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Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 136

S E C TIO N -13
MATERIAL FOR PERFORMANCE REVIEW 1999-2000 SECTION 13 PART (A)-II EFFICIENY (STATION HEAT RATE) OF THERMAL POWER STATION Station Heat Rate (SHR) is an important factor to assess the efficiency of a thermal power station. Efficiency of TPS is a function of station heat rate and it is inversely proportional to SHR. If SHR reduces, efficiency increases, resulting in fuel saving. Station heat rate improvement also helps in reducing pollution from TPS. In this direction, Performance Evaluation Division of CEA had devised a Performa to monitor the various parameters of efficiency of thermal power stations. On monitoring, the data of station heat rate parameters had been received from 57 TPS during the year 1999-2000. The data of operating station heat rate parameters so received have been compiled & analysed for instituting an incentive scheme on Improved Station Heat Rate (SHR) and have been compared with design SHR of the above thermal power station, for the year 1999-2000. The analysis of station heat rate so carried out has been highlighted in Annexures I, II & III. The analysis of Station Heat Rate parameters as given below has been carried out broadly in two categories of the stations with SHR variation between (a) 0-10% and (b) >10%. The stations under 0-10% categories have been considered as efficient and greater than 10% as poorly operating. All the stations analysed have used coal as primary fuel to generate power and oil as secondary fuel for starting purposes. Where as Neyveli and Kutch are lignite based TPS. The analysis has been carried out on the station basis. Station may comprise of any size of units. The following assumptions have been adopted: ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYASIS OF SHR PARAMETERS:1. Analysis of only those power stations has been carried out where data of at least 9 months operation was available. 2. Design station heat rate has been evaluated based on design data of turbine heat rate and boiler efficiency as submitted by TPS and compared with operating station heat. 3. The data of various parameters of station heat rate such as fuels calorific value generation, fuel consumption etc. have been taken from TPS authorities/SEBs/utilities on monthly basis. 4. Actual oil consumption is converted into equivalent coal consumption and added to actual coal consumption to make it as effective coal for calculating heat rate w.r.t. coal GCV on monthly basis as oil consumption is less compared to coal.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 137

Weighted average of coal GCV and oil GCV have been computed yearly for calculating heat rate for the year. 5. Oil GCV has been assumed as 10,000 Kcal/l in case any station has not submitted the data of oil GCV. 6. All India figures are indicated on weighted average basis for available data for the year 1999-2000. 7. Heat rate variation is indicated in minus (-) which means no improvement and gain is indicated without any sign which means positive. The salient feature of station heat rate analysis are enumerated as below: SALIENT FEATURES OF THE STATION HEAT RATE DATA ANALYSIS: 1. The Station Heat Rate (SHR) deviation of operating SHR with respect to design SHR for the years 96-97, 97-98, 98-99 and 99-2000 is given at Annexure-I and highlights of outcomes are given below. a). ALL INDIA STATION HEAT RATE Year Design SHR Operating SHR 1998-99 2421.74 2922.88 1999-2000 2422.51 2913.81 % Deviation 20.69 20.28

Above table indicates that the weighted average SHR at All India Level has been assessed as 2922.88 Kcal/kwh and 2913.81 Kcal/kwh for the year 98-99 and 1999-

ALL INDIA SHR VARIATION


3000 2500 2000
SHR 1500

DESN. SHR OPN. SHR

1000 500 0 1997-98 1998-99


YEARS

1999-2000

2000 respectively. This trend indicates consistently improvement in operating station heat rate as 0.3% for the 1999-2000 with respect to 1998-99. Also SHR variation for 1999-2000 w.r.t design heat rate has been improved significantly. It is represented by the following graph.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 138

b) REGION WISE STATION HEAT RATE Northern Region Years 1998-99 1999-2000 Southern Region Western Region Eastern Region 1998-99 1999-2000 1998-99 1999-2000 1998-99 1999-2000 Design SHR 2483.18 2483.18 2426.26 2426.26 2379.85 2379.68 2413.24 2426.99 Operating SHR 3172.14 3173.78 2799.39 2780.01 2657.10 2617.65 3193.48 3388.16 % Deviation 27.75 27.81 15.38 14.58 11.65 10.0 32.33 39.6

The above table indicates that the OPSHR level of N.R. for the year 98-99& 99-2000 is almost the same. The OPSHR of S.R. for the 99-2000 is 2780 Kcal/Kwh. W.R. indicates that OPSHR for the 99-2000 improved to 2617 Kcal/Kwh as compared to OPSHR value of 2657 Kcal/Kwh of the year 98-99. However E.R. does not show any improvement in OPSHR. c) The number of efficient power stations during the years 1998-99 and 99-2000 stations whose SHR deviation w.r.t. design heat rate in the range of two categories (0-5%, 5-10%) are given in the following table. Details are given at Annexure-III.. Particulars 98-99 Total station analysed 60 8 No. of stations in the range of SHR deviation (0-5%) No. of stations in the range of SHR deviation (5-10%) Total efficient stations Sl. No.(2+3) in the range of (0-10%) No. of stations with SHR deviation more than 10% 8 16 44 99-2000 57 9 12 21 36

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

d)

Amarkantak Phase-I and Ib Valley (OPGC) have been assessed as best stations for 1998-99 with SHR deviation of 1.6% and 3.9% respectively. Amarkantak Phase-I, Ib Valley (OPGC) and Chandrapur (MSEB) have performed as best 1999-2000 with SHR deviation of 1.63%, 2.88% and 2.93% respectively.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 139

e) f) g)

h)

Harduaganj, Parichha, Barauni, Chandrapura (DVC), Nellore and Mulajore (CESC) have been assessed as poorly performing TPS with SHR deviation more than 60% and upto 90%. About 40 stations at an average of last three years are operating at very poor SHR having variation in SHR greater than 10% and upto 90%. These stations need proper monitoring and Energy Audit implementation. The growth of no. of efficient power stations w.r.t. SHR for the year 1998-99, 99-2000 is 26% and 35% respectively. The growth rate is higher in 19992000 due to monitoring of SHR TPS. This can be visualized from AnnexureI The Annexure IV on Unit capacity group wise indicates that there is continuous improvement in OPSHR of the groups 250 MW, 200/210 MW, 120 MW for the year 1999-2000 . Level of Improvement in Station Heat Rate for the year 1998-99 and 19992000 with respect to preceding year is given at Annexure II. The outcomes are given below: The Station Heat Rate is improving consistently from the year 98-99 and 992000 with respect to preceding year including efficient Stations as well as poor Stations. The level of improvement varies from 0.03% to 20.5% over the preceding year. The numbers of Stations showing improvement are given in the following table: Year No. of Stations Analysed 60 57 No. of Improved Stations 29 32 Level of improvement (%) 0.1% - 20.5% 0.03% - 12% % of improved Stations 48% 56%

2.

