SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF FISHERMEN AFFECTED BY IMPLEMENTATION OF GLOVERS REEF MANAGED ACCESS LICENSE PROGRAM

September 2012
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Wildlife Conservation Society.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF FISHERMEN AFFECTED BY IMPLEMENTATION OF GLOVERS REEF MANAGED ACCESS LICENSE PROGRAM

Contract No.: EPP-I-00-04-0020-00 Task Order No. 5 Subcontract No.: EPP-I-05-04-0020-00-WCS Period of Performance: November 24, 2010 to September 15, 2014

The authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

CONTENTS
Preface................................................................................................................................. 1 List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 3 Introduction and Objectives ................................................................................................ 4 Background ......................................................................................................................... 5 History of Managed Access in Belize ........................................................................... 5 Description of Glovers Reef Marine Reserve.............................................................. 6 The Fishing Communities ................................................................................................... 9 Sarteneja ........................................................................................................................ 9 Dangriga ........................................................................................................................ 9 Hopkins ....................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology for Socio-economic Survey ........................................................................ 11 Socio-economic Survey Results ....................................................................................... 11 Demographics ............................................................................................................. 11 Resource Use .............................................................................................................. 13 Fleet Composition ....................................................................................................... 14 Lifestyle ...................................................................................................................... 15 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 17 References ......................................................................................................................... 18 Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................. 19

PREFACE
The USAID Regional Program for the Management of Aquatic Resources and Economic Alternatives, financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by Chemonics International, with the Wildlife Conservation Society as a subcontractor, builds on previous projects in Central America to support and promote marine and coastal conservation through rights-based access and market-driven mechanisms in concert with local partners from both the private and public sectors. The program will achieve these goals with a focus on four key trans-boundary watershed areas and seven key focal species. The four trans-boundary regions are the Gulf of Honduras, Moskitia Coast, Cahuita-Gandoca-Bocas del Toro, and Gulf of Fonseca. The focal species for the program are divided into species with commercial importance, namely mangrove cockle, queen conch, grouper, snapper, and spiny lobster, and two groups of endangered species: sharks and sea turtles. The Program will employ multiple strategies to positively affect its target species within its regional points of focus including the promotion of rights-based legislation and programs, establishment of marine protected areas and no-take reserves, promoting specific protections and management regimes for threatened species and by providing economic alternatives to local communities where resource extraction threatens marine and coastal natural resources.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
EDF GDP GRMR MAC NGOs SFI TAC TIDE WCS Environmental Defense Fund Gross Domestic Product Glovers Reef Marine Reserve Managed Access Committee Non-Governmental Organizations Belize Sustainable Fisheries Initiative Total Allowable Catch Toledo Institute for Development and Environment Wildlife Conservation Society

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Wildlife Conservation Society would like to express its gratitude to all the hardworking fishermen from Glovers Reef Marine Reserve (GRMR) who have not only embraced the managed access program and this particular project but took the time off from their fishing activities to assist us by filling out the survey forms. We are also grateful to the Belize Fisheries Department for sharing the socio-economic database with us so that we could carry out this analysis and report on the results for the GRMR. We also are very grateful to our donors, the Oak Foundation, Summit Foundation and the USAID Regional Program for the Management of Aquatic Resources Program and Economic Alternatives for their financial support to this work.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

In mid-2011, the Government of Belize established a managed access program for the countrys fisheries at two pilot sites, the Glovers Reef and Port Honduras Marine Reserves, as part of its Sustainable Fisheries Initiative (SFI). In addition to monitoring the health of the stocks being fished at GRMR, the Managed Access Task Force overseeing the national implementation of the program felt strongly that there was also the need to monitor the socio-economic status of the fishermen in an effort to determine whether the program was having a positive or negative effect on their livelihoods and general standard of living. The collection of socio-economic data was, therefore, incorporated as part of the new licensing process under the managed access program. The socio-economic survey was carried out when the fishers were issued their special managed access licenses in July 2011 and seeks to establish a baseline of data of the socio-economic status of the traditional fishers using the two pilot site reserves that can be compared with results from future years. The survey seeks to document the current living standards of the fishers, their level of education and that of their dependents, and their economic reliance on these reserves. The survey results will also help to inform future efforts aimed at providing alternative livelihood opportunities for the fishermen, as well as the potential impacts of existing alternative economic projects, such as the tour-guiding and pig-farming activities in the largest fishing community of Sarteneja.

