.a
a jaa5ƒ1aKa2P5az %
a<)
aE
aE}aE.3aQ=aE
a!
aS"5aS"a/aE
‚0a¥h‚a0IUaZEFa1 „
a a
aEa=a2=aaEU
EFaka125aEFaE.2
a2
Na
aFa
3aKa aa 2"aZE
aEU2
aT2$7 0
a0UaK}

a
‚ZK}aE_aE}aFaE
o_ 0%&Fa3aEka]FaE.2
a
%kaE
o_aE!1a2=aa‚aa |aa _a jaa5ƒ1
aO/SaE
a]
o_aå_aa](\a¢U_aKaUa† DEkaK1 2
aT2$7EaaaE
o_a01a0
aEFa01a*ƒa
aQ
"a0S7_a]Fa0Ua#)a2^aE_aTr3aKazkaT)a
a0U) *V >a.aKaT" b.aza0
aEFaka1a I
a2=a .az‚ ‚ I a5h‚a0
aEFatka
aaa01a
a
a IaQaaK}aESIa aTr3(azaKaT"
‚#}‚aKav1 av+21 raDEka]F E
aFaT2$7a/aE
a¥haQaja]41a
aZ‚K}aE_aEU2
a
%k
a*.akaK}aKa]-a›S|aE
aE&)a—6 #a60aQa3a]FaFa]1 a
abax1a2ka2aE
ٍ
a
a
aDEFa/a Fa
aFaT2$7ara
aU3aKa]2jk E
a]1 a›S|a=a
a™|$a!
aj
a™|$aFa¥2>a.a0&32.a01a
a¥haDSj
aK4Ua!Œ_a
aEaa=aaE
d
ax1aQa a(j
ZFaau2ha2aJ3a2=abFNaE
aJ3aEFaSI 2

‫ ﮟ‬5 >‫ د‬K$) ‫ ;ہ ﮨ;ﮯ  دو‬z ‫  ﮯ‬

a
aJ3ˆaKa
1a_a…1 )aba•5 0
a01a'aZK}aE.25a“=aK_aaa…3a#e5aKa30a¥2k2=
a– aKaaaESj
aK4UaO/.aEab1aT(/a3a0
aEF 125a01a)aEUa~a` ‰EFa1aEUa]4Ua0_
a]4Ua0_a
a]41aˆaEFa1ara2=aQa)aEUa~a`a0
a01adaZE3 _a„&a0Ua2) a¥2a
aTa

ZE}6aUF &}a
a]U&!aKak UraE}a07/$ad&.a3aEFaAS
ax1azaFaa 2"a0
‰1 K4UaEU
 251

a01a0/"aKaQaZEFa1aEUa]4U 0_a
aJ3aEFa.3a aEaFav1 aQa)a#_a4=aEaKaa
a2=aJ3aj.a1az%ax1aKaE/aE
aU7\a
]j
a
a01 a#}aEUa~a`a0
aEFaka
aa
a
aK4&.aKa0/aE
ab1a4&.a*3aK‚a0
a125aEUa– a2=aQaZtk Fa
a =a.aka
a#&
aTa01 EaQ ‚Z]FaFa2%ax1aJaKa.a]4
a„Œ
aEaEa=a*3aa2
a2=a
aQa. ]a I
a$aE
a~`a.aKaaaEF _aKa&} †2aE=aEUad(ab1a
aT(/ab3a0
aEFa.3aFa,e
a*3aEa
a– aKaaaEFa_aK4UaKa2aE= EUab1a
aT(/ab3a0S7_aEFadra2=a
a2k
a
ab
aaEFa_aKa2aE=a
aT(/ab
aEUab1a0
aEFaSIa„I1 )a™|$a2}aAaZEFaK4Uag7.
aZEFa_aK4Ua0N E=aEUab1aUjIad
a
a6a1ad
a
ara1aU7\a
a]k_a0
aEFa2}ª Z_aK4U
au2haaabU"a$/abU"aabU"  35aaU1a0
aEFa }$a2=aTaQaFaa 2"a)abI_
a_aKa#& †2aE=aEUad(ab1a
aEU2
aaabU"adIaO/S E
aT(/ad&.aE
ak Ura&S3
a#_a
v1 aaz
ŠaE_aE
aE1a2
aa
aT1 }a
a aa0aXa>a7UaO/SaE
aaaZEF
ZEFaSIa3a1aE!