2.1

1998-99 1999-2000

The improvement in numbers of Stations during 1999-2000 is 8% higher than 199899.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 140

S No

Stations & unit capacity

Cap.(MW) Design heat rate 850 550 850 870 1260 1470 390 1142.5 482.5 910 1260 62.5 420 1050 1050 630 840 240 690 2353.55 2818.61 2358.27 2336 2350.81 2344.75 2553.34 2589.68 2376.26 2347.76 2301.4 2616 2223 2277.24 2343.94 2324.28 2386 2659 2424.29

1998-99 OPSHR % DEV

1999-2000 OPSHR % DEV 5.76 8.30 7.24 10.13 7.55 8.28 6.61 5.76 7.64 10.14 5.95 5.60 -

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Kota-2X110+3X210 Obra-A5X50+3X100 Ukai2X120+2X200+1X210 Gandhi Nagar2X120+3X210 Wanakbori-6x210 Wanakbori-7x210 Sabarmati(AECO)2X30+3X110 Satpura5X62.5+1X200+3X210 Bhusawal 1X62.5+2X210 Nasik-2X140+3X210 Vijai wada-6X210 Ramagundem (B)1X62.5 Rayalseema-2X210 Raichure-5X210 Tuticorin-5X210 N.Chennai-3X210 Metture-4X210 Tita Garh (CESC)4X60 Parli 2X30+3x210 Total Station(B) Total Station(A +B)

2596 10.30 2489 - 2554 - 2502 6.43 - - 2521 2812

2860 10.44 2609 9.79 - - 2867 9.59 2544 2559 2817 8 16 8.54 7.25 5.94 2525 2492 2789 2351 2523 2560 2528 2808 12 21

- -

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 141

STATION HEAT RATE AND DEV.w.r.t. DESIGN FOR 97-98,98-99,99-2000


Name of Stn.-Units&Cap.MW Cap. MW Design 1997-98 1998-99 H.R. Kcal/kwh Oprtg. %Dev OprtgH,R, %Dev H.R. . 1999-2000 Oprtg. H.R. %Dev.

S.no.

NORTHERN REGION. DELHI 1 IPStn--1*36.6+3*62.5+1*60 2 Rajghat ---- 2*67.5 Total HARYANA STATE 3 Faridabad --- 3*55 4 Panipat ---- 4*110 +1*210 Total P.STATE 5 G.N.Bhatinda ---- 4*110 6 GGS Ropar ---- 6*210 Total R.STATE 7 Kota ---- 2*110 +3*210 Total U.P.STATE 8 Obra A ---- 5*50 + 3*100 9 Obra B ----5*200 10 Anpara ---- 3*210 +2*500 11 Panki ---- 2*110+2*32 12 H"Ganj-2*50+2*55+2*60+1*110 13 Parichha ---- 2*110 Total Total (NORTHERN REGION) WESTERN REGION GUJ.STATE 14 Dhuvaran ---- 4*63.5 + 2*140 15 Ukai ---- 2*120 + 2*200 +1*210 16 G.Nagar w.e.f.4/98 ---- 2*120 + 3*210 17 Sikka Rpl ---- 2*120 18 Kutch Lignite ----2*70 +1*75 19 Wanakbori ---- 6*210 Wanakbori - 7*210 wef 4/2000 20 Sabarmati(A.E.)-2*30+3*110 Total (97-98) (98-99) (99-2000)

284.1 135 419.1 165 650 815 440 1260 1700 850 850 550 1000 1630 284 440 220 4124 7908.1

2667.39 2580.35 2639.35 2811.25 2425.00 2503.20 2510.19 2259.43 2324.33 2353.55 2353.55 2818.61 2636.00 2358.18 2528.47 2830.66 2479.34 2555.55 2483.18

3597 3129 3446 4226 3342 3521 3056 2754 2832 2669 2669 3443 2900 2739 3870 4492

34.85 21.26 30.57 50.32 37.81 40.66 21.74 21.89 21.85 13.40 13.40 22.15 10.02 16.15 53.06 58.69

3883 3572 3783 4058 3359 3501 3076 2760 2842 2596 2596 3410 3201 2644 4051 4689 4590 3300 3172.14

45.57 38.43 43.32 44.35 38.52 39.84 22.54 22.15 22.26 10.30 10.30 20.98 21.43 12.12 60.22 65.65 85.13 29.14 27.75

3403 3409 3405 3976 3108 3284 3053 2810 2873 2489 2489 3396 3446 2662 4206 5025 4261 3394 3173.78

27.58 32.11 29.01 41.43 28.16 31.18 21.62 24.37 23.60 5.76 5.76 20.49 30.73 12.88 66.35 77.52 71.86 32.80 27.81

4445 79.28 3228 26.31 3124.51 25.83

534 850 660 870 240 215 1260 1470 390 4149 3825 3585

2527.61 2358.27 2341.77 2336.00 2388.69 2744.71 2350.81 2344.75 2553.34 2415.30 2394.27 2394.64

2924 2665 2506 2501 3617 2506 2921

15.68 13.01 7.01 2441 4.70 31.78 6.60 14.40 2485 3362 2502 2918 2636.04 4.49 4.03 22.49 6.43 14.28 10.10 2595.85 8.40 2450 3398 2521 2812 4.88 23.80 7.24 10.13 2764 17.20 2554 8.30

2688.66 11.32

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 142

S.no .

STATION HEAT RATE AND DEV.w.r.t. DESIGN FOR 97-98,98-99,99-2000 Name of Stn.-Cap. Design 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 Units&Cap.MW H.R. MW Kcal/kwh Oprtg %Dev OprtgH,R, %Dev Oprtg. %Dev. H.R. . H.R. 1142.5 410 420 200 240 420 420 420 420 60 240 2482.5 420 840 1100 62.5 690 2340 500 482.5 910 6505 2589.68 2393.5 2370.0 2675.86 2368.60 2293.00 2439.00 2292.83 2292.83 3071.00 2350.4 2486.47 2274.09 2254.35 2398.85 2686.05 2424.29 2278.18 2225.37 2376.26 2347.76 2330.69 2922 3071 27.44 0.00 3093 3120 2940.9 2810 2778 3164 2720 2372 2331 2609 2610 2561.2 34.90 1.60 18.28 23.57 15.81 17.79 12.20 4.12 4.75 9.79 11.17 9.89 3099 3121 2903.5 2624 2801 3141 2706 2345 2313 2504 2525 2520.58 35.16 1.63 16.77 15.39 16.76 16.94 11.62 2.93 3.94 5.38 7.55 8.15 3351 2855 2503 25.23 20.54 9.16 3273 3053 2761 22.32 28.89 20.41 3319 3114 2896 24.03 31.47 26.30 2890 11.6 2860 10.44 2706 4.4917

