EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

DC Circuits:

Basic Concepts
Dr. Hasan Demirel

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements. A simple electric circuit

Electric circuit of a radio receiver

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Six basic SI units and one derived unit relevant to this course.
Quantity
Length Mass Time Electric current

Basic Unit Symbol

meter kilogram second ampere

m kg s A K cd C

Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin Luminous intensity Charge candela coulomb

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Prefix

SI Prefixes

Most frequently used

micro pico

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Charge and Current

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of matter, measured in coulombs (C). 1 C of charge requires 6.24 x 1018 electrons. 1 electron charge e = 1.602 x 1019 C . Law of Conservation of Charge: Charge can only be transferred. Cannot be created/destroyed.
Charge Direction

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Charge and Current

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, in other words, the flow of charge, measured in amperes (A).

Current is defined by:

where i = current in amperes (A), q = charge in coulombs (C), t = time in seconds (s).

dq i dt

1 A = 1 C/s Charge transferred between time t0 and t :

t0

i dt

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Charge and Current

Direct Current (dc) is the current that remains constant with time.

Alternating Current (ac) is the current that varries sinusoidally with time.

dc current is represented by I and ac current is represented by i.

Conventional current flow: Both methods represents the same current. (a) positive current flow, (b) negative current flow.

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Charge and Current : Problems

Ex. 1.1:

Ex. 1.2:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Charge and Current : Problems

Ex. 1.3:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Voltage
Voltage (potential difference/electromotive force) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

The voltage,

between two points a and b:

ab

d dq

= voltage in volts (V), = energy in joules (J), q = charge in coulombs (C).

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Voltage
Voltage pushes charge in one direction. We use polarity (+ and ) on batteries to indicate which direction the charge is being pushed.
Two equivalent representation of the same voltage: (a) point a is 9 V above point b, (b) point b is 9 V above point a.

dc voltage is represented by V and ac voltage is represented by .

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Power and Energy

Power is the rate of expending and absorbing energy, measured in watts(W). p = power in watts (W = J/s),

d p i dt

= energy in joules (J), t = time in seconds (s). = voltage in volts (V). i = current in amperes (A).

p=i Circuit elements that absorb power has positive value of p. Circuit elements that supply (produce) power has negative value of p.

(a) Absorbing power (b) supplying power.

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Power and Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules(J).

t0

p dt i dt
t0

p = power in watts (W), = energy in joules (J), t = time in seconds (s). = voltage in volts (V). i = current in amperes (A).

If current and voltage are constant (dc). The power is:

pdt p(t t0 )
t0

In adddition to joules, Watt-hour can also be used to measure energy.

1 Wh = 3,600 J
Law of conservation of energy. Total power in a circuit at any instant is must be zero.

p0

+Power absorbed = Power supplied

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Power and Energy : Problems

Ex. 1.4:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Power and Energy : Problems

Ex. 1.5:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Power and Energy : Problems

Ex. 1.6:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Passive Sign Convention

Passive sign Convention (PSC) is satisfied when current enters through the positive terminal of an element. Most two terminal circuit elements (i.e batteries, light bulbs, resistors, switches) are characterized by a single single equation that relates voltage to current: =f(i) or i=g(). PSC determines the sign relationship If PSC is satisfied: =f(i) or i=g(). If PSC is not satisfied: = f(i) or i=g().

This is also true for power If PSC is satisfied: p= i If PSC is not satisfied: p=i

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Passive Sign Convention

Ex. 1.7:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Circuit Elements
Ideal Independent Source: provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables

Ideal Independent Voltage source:

(a) Independent voltage source (constant / time varying) (b) Independent voltage source (battery).

Ideal Independent Current source:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Circuit Elements
Ideal dependent sources: controlled by other voltage or current.

(a) dependent voltage source (b) dependent current source