a0
aEFa1 aa&`a01aKav1 a!
a
a~a`a0
aE3 1SaK&Fad2
az2a.a#_a2aF
a125a01aJI2aE
aQa.aEUa~a`aZE}6aU2
ag3a¥2ha
aa 2" ¥2>aE_aE
a&}a
a]U&!
0
aEF

‰hˆ0_a®aaXaAS

a&ja SI!&.aa-.ab_ab1 2a I5a

2.
a )ax1aZEkaFa0Uaz2&kaGk2} FaEj.aK4Ua .ax.a*3a]Fa}a3a—j6aK1 G6aaaa4&.aK
Z
a
a'aE
aQa2aAS
a

R3 ‫د ;ہ‬D,6‫  ا‬P‫  د اد‬c uK2)  

az2
a•&3a=a)ab{ +a0
aTa01‚ aK}aE.25azaZK}aE.a#_a x1a…3a#e5aKa31a¥2ka2=
a01 Ea]U&!aza0
aEFa.3aFa,eaEa0/"a2ax1aa¥2>aEj.a0Uabt&ƒa2=a
+> 
av1
aEa
+>a/a&F K4Ua0
aK}aS4
a01a0Ia_aaa,+>a
av1az2
a•&3a&Fa0
aES4
aK4U
a2ea2\a#I_a'a
aEŒU3a01a.a.FabP1 
a
+>a
av1aaaK4Ua2kaZ_a2
aa&ha=a2
a”U3
 252

aK4Ua,+>ax.a
"aQa
aG6a!
a aOP+a
a
aUaZEF ' Sa*ax1a01a
PP ‚Zj.
a•".a01aEaOP+a U&1a!
a– abI_a.3aFaK4Uaa&ha
a
+>a
aQa0p3 =aEax.a*3aS4

aEa]k_a„.aE
E_oaak 2
a07_ƒaEa2jaUa
aEU aE_aa&1a2=aOP+.a=aza0
aESIa2
K4U

a=a0
aka2
a41a.azaZE}6a_ aa,+>aEaja
a .aŠ4_a]FaSj&a,+>aEaKa0
akaE4

aSaakaa„
aEaE
a]k_a*a
a*azaEFa1 aE E
aQajaa3aKaa E
aTPP+.
aŠ)a2 a&ha4&.a2ka_a”U3aK4Uaja .aZ]FaŒ4=ax.a…SUaaaKa2=a 
aaQa0
aka
a41aEUab{ +aZ_a2
aOP+.a)aE 0/1 NaE
aQaEFa2eaa01a0Ua_a2
a'7"aK4Ua.aFa2=a…SUaz2

a a2}aZEFaa2
aaaEUa]4Ua a=a
aQaEFaŒ4= ja'"a1a#/5a3a
a~a`aK4UaZEFa
ad

a_aEU aEa] a›S|aK} ˜1a2

aaaTaE
a2
ax1ax1aEaK aaK}aE aaES3aK
a2}a EFaS1aSa¥>a¥>ajaEaEFaSIUa4=a
a
aT"a1a›/eaEa]Ä4=ab3ab3 KaT1
a7SaE
aG&
a1a
+> 
aQa2=aa
a#a](5a](5a Fa0
aEFaaaEa=aO/SaE
av1 
aE
aaazaK}aES4
a,+>aEaEP1 2ha#_  Qaza
a]1 ab3a0
aEFa2}ªa01aAaZK}aES1a03a01aE
aQa
a2paZ]
aFaES4
a,+>aK4Ua2) aza.a.Fa0U bP1aK4Ua
a
+>a
aaaZK}aFa,+>ax1GU
a,+>aK4Ua Fa0IU
Äaa&1a2=a
+>a
aaaja . °U&!aa0
aj.aE}6 4
aja01aK4Ua /aE