M.P. 21 Satpura5*62.5+1*200+3*210 22 Satpura(Ph-II)-1*200+1*210 23 Satpura(Ph-III)--2*210 24 Korba East-II ---- 4*50 25 Korba East-iii ---- 2*120 26 Hasdeo KW-(II)- 2*210 U-3&4 27 Hasdeo K.W.-I --2*210 U-1&2 28 Birsingpur -(I)---- 2*210 29 Birsingpur -(II)---- 2*210 30 Amarkantak-(I) ---- 2*30 31 Amarkantak (Ph-II)-2*120 Total (97-2000) MAHARASTRA STATE 32 K'kheda- 2*210 K'kheda- 4*210 wef4/2001 33 Koradi ---- 4*120 + 1*200 +2*210 34 Paras ---- 1*62.5 35 Parli ---- 2*30 +3*210 36 Ch"pur(MSEB)-4*210+3*500 37 Dahanu ---- 2*250 38 Bhusawal ----1*62.5 + 2*210 39 Nasik ---- 2*140+3*210 Total (97-2001) Total (W.R.) (97-98) (98-99) (99-2000) SOUTHERN REGION A.P. 40 K.gudem ---- 4*60 +4*110 41 Vijaywada ---- 6*210 42 R.Gundem ---- 1*62.5 43 Nellore ---- 1*30 44 Rayalseema ----2*210 Total (97-2000) (2000-01 onwards) KARNATAKA STATE 45 Raichur ---- 5*210 Total

2868.07 15.35 2713 2748 3173 2692 2520 2335 2673 19.30 14.55 18.13 11.04 10.61 4.93 12.49

2687 14.45 2616.03 12.24 2686.60 12.56

13136.5 2386.85 12812.5 2379.85 12572.5 2379.68

2657.10

11.65 2617.65 10.00

680 1260 62.5 30 420 2452.5 2422.5 1050 1050

2541.46 2301.41 2616.00 2522.09 2223.00 2365.26 2363.31 2277.24 2277.24

3226 2394 2719 4125 2502 2672.64

26.93 4.02 3.94 63.55 12.55 13.00

3271 2417 2867 4153 2457 2693.3

28.71 5.02 9.59 64.67 10.53 13.87

2974 2492 2789 3664 2351 2623.4

17.02 8.28 6.61 45.28 5.76 10.91

2315 2315

1.66 1.66

2636 2636

15.75 15.75

2535 2535

11.32 11.32

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 143

S.no.

46 47 48 49 50 51

STATION HEAT RATE AND DEV.w.r.t. DESIGN FOR 97-98,98-99,99-2000 Name of Stn.-Cap. Design 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 Units&Cap.MW H.R. MW Kcal/kwh Oprtg %Dev OprtgH,R, %Dev Oprtg. %Dev. H.R. . H.R. TAMIL NADU STATE Tuticorin ---- 5*210 1050 2343.94 2547 8.66 2544 8.54 2523 7.64 Ennore ---- 2*60 +3*110 450 2528.21 3285 29.93 3123 23.53 3268 29.26 N.Chennai ---- 3*210 630 2324.28 2686 15.56 2568 10.49 2560 10.14 Neyveli-I ---- 6*50 +3*100 600 2739.29 3957 44.45 3958 44.49 4127 50.66 Neveli-II ---- 7*210 1470 2601.00 2819 8.38 2940 13.03 2939 13.00 Metture ---- 4*210 840 2386.00 2551 6.92 2559 7.25 2528 5.95 Total (97-2000) 5040 2486.98 2878.13 15.73 2885.0 16.01 2907.3 16.90 TOTAL (S. R.) (97-2000) 8542.5 2426.26 2749.91 13.34 2799.39 15.38 2780.01 14.58

EASTERN REGION BIHAR STATE 52 Barauni ---- 2*50 +2*110 320 TOTAL 320 D.V.C. 53 Bokaro ---- 3*210 630 54 Durgapur ---- 1*140 + 350 1*210 55 Ch"pur(DVC)-780 3*140+3*120 TOTAL (97-98 TO 2000- 1760 01) NTPC 56 Farakka --- 2*200 +2*500 1400 TOTAL (NTPC) 1400 ORISSA STATE 57 Talchar ----4*62.5 +2*110 460 58 IB opgc ---- 2*210 420 TOTAL (97-98 TO 98880 99) (99-2000 onwards) 420 W.B.STATE 59 Kolaghat ---- 6*210 1260 60 Bandel ---- 4*80 +1*210 530 61 Santaldih(WBSEB)-4*120 480 TOTAL (97-98 TO 992270 2000) CESC 62 Budge Budge(CESC)-500 2*250 63 Titagarh (CESC) ---- 4*60 240 64 Mulajore (CESC) ---- 4*30 120 65 Southern (CESC) ---135 2*67.5 66 N.Cossipore(CESC)160 2*30+2*50 TOTAL 1155 TOTAL (EASTERN REGION)

2532.64 2532.64 2399.35 2406.00 2352.24 2379.80

4918 4918 3450 3085 3889

94.18 94.18 43.79 28.22 65.33

4681 4681 3173 2946 3896 3448.28

84.83 84.83 32.24 22.44 65.63 44.90

4570 4570 3386 3302 4109 3689.72

80.44 80.44 41.12 37.24 74.68 55.04

3571.97 50.10

2286.69 2286.69 2621.33 2350.37 2492.01 2350.37 2387.52 2395.78 2300.31 2371.01

2593 2593

13.40 13.40

2561 2561 3257 2442 2868.02

12.00 12.00 24.25 3.90 15.09

3444 31.38 2667 13.47 3073.16 23.32

2418 2418

2.88 2.88 32.77 29.81 52.68 36.16

3157 2722 3361 3098.57

32.23 13.62 46.11 30.69

3164 3042 3680 3244.63

32.52 26.97 59.98 36.85

3170 3110 3512 3228.31

2261.00 2659.00 3420.00 2707.00 2920.00 2607.54

3271 2826 6074 2829 4428

44.67 6.28 77.60 4.51 51.64

2599 2817 6153 2832 4522 3307.2

14.95 5.94 79.91 4.62 54.86 26.83

2359 2808 6544 2848 4697 3268.1

4.33 5.60 91.35 5.21 60.86 25.33

3578.37 37.23

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 144

S.no .