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BACKGROUND
History of Managed Access in Belize

In Belize, as in all Central American countries until very recently, fisheries have been operating under a completely open-access system. In Belize, any Belizean aged 18 or older may obtain a commercial fishing license to fish nearly anywhere in Belize's territorial waters. With the exception of conch, none of the species targeted for commercial or recreational fishing are managed through a quota system. Belize uses a number of tools to manage its fisheries, including controls on gear, seasonal closures, and a world-renowned system of marine reserves. As a result, Belize's fisheries have not experienced the same catastrophic collapse as many of the fishery stocks it shares with its regional neighbors. Nevertheless, open access poses a major threat to the long-term sustainability of the commercial and recreational fisheries that support the fishery and tourism industries on which Belize relies heavily for its GDP. Therefore, the Government of Belize has partnered with a range of NGOs and fishermen and fishermens associations to end open access management and introduce a system of managed access aimed at evolving into catch shares1. Under open access, commercial fishermen are driven to race to fish. They catch as much as possible in order to maximize profit in a fishing derby at the opening of lobster and conch seasons. This system encourages illegal fishing because management under open access does not provide fishermen with the individual incentives to be good stewards and sustain the fisheries. Moreover, it is harder and harder for fishermen to make a living because there has been a steady increase of licensed commercial fishermen targeting two fully exploited fish species, conch and lobster. Increasing numbers of fishermen targeting the fisheries translates to unsecure livelihoods for fishermen, including unstable income and a diminishing local, sustainable source of protein. It also results in an increase demand of product for less profit. A successful system of fisheries management would ensure that individual fishermen or tightly organized groups of fishermen benefit from actions to conserve and protect the resources as the status of the resource improves, so would the livelihoods of fishermen. Managed access and catch shares can accomplish this goal. As a first step to end open access, managed access is a system that will end the unsustainable growth in the number of fishermen by balancing the number of fishermen with the carrying capacity of the resource. It will also control the number of fishermen in Belize's system of marine reserves so that these ecological jewels will have abundant fisheries that will benefit the entire fishermen population. Catch shares will establish a system of quotas for the key commercial species in Belize in order to ensure that the important fishing industry continues to thrive and grow into the future. Managed access and catch shares have a proven record of restoring fisheries and improving fishermen livelihoods in 35 countries for approximately 800 species. In Belize, as a first step to ending open access, managed access will provide traditional fishermen a secure, dedicated access
1 1 Catch Shares, also known as Limited Access Privilege Programs (LAPPs), is a system under which a scientifically derived sustainable catch limit, or Total Allowable Catch (TAC), is allocated as shares to an individual fisherman, community or fishery association, who is held accountable for restricting the catch to those specific share levels.