DK}aEFa 2"

&'  S8‫ﮯ ر‬8 ‫ل اور‬D‫ ) ﮟ ا‬P‫اد‬

aE KaaaZEFa.Fa0&.)a
a#aE
aaa2=ab3aK}aE.25a$aaK.aa…3a#e5 Ka33a¥2ka2=
aaa0
aEFa.FaQ!+ ¥>a2
ažo=aK43aK}a<aEaa2-S|a
4av1aa
4‚a0
aEFa01aTa4=
a,+>a
aaaaj&axjaxja
aa ZEFaka
aaaE
a2
a_aEa#+ a•"aa€7aa€a

ab3a]Fa0Uad/aTazaaFa0UaEa€a
a x.a*3aZEFaK4UabI&aU2
a™|%a aad4R
aaaEFaka4
a01‚a0
aK}aE.25azaTa2 ‚ZEFa
ad
a
a1aEF 4
aTa
aEUaY=a'aK
av1a.aK Et!ax1a
ara
a2paSIa2
aK4Ua¯!a
adIaE
aa 2"av1 a0
aEFaka4
2=ah
‚ZEFa0t!a
a
>azaaEFaa2
a 2.aKaY=aa 2"aEU

ZK} E.2
a S)a
a P.aQa FaE
a2
a‘2aT&
a 6ajaO/SaE
a].a]U a

aEaEo=a2=aha22 
a!
aEaKa]S
a™|a
av1 a3aEFa2{.a!1ax1a#>aTa4=
 253

aa2
a0
aEFa.3aFad/a
a a /aE
a0/_ƒ &a•a
av1 †2)NabI_aZEFaS_a2ªUadax1
a0P/Sad&.a€7aa€a=a
aaa0p3a2a!
aK}a<aEa 2-S|a0p3a!
a3av1a2S%
a
\a2kaja2=aaaKSaK4UaT(-R.aKa0/aE
av1ab3a2j=aZEFa.3a# „.aE
aT/"
a¥2>a
a2ŽaJ=aE
aabI_aZK}aE.FaEFa2
az$a¥2ha
a2ŽaJ=aE
aaa)a‡R_aE
aaa.aE3
aXa'a /aE
aEU2
a0/_ƒaE T2
a
a]S
a
aT2aav1 aEUa]43aK}aESIa„&a¦_aF
ax1azaZEFa_a„&au2haj6a
a
R
a
2$/aE
a
"aQaa 4aE
a aa0aXa>
ab
aTa01a0
aK}aESIa2
azr Ua01aU a2
a„I1a2
Na
a0/" !
a1a'"a!
axU6aKav1 a2-S|
a„Œ
a
aQaZEFa1 a“=aKaT/" !aJ
a0/"a01aaEFatka4
a2=a#+ J
aaKaT
ZK} EI6a2
a“=a FaEFaE.2
a,1 2%.a
av1ac/aKaE!aE
a P.aE4=aEaQ K_

‫ ﮨﮯ؟‬3 A )3 ‫ن ) ﮟ‬J ،PK  

a
a 2.aKaa 2"a…3a#e5a
av1ab3aO/SaE
a
>a0
aEkaK1 2
‘2a FaO/SaE
aTa2
a.F d/a¥>a.aE3ao=a2
a(a„.aE
a¿2adIaE
a!Ua†a2ka
aaaK}aEF a2"a/a F
a0S$a 6aKag
 2aE
aÖaQaZEFatka
a,e.a0IaK4Ua 2.aE
aa 2"a IaKaaa0
aEF
a
aQaa /aE
aEU2
a=a
> 
a¿aE-a01a0
aEFaka125a /aE
aEU2
a2PaE-aE
a]
aa 2"a
a¿a!
a0
2
a
>a01a™|$ax1a0
˜
‘25a2kaAaZK3aE_IUa /aE
aEU2
aa‘2"
a#>a.aE3a1a0Ua„Œ
a
a!
aaE3a1az1 raEaQa
a!
aaE3 1a
aEaE-az2
a2PaE