STATION HEAT RATE AND DEV.w.r.t. DESIGN FOR 97-98,98-99,99-2000 Name of Stn.-Cap. Design 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 Units&Cap.MW H.R. MW Kcal/kwh Oprtg %Dev OprtgH,R, %Dev Oprtg. %Dev. H.R. . H.R. 97-98 7785 2413.24 3257.78 35.00 98-99 7785 2413.24 3193.48 32.33 99-2000 5925 2426.99 3388.16 39.60 2000-01 3510 2381.75 2001-02 2740 2383.47 NORTH EASTERN REGION 67 Bongaigon ---- 4*60 240 2748.55 4563 66.01 4516 64.30 TOTAL 240 2748.55 4563 66.01 4516 64.30 ALL INDIA(SHR) 97-98 98-99 99-2000

37612.1 2423.83 37288.1 2421.74 34948.1 2422.51

2923.25 20.60 2922.88 20.69 2913.81 20.28

LEVEL OF INCREASE / DECREASE IN SHR FOR THE YEARS 98-99,99-2000 wrt PRECEDING YEAR.
S.no. Name of Stn.--Units&Cap.MW Cap. Design H.R. MW Kcal/kwh 1997-98 Oprtg H.R. 1998-99 1999-2000 %Imprvt.

OprtgH,R, %Impr Oprtg. vt. H.R.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

NORTHERN REGION. DELHI IPStn---1*36.6+3*62.5+1*60 Rajghat ---- 2*67.5 HARYANA STATE Faridabad --- 3*55 Panipat ---- 4*110 +1*210 P.STATE G.N.Bhatinda ---- 4*110 GGS Ropar ---- 6*210 R.STATE Kota ---- 2*110 +3*210 U.P.STATE Obra A ---- 5*50 + 3*100 Obra B ----5*200 Anpara ---- 3*210 +2*500 Panki ---- 2*110+2*32 H"Ganj--2*50+2*55+2*60+1*110 Parichha ---- 2*110 WESTERN REGION G.STATE Dhuvaran ---- 4*63.5 + 2*140 Ukai ---- 2*120 + 2*200 +1*210 G.Nagar w.e.f.4/98 ---- 2*120 + 3*210 Sikka Rpl ---- 2*120 Kutch Lignite ----2*70 +1*75

284.1 135 165 650 440 1260 850 550 1000 1630 284 440 220

2667.39 2580.35 2811.25 2425.00 2510.19 2259.43 2353.55 2818.61 2636.00 2358.18 2528.47 2830.66 2479.34

3597 3129 4226 3342 3056 2754 2669 3443 2900 2739 3870 4492 4445

3883 3572 4058 3359 3076 2760 2596 3410 3201 2644 4051 4689 4590

-7.95 -14.16 3.98 -0.51 -0.65 -0.22 2.74 0.96 -10.38 3.47 -4.68 -4.39 -3.26

3403 3409 3976 3108 3053 2810 2489 3396 3446 2662 4206 5025 4261

12.36 4.56 2.02 7.47 0.75 -1.81 4.12 0.41 -7.65 -0.68 -3.83 -7.17 7.17

14 15 16 17 18

534 850 660 870 240 215

2527.61 2358.27 2341.77 2336.00 2388.69 2744.71

2924 2665 2506 2501 3617

2764 2441 2485 3362

-3.71

2554 2450

7.60 -0.37 -1.07

0.64 7.05

3398

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 145

Name of Stn.--Units&Cap.MW S.no. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Wanakbori ---- 6*210 Wanakbori - 7*210 wef 4/2000 Sabarmati(A.E.)--2*30+3*110 M.P. Satpura-5*62.5+1*200+3*210 Satpura(Ph-II)--1*200+1*210 Satpura(Ph-III)--2*210 Korba East-II ---- 4*50 Korba East-iii ---- 2*120 Hasdeo KW-(II)- 2*210 U-3&4 Hasdeo K.W.-I --2*210 U-1&2 Birsingpur -(I)---- 2*210 Birsingpur -(II)---- 2*210 Amarkantak-(I) ---- 2*30 Amarkantak (Ph-II)-- 2*120 M.S. K'kheda- 2*210 K'kheda- 4*210 wef4/2001 Koradi ---- 4*120 + 1*200 +2*210 Paras ---- 1*62.5 Parli ---- 2*30 +3*210 Ch"pur(MSEB)--4*210+3*500 Dahanu ---- 2*250 Bhusawal ----1*62.5 + 2*210 Nasik ---- 2*140+3*210 SOUTHERN REGION A.P. K.gudem ---- 4*60 +4*110 Vijaywada ---- 6*210 R.Gundem ---- 1*62.5 Nellore ---- 1*30 Rayalseema ----2*210 K.STATE Raichur ---- 5*210 T.N.STATE Tuticorin ---- 5*210 Ennore ---- 2*60 +3*110 N.Chennai ---- 3*210 Neyveli-I ---- 6*50 +3*100 Neveli-II ---- 7*210 Metture ---- 4*210 EASTERN REGION BIHAR STATE Barauni ---- 2*50 +2*110 D.V.C. Bokaro ---- 3*210 Durgapur ---- 1*140 + 1*210 Ch"pur(DVC)--3*140+3*120 Mejia (DVC) ---- 3*210 NTPC Farakka ---- 2*200 +2*500 ORISSA STATE Talchar ----4*62.5 +2*110 IB opgc ---- 2*210

Cap. MW 1260 1470 390 1143 410 420 200 240 420 420 420 420 60 240 420 840 1100 62.5 690 2340 500 482.5 910

Design H.R. Kcal/kwh 2350.81 2344.75 2553.34 2589.68 2393.5 2370.0 2675.86 2368.60 2293.00 2439.00 2292.83 2292.83 3071.00 2350.4 2274.09 2254.35 2398.85 2686.05 2424.29 2278.18 2225.37 2376.26 2347.76

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000 Oprtg. H.R. 2521 2812 2706 %Imprvt. -0.76 3.63 5.38

Oprtg H.R. OprtgH,R, %Imprvt. 2506 2921 2890 2502 2918 2860 0.16 0.10 1.04

3351 2855 2503 2922 3071

3273 3053 2761 3093 3120

2.33 -6.94 -10.31 -5.85 -1.60

3319 3114 2896 3099 3121

-1.41 -2.00 -4.89 -0.19 -0.03

2713 2748 3173 2692 2520 2335 2673 2687

2810 2778 3164 2720 2372 2331 2609 2610

-3.58 -1.09 0.28 -1.04 5.87 0.17 2.39 2.87

2624 2801 3141 2706 2345 2313 2504 2525

6.62 -0.83 0.73 0.51 1.14 0.77 4.02 3.26

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

680 1260 62.5 30 420 1050 1050 450 630 600 1470 840

2541.46 2301.41 2616.00 2522.09 2223.00 2277.24 2343.94 2528.21 2324.28 2739.29 2601.00 2386.00