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to a fishing area. Managed access will encourage fishermen and local communities to become stewards of the resources, by ensuring that they benefit by conserving the resources. With support from NGO and government partners, managed access will also strengthen and improve community-based management, monitoring, and enforcement of fisheries. Fishermen will be partners in the decision-making process for fisheries. The Belize Fisheries Department, with the support of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), and Toledo Institute for Development and Environment (TIDE) who together comprise a national ad hoc Managed Access Task Force is implementing a limited or managed access program at two pilot sites: Glovers Reef Marine Reserve and Port Honduras Marine Reserve. Both the Glovers Reef and Port Honduras marine reserve regulations provide for rights-based management under a special license system for traditional users; however, such a system had not been implemented due to the lack of human and financial resources and formal infrastructure for the program. Three years ago, the Belize Fisheries Department, EDF, TIDE and WCS entered into a partnership to find a feasible way to implement such a rights-based management, as provided for by law, with a view to optimizing present and future benefits for fishermen and maintaining biodiversity at the two pilot sites. Managed Access aims to end the open-access fishery in Belize by ensuring that only traditional and responsible fishers who rely on the reserves for their livelihoods have access to these areas. Managed Access aims to reduce overfishing, reduce fishing capacity, improve catch per unit of effort (CPUE), increase economic yield through value-added and improved marketing, and reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. An integral part of Belizes managed access program is to determine a total allowable catch (TAC) for spiny lobster (Panulirus argus). Managed Access is a result of a comprehensive series of consultations over a two-year period with various groups of stakeholders, including fishers, fishermen associations, government departments and government ministers. These meetings were very important in laying the foundation for developing a national Framework and Design for Managed Access and garnering support from fishermen. The Framework addresses issues such as issuance of licenses, data collection, catch reporting, monitoring, enforcement, and establishment of managed access committees, including their Terms of Reference.
Description of Glovers Reef Marine Reserve

Glovers Reef Marine Reserve (GRMR) encompasses approximately 36,067 hectares and includes the entirety of Belizes southernmost atoll, Glovers Reef. The marine reserve was designated in 1993 and is managed by the Belize Fisheries Department, which operates a ranger station on Middle Caye, which is owned by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The marine reserve management team is comprised of a manager, a biologist, and three rangers and is

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responsible for with patrolling the entire atoll, collecting visitors fees, conducting biological monitoring, collecting catch log books, and deploying mooring and demarcation buoys, among other tasks. The atoll is an important fishing ground for fishermen from Sarteneja, Hopkins, Belize City, Dangriga and, to a lesser extent, Placencia. These fishers depend on the area for resources such as lobster, conch, and finfish. The atoll is also used by tourists for sport fishing, kayaking, diving and snorkeling and by local recreational fishers. The marine reserve is zoned for multiple uses and divided into 5 management areas (see map below). The General Use Zone is the largest of the four zones, covering an area of 26,170 ha, and is divided between two areas: the main section located in the northern half of the atoll and a smaller section located in the southern end. Although fishing is permitted in the General Use Zone, gear restrictions, such as prohibition of the use of gillnets, traps, and long lines, are in effect. This is the area in which the managed access fishers are allowed to fish. The Seasonal Closure Zone encompasses the Nassau grouper spawning bank located on the northeast corner of the atoll; it is closed to fishing from the 1st of December to the 31st March of the following year. It spans an area of 1,550 ha, which includes the channel in the reef and stretches out to the deep water of the fore reef and drop-off. This zone also overlaps with the more
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recently declared North-east Spawning Aggregation Site, which is permanently closed to fishing year-round, and is particularly important for Nassau grouper. The Conservation Zone is the second largest zone, comprising about 7,077 ha or 20.2% of the southern part of the atoll. No extractive activities are permitted within this zone. The Wilderness Zone, equivalent to a "Preservation Zone", is the smallest of the zones, encompassing an area of only 270 ha. It is located within the Conservation Zone, just south of Middle Caye, lying along the southeastern reef tract. No activities are allowed within the Wilderness Zone.

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THE FISHING COMMUNITIES

The majority of fishermen using the GRMR are from the fishing communities of Sarteneja, Hopkins and Dangriga (see map below).
Sarteneja

The Village of Sarteneja is located ca. 40 miles east of the town of Corozal in northern Belize. It has a population of approximately 1,800 and is the largest fishing village in Belize, with 80% of households dependent on fisheries resources (Wildtracks 2008). It overlooks the Corozal Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. Sarteneja was established in 1854 by Mayan people from Mexico who were fleeing persecution by the Spaniards in Mexico (G. Verde, pers. comm. 2011). The people of Sarteneja were predominantly agriculturists until 1955 when Category 5 Hurricane Janet completely destroyed the village and then was followed by a long drought, which forced residents to change their primary source of livelihood to fishing. Although English is the official language of Belize and used in the schools, Spanish is the dominant language spoken in the village.