a125aEUa a 0aXa>a7UaE_aQaZkaFa*I.2a
a 2.aKa IaE
aa 2"aEa0/1 NaE
a
> z
a2
a2PaKaa 2"a0-a3a
aQa/1‚ SIa3a
aK4Ua
>a
aKaaE
a¿‚a¿_a®>aa0

aEFaSIa3a1oa0UaEFaSIa3a1?jka0UaEFaSIa3 

a<"a0UaEa0/1 NaE
a
>aEaEFaka1
ٍ
a&S3 1aKaOaE
a]k_a¿a2\a0S7_aZkaFaU2
a !P.a0
2.aKa]{aOƒ E
aFaa 2"ar 0I
aaIa01aKaT>aQ bI_aEFaSIa2
a
>a™|$ax1aE_aE
aEU2
a¥2>aKa )aza1aE_aE
aR
a2
a
>a
aE1aa
aFa]{2\a0- oa
aQa1a'ad&.a=aEa03a!
a™|$ax1a0
aj.aj
a0
aa2
a 1a01a =aax1a2=aTS)aE
a¿aEUa~a` E_aQaZa2
ad2+a
a]{aaEj?
ٍ
aE_aE
a]aOaaaEar 2Ý3a"aEFaSIa2
a
>aFax. a
a' ‰b.a0?ax1ˆ 1Ý3aa¥2>az
aZ/RUa I_ A2"a j1aa .aa0
aEFaa2
a047.aaEFa1a2"aaOab1 2.a*1 2"aEUaa 2" 
ab3akaFaU—j6
au2haj6a
aaaK}aEt1aaEU 'aE_aEUE
aa 2"a3a<eaa "a01aE_aE
aEU2
a#&a2=a IaU 2"
aQaZEFaSIa3a1aKa›1 2/.a
‚ 2.‚a
aa Ea#_a'P/aJ
a2) a0
aE3a1SaK&Fa2
a„&
 254

a
aQa2ka,1 2%.aa,e.a
adIaE
a aa 2"a0
aE}6a6a. „Œ
a2) aE4=aEaEU2
aK.a
au2h
aTS) E
a
>a.a.3aa2
a0Ua
"aQa,1 2%.a01a2kaaZka2
aa
aa.aka2
0UaFaaEU
a2.a*ajaEaQa2j=aZES1 „
a2
a—pa0au2haJ
a
a
{aaU"aE
aa 2"a¦_aKaEU2
a'&/S
aEUa]4UaKaE-5aaE=a)abI_aK}aES1a2"‚ 2.‚a…3a#e5a.a
a,1 2%.a,+>aQa0
aEFa01aT
aE.25aK4UaQ!+a#I_azaO/SaE
aaaK}a25aK1 27/.a0U 4Sa3a
dIab.aE
aa 2"a0U&Uaƒ
ZK}a. aT27/.a01a=a
aaa.aKa›1 2/.a
a 2.a#> 0

‫ارش‬$j 7

aa EUa FaZK} E

a“=aKaOaE
aEa=aO/SaE
a
aav1 aEUa…3a#e5a3a# 0&3azaK}a01
a2
a "aEa01a)a a*>a2}a2
ažo=aEaEFa
av+a3a2
aE_azG3a-R.a
a#_ax1ax1aEaK
aSa#"aE
av1aaaU"aŠ)aE
a
aK EPaE
aaaaEFaaraS
aKa#aaa0
aEFaSI
a2^aaEa…3a#e5a)a2=aha¬)a FaZK}aUrax.a aJ
azaK} 
a "aEUa FaK_a3a2=aEUF
aQ &Fa„.aE
a\a=aza0
aK}aE.2
a’GkaEaP5aE
aaaaJ?!3a›6aE
a 
}aaS!
=
aEaEaE
a]3a#e5aE
a0_
_ ax1a0
a!3aKaEa¦aEa
aaa2kaaK25a0Ž(a
a P.
aKaKa#&a2 .a!1a
aOƒaE
aaU"aza.aFa7 2=a#a¤7`a•"_a5a P.a01aE}6aUFa¦
a.Faa3a
a¥-Uaa' adŽUaE
axa2}a"a
a]S_ aZEIaba0Ua2ŽUaE_aE