3226 2394 2719 4125 2502 2315 2547 3285 2686 3957 2819 2551

3271 2417 2867 4153 2457 2636 2544 3123 2568 3958 2940 2559

-1.39 -0.96 -5.44 -0.68 1.80 -13.87 0.12 4.93 4.39 -0.03 -4.29 -0.31

2974 2492 2789 3664 2351 2535 2523 3268 2560 4127 2939 2528

9.08 -3.10 2.72 11.77 4.31 3.83 0.83 -4.64 0.31 -4.27 0.03 1.21

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

320 630 350 780 630 1400 460 420

2532.64 2399.35 2406.00 2352.24 2267.16 2286.69 2621.33 2350.37

4918 3450 3085 3889

4681 3173 2946 3896 2816 2561 3257 2442

4.82 8.03 4.51 -0.18

4570 3386 3302 4109

2.37 -6.71 -12.08 -5.47

2593 3444 2667

1.23 5.43 8.44

2418

0.98

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 146

Name of Stn.--Units&Cap.MW S.no. W.B.STATE Kolaghat ---- 6*210 Bandel ---- 4*80 +1*210 Santaldih(WBSEB)-4*120 CESC Budge Budge(CESC)--2*250 Titagarh (CESC) ---- 4*60 Mulajore (CESC) ---- 4*30 Southern (CESC) ---- 2*67.5 N.Cossipore(CESC)-2*30+2*50

Cap. MW

Design H.R. Kcal/kwh

1997-98 Oprtg H.R.

1998-99 OprtgH, R, 3164 3042 3680 2599 2817 6153 2832 4522 %Imprvt.

1999-2000 Oprtg. H.R. 3170 3110 3512 2359 2808 6544 2848 4697 %Imprvt.

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

1260 530 480 500 240 120 135 160

2387.52 2395.78 2300.31 2261.00 2659.00 3420.00 2707.00 2920.00

3157 2722 3361 3271 2826 6074 2829 4428

-0.22 -11.76 -9.49 20.54 0.32 -1.30 -0.11 -2.12

-0.19 -2.24 4.57 9.23 0.32 -6.35 -0.56 -3.87

68

NORTH EASTERN REGION Bongaigon ---- 4*60 240 (-) MEANS NO IMPROVEMENT NO SIGN MEANS IMPROVEMENT

2748.55

4563

4516

1.03

ANNEXURE-III EFFICIENT THERMAL POWER STATION FOR 98-99, 1999-2000 WITH SHR DEVIATION (0-5% & 5 TO 10%) Sl. Stations & unit capacity No. 1 (A) 1. 2 3 4
Design Cap. (MW) heat rate

1998-99

1999-2000

2 Station with SHR Dev (0-5%) Amarkantak 2x30 MW 60 IbValley(OPGC)2X210 420 Sikka (RPL)-2X120 240 Chandrapur(MSEB)2340 4X210+3X500 5 Budge-Budge (CESC)- 500 2X250 6 Gandhi Nagar- 870 2X120+3X210 7 Southern(CESC)135 2X67.5 8 Dahanu (BSES)-2X250 500 9 Vijai wada-6X210 1260 10 Bhusawal 482.5 1X62.5+2X210 11 Rayalseema-2X210 420 12 Satpura1142.5 5X62.5+1X200+3X210 TOTAL NO.OF STN. Station with SHR DEV.(510%)

3 3071 2350.77 2388.69 2278.18 2261 2336 2707

OPSHR % OPSHR % DEV DEV 4 5 6 7 3120 2422 2485 2372 2441 2832 1.6 3.9 4.03 4.12 4.49 4.62 4.75 5.02 3121 2418 2345 2359 2450 2848 2313 2504 2706 9 1.63 2.88 2-93 4.33 4.88 5.21 3.94 5.38 4.49

2225.37 2331 2301.4 2417 2376.26 2223 2589.68 8

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 147

ALL INDIA AVERAGE DESIGN/OPERATING STATION HEAT RATE (CAPACITY GROUP WISE) FOR THE YEAR 1999-2000
1999-2000 MW (Group Wise) Cap.(MW) No. Of Stn. DSHR OPSHR %Dev.

500 MW Group 250 MW Group 200/210 MW Group 120 MW 110 MW 67.5 MW 62.5 MW 60 MW 55 MW 50MW 30 MW Combination of (30-200/210/500 MW)Group Combination of (30-140 MW)Group TOTAL ALL INDIA 1000 13810 720 660 270 125 240 165 200 210 2 16 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 2243 2376 2323 2500 2644 2651 2659 2811 2676 3192.0 2336 2782 3379 3456 3129 2965 2808 3976 3319 5154.6 4.15 17.10 45.49 38.25 18.35 11.84 5.60 41.44 24.03 61.48

12395.00 5153.10 34948.1

13 12 57

2376.2 2615.6 2422

2631 3775 2914

10.73 44.34 20.28

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 148

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN POWER SECTOR


(PART-B) 1. INTRODUCTION The implementation of power projects requires clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests from the following aspects : a) b) Environmental aspects Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 angle

The above clearances are communicated separately and a Project requiring both clearance is deemed to be cleared by MOEF only after the clearance from both aspects is given. 2. ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification `1994, inter-alia, provides that expansion or modernisation or a new power project shall not be undertaken in the country unless accorded environment clearance by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF). This however, does not apply to projects with investment costs less than 50 crores. The above EIA Notification, sets out procedure for clearance of projects. For site specific projects, such as hydro electric and pit head thermal power stations, the site clearance is to be obtained first from MOEF for initiation of any surveys and investigations. The MOEF would convey a decision regarding suitability of otherwise of the site within 30 days. Thereafter, such site specific projects are to be submitted by the proponents to MOEF for clearance. The reports shall be evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency which may consult a Committee of Experts. If required, comments of the public may be solicited and public hearing arranged. The Notification stipulates that the assessment shall be completed within a period of ninety days from the receipt of the requisite documents and data hearing, where required, and decision conveyed within thirty days thereafter. The clearance granted is valid for a period of five years for commencement of the construction/operation. 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL OF THERMAL POWER PROJECTS

The proponents of thermal power projects including coal/lignite fired thermal, gas, combined cycle gas based and co-generation projects submit 20 copies of the application to MOEF in the specified Performa along with the Environmental Impact Report/Environment Management Plan. The impact Assessment Agency examines the reports and calls for additional data, documents. on receipt of complete information, the projects are placed before the committee of Experts for thermal power stations. If needed, visits to recommendations of the Committee of Experts, MOEF further process the projects for clearance/rejection of the proposals. The cases rejected for

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 149

non furnishing of complete information may be reopened on the receipt of complete information. The expert committee Constituted by MOEF and represented by Chief Engineer (C&E)/ CEA, had considered 24 schemes with 5354.78 MW during 19992000 . Out of these, 18 schemes with 3585.78MW (99-00) installed capacity had been given clearance from environmental angle.