Map showing the location of Sarteneja, Dangriga, Hopkins and Glovers Reef

Men here are generally employed in fishing, traveling throughout the length of the barrier reef and atolls for conch and lobster. They use 2138 ft. sailboats powered by sail and outboard/inboard engines, with a crew of 7 to 12 fishers, and carry 714 dories (Grant 2004). More recently, there has been a slight shift in the target catch, which now includes fin fish and sea cucumber. Sarteneja can be accessed by air, sea and land; however, the most economical and common mode of transport is via public bus. The road conditions are very poor, which has limited the villages economic development.
Dangriga

Dangriga is the largest town in the Stann Creek District and is located at the mouth of the North Stann Creek River. The town has a population of 8,814 (CSO 2003). Agriculture and tourism are the key drivers behind the economy of Dangriga. Access to Dangriga is via the Hummingbird Highway or daily commercial flights. The population is predominantly Garifuna and Creole, with a recent influx of Central American Mestizo migrants, who work on the citrus and banana farms. Dangriga
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fishers limit their fishing activities mainly to the Tobacco Range and South Water Caye Area, with a few also using the GRMR (Gibson et al. 2005). They fish using skiffs with small outboard engines ranging from 40 to 115 horse power. More recently, however, larger skiffs with larger engines have been observed. The Dangriga fishers use mainly hand lines (drop and set lines) and nets to capture fin fish. They also use hook sticks to capture lobster and dive for conch (Grant 2004).
Hopkins

Hopkins is a small Garifuna fishing village on one of the few mainland beaches in Belize, located ca. 30 minutes drive south of Dangriga. It was established in 1942 to replace the village of New Town, which was devastated by a hurricane (Hopkins Tourism Master Plan, 2010). The village has a population of approximately 1,000 inhabitants (CSO 2003), who are primarily Garifuna with a strong fishing tradition. The Hopkins fishers use the Glovers Reef, South Water Caye and Gladden Spit marine reserves. They fish mainly for snapper and grouper with handlines, and were traditional fishers at the Nassau grouper spawning site at the northeast point of the GRMR. They also free-dive for lobster and conch. Their fishing is very seasonal; they fish a particular site depending on the quadrant of the moon and time of the year. Similar to the fishermen from Dangriga, they use mainly skiffs, ranging in size from 20 to 26 ft, with outboard engines. Several of the skiffs carry one or two dories, with two to four crew members; the fishers generally remain two to three nights at sea (Grant 2004).

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METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

Belizes Sustainable Fisheries Initiative (SFI) Managed Access Task Force designed a survey form (see Appendix 1) using the Socioeconomic monitoring guidelines for coastal managers in the Caribbean: SocMon Caribbean (Bunce & Pomeroy 2003) as a guide. The survey was designed to answer the following questions:
1. Are there traditional fishers at GRMR? 2. Does the marine reserve provide a good standard of living for the fishers and their

dependents?
3. What is the level of education of fishers and their dependents?

The survey was self-administered and issued to every fisher who obtained a managed access license. Upon request, staff of the Fisheries Department and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) assisted fishers in filling out the survey forms. The survey consisted of 17 questions, mostly with yes or no answers. A total of 146 fishers were interviewed from the communities of Belize City, Sarteneja, Hopkins and Dangriga. The data were entered in an Excel spreadsheet, an analysis was carried out, and the results are presented in the pages that follow.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY RESULTS

Total Number of persons interviewed: 146 Number of Males: 144 Number of Females: 2 Average Age of Fisher using GRMR: 38 Age of Youngest Fisher using GRMR: 18 Age of Oldest Fisher using GRMR: 68
Demographics

A total of 146 fishers were interviewed between July and September 2011for collection of this socio-economic information. This figure represents 90% of the total number of fishers using GRMR. The overwhelming majority of fishers were males, with only two female fishers, both from Dangriga.