V z  a0-5a01aEaJ3

aEaQaG6a
E_aE
a"aQaZEFa.Fa-+Ua
adI+SaE
a
I&ax1a2=aax.a aoa
4a EF
a5
Uaa#aG&
aEa
 &aE-5aE
a]S_ ab1 2.a a
axa0
aEFaK4Uazaa-PUa2
ažo
aFaa%Ua
aƒ\a!
a!1aEa P.a0Uaa&1 *3a0
aEFa2ea01aE_aQaZ]Fa#&S%a2=aT/
ZK25a03.a¥2ha
a5(.a
aQaFa
_ aa&
 )aKa
>25ab_a.aE3aF

ZZZZZa $a S)ZZZZZ
 255

'‫ا‬

a0P1 2ha
a1aFajI1a×FaE.Fad
a
aEaE=aEU ~a`a0
aEFa01a2aEa21 2P.aKau(ƒ>a2$1
Zj
a2"2a
aG6a!
aK}a/aE
a21 2P.aKa‡R_a2aZFa
a0Ua•aEaaFa1=a…

‰ˆaEF ‚xa_GUaUa jRI1a _a‚aT7a,+>a2

a¥2=a
a]ƒ\aaaEUaKaZaK}a
a]ƒ\aa
4aKaEU2
a#PUaT1 aaaaE
aJ7a†aEUa_a 7a2?
@a3
a2?
@aaEFa
aF U%Ua
a]ƒ\aaaEUa*>aaKaƒaE
a /a0
aK4UapSaE_aQaKaU¢1 
‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFa
a 6a2=a&45aa 2"a
a*>
ٍ
‰ˆaEFa,+>a &+a0IaK4Ua &+a4

aFa'a
ax.a aoa
4ajaKa
_a 4a)a0

aEFa.Fad/a.a×3ajI1aEazpUa2\a2ka0I
V a5
a„
azaQaZj.aFaj=a2=aA2a†21 G3a=a
Ia(aKaEUra2) aE
a~a7Ua0
aaE_aQaZaj.a•32
a12
aE ~a7Ua
az2a0-5a
a0/a2}a0
aj.a0UabI&au2ha!
a01aKaxac1 2aa•aQaE
a#a•2
aE-5aE
aT(/a
adIa2aa]e"a]2UkaE
a
Ia(ajaKaEUraQa0_+aZ×3
Zj.aF ~a'a
azaj.a.FaU2
ag3a¥2ha
aaU"aŠ)a2aJ3a /aE
aa 2"aKaEU2

(/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFakazaEaƒ\ ‚a'‚a¼R_aKabSaE

aAS
6

‰ˆa1a0
a0UaEFa1a¼R_a,+>
V a7

(ˆaEFa34a27&Ua
aJ3aEFa
1 a
a7a†a0IaK4Ua
ada†a01aZEFa<\a0_a8

‰ˆaEFa j_a
UNa _a,+>aZK}a˜kaE

a#PUa<\aja‡R_a01a9
 
‰ˆa
GS1a0
a0UaEFa
G1aKaa 2"a10

aZEFa.Fag2$a2= ‚ZZK}aES4
a01a*3a– ‚aa0+R>aEkaaEFa.Fa S)a2= ‚Q‚a¼R_a95a27&Ua0+R>aKaAS
a#>a11
aZEFatka
apSa]41a a“=a#I%a01aaEa03a
aEUFa‹a<\a27&UaE
a]+R>aKaAS
a07ƒa#>
‰/!a01 21 3ˆ
 256