4.0

ENVIRONMENT CONCERNS OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS

The products of combustion in thermal power plants using coal/lignite LDO/Naphtha are gaseous emissions containing carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and Nitrogen as also solid particulate matter (ash) where coal/lignite is used. Beside these, the waste water from the process contains pollutants. 4.1 AIR POLLUTION

Initially, perceptions of objectionable effects of air pollutants were limited to those easily detected like odour and smoke stacks. Later, it was the concern over long term/chronic effects that led to the identification of six criteria pollutants. These six criteria pollutants are sulphur DI-oxide (S02), Carbon Mono-oxide (CO), Nitrogen oxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), suspended particulate and non methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) now referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOC). There is substantial evidence linking them to health effects at high concentrations. Three of whom namely O3,SO2 and NO2 are also known phytotoxicants (toxic to vegetation). In the later part Lead (Pb) was added to that list. Green House Gases which are responsible for temperature enhancement cause global warming. These Green House Gases are CO2. (Carbon dioxide), CH4 (Methane), N20 (Nitous Oxide) & CO (Carbon Monoxide) 4.1.1. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX ) All combustion processes are sources of NOx at the high temperature generated in the combustion process. Formation of NOx may be due to thermal NOx which is the result of oxidation of nitrogen in the air and due to fuel NOX which is due to nitrogen present in the fuel. In general, higher the combustion temperature the higher NOx is produced. 4.1.2 OXIDES OF SULPHUR The combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels, especially coal is the primary source of SOX. About 97 to 99% of SOX emitted from combustion sources is in the form of sulphur dioxide which is a criteria pollutant, the reminder is mostly SO3, which in the presence of atmosphere water is transformed into Sulphuric Acid at higher concentrations, produce deleterious effects on the respiratory system.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 150

4.1.3. PARTICULATE MATTER The terms particulate matter, particulates, particles are used interchangeably and all refer to finely divided solids and liquids dispersed in the air. 4.1.4. RESPIRATORY MATTER/RM 10 are the five particulate matter upto 10 micron size , which are responsible for respiratory effect and lungs cancer. 4.2 WATER POLLUTION Water pollution refers to any change in natural waters that may impair further use of the water, caused by the introduction of organic or inorganic substances or a change in temperature of the water. In thermal power stations the source of water is either river, lake, pond, ground water or sea where from water is usually taken. There is possibility of water being contaminated from the source itself. Further contamination or pollution could be added by the pollutants of thermal power plant waste as inorganic or organic compounds. 4.3 LAND DEGRADATION

The thermal power stations are generally located on the non-forest land and do not involve much Resettlement and Rehabilitation problems. However its effects due to stack emission etc, on flora and fauna, wild life sanctuaries and human life etc. have to be studied for any adverse effects. One of the serious effects of thermal power stations are land requirement for ash disposal and hazardous elements percolation to ground water through ash disposal in ash ponds. Due to enormous quantity of ash content in Indian coal, approximately 1 Acre per MW of installed thermal capacity is required for ash disposal. 4.4 NOISE POLLUTION

Some areas inside the plant will have noisy equipments such as crushers, belt conveyors, fans, pumps, milling plant, compressors, boiler, turbine etc. Various measures taken to reduce the noise generation and exposure of workers to high noise levels in the plant area will generally include: I) ii) iii) iv) v) 5.0 Silencers of fans, compressors, steam safety valves etc. Using noise absorbent materials. Providing noise barriers for various areas. Noise proof control rooms. Provision of green belt around the plat will further reduce noise levels. REGULATORY MEASURES

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 151

5.1

AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981.

In India, 1st Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 with amendments in 1987 for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and it came into force with effect from May 91. The act provides for Central as well as State Boards with such powers and functions as necessary to provide and control the quality of Air. National ambient air quality standards by Central Pollution Control Board have been issued vide Gazette Notification of April 94. For wider dispersal of SO2, stack height of different capacity units have been stipulated. For units of 500MW and above stack height of 275 meters and units of 200MW & above but less than 500MW a height of 220meter has been stipulated. For units less than 200MW the height (H) is=14(Q) 0.3, where Q is emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr. 5.2 ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT 1986

Environment (Protection) Act 1986 came into force w.e.f. 19.11.86 and provides for protection, improvement of environment and for matters connected therewith. It empowers the Central Govt. to take all such measures as deemed necessary for protecting and meeting quality of environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. Standards for liquid effluents have been issued under PEA Notification, dated 19th November, 1986 1986 Environment Protection Act has much sharper teeth and provides for stringent punishment for any violation of Act. As per Sec. 15 of the Act, whosoever fails to comply or contravenes any of the provisions of this Act, may be punished with imprisonment which may extend unto five years or with fine extending unto Rs. one lake or both. In case the failure continues for more than one year, the imprisonment may be extended to seven years. 5.3 EMISSION/EFFLUENTS STANDARDS

The standards for emissions/effluent have been notified by the CPCB/MOEF as under : 5.3.1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPUME) The bulk of the ash produced from the combustion of coal / lignite in the thermal power station and carried by the flue gases is trapped by the ESPs or bag filters and only a small quantity escapes through stacks. The ESPs of such designs and efficiency are provided that limit the SPUME in the stack emissions below the prescribed norms. The standards for SPUME levels as notified are given at Annex - I

5.3.2 SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 152

The non-cooking coal available in the country earmarked for power generation generally contains low level of sulphur unto 0.50% except for the coal available in the North Eastern region of the country. There are no prescribed sulphur dioxide emission norms control is sought to be achieved by prescribing minimum stack height limits for power stations which are given at Annex - II. The Indian Air quality Standards prescribed by CPCB stipulates the limits of SPUME, SOx, NOx, Respriable particulate matter (RPM) CO & Pb in the ambient air. These standards are given at Annex - III. Even using high sulphur coal, the sulphur dioxide emission can be reduced in the boilers using fluidised bed combustion technology. The sulphur dioxide produced in the combustion is mixed in the boiler with the lime fed alongwith the coal. 5.3.3 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS The formation of Nitrogen oxide depends on the temperature and residence time of gases in the combustion chamber at that temperature. The formation of Nitrogen oxide can be reduced by providing low nitrogen oxide burners. No norms for the nitrogen oxide emission at stack have been notified by MOEF for coal/lignite fired thermal power stations. The levels of Oxides of Nitrogen in the ambient air are prescribed by the AAQ standards which would limit the concentration of nitrogen oxide producing industries in an area. 5.3.4 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE The process of power generation produces liquid effluents. The standards for liquid effluents from power stations have been prescribed in the EPA Notification dated 19th Nov. 1986 which are reproduced at Annex - IV. 6.0 OTHER ISSUES

