Summer 2013 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3 MB0050 Research Methodology Q1 !

!"#lain the #rocess of #ro$lem identification %ith an e"am#le A #ro$lem is the statement of a &uestion that needs to $e ans%ered or a situation that needs a solution 'he #ro$lem emerges from a clinical situation in %hich there is a (no%ledge ga# or uncertainty regarding the )$est) res#onse to the situation

'he #rocess of #ro$lem identification includes* 1 +e,elo#ing title* 'he title should $e carefully %orded -t should indicate the core of the study. reflect the real intention of the researcher. and sho% on %hat is the focus e g . /0inancing small-scale industries $y commercial $an(s1 'his sho%s that the focus is on commercial $an(s and not on small-scale industries 2n the other hand. if the title is /'he 0inancial 3ro$lem of Small-scale industries1. the focus is on small-scale industries

2 Building a conce#tual model* 2n the $asis of our theoretical (no%ledge of the #henomenon under study. the nature of the #henomenon. its #ro#erties 4 elements and their inter-relations should $e identified and structured into a frame%or( 'his conce#tual model gi,es an e"act idea of the research #ro$lem and sho%s its ,arious #ro#erties and ,aria$les to $e studied -t ser,es as a $asis for the formulation of the o$5ecti,es of the study. on the hy#othesis to $e tested -n order to %or( out a conce#tual model %e must ma(e a careful and critical study of the a,aila$le literature on the su$5ect-matter of the selected research #ro$lem -t is for this reason6 a researcher is e"#ected to select a #ro$lem for research in his field of s#eciali7ation 8ithout ade&uate $ac(ground (no%ledge. a researcher cannot gras# and com#rehend the nature of the research #ro$lem

3 +efine the 2$5ecti,e of the Study* 'he o$5ecti,es refer to the &uestions to $e ans%ered through the study 'hey indicate %hat %e are trying to get through the study 'he o$5ecti,es are deri,ed from the conce#tual model 'hey state %hich elements in the conce#tual model%hich le,els of. %hich (inds of cases. %hich #ro#erties. and %hich connections among #ro#erties are to $e in,estigated. $ut it is the conce#tual model that defines. descri$es. and states the assum#tions underlying these elements 'he o$5ecti,es may aim at descri#tion or e"#lanation or analysis of causal relationshi# $et%een ,aria$les. and indicate the e"#ected results or outcome of the study 'he o$5ecti,es may $e s#ecified in the form of either the statements or the &uestions

Q2 -nter,ie% method in,ol,es a dialogue $et%een the -nter,ie%ee and the -nter,ie%er !"#lain the inter,ie% method of data collection 8hat are the uses of this techni&ue9 8hat are the different ty#es of inter,ie%s9

-nter,ie%ing is one of the #rominent methods of data collection -t may $e defined as a t%o %ay systematic con,ersation $et%een an in,estigator and an informant. initiated for o$taining information rele,ant to a s#ecific study -t in,ol,es not only con,ersation. $ut also learning from the res#ondent:s gesture. facial e"#ressions and #auses. and his en,ironment -nter,ie%ing re&uires face to face contact or contact o,er tele#hone and calls for inter,ie%ing s(ills -t is done $y using a structured schedule or an unstructured guide

-nter,ie%ing may $e used either as a main method or as a su##lementary one in studies of #ersons -nter,ie%ing is the only suita$le method for gathering information from illiterate or less educated res#ondents -t is useful for collecting a %ide range of data from factual demogra#hic data to highly #ersonal and intimate information relating to a #erson:s o#inions. attitudes. ,alues. $eliefs #ast e"#erience and future intentions 8hen &ualitati,e information is re&uired or #ro$ing is necessary to dra% out fully. and then inter,ie%ing is re&uired 8here the area co,ered for the sur,ey is a com#act. or %hen a sufficient num$er of &ualified inter,ie%ers are a,aila$le. #ersonal inter,ie% is feasi$le

'here are se,eral real uses of inter,ie% method data collection ; 0irst the greatest ,alue of this method is the de#th and detail of information that can $e secured 8hen used %ith %ell concei,ed schedules. an inter,ie% can o$tain a great deal of information -t far e"ceeds mail sur,ey in amount and &uality of data that can $e secured Second. the inter,ie%er can do more to im#ro,e the #ercentage of res#onses and the &uality of information recei,ed than other method <e can note the conditions of the inter,ie% situation. and ado#t a##ro#riate a##roaches to o,ercome such #ro$lems as the res#ondent:s un%illingness. incorrect understanding of &uestion. sus#icion. etc 'hird. the inter,ie%er can gather other su##lemental information li(e economic le,el. li,ing conditions etc through o$ser,ation of the res#ondent:s en,ironment