‰/!a01 21 3ˆaaZEF ‚0U‚aKa
1 a#>aEFa<\a0

a3aEFa‹ ‚U‚aKabSa#>aE
aAS
a12

abI_aZEF ‚
aG
2‚a2aEaaaK}aE a‡R_ E
a'aaXaja]43aKaa 2"a0
aK}aES4
av1 ab1 2I 13
aEa
a
aEUF ‚a
aG
2 ‚aKa0
aEFaESj&a41aŒazaZ1 0UaKa„&a
a2IaT2`a0ƒPUa01
aEaaaza.a.FaI6aF &U ‚d(agh‚a
"aE
a
/a
a'aR)aK4
a2kaZ]Faa25a•.a
a'aE
QaaX
‰ˆ ZFaE6aEU2
a
ha
a'aaX J
a . ‚Fa)a .a.a'aaX‚a
aG
2aa0
aS4

ad/ EaT2`a2ac/aa#)


a*>ab1 _auaSRaaUG\aÄaUaK /aEjaTa01¨
‰ˆ ©Ej.aEtkaEjaja
aaaEa¥2ha
a– aTa41a0/a0
aF
²

‰ˆ lsalna27&Ua0+R>aŠ}aAS
aFa0Ž( 15
16
K}aE.3aE=aE"25a#1Na*!a¥2>aKad(aEUa
"aQ
V
aav1 a#}a 1 raEaKaa –a0e 0"25a
a]3)aa 1 ra2%a{av1 +}a7aI_a/5$aR
a]S
a¥2>a /.a01a0IUaEFaj
a2
a4%a0U!5a
a]"25a73az| z)aEUa]k_aZK}aKa /.a
a
4a0e
‰ˆZEFaK4Ua3a
aQa2=abraEFa.3 =aK
17
a
aF ‚K4U‚aEa€7aa€aZEFaƒ\a
a ‰Ur&
ˆ
S
a3aZEFa‹ ‚K}‚aKaAS
abSa#>
V
‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEF

‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFatka
apSaZEF ‚f.21‚aKaa 2"a
1 a#>aZEFa‹
V ‚"21‚aEaƒ\aKabSa#>a18

‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFatka
apSaZEF ‚ j_‚aKaa 2"a
1 a#>aZEFa‹
V ‚ _‚aEaƒ\aKabSa#> 19

EFa01aEFa1a—j6aEUa*>a2?
@aE!3az2P5a
a /aE
aQa20

a0P1 2haFa1Sa
a' E
a )a2j=aaU"a_>a Faja
a )aE4=a0
aEFa01a0ƒea,+>aEaa
aa 2" J=‚
Z ‰g
a!_ˆZZZZ Ia2a_aa'2_a/haaXa/h a‚4S3a
a2a_a&FaKa$a
a]Uaaa2j=

aJ?I1 2aEaEUaKaZEFakazaEaƒ\a01a0

aEFaS6a0S=aEab2"a2paZK4U ‚T‚a¼R_aKaAS
abSa#>
V a21
‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFa
a‹aK
 257

apSaZEFa 1r ‚5‚a¼R_aKaJ3 ‚27|_a /_a5aU7U‚ EFa‹a]1a2Ia01a

a
1 aKaAS
abSa#>a22
‰/!a01 21 3ˆaEFatka
a aa 2"aOƒ&

a
‚a%|1‚a ‚0U2%|1‚a0p3a
‚0U%|1‚aZEFaka
a‹aEaF2=aa
14Ua
a0
7aT1 aaaKaAS
a#>a23
aEFatkaa
apSa2
a„I1a„.aE
a1963a07ƒa
a a
a
a
a
1 aaaZEFa‹aa2%|1a0p3
‰/!a01 21 3ˆ

aÖI%a&32.aG1 2pUaE
a*>a 1 2I_a#`5azaK}a
a‹a0&32.a•av1a3aEUa…3a#e5aEk aEaQa24
a /SaKaE&32.aE
aaaaT7a
av1aaaZK}atka2
a#PUa].a
a]3aEa1938a•7ha'a 3 ‚v1 +_‚

a2
au(>a
a]ƒ\aaa•_aSaEUa Fa /aE
a
/32aEaÖI%a#>aZK}a3a]ƒ\a
|a2=aTP
‰ad(\axˆaEF

a!U
aTaz 1 !=aa*az1 raEaQ‚ EFaka
a]1aKabSaE
aE-5a#>a0&32.a
a2P5aQa25
‰ad(\axˆaEFaK4Ua,+>a0&32.a01aZ‚kF