6.1 COAL WASHING/BENEFICIATION. Number of studies have been conducted in the past to quantify the economics of using beneficiated coal in Indian power stations. These studies have indicated in quantitative terms the benefits of using washed coal both in terms of O&M as well as capital cost of the project. Vide MOEF Notification dated 19th September, 1997. These plants include the thermal plants located beyond one thousand Km. from pit heads and thermal plants located in urban areas or sensitive areas. Subsequently a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Member (Thermal), CEA to examine the ways and means of implementation of MOEF Notification. The committee submitted its report in February 2000. Subsequently MOP has set up two more committee for implementing the recommendations of the main committee. 6.2 FLY ASH UTILISATION

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 153

The Coal/Lignite fired thermal power stations produce enormous quantities of ash. The ash has traditionally been disposed off in the ash ponds which has the potential of polluting the surface and ground water unless adequate care is taken. In order to check the percolation of ash effluents to the ground water, ash pond lining is being provided wherever necessary. The fly ash collected in the dry form, could however, be beneficially used for brick making and cement manufacturing. Incentives have been issued by the ministry of Power letter of 27th May 1996. Which are reproduced at Annexure - V. Inspite of all out efforts only 15 % of ash is being utilised for gainful purpose at present. The notification dated 14-9-99 issued by MOEF in respect of Fly ash is reproduced at Annexure VI. 6.3 FLUE GAS DESULPHURISATION (FGD) PLANT The MOEF insists on making space provision for FGD Plant in the designs of thermal power units of 500 MW and above capacity as also at stations with capacity of 1500 to 2000 MW to facilitate their addition at a later date in case of the need for such plant is established. In case of sensitive areas the installation of FGD is insisted upon even for stations with smaller installation. 6.4. MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS IN INDIA

CEA has also been actively engaged in the monitoring of environmental status of thermal power stations in the country. Monthly environmental status reports in respect of Stack emission, AAQ and effluent discharges are received from the thermal power stations, analysed and remedial measures suggested where ever required. Some of thermal units being operated do not have requisite infrastructure for environmental monitoring. Where-ever the units are not meeting statutory environmental requirements, are unable to install/replace existing ESP`s etc. due to paucity of funds. Though provisions exist in the law for closing down of the thermal power stations for not meeting environmental standards, we can hardly afford to close any unit in the power starved situation. Though, at present emphasis is laid on meeting particulate matter norms from stack emission, even for that regularly data is not being received from some of thermal power stations.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 154

Annexure - I THERMAL POWER PLANTS : EMISSION STANDARDS


NOTIFICATION

MOEF vide Notification of 19th May 1993 issued as amendment rules to environment (Protection) Act 1986. The particulate matter emmision limits for thermal power stations are as follows :(i) (ii) Thermal Power Plants 62.5MW or more Units located in protected area irrespective of generation capacity (iii) Generation capacity less than 62.5MW and Units having commissioned prior to 1.1.82 150mg/ Nm3 150mg/Nm3 350 mg/Nm3 Annexure - II THERMAL POWER PLANTS : STACK HEIGHT/LIMITS Generation Capacity 500 MW and above 200 MW/210 MW and above to less than 500 MW Less than 200 MW/210 MW Stack Height (Metres) 275 220 H=14 (Q) 0.3 where Q is emission rate of SO2, in Kg/h, and H is Stack height in metres Source : EPA Notification (G.S.R. 742 (E), dt. 30th Aug, 1990. Annexure-III ENVIROMENT & FORESTS CENTRAL POLLUTION BOARD NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, NOTFN. 11.4.94 S.O. 384(E) The central pollution Control Board in exercise of its power conferred under section 16 (2) (n) of the Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981) hereby notify the National Ambient Air Quality standards with immediate effect.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 155

As per CPCB notification dt. 11.4.94,A.A.Q standard has been given below in brackets. SCHEDULE I
Concentration in Ambient Air

Pollutant

Time weighted average * Annual average ** 24 hours * Annual Average ** 24 hour

Indl. Area (ug/m3) 80 120 80 120

Res. Rural Other areas (ug/m3) 60 80 60 80 140 200 60 100 0.75 1.0

Sensitive Area (ug/m3) 15 30 15 30 70 100 50 75 0.50 0.75

Method of measure

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen

1. Improve West & Gacke method 2. Ultraviolet flourescence 1. Jacob and Hochheiser modified (Na Arsenite 2. Gas Phase Chemilumin scene High Volume sampling, (Avg. flow rate not less than 1.1m3/min

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Respirable particulate matter (size less than 10 um)(RPM) Lead (Pb)

* Annual Average ** 24 hour Annual Average

360 500 120 150 1.0 1.5

** 24 hours Annual Average

AAS method after sampling. Using ERM 2000 of equiv. Filter paper.

** 24 hours

Non dispersive infrared 1.0 2.0 5.0 ** 8 hour Carbon spectroscopy monooxide mg/m3 2.0 4.0 10.0 1 hour mg/m3 (CO) * Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hours at uniform intervals. ** 24 hours/8 hours values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 156

Annexure IV
THERMAL POWER PLANT : STANDARDS FOR LIQUID EFFLUENT

PARAMETERS
SOURCE

Condenser Cooling Water (once through cooling system)

PH Temperature

STANDARDS MAX. LIMITING CONCENTRATION mg/1 (EXECPT FOR pH & TEMP.) 6.5 to 8.5 Not more than 7deg. C higher than the intake 0.5

Free available chlorine 100 Boiler Blowdown Suspended Soilds 20 Oil & Grease 1.0 Copper (Total) 1.0 Iron (Total) 0.5 Cooling Tower Blowdown Free available Chlorine 1.0 Zinc 0.2 Chromium (Total) 5.0 Phosphate Other corrosion Limit to be inhibiting material established on case by case basis by Central Board in case of Union Territories and state Boards in case of states. 6.5 to 8.5 Ash Pond Effluent PH 100 Suspended Solids 20 Oil & Greases Source EPA Notification (S.O., 844 (E), dt. 19.11.86) as amended by --------------notification no.-------------- dt.----

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 157

ANNEXURE V COPY OF COMPREHENSIVE GUIDELINES FOR FLY ASH UTILISATION AND DISPOSAL ISSUED BY SECRETARY, MOP VIDE DO NO.11/16/93-RO(K)/E.II DATED 27.5.1996
COMPREHENSIVE GUIDELINES FOR FLY ASH UTILISATION AND DISPOSAL

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) (v)

(vi) (vii)

(viii)