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The average age of fishermen using the GRMR is 38 years; 65% of the fishers are above 30 years of age. The oldest fisher is 68 whilst the youngest is 18 years old. The average age in 2004 was estimated to be 34 years (Gibson et al. 2005). This increase in average age over the past seven years indicates that fewer young men are entering the fishery. There are only four fishers above the national retirement age of 65 still fishing in the area. A very interesting finding was that although the largest group of fishers was from Sarteneja, several fishers were from inland villages, such as Guinea Grass in the Orange Walk District and Valley of Peace in the Cayo District.

Significantly, 71% of the fishers started to fish at GRMR before the age of 18. It should be noted, however, that Statutory Instrument No. 1 of 2010 introduced a minimum age of 18 years to be eligible for a fisher license. This should reduce the number of persons entering the fishing industry at an early age. Fishers from Glovers Reef have strong family ties. Eighty percent of the fishers are either married or in a common-law relationship, and only 3% of them have been divorced or separated from their spouses. A total of 371 persons are dependent on the fishers of GRMR indicating in relation to the total number of fishers that average household size is relatively small. Ninety-two percent (92%) of respondents stated that they have a primary school or higher-level education, which indicates they can read and write at least at a basic level. This explains the projects overall success with data submission (although it should be noted that several fishermen who have not completed primary school experience difficulty completing their logbooks).

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In 2006, approximately 62% of the fishermen surveyed had completed primary school or a higher level of education (Lizama 2006). This suggests an advance in education of the average fisherman from five years ago. From the survey, it was determined that there are a total of 371 dependents of the fishers at GRMR. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of the fishers responded that their dependents have at least a primary school education; 27% have a secondary school education; 6% have vocational training or tertiary education. Only 13% of their dependents participate in fishing. Eighty-six percent (86%) of respondents stated that they have received no training in the fisheries sector over the past five years. A small number received training in the areas of small engine repairs, fish handling, CPR and first aid, use of navigation systems, survival skills, tour- guiding, and ranger-training.
Resource Use

Forty-two percent (42%) of the fishers have used GRMR for more than 20 years, while only 12% started fishing within the past five years. The survey also showed that there were 12 persons that have spent up to 54 years fishing at Glovers Reef. This demonstrates that most of the fishers at the site are wellexperienced, and confirms a long history of use of GRMR by these fishers, thus, that they are indeed traditional users of the Atoll.

The results revealed that these traditional fishers rely heavily on the resources of GRMR as their main source of income, with 48% of the fishers indicating that they fish the area for 1620 days each month. These were mainly the sailboat fishers. Furthermore, 96% of the fishers stated that they fish up to six or more months each year at GRMR.

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Fleet Composition

The fishing fleet currently in operation at GRMR is small, totaling 16 artisanal boats: nine sailboats and seven skiffs. The sailboats are wooden and range in size from 21 to 38 feet, with auxiliary outboard engines. They also carry several dories or dugout canoes. The skiffs are mainly made of fiberglass and are 15 to 28 feet long and equipped with outboard engines. In 2004, the size of the GRMR fleet was very similar, with 22 boats operating. Five of these boats, however, did not fish regularly on the Atoll (Grant 2004).