‰ad(\axˆ ‚Dk2
aT7a
aAaE=a .a
aZa—j6aEj‚ EFa]1aKaE-5a0&32.a
a2P5aQa26

‰/!a01 21 3ˆa
h 2.a27

aj.a.3Fa<)a*ƒaEab3aKj.a]ƒ\ac/aKaE&32.aa‡R_az2
a#PUaE
av1 aQaKaE-5a#>a28
‰ad(\axˆaEFaka
a
a]41aK4U
â
‰ad(\axˆaZEFaK4Ua,+>a0&32.a01aZEFa‹a‰in aÇÇition toˆaKaE-5a0&32.a
aaa2\29

‰/!a01 21 3ˆaEFa2
aOƒaE
aE|!UaE
a1963a,+-.a
aJ3aEFa‹a
1aaEaƒ\aKabSa#>a30

aE
a
"ha"()ac+ajazaa1adUaEUax_ada0U
a2a
a(aaU"ab1  .a /aE
a0Raada31
aEUa#7aba &ada /aE
aaaa/5$ada2j=aZkabaaU"a
a]S1 a !a
a0P1 25a_&$aaJ_ UaEar
a /SaEaea
a]U&!adac+aja]Ua01aa
ab1  .a
a(abU"aKa
a
2a2\a™_)
aKa
a£1 2=a=aEUa¬|$ajaK4P5a2R/3aa 1 rau2haaZ˜k=a2"abU"aE
a]S1 aa&!
a4P5a3a2=ax!aE
av1 a#}a2j=aZKaaU"a
a]S1 a0/$aEa
"ha"()a=a¥2>ajazaaaK
a*.2
a2^a1aEae2a=aaU"a
ak Ura=aEUa]U&!a]j
a2^aE
a2{aa!
aja
aaa×Fa*.2adI
‰ˆa.Fa2=a
%=a
aaa273a
a0
aE
aQ
 258

ٍ
aZEFa2
a,+-.a
aƒ\aZEFakajI_a`+.aEaƒ\a
‚-+.‚a0&
a
a0&1 2
a
1 aKaAS
abSa#>a32
‰/!a01 21 3ˆ

aj /a01aEa– aKa¼R_aQaZK} ‚1a&Uaa%Ua

a](jaaU2
aY=aEa]2‚a/aE
‚ 0
G.‚ 33
aaaaEFaU2
aY=a
a2$/ a25aEab3aka2
a™|%a
a]2aaaFaaEU2
a0
G.a0
aK}ab&`S
‰ˆZEFa1a&Uaa%U Ka2$/aa25aK43aka2
ab/.a
a](j

a•&3aI1av1 z2
a
1a
a™|$ax1aKaJ3aEFaAS
aza2aEa !aKau(ƒ>a
av1 a  34
‰ˆ ZK}atkaa2

aJ3aEFav1 aza2aEa›/ea0p3 QaZK}aK4UaE

av1 aj3a/aE
av1 a›/ea0
aEFa,e 35
‰ˆ kaFa'"a
aFa`a01a0
EIa3a
aa&ka01aEaJ3a2paFa0Ua"a.a a

ٍ
a1a0_ 
av1aaT1 aS3aKaE-5aE=aEUa…3a#e5a0
aFaFa!1aFa"R.a 1$ EFaTa*a01a36
a„‚aZEFa01a0&32.a
aQaZ1aK4U EUa]4Ua0&32.a
av1 aQabI_aEFa1aaFa„.aja0&32.a
aaaEF
aKaQa2
aaa
1aUra0S7_aa?aEazaFajI_a„Œ
aE
aa 2"aEa„aJ3aajI_a0UaG6a
aE
‰ ˆZEFa.o=a¥()a#I_aE
a aE
a…3a#e5az2P5az %
a<)a
av1 aQ‚ K4Ua0P`a