'y#es of -nter,ie%s 'he inter,ie% may $e classified into* =a> structured or directi,e inter,ie%. =$> unstructured or non-directi,e inter,ie%. =c> focused inter,ie%. =d> clinical inter,ie% and =e> de#th inter,ie% Structured +irecti,e -nter,ie% 'his is an inter,ie% made %ith a detailed standardi7ed schedule ?nstructured or @on-+irecti,e -nter,ie% 'his is the least structured one 'he inter,ie%er encourages the res#ondent to tal( freely a$out a gi,e to#ic %ith a minimum of #rom#ting or guidance 0ocused -nter,ie% 2

'his is a semi-structured inter,ie% %here the in,estigator attem#ts to focus the discussion on the actual effects of a gi,en e"#erience to %hich the res#ondents ha,e $een e"#osed

Q3 A study of different sam#ling methods is necessary $ecause #recision. accuracy. and efficiency of the sam#le results de#end on the method em#loyed for selecting the sam#le !"#lain the different ty#es of 3ro$a$ility and @on-3ro$a$ility sam#ling designs

3ro$a$ility or Random Sam#ling 3ro$a$ility sam#ling is $ased on the theory of #ro$a$ility -t is also (no%n as random sam#ling -t #ro,ides a (no%n non7ero chance of selection for each #o#ulation element -t is used %hen generali7ation is the o$5ecti,e of study. and a greater degree of accuracy of estimation of #o#ulation #arameters is re&uired 'he cost and time re&uired is high hence the $enefit deri,ed from it should 5ustify the costs

'he follo%ing are the ty#es of #ro$a$ility sam#ling* i> Sim#le Random Sam#ling* 'his sam#ling techni&ue gi,es each element an e&ual and inde#endent chance of $eing selected An e&ual chance means e&ual #ro$a$ility of selection An inde#endent chance means that the dra% of one element %ill not affect the chances of other elements $eing selected 'he #rocedure of dra%ing a sim#le random sam#le consists of enumeration of all elements in the #o#ulation

Ad,antages* 'he ad,antage of this is that it is one of the easiest methods. all the elements in the #o#ulation ha,e an e&ual chance of $eing selected. sim#le to understand. does not re&uire #rior (no%ledge of the true com#osition of the #o#ulation

ii> Stratified Random Sam#ling* 'his is an im#ro,ed ty#e of random or #ro$a$ility sam#ling -n this method. the #o#ulation is su$-di,ided into homogenous grou#s or strata. and from each stratum. random sam#le is dra%n

Ad,antages* Stratified random sam#ling enhances the re#resentati,eness to each sam#le. gi,es higher statistical efficiency. easy to carry out. and gi,es a self-%eighing sam#le @on-#ro$a$ility or @on Random Sam#ling @on-#ro$a$ility sam#ling or non-random sam#ling is not $ased on the theory of #ro$a$ility 'his sam#ling does not #ro,ide a chance of selection to each #o#ulation element Ad,antages* 'he only merits of this ty#e of sam#ling are sim#licity. con,enience and lo% cost

+isad,antages* 'he demerits are it does not ensure a selection chance to each #o#ulation unit 'he selection #ro$a$ility sam#le may not $e a re#resentati,e one 'he selection #ro$a$ility is un(no%n -t suffers from sam#ling $ias %hich %ill distort results

'he reasons for usage of this sam#ling are %hen there is no other feasi$le alternati,e due to non-a,aila$ility of a list of #o#ulation. %hen the study does not aim at generali7ing the findings to the #o#ulation. %hen the costs re&uired for #ro$a$ility sam#ling may $e too large. %hen #ro$a$ility sam#ling re&uired more time. $ut the time constraints and the time limit for com#leting the study do not #ermit it

QA

a +ifferentiate $et%een descri#ti,e and inferential analysis of data $ !"#lain %ith e"am#les ,arious measures of Bentral 'endency

Q5 'he chi-s&uare test is %idely used in research +iscuss the ,arious a##lications of chi-s&uare test ?nder %hat conditions is this test a##lica$le9 QC 8hat is analysis of ,ariance9 8hat are the assum#tions of the techni&ue9 Di,e a fe% e"am#les %here this techni&ue could $e used

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