Sailboat with dories at Glovers Reef Marine Reserve (Photo: R. Coleman/WCS) (Photo: R. Coleman/WCS)

Hopkins Fisher in skiff at Glovers Reef Marine Reserve (Photo: J. Maaz/WCS)

List of Boats Presently Operating in GRMR

Vessel_Name Inri La Bonita Leonilda Princess Sandy Noe Tormento Ubafu Adileni P Gennie Jessie Julisa Marisol Nixia A Viviana Chelsie Chico
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Type of Vessel Sail Sail Sail sail Sail Sail Sail Sail Sail Skiff Skiff Skiff Skiff Skiff Skiff Skiff

Draft (ft) 3.5 3 2.5 4 2. 3 4 3.5 1 2 3. 3 6 2

Beam (ft) 11.9 8 8 8 8 12 8 8 7.2 4 4 8 8 4 5

Length (ft) 38 21.5 28 22 26 38 24 27 21 23 23 28 26 15 16

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Fishers indicated that an average fishing trip is 8.2 days, with a minimum duration of two days and maximum of 18.5 days. However, this maximum trip duration, reported by one fisherman, is very unlikely, and more realistically the longest trips last about 15 days. One hundred and four (104) fishers indicated that they only use up to 20% of their catch for their personal consumption, confirming that the great majority of them are indeed traditional commercial fishermen. Only 36 of the fishers interviewed indicated that they have an alternative source of income, such as from carpentry, masonry, taxidriving, tour-guiding, farming, or miscellaneous jobs around the villages where they live. This explains the fact that 98 (67%) fishers stated their catches from GRMR represent between 81 and 100% of their income. Surprisingly, of the 98 fishers who indicated that they derived 81-100% of their income from fishing at Glovers Reef, 29% indicated that their annual income from GRMR is not more than BZ$ 5,000.00. The level of confidence in the results of this section of the survey is considered very low in the light of fishers reluctance to provide any financial information to government that might be used as a justification to collect more taxes from them. One fisher, however, stated that he makes up to BZ$ 90,000.00 per year. The average cost per fishing trip is BZ$ 783.30, where the maximum cost is BZ$ 4,800.00 and the minimum cost is of BZ$85.00.
Lifestyle

As fishermen are generally reluctant to provide financial information on their fishing operations, it is often best to use another measure of wealth as a proxy. The survey used a selection of household assets and services as this measure. The survey results on a selection of basic needs or services show that 104 fishermen or 71% own
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their own homes. This has increased since 2006, when it was estimated at 64% (Lizama 2006). Eighty-five to ninety percent (8590%) stated that they have indoor toilets, potable water and electricity. As regards ownership of household items, most fishermen (89%) have a television and access to cable services. The majority also own a washing machine (80%), refrigerator (84%), and a telephone (59%). Several fishermen (26%) also reported owing a motor vehicle. In comparison to a 2006 survey, the ownership of this basket of household items appears to have declined slightly for a couple of assets. For example, five years ago 95% of fishermen surveyed stated that they owned a television, 92% owned a refrigerator, 80% owned a telephone, and 30% owned a vehicle. On the other hand, only 55% owned a washing machine. The decline in telephone ownership can no doubt be attributed to a shift towards owning cellular telephones.

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CONCLUSION
Are There Traditional Fisheries at GRMR?

The managed access licensed fishers have a long tradition of fishing at the GRMR, and many of them are highly dependent on the resources of the reserve.

Does the Marine Reserve Provide a Good Standard of Living for the Fishers and Their Dependents?

In general, the fishermen that use GRMR are relatively affluent, with the majority owning their own homes that have basic services. The majority also own additional assets that improve their quality of life, such as refrigerators, televisions, telephones, and washing machines.

What is the Level of Education of Fishers and Their Dependents?

As regards level of education, most fishers have only a primary school level of education, although the situation appears to have improved as compared with five years ago. An encouraging sign is that fishers dependents have a higher level of education, with 33% having secondary, tertiary, or vocational education, compared to only 17% of the fishermen themselves. Thus, fishermen are investing in the education of their children, and fewer of the latter are entering the fishery.

Lessons Learned

As fishermen remain skeptical about revealing their financial information to data collectors, the survey included proxies as measures of wealth. The survey methodology can be improved to gather more precise data but must avoid infringing on the fishers right to privacy. The survey results can be an important source of information for guiding any alternative livelihood activities. For instance, the low level of education, particularly for older fishermen, is a limiting factor in their learning other skills and needs to be taken into account. Marine tourguiding is an obvious choice, as it builds on their existing skills. Language, for example for fishers from Sarteneja, is another constraint that must be considered.