Dry fly ash should be supplied by the power stations, free of cost, to the entrepreneurs for a period of 10 years from the day a unit goes into fly ash based production. The terms of the supply of ash after the initial period of 10 years, should be settled annually by the Power Station Authorities and the concerned entrepreneurs; in case of disagreement, the matter could be decided by CEA or Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTC) for which a suitable provision should be incorporated in the contracts. Where ever Power Stations do not have dry fly ash collection facilities, they may be required to set up this facility. All new power stations should provide arrangements for collection and supply of dry fly ash. This would be ensured by CEA while appraising projects for technoeconomic clearance. If any of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) dry ash collection, this would considered by the Ministry of Power as a part of R&D Scheme. All proposals formulated and sponsored by the concerned Boards/Corporations and Utilities for setting up of the Thermal Power Plants should, in future, invariably incorporate specific provisions for promoting the maximum utilisation of fly ash generated by the plants. Central Electricity Authority would examine such proposals for technoeconomic clearance as are found to comply with these requirements. The transportation of fly ash from thermal Power Plant should be the responsibility of entrepreneurs. No subsidy for transport of fly ash or its end products would be advisable. Power utilities should be advised to make arrangements, wherever possible, for giving land to the prospective entrepreneurs on concessional terms contiguous to the power stations. However, supply of power should be settled on case to case basis. The Bureau of Indian Standards should formulate Indian Standards on building materials produced from fly ash or incorporate suitable amendments in the existing standards to cover these materials. Financial assistance from Governmental financial institutions at subsidised rates of interest should be made available to prospective entrepreneurs for setting up fly ash based unit for manufacturing building materials. Indigenous equipment required for setting up fly ash based industry should be exempted from excise duty/sales tax. In case of imported equipment required for manufacture of building materials utilising fly ash should be 50 % of the normal rates.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 158

(ix)

(x) (xi) (xii)

The end products of coal ash should be exempted for the first 5 years from excise duty, sales tax etc. where atleast 50% of coal ash is utilised as raw materials for coal ash utilisation between 25 % to 50 % such exemption should be 50 % of the normal rates. All incentives and according the same preferential treatment should be provided to all coal ash using industries as are given to small scale industries. The technologies developed in R&D institutions should be made available at low price to the manufacturers. Local authorities, including States Govts. need also to liberalise their industrial policy for establishing ash utilisation industries. Annexure-VI

Notification of MOEF dated 14.9.1999, in respect of Fly Ash.


1. Use of Fly ash bottom ash or pond ash in the manufacture of bricks and other construction activities:
(i) No person shall within a radios of fifty kilometers from coal or lignite based thermal power plants, manufacture clay bricks or tiles or blocks for use in construction activities without mixing of least 25% of ash (fly ash, bottom ash or pond ash) with soil on weight to weight basis. The authority for ensuring the use of specified quantity of ash as per para (I) above shall be the concerned Regional Officers of the State pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee as the case may be. In case of noncompliance, the said authority, in addition to cancellation of consent order issued to establish the brick kiln, shall move the district administration for cancellation of mining lease. The cancellation of mining lease shall be decided after due hearing. To enable the said authority to verify the actual use of ash, the thermal power plant shall maintain month-wise records of ash made available to each brick kiln. In case of non-availability of ash from thermal power plant in sufficient quantities as certified by the said power plant, the stipulation under para (1) shall be suitably modified (waived/relaxed) by the concerned State/Union Territory Government.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Each coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall constitute a dispute settlement committee which shall include at the General Manager of the thermal power plant and a representative of All India Brick and Tile Manufacture`s Federation (AIBTMF). Such a committee shall ensure unhindered loading and transport of ash without any undue loss of time. Any unresolved dispute shall be dealt with by State/Union Territory level committee to be set up by State/Union Territory Government comprising Member Secretary of the State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee, representatives of Ministry of Power in the State/Union Territory Government and a representative AIBTMF.

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 159

2.

Utilisation of ash by Thermal Power Plants : All coal or lignite based thermal power plants shall utilise the ash generated in he power plants as follows : Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall make available ash, for a least 10 years from the date of publication of this notification without any payment or any other consideration, for the purpose of manufacturing ash based products such as cement, concrete based, bricks, panels or any other material or for construction of roads, embankment, dams, dykes or for any other construction activity. (i) Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant commissioned subject to environmentally clearance conditions stipulating the submission of an action plant for full utilisation of fly ash shall, within a period a of nine years from the publication of this notification, phase out the dumping and disposal of fly ash on land in accordance with the plan. Such an action plant shall provide for thirty percent of the fly ash utilisation, within three years from the publication of this notification with further increase in utilisation by at least 10% points every year progressively for the next six years to enable utilisation of the entire fly ash generated in the power plant at least by the end of ninth year Progress in this regard shall be reviewed after five years.

(ii)

(iii)Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant not covered by para (ii) above shall, within a period of 15 years from the date of publication of this notification, phase out the utilisation of fly ash in accordance with the action plan to be drawn up by the power plants. Such action plan shall provide for 20% of fly ash utilisation within three years from the date of publication of this notification, with further increase in utilisation every year progressively for next 12 years to enable utilisation of the entire ash generated in the power plan. All action plan prepared by coal or lignite thermal power plants in accordance with sub para (ii) and (iii) of para 2 of this notification, shall be submitted to the Central Control Board, concerned State Pollution Control Boards/Committee and concerned regional office of the Ministry of Environment and Forest within a period of six months from the date of publication of this notification. The Central and State Government Agencies, the State Electricity Boards, the National Thermal Power Corporation and the management of the thermal power plant shall facilitate in making available land, electricity and water for manufacturing activities and

(iii)

(iv)

Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 1999-00 Section-13 PAGE NO 160

provide access to the ash lifting area for promoting and setting up of ash-based production units in the proximity of the area where ash is generate by power plant. Annual implementation report providing information about the compliance of provision in this notification shall be submitted by the 30th day of April every year to the Central Pollution Control Board, concerned State Pollution Control Boards/Committee and concerned regional office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests by the Coal or lignite based thermal power plants. Specification for use of ash-based products : (v)

3.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Manufacture of ash-based products such as cement, concrete blocks, bricks, panels or any other material for the use of ash in construction activity such as in road laying, embankments or use as landfill to reclaim low lying areas including back filling in abandoned mines or pitheads or for any other use shall be carried out in accordance with certification and guidelines laid-down by the Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Bureau of Mines, Indian Roads Congress, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, Central Road Research Institute, in New Delhi, Building Material and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi, Central Public Works Department, State Public Works Departments and other Central and State Government Agencies. The Central Public Works Departments, Public Works Departments in the State/Union Territory Government, Development Authority, Housing Boards, National Highway Authority of India and other construction agencies including those in the private sector shall also prescribe the use of ash and ash based products in their respective schedules of specifications and construction applications, including appropriate standards and codes of factors, within a period of four months from the publication of this notification. All local authorities shall specify in their respective building bye-laws and regulations the use of ash and ash based products and construction techniques in building materials, roads, embankments or for any other use within a period of four months from the date of publication of this notification.

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