‰ˆ K}aK4Ua2}3aa &+aUaK} 2aE

a]1 &aFa2aEaQ 37

a›- ZEFadUa
aAS
a0IaK4UadUa
a›-aŠ2.a•3a0IUaZEFajI_au2haadU 01aEUa…3a#e5 38
‰ˆ K}a4%aEadUaE
aŠ2.a¥2>

‰ˆ EFaFaK4UaT5aja.a
03ababaa!UabaK}adUaE
a]S
aK4UaE
abR-aja01 39

FadUa01a
aJ3aK}a›"a FaEaAS
a!1a!
a0UaEFaGkaK4Ua›-a

adUaQaKa a&F 40
‰ˆ

a
aaK ‚b
2S&_aR/`_a0S52/a5a#I_ ‚aAS
a=aEUa abaXa 7a¿ + 4%a
a0/"aQ 41
‰ˆZEF

av1 aza2aE ‚,+>‚aKau(ƒ>a

av1 a aZEF 2ea1a2
a•5a&45a<\aax1a2=adPaQˆ 42
a2azaE_aE
a] a
aE3a2.a
aEaQaZ]Fa.3a=a<2$ ¬-|a
a
+>aKa a
aJ3aEF
E_aKa/aE
av1 aŒa
a¼R_aE
‚,+>‚a¦_a›"UaEav1 a a2paZK}aE.2
'&/SaT(ƒ>
‰ˆZK} j3a*aaK}aK1 aS3aaE
aQa0
aK}aES_a2
aa&ka01aaK}aES_
 259

aZEFatka
apSaZEF ‚*.2‚a¼R_aKa1963a07ƒa0|!UaaZEFa<\ ‚*1 2"‚a¼R_aKaAS
abSa#>a43
‰/!a01 21 3ˆ

a'(aEa#_aQa
a] Ua2aaES
aE kaEUa]k_a„Œ
a0
aK}aEFa2
a,eaE&3a2) a01 44
aFa25a21 2P.a01aEU ~a`a2=aQaZEFa1 aK4Ua Ia
a
a
2a
aaKaa 2"a0
akaFa
a“$
a
aEU24j
‰ˆ Zk

aE_a4a
aa 2"aaka]Fa
a]1 ra
a2=a]NaEUabP5a„Œ
a0
aEFa} Sa¥>aoIa2) a01a
av1  45
aT2ea
aTr3ajaE_ E
aEUFa#)aKa]2jkaE
aAS
a#}a0
aEFajI_a]4
aKaa 2"aÄSa0
akaFa4
2

a`a2=aQaZEFaka
a•aEaE_aj
a#j=aE
a]\aE
aaaE_@a„.}a2=a].a
aaa]4
aKaa 2"aaZEF
‰ˆZk Fa25a21 2P.a01aEU ~

aZEFa
aF ‚<"‚a¼R_a0

aEFa2}ªaEa€7aa€aZEFa‹ ‚„.‚aEaƒ\aKaAS
abSa#>
V a46
‰/!a01 21 3ˆ

a01 21 3ˆaZEF ‚pUa#4‚a*

2.a,+>aZEFaƒ\a
a
S
a0
a3aEFa‹ ‚pUa#4 ‚aKaAS
abSa#>a47
‰/!

aaa5ƒ1‚ a2Ia01a
av1 aK ‰EFatka
abIaAS
a01aEaJ3ˆ 1997aäa07ƒaa
a a
a
a48
apSaZEFa3a0-aa01aKaE|!Ua07ƒaE
a1963a2S
aa0S7_aZEFakazaEaEUFa•$ ‚a&_a j
‰/!a01 21 3ˆaZEFatka
a1963a07ƒa0|!UaOƒ&