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REFERENCES
Anon. 2010. Hopkins Tourism Master Plan. 7pp. http://www.iica.int/Eng/regiones/central/belice/IICA%20Office%20Documents/Agro-EcoCultural-Tourism%20Hopkins%20Master%20Plan%202010.pdf Belize Fisheries Department. 2011. Managed Access Framework and Design. 2011. Bunce, L. and R. Pomeroy. 2003. Socioeconomic monitoring guidelines for coastal managers in the Caribbean: SocMon Caribbean. WCPA, NOAA, Cermes and GCRMN. 88pp. Central Statistical Office (CS). 2003, Abstract of Statistics, 2003. Gibson, J., D. Lizama, and R. Pomeroy. 2005. Establishing a Socio-economic Monitoring Program for Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Wildlife Conservation Society. 58pp. Grant, S. 2004. Glovers Reef Marine Reserve Fisheries Boat Census 2004. Wildlife Conservation Society and Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize. 38p Lizama, D. 2006. Report on the Socio-economic Monitoring Survey for Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Wildlife Conservation Society. 56pp. Wildtracks & Wildlife Conservation Society. 2008. Management Plan for Glovers Reef Marine Reserve World Heritage Site 2008-2013. http://www.gloversreef.org/grc/pdf/Glovers-ReefManagement-Plan_Final.pdf Wildtracks, 2008. Sarteneja Tourism Development Plan. Prepared for the Sarteneja Alliance for Conservation and Development and the Sarteneja Tour Guide Association, with support from WCS. 54pp.

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ANNEX 1

Managed Access SocioEconomic Form

Fishers Full Name:____________________________ Fishing Area: GRMR PHMR

Socioeconomic Information
1) How long have you been working as a fisherman? _____ At what age did you start fishing? _____ How many days per month do you participate in fishing? _____ How many months per year do you participate in fishing? _____ How long in days is your typical fishing trip? _____ 2) What Percentage of your income comes from fishing? 1 - 20% 21% - 40% 41 - 60 % 61 - 80% 81 - 100% 3) What percentage of your catch do you use as a source of food? 1 - 20% 21% - 40% 41-60 % 61-80% 81-100% 4) What other source of income do you have? What is the % of your income from this other job? 1 - 20% 21% - 40% 41-60 % 61-80% 81-100%
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5) What is your approximate typical annual income from fishing? _________ What are your usual expenses per trip? (List Items in the spaces below) Item Fuel _____ Oil _____ Ice _____ Food _____ Other _____ 6) What is the approximate annual income you would need to make ends meet in your household? _____ 7) Do you own your home? Yes No 8) Does your dwelling have? Toilet Running Water Electricity Kitchen Shower/Bath Telephone Sewage Removal 9) Do you have any of the following? Telephone TV Washing Machine Refrigerator Motor Vehicle 10) Do you have access to basic health care? Yes No 11) Marital Status: Married Single Divorced Widow(er) Separated Common-law

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12) No. of dependents: Sons ___________ Daughters ______ Others __________ 13) How many of your dependents have completed basic or primary education? _____ How many of your dependents have completed secondary education? _____ How many of your dependents have attended or completed university or certificate/vocational programs? _____ 14) How many of your dependents participate in fishing? _____ 15) Fisherman Education Level: No Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational Studies Other 16) Have you received any training related to the fishery sector in the last five years? Yes No 17) If so, what type? 18) In case of emergency contact person: - Name Ms. ________________ Mrs.________________ Mr._________________ - Relationship

Wife Husband Son Daughter Nephew Niece Common-law Other relatives_______________________

- Address (Street address/ Community/ District).________________________

- Telephone/Cellular No.___________________________

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